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Transit-Supportive Development in the United States: Experiences and Prospects

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Transit-Supportive Development in the United States: Experiences and Prospects Transit-Supportive Development in the United States: Experiences and Prospects NOTE TO READER: THIS IS A LARGE DOCUMENT Due to its large size, this document has been segmented into multiple files. All files separate from this main document file are accessible from links (blue type) in the table of contents or the body of the document. U.S. Department Transit-Supportive of Transportation Development in the United States: Experiences and Prospects December 1993 The cover illustration is provided courtesy of the City of Portland, Oregon Bureau of Planning Livable City Project I Recycled Recyclable Transit-Supportive, Development in the United States: Experiences and Prospects Final Report December 1993 Prepared by Robert Cervero National Transit Access Center Institute of Urban and Regional Development University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720 Prepared for Federal Transit Administration Washington, D.C. 20590 Distributed in Cooperation with Technology Sharing Program U.S. Department of Transportation Washington, D.C. 20590 DOT-T-94-08 Table of Contents Executive Summary X Acknowledgements xvii Chapter One Transit-Supportive Development in the United States: Issues, Opportunities, and Research Approach 1. Introduction: Background and Study Purpose 2. A Brief History of Transit-Supportive Developments in the United States and Abroad 3. Current Policy Environment for Transit-Supportive Development 4. Possible Benefits from Transit-Supportive Development 5. Research Approach and Report Organization Chapter Two Previous Research on Impacts of Land Uses and Built Environments on Travel Demand 13 1. Introduction 13 2. Macro-Level Analyses 13 3. Intermediate-Scale: Corridors and Activity Centers 16 4. Micro-Scale: Neighborhoods, Station Areas, and Sites 19 5. Summary 23 Chapter Three Design Guidelines as a Tool to Promote Transit-Supportive Development 27 1. Introduction 27 2. National Survey 28 3. Who Has Design Guidelines? 28 4. Why Develop Transit Design Guidelines? 32 5. What Do Guidelines Cover? 33 6. Level of Guideline Enforcement 39 7. Influence of Guidelines on Project Development 41 8. Developer Attitudes Toward Design Guidelines 43 9. Preparing Transit-Supportive Design Guidelines 44 10. Closing 47 Chapter Four Case Studies of Transit-Supportive Development at the Site and Activity Center Levels 60 1. Introduction 60 2. Growth and Travel Trends in the Five Metropolitan Areas 61 3. Chicago Area Case Study 65 4. San Diego Area Case Study 74 5. San Francisco Bay Area Case Study 81 6. Seattle Area Case Study 96 7. Washington, D.C./Maryland Area Case Study 109 8. Conclusions 121 i Chapter Five Evidence on Travel Behavior of Transit-Supportive Residential Neighborhoods 127 1. Introduction 127 2. What We Know about Travel Behavior in Neotraditional Neighborhoods 127 3. Methodology 130 4. Case Results: San Francisco 133 5. Case Results: Los Angeles 144 6. Regression Analysis of Aggregate Data 154 7. Conclusions and Implications 156 Chapter Six Community Development, Land Use Patterns, and Commuting Choices 164 1. Introduction 164 2. Traditional Communities and Commuting 164 3. Commuting in Edge Cities 168 4.Commuting Characteristics of Planned Versus Conventional American Communities 171 5. Planned Communities and Commuting in Great Britain 181 6. New Town Development and Commuting in France 191 7. Commuting in a Transit Metropolis: Stockholm, Sweden 199 8. Conclusions and Policy Lessons 213 Chapter Seven Summary and Conclusions 217 1. Summary 217 2. Conclusions and Policy Implications 220 3. Directions for Further Research 223 Appendix A Transit Agencies That Supplied Design Guidelines 225 Appendix B Survey Instrument 226 Bibliography 235 ii Figures Figure No. El Transit Design Guideline Topics xi E2 Neighborhood Comparisons of Transit Modal Splits, San Francisco Bay Area, 1990 Work Trips Xlll E3 Neighborhood Comparisons of Transit Modal Splits, Los Angeles Region, 1990 Work Trips Xiv E4 Transit Shares of Work Trips in Traditional Communities and Surrounding Suburbs, 1990 xv 2.1 Differences in Transit Work Trip Modal Splits Among Five Classes of Suburban Employment Centers 17 3.1 Cumulative Number of Agencies with Guidelines by Date of Publication 29 3.2 Rating of Degree of Attention Given to Topics in Guidelines 35 3.3 Transit Design Guidelines: Topics 36 3.4 Transit Design Guidelines: Illustrations and Recommendations 38 3.5 Transit Design Guidelines: Standards 40 3.6 Level of Guideline Enforcement by Whether or Not Guidelines are Approved 41 3.7 Rating of Design Guideline’s Influence on Different Classes of Land-Use Projects 43 3.8 Percent of Survey Respondants Who Believe Design Guidelines Have Significant Impacts 44 4.1 Metropolitan Population and Employment, 1980-90 62 4.2 Growth in Metropolitan Population and Employment, 1980-90 62 4.3 Changes in Suburban Population and Employment as Percent of Metropolitan Totals, 1980-90 63 4.4 Transit Share of Work Trips, 1980 & 1990 63 4.5 Non-SOV Share of Work Trips, 1980 & 1990 64 4.6 Transit Share of Work Trips by Suburban Residents, 1980 & 1990 64 4.7 Non-SOV Share of Work Trips by Suburban Residents, 1980 & 1990 65 4.8 Before-and-After Work Trip Modal Splits, Two Chicago-Area Employers 70 4.9 Site Plan for La Mesa Village Plaza 80 4.10 Alameda Office Developments:Percent Work Trips by Non-SOV Modes 86 4.11 South Shore Shopping Center Site Plan and Transit Routes 87 4.12 Shop Trip Transit Modal Shares for South Shore Center, El Cerrito Plaza, and Bay Fair Mall 88 4.13 Alameda Shopping Developments: Percent of Employees Commuting by Non-SOV Modes 89 4.14 Alameda Shopping Developments Compared to a Large Suburban Valley-Area Mall 90 4.15 Work Trips by Mode for Hacienda Business Park, Office Park X, Pleasanton, and Alameda County 94 4.16 Work Trips by Mode for Bishop Ranch Business Park, the City of San Ramon, and Contra Costa County 04 4.17 Comparison of Work Trip Modal Shares for Specific Sites at Hacienda Business Park 95 4.18 Relationship Between Parking Supply and Non-SOV Commuting in Central Bellevue, 1988 107 4.19 Proposed Green Streets in Seattle Commons 108 4.20 Work Trip Modal Shares for White Flint North Employees and the Surrounding Region and County, 1987/88 113 . 111 4.21 Modal Share Breakdown for all White Flint North Employees, 1991 Work Trips 114 4.22 1991 Modal Share Breakdown for all ASLHA Employees 116 4.23 Site Plan for The Kentlands: A Neotraditional New Community near Gaithersburg in Montgomery County, Maryland 117 5.1 Neighborhood Comparisons of Transit Modal Splits, San Francisco Bay Area, 1990 Work Trips 142 5.2 Neighborhood Comparisons of Walk and Bicycle Modal Splits, San Francisco Bay Area, 1990 Work Trips 142 5.3 Neighborhood Comparisons of Transit Trip Generation Rates, San Francisco Bay Area, 1990 Work Trips 143 5.4 Neighborhood Comparison of Walk/Bicycle Trip Generation Rates, San Francisco Bay Area, 1990 Work Trips 143 5.5 Neighborhood Comparisons of Transit Modal Splits, Los Angeles Region, 1990 Work Trips 152 5.6 Neighborhood Comparisons of Walk and Bicycle Modal Splits, Los Angeles Region, 1990 Work Trips 152 5.7 Neighborhood Comparisons of Transit Trip Generation Rates, Los Angeles Region, 1990 Work Trips 153 5.8 Neighborhood Comparisons of Walk and Bicycle Trip Generation Rates, Los Angeles Region, 1990 Work Trips 153 5.9 Interactive Effects of Density and Neighborhood Type on Percent of 1990 Work Trips by Transit, Los Angeles County 157 5.10 Interactive Effects of Density and Neighborhood Type on 1990 Transit ‘Work Trip Generation Rates, Los Angeles County 157 5.11 Interactive Effects of Density and Neighborhood Type on Percent of 1990 Work Trips by Transit, San Francisco Bay Area 158 6.1 Comparison of Transit Share of Work Trips in Traditional Communities and Surrounding Suburbs, 1990 167 6.2 Comparison of Transit Share of Work Trips by Residents of Rail-Served Edge Cities and Surrounding Suburbs, 1990 169 6.3 Comparison of Transit Share of Work Trips by Residents of Bus-Only Edge Cities and Surrounding Suburbs, 1990 170 6.4 Comparison of Carpool/Vanpool Share of Work Trips by Residents of Bus-Only Edge Cities and Surrounding Suburbs, 1990 170 6.4 Comparison of Modal Splits and Trip Lengths Between Milton Keynes and Allmere, 1991 190 6.5 Population Trends in New Towns of Be-de-France, 1968-90 195 6.6 Employment Trends in New Towns of Ile-de-France, 1968-90 195 6.7 Jobs-to-Housing Ratios for New Towns of Ile-de-France, 1982 & 1990 196 6.8 Percent of Workers Residing in Community, 1982 & 1990 197 6.9 Percent of Employed Residents Working in Community, 1982 & 1990 197 6.10 Comparison of Modal Splits for Internal and External Work Trips for New Towns in Ile-de-France, 1983 199 6.11 Percent of Workers Residing in and Percent of Employed Residents Working in New Towns, 1990 208 6.12 Indices of Commuting Independence* for Stockholm’s New Towns, 1990 209 6.13 Work Trip Modal Splits for Employees and Residents of Stockholm’s New Towns, 1990 210 6.14 Work Trip Modal Splits for Stockholm New Towns, Spatial Markets, 1990 211 6.15 Modal Splits for Internal Commutes by Resident-Workers of Stockholm’s New Towns, 1990 212 iv Tables Table No. 2.1 Characteristics and Work Trip Modal Splits of Selected U.S. Suburban Activity Centers 17 3.1 Agencies with Design Guidelines (as of June 1993) 30 3.2 Agencies Developing Design Guidelines (as of June 1993) 30 3.3 Projects Influenced by the Design Guidelines 42 3.4 Transit-Supportive Design Guidelines: Good Examples 48 4.1 Physical Characteristics of Marina Village and Harbor Bay Business Park,
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