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spine = 8.30 mm, 150pp, 100gm paper Advances in Small Modular Reactor Technology Developments A Supplement to: IAEA Advanced Reactors Information System (ARIS) For further information: Nuclear Power Technology Development Section (NPTDS) Division of Nuclear Power IAEA Department of Nuclear Energy International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: +43 1 2600-0 Fax: +43 1 2600-7 Email: O [email protected] Internet: http://www.iaea.org Printed by IAEA in Austria September 2014 14-30651 ADVANCES IN SMALL MODULAR REACTOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS A Supplement to: IAEA Advanced Reactors Information System (ARIS) http://aris.iaea.org COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2014 Printed by the IAEA in Austria September 2014 FOREWORD The IAEA Department of Nuclear Energy devotes a number of its initiatives to support the development and deployment of small and medium-sized reactors (SMRs), recognizing their potential as options for enhancing the energy supply security both in expanding and embarking countries. Recently, the IAEA saw an increase in the participation of Member States in its programme for the technology development of SMRs. The driving forces in the development of such reactors are: meeting the need for flexible power generation for wider range of users and applications; replacing the ageing fossil fuel-fired power plants; enhancing safety performance through inherent and passive safety features; offering better economic affordability; suitability for non-electric applications; options for remote regions without established electricity grid infrastructures; and offering possibilities for synergetic energy systems that combine nuclear and alternate energy sources. The trend in development has been towards design certification of small modular reactors, which are defined as advanced reactors that produce electric power up to 300 MW(e), designed to be built in factories and shipped to utilities for installation as demand arises. These new factory-built designs aim to reduce lengthy construction times while simultaneously increasing quality, thereby minimizing the financing costs associated with nowadays construction projects that span 5–8 years. SMR designs include water-cooled reactors, high temperature gas cooled reactors, as well as liquid metal cooled reactors with fast neutron spectrum. Some of SMRs are to be deployed as multiple-module power plants. Several countries are also pioneering in the development and application of transportable nuclear power plants, including floating and seabed-based SMRs. The distinct concepts of operations, staffing and security requirements, size of emergency planning zones (EPZs), licensing process, legal and regulatory framework are the main issues for the SMRs deployment. The projected timelines of readiness for deployment of SMRs generally range from the present to 2025–2030. Member States, both those considering their first nuclear power plant and those with an existing nuclear power programme, are interested in information about advanced SMR designs and concepts, as well as new development trends. The IAEA Department of Nuclear Energy, which has been facilitating Member States in addressing common technologies and issues for SMRs and related fuel cycles in the past three decades, plays a prominent role in presenting international scientific forums and technical cooperation in this field for interested Member States. The IAEA has been regularly publishing booklets on the status of SMR technology developments with the objective to provide Member States, including those considering initiating a nuclear power programme and those already having practical experience in nuclear power, a balance and objective overview of the status of SMR designs. This booklet is reporting the advances in global development of small modular reactor designs and technologies. This booklet covers only water-cooled and high temperature gas cooled small modular reactor designs and technologies. As for various small reactors with fast neutron spectrum, they are reported in a recent dedicated booklet on status of innovative fast reactor designs and concepts (see Annex III). This booklet is intended as a supplement to the IAEA Advanced Reactor Information System (ARIS), which can be accessed at http://aris.iaea.org. This publication was developed by Nuclear Power Technology Development Section, Division of Nuclear Power of the IAEA Department of Nuclear Energy in cooperation with Member States. The IAEA acknowledges the roles and contributions of A. Iunikova in coordinating the development of this booklet. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication were H. Subki and F. Reitsma of the Division of Nuclear Power. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………. 1 WATER COOLED REACTORS …………………………………………………………….. 5 CAREM-25 (CNEA, Argentina) ………………………………………. 7 ACP-100 (CNNC, China) ………………………………………………….. 11 Flexblue (DCNS, France) ………………………………………………….. 14 AHWR300-LEU (BARC, India) …………………………………………… 18 IRIS (IRIS, International Consortium) …………………………………….. 22 DMS (Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy, Japan) ………………………………… 26 IMR (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan) ………………………………… 30 SMART (KAERI, Republic of Korea) …………………………………….. 34 KLT-40S (OKBM Afrikantov, Russian Federation) ………………………. 38 VBER-300 (OKBM Afrikantov, Russian Federation) …………………….. 42 ABV-6M (OKBM Afrikantov, Russian Federation) ………………………. 46 RITM-200 (OKBM Afrikantov, Russian Federation) …………………….. 50 VVER-300 (OKB Gidropress, Russian Federation) ………………………. 54 VK-300 (RDIPE, Russian Federation) …………………………………….. 58 UNITHERM (RDIPE, Russian Federation) ……………………………….. 62 RUTA-70 (RDIPE, IPPE, Russian Federation) ………………………. 66 SHELF (RDIPE, Russian Federation) ……………………………………… 70 ELENA (Research Russian Centre “Kurchatov ……………………………. 72 Institute”, Russian Federation) mPower (B&W Generation mPower, USA) ……………………………... 76 NuScale (NuScale Power Inc., USA) ……………………………………… 80 Westinghouse SMR (Westinghouse Electric Company LLC, USA) ……... 84 SMR-160 (Holtec International, USA) …………………………………….. 88 HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS COOLED REACTORS …………………………………... 93 HTR-PM (Tsinghua University, China) …………………………………... 95 GT-HTR300 (Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan) ………………………. 99 GT-MHR (OKBM Afrikantov, Russian Federation) ………………………. 103 MHR-T reactor/Hydrogen production complex ……………………………. 107 (OKBM Afrikantov, Russian Federation) MHR-100 (OKBM Afrikantov, Russian Federation) ………………………. 111 PBMR-400 (Pebble Bed Modular Reactor SOC Ltd, South Africa) ……….. 115 HTMR-100 (STL, South Africa) ………………………………………... 119 SC-HTGR (AREVA, USA) ………………………………………………… 123 Xe-100 (X-energy, USA) ………………………………………………….. 127 ANNEX I Summary of SMR design status …………………………………………….. 131 ANNEX II Map of global SMR technology development ………………………………. 135 ANNEX III Bibliography ..………………………………………………………………... 137 ANNEX IV Acronyms …………………………………………………………………… 139 INTRODUCTION Small and medium sized reactors (SMRs) include a large variety of designs and technologies and in general, consist of: advanced SMRs, including modular reactors and integrated PWRs; innovative SMRs, including small-sized Gen-IV reactors with non-water coolant/ moderator; converted or modified SMRs, including barge mounted floating NPP and seabed-based reactors; conventional SMRs, those of Gen-II technologies and still being deployed. Advanced SMRs having an equivalent electric power of less than 700 MW(e) or even less than 300 MW(e) are part of a new generation of nuclear power plant designs being developed to provide a flexible, cost-effective energy for various applications. Advanced SMR designs include water-cooled reactors, high-temperature gas cooled reactors, as well as liquid-metal cooled reactors with fast neutron spectrum. The trend of development has been towards design certification of small modular reactors, which are defined as advanced reactors that produce equivalent electric power less than 300 MW(e) designed to be built in factories and shipped to utilities for installation as demand arises. The SMR systems adopt modularization, by which the structures, systems and components are shop-fabricated then shipped and assembled onsite, thus the construction time for SMRs can be substantially reduced. Some of the SMRs are to be deployed as multiple-module power plants allowing utilities to add additional reactor and power conversion modules as demand for local power increases. Advanced SMRs will use different approaches from large reactors for achieving a high level of safety and reliability in their systems, structures, components, and that will be the result of a complex
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