Production of Antimicrobial Agents by Bacillus Spp. Isolated from Al-Khor Coast Soils, Qatar
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KUALITAS SILASE JERAMI PADI UNTUK PAKAN TERNAK RUMINANSIA DENGAN PENAMBAHAN Bacillus Circulans
KUALITAS SILASE JERAMI PADI UNTUK PAKAN TERNAK RUMINANSIA DENGAN PENAMBAHAN Bacillus circulans SANTIKA INDRIYANI PROGRAM STUDI BIOLOGI FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2019 M/1441 H KUALITAS SILASE JERAMI PADI UNTUK PAKAN TERNAK RUMINANSIA DENGAN PENAMBAHAN Bacillus circulans SKRIPSI Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat untuk Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sains Pada Program Studi Biologi Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta SANTIKA INDRIYANI 11150950000046 PROGRAM STUDI BIOLOGI FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2019 M / 1441 H ii ABSTRAK Santika Indriyani. Kualitas Silase Jerami Padi untuk Pakan Ternak Ruminansia dengan Penambahan Bacillus circulans. SKRIPSI. Program Studi Biologi. Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi. Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2019. Dibimbing Oleh Wahidin Teguh Sasongko, M.Sc dan Etyn Yunita M.Si Ketersediaan pakan hijauan terbatas tergantung dengan musim. Jerami padi belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal untuk pakan ternak ruminansia karena kandungan nutrisinya rendah. Teknologi pakan ternak dengan pembuatan silase dapat mengawetkan sekaligus mempertahankan bahkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas nutrisi bahan pakan. Bacillus circulans berpotensi untuk ditambahkan pada pembuatan silase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah penambahan B.circulans pada pembuatan silase mampu meningkatkan kualitas fermentatif dan kualitas nutrisi silase jerami padi dan untuk mengetahui pada konsentrasi berapa B.circulans mampu meningkatkan kualitas fermentatif dan kualitas nutrisi silase jerami padi. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakuan penambahan B.circulans (0%, 0,075%, 0,1%, dan 0,125%) dan empat pengulangan. Analisis kualitas fermentatif dan nutrisi dilakukan pada hari ke 21. Hasil silase jerami padi dengan penambahan B.circulans 0,125% memiliki pH lebih rendah dari 0%, namun masih pada kisaran pH basa. -
Suppression of Macrophomina Phaseolina and Rhizoctonia Solani and Yield Enhancement in Peanut
International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-4290, ISSN(Online):2455-9555 Vol.9, No.06 pp 142-152, 2016 Soil application of Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis for suppression of Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani and yield enhancement in peanut 1 2 1 Hassan Abd-El-Khair *, Karima H. E. Haggag and Ibrahim E. Elshahawy 1Plant Pathology Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt . 2Pest Rearing Department , Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt . Abstract : Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani were isolated from the root of peanut plants collected from field with typical symptoms of root rot in Beheira governorate, Egypt. The two isolated fungi were able to attack peanut plants (cv. Giza 4) causing damping- off and root rot diseases in the pathogenicity test. Thirty rhizobacteria isolates (Rb) were isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy peanut plants. The inhibition effect of these isolates to the growth of M. phaseolina and R. solani was in the range of 11.1- 88.9%. The effective isolates of Rb 14 , Rb 18 and Rb 28 , which showed a strong antagonistic effect (reached to 88.9) in dual culture against the growth of M. phaseolina and R. solani , were selected and have been identified according the morphological, cultural and biochemical characters as Bacillus pumilus (Rb 14 ), Bacillus subtilis (Rb 18 ) and Bacillus subtilis (Rb 28 ). Control of peanut damping-off and root rot by soil application with these rhizobacteria isolates in addition to two isolates of B. pumilus (Bp) and B. subtilis (Bs) obtained from Plant Pathology Dept., National Research Centre, was attempted in pots and in field trials. -
Bioprospecting of Antibacterial Metabolites in Seaweed Associated Bacterial Flora Along the Southeast Coast of India
Bioprospecting of antibacterial metabolites in seaweed associated bacterial flora along the southeast coast of India Thesis submitted to COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in MARINE SCIENCES By BINI THILAKAN (Reg. No.3782) CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE (Indian council of Agricultural Research) Post Box No. 1603, Cochin-682018, INDIA October 2015 I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Bioprospecting of antibacterial metabolites in seaweed associated bacterial flora along the southeast coast of India” is the authentic and bonafide record of the research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. Kajal Chakraborty, Senior Scientist, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin, in partial fulfilment for the award of Ph.D. degree under the Faculty of Marine Sciences of Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin and no part thereof has been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or other similar titles or recognition. Place: Cochin Date: 16/10/2015 BINI THILAKAN Dedicated to my family On this occasion of completing my doctoral degree dissertation, I realize that this work was not completed in a vacuum. I am thankful to many people who have helped me through the completion of this dissertation. Without thanking them my work will be incomplete. The first and foremost I wish to thank my supervisor, Dr.Kajal Chakraborty, Senior Scientist, Marine Biotechnology Division, CMFRI. who has been supportive since the days i joined CMFRI as a project assistant. He helped me come up with the thesis topic and guided me through the rough road to finish this thesis. -
Antimicrobial Activities of Bacteria Associated with the Brown Alga Padina Pavonica
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Frontiers - Publisher Connector ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 12 July 2016 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01072 Antimicrobial Activities of Bacteria Associated with the Brown Alga Padina pavonica Amel Ismail 1, Leila Ktari 1, Mehboob Ahmed 2, 3, Henk Bolhuis 2, Abdellatif Boudabbous 4, Lucas J. Stal 2, 5, Mariana Silvia Cretoiu 2 and Monia El Bour 1* 1 National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Salammbô, Tunisia, 2 Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Yerseke, Netherlands, 3 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 4 Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia, 5 Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Macroalgae belonging to the genus Padina are known to produce antibacterial compounds that may inhibit growth of human- and animal pathogens. Hitherto, it was unclear whether this antibacterial activity is produced by the macroalga itself or by secondary metabolite producing epiphytic bacteria. Here we report antibacterial Edited by: activities of epiphytic bacteria isolated from Padina pavonica (Peacocks tail) located on Olga Lage, northern coast of Tunisia. Eighteen isolates were obtained in pure culture and tested University of Porto, Portugal for antimicrobial activities. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences the isolates were Reviewed by: closely related to Proteobacteria (12 isolates; 2 Alpha- and 10 Gammaproteobacteria), Franz Goecke, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Firmicutes (4 isolates) and Actinobacteria (2 isolates). -
Biocontrol of Fusarium Wilt by Bacillus Pumilus, Pseudomonas Alcaligenes, and Rhizobium Sp
Turk J Biol 34 (2010) 1-7 © TÜBİTAK doi:10.3906/biy-0809-12 Biocontrol of Fusarium wilt by Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and Rhizobium sp. on lentil Mohd Sayeed AKHTAR*, Uzma SHAKEEL, Zaki Anwar SIDDIQUI Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh - INDIA Received: 12.09.2008 Abstract: The present study examined the effects of Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas alcaligenes,and Rhizobium sp. on wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis and on the growth of lentil. Inoculation with F. oxysporum caused significant wilting, and reduced plant growth, the number of pods, and nodulation. Inoculation with B. pumilus together with P. alcaligenes caused a greater increase in plant growth, number of pods, nodulation, and root colonization by rhizobacteria, and also reduced Fusarium wilting to a greater degree than did individual inoculation. Use of Rhizobium sp. resulted in a greater increase in plant growth, number of pods, and nodulation, and reduced wilting more than B. pumilus did. Combined application of B. pumilus and P. alcaligenes with Rhizobium sp. resulted in the greatest increase in plant growth, number of pods, nodulation, and root colonization by rhizobacteria, and also reduced wilting in Fusarium-inoculated plants. Key words: Bacillus, biocontrol, Fusarium, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, wilting Mercimeklerdeki Fusarium solma hastalığının Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas alcaligenes ve Rhizobium sp. ile biyokontrolü Özet: Mercimek büyümesinde Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lentis’ in neden olduğu solma (wilt) hastalığı üzerine Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas alcaligenes ve Rhizobium sp. türlerinin etkisi çalışılmıştır. F. oxysporum inokulasyonu önemli ölçüde solmaya neden olur, bitki büyümesini, pod sayısını azaltır ve nodülasyona neden olur. B. pumilus ile birlikte P. -
Enzyme Profiles and Antimicrobial Activities of Bacteria Isolated from the Kadiini Cave, Alanya, Turkey
Nihal Doğruöz-Güngör, Begüm Çandıroğlu, and Gülşen Altuğ. Enzyme profiles and antimicrobial activities of bacteria isolated from the Kadiini Cave, Alanya, Turkey. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 82, no. 2, p. 106-115. DOI:10.4311/2019MB0107 ENZYME PROFILES AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM THE KADIINI CAVE, ALANYA, TURKEY Nihal Doğruöz-Güngör1,C, Begüm Çandıroğlu2, and Gülşen Altuğ3 Abstract Cave ecosystems are exposed to specific environmental conditions and offer unique opportunities for bacteriological studies. In this study, the Kadıini Cave located in the southeastern district of Antalya, Turkey, was investigated to doc- ument the levels of heterotrophic bacteria, bacterial metabolic avtivity, and cultivable bacterial diversity to determine bacterial enzyme profiles and antimicrobial activities. Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were quantified using spread plates. Bacterial metabolic activity was investigated using DAPI staining, and the metabolical responses of the isolates against substrates were tested using VITEK 2 Compact 30 automated micro identification system. The phylogenic di- versity of fourty-five bacterial isolates was examined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses. Bacterial communities were dominated by members of Firmicutes (86 %), Proteobacteria (12 %) and Actinobacteria (2 %). The most abundant genera were Bacillus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. The majority of the cave isolates displayed positive proteo- lytic enzyme activities. Frequency of the antibacterial activity of the isolates was 15.5 % against standard strains of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S.aureus, and methicillin-resistant S.aureus. The findings obtained from this study contributed data on bacteriological composition, frequency of antibacterial activity, and enzymatic abilities regarding possible biotechnological uses of the bacteria isolated from cave ecosytems. -
Report on “Thiol Levels in Bacillus Species
Report on “Thiol levels in Bacillus species exposed to ultraviolet radiation” (NASA Astrobiology Program - Minority Institution Support Faculty Research Awards: August 22, 2011- May 21, 2012) Submitted November 25, 2012 As mandated by the Committee of Space Research, space-faring nations must take precautions in preventing contamination of extraterrestrial bodies by limiting the amount of microbes present to the greatest possible extent. Surveys of spacecraft assembly clean rooms for microbes have revealed the existence of strains of bacteria resistant to high levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and vaporous hydrogen peroxide, which are used to sterilize clean rooms. In order to develop effective ways to eradicate these bacteria prior to the spacecraft leaving Earth, we must understand how these bacteria are able to survive these extremophilic conditions. We are particularly concerned about spore forming bacteria, such as Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 and Bacillus horneckaie, which are highly resistant to UV and oxidative stress. First, we have demonstrated that these species like other Bacilli contains a novel low molecular weight thiol (LMW), bacillithiol. LMW thiols like bacillithiol play a critical role in maintaining a reducing environment and are involved in protection of organisms against a variety of stresses. Bacillithiol has been shown to protect against hypochlorite stress by S-bacillithiolation of cysteines in critical proteins such as glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. We have examined samples of B. pumilus SAFR-032 spores exposed to four different extreme conditions at the International Space Center: (1) deep space, (2) Martian atmosphere, (3) deep space with UV radiation, and (4) Martian atmosphere with UV radiation. Thiol analysis of the surviving spores indicates that levels of bacillithiol are ten times higher in UV radiation treated samples exposed to both deep space and Martian atmosphere conditions. -
41653410006.Pdf
Acta Universitaria ISSN: 0188-6266 [email protected] Universidad de Guanajuato México Morales-Barrón, Bruce Manuel; Vázquez-González, Francisco J.; González-Fernández, Raquel; De La Mora-Covarrubias, Antonio; Quiñonez-Martínez, Miroslava; Díaz-Sánchez, Ángel Gabriel; Martínez-Martínez, Alejandro; Nevárez-Moorillón, Virginia; Valero-Galván, José Evaluación de la capacidad antagónica de cepas del orden bacillales aisladas de lixiviados de lombricomposta sobre hongos fitopatógenos Acta Universitaria, vol. 27, núm. 5, septiembre-octubre, 2017, pp. 44-54 Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=41653410006 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto ISSN 0188-6266 doi: 10.15174/au.2017.1313 Evaluación de la capacidad antagónica de cepas del orden bacillales aisladas de lixiviados de lombricomposta sobre hongos fitopatógenos Evaluation of antagonist capacity of bacillales strains isolated from vermicompost leachate on phytopatogenic fungi Bruce Manuel Morales-Barrón*, Francisco J. Vázquez-González*, Raquel González-Fernández*, Antonio De La Mora-Covarrubias*, Miroslava Quiñonez-Martínez*, Ángel Gabriel Díaz-Sánchez*, Alejandro Martínez-Martínez*, Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón**, José Valero-Galván*◊ RESUMEN El orden Bacillales se ha descrito como antagónico de fitopatógenos, además se ha mencionado en varios estudios algunas especies de este orden se encuentra en lixiviados de lombricomposta. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto antagónico de cinco cepas del orden Bacillales aisladas de lixiviados de lombricomposta sobre el crecimiento micelial de Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, y Rhizopus sp. -
Impact of Solar Radiation on Gene Expression in Bacteria
Proteomes 2013, 1, 70-86; doi:10.3390/proteomes1020070 OPEN ACCESS proteomes ISSN 2227-7382 www.mdpi.com/journal/proteomes Review Impact of Solar Radiation on Gene Expression in Bacteria Sabine Matallana-Surget 1,2,* and Ruddy Wattiez 3 1 UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7621, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/mer F-66650, France 2 CNRS, UMR7621, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/mer F-66650, France 3 Department of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, Interdisciplinary Mass Spectrometry Center (CISMa), University of Mons, Mons B-7000, Belgium; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-4-68-88-73-18. Received: 2 May 2013; in revised form: 21 June 2013 / Accepted: 2 July 2013 / Published: 16 July 2013 Abstract: Microorganisms often regulate their gene expression at the level of transcription and/or translation in response to solar radiation. In this review, we present the use of both transcriptomics and proteomics to advance knowledge in the field of bacterial response to damaging radiation. Those studies pertain to diverse application areas such as fundamental microbiology, water treatment, microbial ecology and astrobiology. Even though it has been demonstrated that mRNA abundance is not always consistent with the protein regulation, we present here an exhaustive review on how bacteria regulate their gene expression at both transcription and translation levels to enable biomarkers identification and comparison of gene regulation from one bacterial species to another. Keywords: transcriptomic; proteomic; gene regulation; radiation; bacteria 1. Introduction Bacteria present a wide diversity of tolerances to damaging radiation and are the simplest model organisms for studying their response and strategies of defense in terms of gene regulation. -
Blighia Sapida Bark and Its Inhibition of Cholinergic Enzymes Linked to Alzheimer’S Disease 257 – 264 Oluwafemi A
��ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ�� Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences (JJBS) http://jjbs.hu.edu.jo Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences (JJBS) (ISSN: 1995–6673 (Print); 2307-7166 (Online)): An International Peer- Reviewed Open Access Research Journal financed by the Scientific Research Support Fund, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Jordan and published quarterly by the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies, The Hashemite University, Jordan. Editor-in-Chief Professor Abu-Elteen, Khaled H. Medical Mycology ,The Hashemite University Editorial Board (Arranged alphabetically) Professor Abdalla, Shtaywy S Professor Lahham, Jamil N. Human Physiology, Plant Taxonomy, Tafila Technical University Yarmou k University Professor Al-Hadidi, Hakam F. Professor . Sallal, Abdul-Karim J. Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology Applied Microbiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology Jordan University of Science and Technology Professor Bashir, Nabil A. Professor Tarawneh, Khaled A. Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Molecular Microbiology, Mutah University Jordan University of Science and Technology Professor Khyami-Horani, Hala Microbial ,Biotechnology, The University of Jordan Submission Address Editorial Board Support Team Professor Abu-Elteen, Khaled H Language Editor Publishing Layout The Hashemite University Dr. Qusai Al-Debyan Eng.Mohannad Oqdeh P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan Phone: +962-5-3903333 ext. 5157 E-Mail: [email protected] ��ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ�� Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences (JJBS) http://jjbs.hu.edu.jo International Advisory Board Prof. Abdel-Hafez, Sami K. Prof. Abdul-Haque, Allah Hafiz Yarmouk University, Jordan National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Pakistan Prof. Abuharfeil, Nizar M Prof. Al-Najjar, Tariq Hasan Ahmad Jordan University of science and Technology, Jordan The University of Jordan, Jordan Prof. -
Enzymatic Potential of Bacteria and Fungi Isolates from the Sewage Sludge Composting Process
applied sciences Article Enzymatic Potential of Bacteria and Fungi Isolates from the Sewage Sludge Composting Process 1,2, 1,2 1,2, Tatiana Robledo-Mahón y , Concepción Calvo and Elisabet Aranda * 1 Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Ramón y Cajal 4, 18071 Granada, Spain; [email protected] (T.R.-M.); [email protected] (C.C.) 2 Department of Microbiology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Current address: Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, y Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic. Received: 6 October 2020; Accepted: 2 November 2020; Published: 3 November 2020 Featured Application: Screening of suitable microorganisms adapted to environmental conditions are the challenges for the optimization of biotechnological processes in the current and near future. Some of the isolated microorganisms in this study possess biotechnological desirable features which could be employed in different processes, such as biorefinery, bioremediation, or in the food industry. Abstract: The aim of this study was the isolation and characterisation of the fungi and bacteria during the composting process of sewage sludge under a semipermeable membrane system at full scale, in order to find isolates with enzymatic activities of biotechnological interest. A total of 40 fungi were isolated and enzymatically analysed. Fungal culture showed a predominance of members of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota division and some representatives of Mucoromycotina subdivision. Some noticeable fungi isolated during the mesophilic and thermophilic phase were Aspergillus, Circinella, and Talaromyces. -
Usefulness of Japanese-Radish Residue in Biological Soil
Crop Protection 61 (2014) 64e73 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Crop Protection journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cropro Usefulness of Japanese-radish residue in biological soil disinfestation to suppress spinach wilt disease accompanying with proliferation of soil bacteria in the Firmicutes Subrata Mowlick a, Takashi Inoue b, Toshiaki Takehara c, Akio Tonouchi d, Nobuo Kaku a, Katsuji Ueki a, Atsuko Ueki a,* a Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan b Yamaguchi Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture and Forestry, Yamaguchi 753-0214, Japan c NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, Hiroshima 721-8514, Japan d Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori 036-8561, Japan article info abstract Article history: Biological soil disinfestation (BSD) is an effective method to suppress soilborne plant diseases by Received 12 November 2013 incorporation of plant biomass into soil under reduced, anoxic condition. Usefulness of Japanese-radish Received in revised form (daikon) residue as plant biomass for BSD was investigated by both model and field experiments in 5 March 2014 comparison with the effects of Brassica juncea plants or wheat bran. Considerable amounts of acetate Accepted 14 March 2014 together with minor amounts of propionate and butyrate were detected from the radish-treated soils at similar levels with those in soils treated with B. juncea plants or wheat bran. BSD treatments with radish Keywords: residue reduced spinach wilt disease incidence in both model and field experiments. When the BSD- Anaerobic bacteria Biological soil disinfestation (BSD) treated soil was treated again with irrigation and covering without biomass before next cropping, Japanese radish (daikon) however, wilt disease was hardly suppressed.