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Sugar Creek Chapter PUBLICATIONS President: David Reed, 24695 Scott Drive, Wooster, OH 44691 (330) 264-2839 Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Their Fires Are Cold Chapter Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $59.00 add $5.00 P-H President: Kevin Boos, 5710 Old Railroad Rd., Sandusky, OH 44870 (419) 627-6254 Ohio Flint Types, (Author's Edition) $69.00 add $5.00 P-H Walhonding Valley Chapter Ohio Stone , by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $4.50 P-H President: Vince Fry, 28449 County Rd. 25, Warsaw, OH 43844 (740) 824-5171 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $4.50 P-H Wolf Creek Chapter The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse ...$25.00 add $5.00 P-H President: Richard Henry, 685 Miller Rd., Waterford, OH 45786 (740) 984-2199 BUSINESS MANAGER Peggy Potter, 6478 Winchester Blvd., Suite 120, Canal Winchester, OH 43110 Business Phone 1-800-736-7815 ASO WEBSITE - www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE President's Page 3 Front Cover Information 3 The Cumberland/Barnes Phase by Richard Michael Gramly 4 Further Notes on the Occurence of Trophy in Adena by John Winsch 16 Rocky Falleti

A Feast of Heavy Duty Points Wow, what a fast two years this has been. When I took office two byPaulHothem 18 years ago I had some objectives that I wanted to see accomplished including making The ASO more open to our members. I think, because Paleo Points and Tools from Northwestern Ohio of our board of directors, we have reached almost every single goal by Tom McAdams 19 I have set for my term. Some of the improvements we made are: 1. That we now take on line payments for books and memberships. The Facts, Fictions and Fallacies of Certificates of 2. We have had a fundraiser with ASO embroidered jackets that Authenticity, or C.O.A.s raised about $1,000.00. 3. Had a much needed membership drive. 4. Returned ASO Chapter Presidents to the status of non voting by John C. Rummel 20 attendees to our Board Meetings. 5. Have a 2009 calendar planned with pictured artifacts from our members that should raise substantial Miniature Pestles by Robert N. Converse 22 funds. 6. Held our bi-annual symposium that was an absolute success My Lifetime Best Field Finds in Darke County thanks to the Symposium Committee and sponsorship of Ron and Jan Helman, Dr. Richard Sisson with donations from Elaine Holzapfel, by Ron Thiebeau 24 Robert Converse, Dr. Robert Curry, The Kokosing, Mad River, Blue Gila River : in the Desert Jacket, Paint Creek and Fort Salem Chapters of The ASO and to Neil Mortine, Fahlgren Mortine Co. for his help with public relations for by Mike Ferman and Diana Van 26 this event. Group of Serrated Points from Portsmouth, From all of The ASO's Officers and members a BIG THANK YOU! Ohio by Michael Rusnak 28 The one thing that we did not get done was to form The National The Dr. Meuser Miniatures Alliance of Collectors. My idea was to have The ASO spearhead a na­ by Mike Barron 30 tional membership of collectors to align against anti-collecting laws on private property in the USA and include articles pertaining to them The Faces of Ohio's in our journal. This is a very important matter, as every year new anti- collecting laws are being proposed by state representatives. Either by D.R. Gehlbach 32 we keep up on what's going on around us or we will be caught sleep­ Displays at ASO Meeting in January, 2007 34 ing and lose our right to collect artifacts. Hopefully we can get this done in the next year. I would like to welcome in the new President Obituary: Robert Harness 35 Mick Van Steen and Vice President George Colvin and newly elected Perspectives on Face Art in Ohio Archaeology trustee, Dr. Curry. I would be remiss if I didn't thank outgoing trustee Randy Hackworth for 10 years of service, he's the guy that beats us by Stanley W. Baker 36 up for the 50/50 tickets at our shows. Thanks Randy and Jackie!!! A Hopewell Habitation Site Near the Great Circle, Newark, You know, this hobby of ours is supposed to be fun and it was. President Mick Van Steen and Vice President George Colvin will keep Ohio by Jeff Carskadden and Brian Donaldson 47 it going. The ASO is in good hands. God bless you all and see you The Find of A Rare Stone at the shows. by Bruce Springer 51 Bust Birdstone Found in Mercer County, Ohio Rocky Falleti by Mark Schulze 52 President Lithic Variability Within An Early Archaic Cache The Archaeological Society of Ohio Near Ansonia in Darke County, Ohio by Tony DeRegnaucourt and Elaine Holzapfel 53 Letter to Byron Dorgan 57 New Book 58 Ohio Project 59 Back Cover Information 59 I

Front Cover: Six Parallel Flaked Lanceolate points from the collection of Jim Mills, Bergholz, Ohio. Among the rarest of all flint projectile types found in Ohio are these Paleo-Plano period points. They are almost always made of high quality Coshocton flint and their bases are usually ground or smoothed for about one-fourth their length. They exhibit the unique flint chipping technique of having pairs of opposing percussion flakes along their length which leaves a distinct central dorsal ridge. Often mistakenly called Agate Basin points - and although they may equate in time with those western types - they appear to be native to the Ohio area. From left to right their proveniences are - Clermont Co., Fayette Co., Knox Co., Knox Co., Pickaway Co., Delaware Co. 3 THE CUMBERLAND/BARNES PHASE: Its Character and Chronological Position within the Fluted Point Tradition by Richard Michael Gramly American Society for Amateur Archaelogy North Andover, Massachusetts 01845

The was named in time, we attempt such a comparison using or, in the opinion of some researchers (Kar- 1954 by Thomas M.N. Lewis for the Cum­ artifacts from the Phil Stratton Cumberland row and Werner 1990:15), from 11,300 to berland River valley of Tennessee and site, southwestern Kentucky (see Table 2). 10,500 years BP. During this 600-800 year Kentucky (Perino, 1985: 94). This distinc­ timespan the makers of both Clovis and tive point is concentrated within that fer­ Questions of Dating Barnes points, as as Crowfield Phase tile region, as are the several varieties of Despite over 40 years of archaeological people, hunted and lived upon a common . Cumberland points are rou­ research, neither Cumberland nor Barnes lakeshore (Ellis and Deller 1990). tinely discovered between the Ohio River points have been dated by absolute means In the face of the present limited and in the north and the Tennessee River in (radiocarbon, etc.) to the satisfaction of generalized evidence for dating fluted point the south. The Mississippi River is their most archaeologists. Further, no archaeo­ manifestations in the Great Lakes, it is pos­ western boundary, while the Appalachian logical site in the or Canada sible to argue, but not prove, that Barnes Mountain chain is a border on the east and has furnished stratigraphic evidence of the (Parkhill Complex) preceded Clovis and vice southeast. Very few Cumberland points exact temporal relationship between Cum­ versa. Whatever the relative age of the two, have been reported for Virginia. However, berland/Barnes and any other phase of the Barnes points might have been made as a lobe of Cumberland point find-spots Fluted Point Tradition. Simply put, we are early as 11,300-11,000 years ago; in terms extends from Kentucky northeastward up uncertain if Cumberland/Barnes is older, of solar/calendar years, this estimate may the Ohio River into New York State, east­ younger, or the same age as Clovis, Crow- be a full thousand years more ancient. ern Massachusetts and even "downeast" field, Folsom, etc. Additional information about the an­ Maine (Figure 1). The significance of this A presumed association of a Cumber­ tiquity of Cumberland/Barnes has come lobe is open to debate, although I prefer to land point and absolutely dated animal forth from Dutchess Quarry where think it formed some time after initial cul­ bones - these bones being caribou (Rangi- sporadic fieldwork since 1969 has yielded tural developments within the Cumberland fer) - was reported by Robert Funk and five fragmentary or reworked Cumberland River "heartland" itself. others (1969) for Dutchess Quarry 1 points in association with extirpated or ex­ A variant of the Cumberland point - the in Orange County, eastern New York State tinct species of caribou (Rangifertarandus), Barnes point - was recognized in the Great (Figures 2 and 3). The date, 12,530 +/- 370 flat-headed peccary (Platygonus compres- Lakes region (Michigan and Ontario) by years BP (1-4137, uncalibrated) was ob­ sus) and giant beaver ( ohio- William Roosa (1963) and Henry T. Wright tained on bone collagen. Most workers ensis). Whether these faunal remains were (Wright and Roosa 1966). Afterward, the have considered this determination impos­ left by Palaeo-Americans or scavengers, distinguishing attributes between Cum­ sibly early for an occupation by makers of as investigators Funk and Steadman pre­ berland and derivative Barnes points were Cumberland points; yet, this case of arti­ fer to believe (1994:73), is difficult to judge. made known. Key differences are the facts and dated fauna occurring together Amino acids extracted from bones of these "Barnes finishing" technique, which may is no less believable than accepted asso­ species provide an important series of 11 be observed upon the base of most Barnes ciations elsewhere on the continent. radiocarbon dates (Table 1 reproduced points (Roosa and Deller 1982), and the Prior to the discovery of the Dutchess from Funk and Steadman 1994). lesser thickness of the Barnes type. Analy­ Quarry Caves, prehistorians struggled to These 11 dates, when adjusted accord­ sis of the assemblage of Barnes fluted provide any sort of estimate, even a rela­ ing to the Pretoria Calibration Procedure points from the Thedford II site, Ontario tive one, of the ages of Cumberland and (Darden Hood, Beta Analytic, personal (Deller and Ellis 1992) supports the argu­ Barnes points. Around the Great Lakes, communication), yield the results: ment that Cumberland and Barnes points find-spots of Barnes points on fossil CAMS-13298 BP 15,870-14,530 are likely endmembers (types) of a com­ strands of early post-glacial/late-glacial CAMS-13296 BP 16,310-15,350 mon industrial or cultural tradition. lakes provided some insight; however, CAMS-12586 BP 15,640-14,530 Since both Cumberland and Barnes south of the Wisconsin terminal moraine CAMS-13305 BP 16,300-15,240 types are present in Kentucky and Tennes­ dating archaeological finds by reference to CAMS-13304 BP 17,030-16,180 see but only Barnes points farther north in surficial geology has been more problem­ CAMS-12589 BP 15,660-14,370 the formerly glaciated Great Lakes region atic. Of greatest value has been Hyde's per­ CAMS-10357 BP 15,300-13,840, - one is inclined to believe that evolu­ ceptive 1960 study of Ohio River terraces three solutions tion from one form to the other occurred and fluted points in western West Virginia. CAMS-13027 BP 15,310-13,860, within the Cumberland "core area" of the He observed that flared-base (Cumber­ three solutions mid-South. Sometime later the evolved land) fluted points were found only upon CAMS-] 2592 BP 15,460-14,130 Barnes form was carried northward by the highest (oldest) river terraces; while, CAMS-12587 BP 13,870-13,430 colonizers. This line of reasoning would be Clovis points occurred everywhere includ­ CAMS-12849 BP 16,460-15,650 strengthened if only we were supplied with ing lower (therefore, younger) terraces. He The gross bracketing dates for these 11 published analyses of Cumberland flaked concluded, quite logically, that Cumber­ bone samples (at two standard deviations) stone assemblages to compare to the ex­ land points must be older than some, but are, therefore: BP 17,030-13,430. cellent studies of Parkhill Complex sites perhaps not all, Clovis points. Most North American prehistorians con­ with Barnes points (Roosa and Deller ibid.) Hyde's surmise that Cumberland may tinue to express skepticism about such ear­ in southern Ontario. Until now we have have preceded Clovis is not directly test­ ly, calibrated bracketing dates for a Cum­ been unable to contrast the wide range of able in southern Ontario as the glacial Lake berland fluted point occupation (Petersen flaked toolforms (unifacial, bifacial, unre- Algonquin shore has points and sites rep­ 2004). Even the "raw" or uncalibrated deter­ touched but utilized) known for the Parkhill resenting several components of the Fluted minations from the Dutchess Quarry Caves Complex with products of the Cumberland Point Tradition. Lake Algonquin when full are very ancient with a range (at two stan­ toolmaker. Suffice to say, here for the first persisted from 11,000 to 10,400 years BP dard deviations) of BP 14,200-11,530.

4 An age at the recent end of this spec­ furnish data about -caching and Cumberland/Barnes sites (as seems to be trum, that is to say 11,530 years BP, how­ burial practices - as has been the case for the case), we are justified in arguing that ever, might be acceptable to some work­ the Parkhill Complex site Thedford II (Deller these cultures are of different ages or not ers (I include myself among this number). and Ellis 1992) and a remarkable Kentucky very closely related. The idea that the Cumberland type is older Cumberland site known as Trinity (Gramly, Clovis diet (including animals that may than some, but perhaps not all, things Vesper and McCall 1999, etc.). have been scavenged but not often killed), termed "Clovis" is an attractive one, If By adding Barnes point-producing sites was broad-based, even within eastern Barnes points and the Parkhill Complex to our study of Cumberland, knowledge of , and included: ; were direct outgrowths of a Cumberland ancient behavior, diet, and customs is on a caribou; hare; fox (see Storck 2004 for cultural substrate, their age, indeed, might better footing, namely: species discovered within a pit at the Udo- fall within the interval 11,300-11,000 years A. Behavior (choice of site locations, ra site); fish; antlered cervids of unknown BP (uncalibrated) - making them contem­ use of features) species; (?); and perhaps large porary with Clovis. 1. Camps with multiple dwelling and small birds. Cumberland/Barnes and The commonly accepted view has been sites - likely contemporaneous Clovis hunters, insofar as we know, pur­ that Cumberland/Barnes is derived or - upon lake shorelines, in major sued but a single quarry in common - the descendant from Clovis and, therefore, river valleys, at lithic quarries, caribou. younger (Gramly and Funk 1990). Certainly and upon bluffs with a panora­ Although Cumberland/Barnes and Clo­ researchers working on Palaeo-American ma of the countryside. vis seem, at first glance, to be separate sites around the Great Lakes favor this 2. No evidence of pit-digging al­ and perhaps not closely related phenom­ idea - see, for example, most recently Ellis though hollows in the soil (natu­ ena, they shared at least one custom that and Deller (1997). They draw attention to ral?) appear to have been used bespeaks similar mind-sets, thus making the fact that Barnes points are "intermedi­ for refuse disposal. them partners in culture. I refer to the curi­ ate between the Gainey [a Clovis variant) 3. unknown. ous practice of depositing groups of bifac- and Crowfield types in terms of thickness, 4. Structural traces (postholes) es, 10-30 in number. These artifact groups depth of concavity, and degree of unknown although well-defined might have been -kits of deceased expansion from the base" (Ellis and Deller artifact concentrations suggest individuals, although no skeletal evidence 1990: 45-6). These statistics notwithstand­ presence of lightly constructed has survived as proof. Clovis sites in the ing, there is no hard evidence that change dwellings (tents). greater Mississippi River valley and east­ from Gainey to Barnes to Crowfield actu­ B. Diet ern North America that 41 "caches" ally occurred. Put another way, there are 1. Caribou, peccary, and giant bea­ of projectile points, and preforms neither absolute dates nor stratified sites ver killed. are: Rummels-Maske in Iowa (Morrow and to confirm that Clovis (Gainey), Barnes, 2. Caribou are thought to have Morrow 2002) and Lamb in western New and Crowfield are successive phases of a been intercepted at stream York State (Gramly 1999), as well as sev­ single cultural tradition. For ought we know crossings along lake shorelines. eral caches from the Mid-West known to they even may have been contemporaries C. Customs (other than flaked tool- the writer but unreported in the literature. - coeval or temporally overlapping expres­ making and tool-using behavior) These discoveries are similar in substance sions of a grand Palaeo-American Fluted 1. Deposits ("caches") of projectile to the find of 11 Cumberland points (one point Tradition? points, knives, and performs is a and another has been converted In dealing with conjectural archaeologi­ 2. Use of mineral un­ to a drill) at the aforementioned Trinity site cal evidence, the proverbial "open-mind" known. in northern Kentucky (Figures 4 and 5) and is necessary. This list is provisional and is based upon the remarkable group of Barnes points and Insights about the exact temporal rela­ only a small number of sites and archaeo­ preforms at the Thedford II site (Deller and tionships among Clovis (Gainey), Barnes, logical excavations. This fact should not be Ellis 1992)-see Figure 6. and Crowfield in the Great Lakes, of course, forgotten when we compare it to the much George Frison (1991) has discussed the do not directly address the problem of better-known Clovis implications of "caching" as it was per­ Cumberland origins. Further, data about east of the Mississippi River. formed by Clovis in the American West. Palaeo-American behavior, diet, and cus­ A wider range of site locations and types Finds in the East do not alter materially his toms are so scanty anywhere in eastern is on record for Clovis (see Gramly 2003 conclusions. Why perfectly usable hunt­ North America that actual cultural linkages for a lengthy discussion); yet, like Cumber­ ers' flaked tool-kits should be abandoned between Cumberland and the other Palaeo- land/Barnes, Clovis dwellings everywhere by both Cumberland/Barnes and Clovis American entities are, at best, tentative. appear to have been insubstantial and per­ is a primary concern. A likely explanation haps portable. Hearths, although present might revolve around a (superstitious) fear Behavior, Diet, and Customs on a few Clovis sites, are rare, and just how of ghostly retribution should property of a The only Cumberland habitation site with Palaeo-Arnericans of all walks prepared deceased hunter continue in service. Such a studied and inventoried flaked artifact and consumed their food is conjectural. a notion is hardly commonplace among assemblage is the Phil Stratton site, south Pit-digging by makers of Clovis points was modern-day hunters, although here and of Russelville, southwestern Kentucky. The practiced from coast to coast in the north­ there in the Arctic it was once held. Careful author's excavations since 2000 have re­ ern latitudes of North America. The pits excavation of Palaeo-American hunters' vealed that this extensive encampment has may have been intended for storage and implement "caches," which unfortunately intact, undisturbed sectors and is virtually their dimensions were highly standardized are most often found disturbed and torn a closed site (a single-component occupa­ - underscoring the essential homogeneity out of their original resting places, is re­ tion); however, bone is not preserved and of . For example, Feature 1 quired if we are ever to understand the full prehistoric features are rare at Phil Strat­ at the East Wenatchee Clovis site, Douglas implications of this custom as practiced by ton. Therefore, we have slight expectations County, Washington State (Gramly 1992) is Cumberland/Barnes and Clovis. of recovering information about prehistoric identical in shape and depth to the oval, behavior and diet. Our knowledge of cus­ "cache" pits at Loci A and B, Vail site, A Word About Flaked Tool Assemblages toms - as it applies to tool-making, recy­ northeastern Maine (Gramly 1982). The (See Table 2 and Figure 7) cling, and raw material preferences - is distance separating these sites is nearly The employment of prismatic blades beginning to accumulate and stands to be 2,500 miles. Undoubtedly inhabitants of and the columnar/pyramidal cores used to considerable when fieldwork is completed. both sites knew that there was a "right" generate them by ancient occupants of the Too, there is the chance that continuing way to construct cache pits and behaved Phil Stratton site is quite unlike the prac­ archaeological excavations at this site will similarly. If no such pits are ever found at tices of tool-makers at the Parkhill (Barnes) 5 and Vail (eastern Clovis) encampments. blages. The technique might have been a is more likely that Clovis developed from At Phil Stratton it is likely that the pecu­ late development among Palaeo-American Cumberland and that Barnes was a con­ liar habit of raw material, that is to say, its cultures, universally employed by knap­ temporary of Clovis. This hypothesis can occurrence as spheroidal masses of chert pers of all walks and backgrounds. Alter­ be tested only with more absolute dating ("cannonballs"), dictated the manufacture natively, its use may be of value for dis­ evidence and cultural stratigraphy - these of prismatic blades and their use as cut­ criminating among cultural traditions. More data to be presented forthrightly within the ting tools. Prismatic blades are also well- data are needed to judge the implications context of bona-fide archaeological site re­ known for Clovis culture in the West and of resharpening by "beveling." ports. Only then will the case for or against East - wherever spherical masses of raw A final possible difference between Cumberland primogeniture be made. materials determined knapping strategy. Cumberland/Barnes and Clovis assem­ I would like to see archaeologists recon­ Of greater value when discriminating blages would seem to be the use of celts cile the separate hypotheses of early arrival among Palaeo-American cultures is per­ and . At the Vail site, these large (pre-Clovis) in the New World and Clovis haps the tool class - chisels or wedges tools were not present - a fact not alto­ first, proffering in their stead a grand, in­ (pieces esquillees). At the Vail Clovis site gether surprising given the clear evidence tegrative hypothesis or covering explana­ they are abundant; yet, they are unreported for recycling and heavy reworking among tion. In my opinion Cumberland will prove for the Parkhill site and poorly represented the tools discarded there. Adzes and celts to be a bridge between early-arrivalists and at Phil Stratton. Pieces esquillees also ap­ are unquestionably present at Clovis sites Clovis-first believers. A principal of human pear to be absent at Thedford II, a Barnes where reworking and salvage were not biology supports this intellectual bridge, point-producing station (Deller and Ellis such important considerations (e.g., the namely, "Ontogeny recapitulates phylog- 1992). Further, the tool class is uncommon Richey Clovis Cache, Washington State eny." That is to say, the development of a at the culturally kindred Leavitt site in cen­ - see Gramly 1992). Likewise at Parkhill, human embryo/fetus proceeds by stages tral Michigan (Shott 1993). Shott considers adzes and celts may be present, although - successive stages mimicking increasingly all of them to be cores rather than tools - a investigators Ellis and Deller may have complex phyla of the animal kingdom. This view not shared by this writer. The rarity of classified them as a variety of endscraper principal reminds us of the long skein of pieces esquillees on both Cumberland and (termed "large parallel-sided endscrap­ ancestral forms that preceded human­ Barnes sites, as opposed to sites produc­ ers"). Too, at Phil Stratton we have an kind. Similarly, in my opinion, if we would ing Clovis points is not easily explained by or , which has shattered into at least know the technological (cultural) base from dietary differences or access to raw mate­ seven pieces. This peculiar specimen is which Cumberland points were developed, rials. It seems to be a real cultural or be­ characterized by diagonal flaking on its we should examine Cumberland point pre­ havioral issue, serving to define two sepa­ broad upper and lower faces plus very forms. A preform for a Cumberland point rate cultural streams. heavy edge-grinding. In the writer's expe­ is a lanceolate point with a marked taper rience this excavated specimen is unique along the lower third or quarter of its cutting Endscrapers are rare at Phil Stratton but in its combination of attributes; however, edges (Figure 9). Lanceolate points of such tolerably common at Barnes point-produc­ similar specimens have been collected refined shape recall specimens unearthed ing stations. This toolform is extraordinarily from the surface of Kentucky sites (Den­ in Dillehay's excavation at the 12,000-year abundant at the Vail site and other encamp­ nis Vesper, personal communication). The old site in (1997: 424). ments of the Magalloway Valley Complex in diagonal flaking on the Phil Stratton site The Taima-Taima kill site in northern Vene­ northwestern Maine. There it is possible to specimen may prove to be a useful indi­ zuela (Bryan 1983): 140) with its somewhat argue that caribou were hunted after calv­ cator of an occupation by the makers of older(?) El Jobo lanceolate point (12,000- ing and upon their return to coldweather Cumberland points - and just as diagnos­ 14,000 years old, as judged from a series quarters when their hides were optimal for tic as fluted projectile points themselves. of 18 radiocarbon dates) might be regarded dressing into garments and other articles. as a precursor to Monte Verde and the By contrast, the Morss site of the Magallo­ In sum, the current evidence provided by elegant, long lanceolate projectile points way Valley Complex yielded no endscrap­ excavated flaked tool assemblages from occurring there. Closer to the Cumberland ers although nearly every other toolform Cumberland, Barnes, and Clovis sites is not heartland we have Meadowcroft Rockshel- known for eastern Clovis culture was pres­ particularly compelling for discriminating ter and its single, heavily reworked lanceo­ ent in that site's assemblage. An explana­ among them. When allowances are made late point from lower Stratum 2A (Adovasio tion that Morss was occupied during the for varying seasonality, diet, and habit of et al 1978: 165). Such a specimen is very spring, pre-calving season when caribou raw materials, actual socio-cultural differ­ close in shape to a preform for a Cumber­ hides were unfit for human use has been ences may be few, indeed. The shapes land . advanced by the writer (Gramly 2001). The of projectile points themselves and their lack of endscrapers at Phil Stratton as preforms may have a discriminatory value If an Early Lanceolate ulti­ compared to Parkhill and Vail, where it is equal to or greater than all other types/ mately gave rise to Cumberland and the argued migrating caribou were ambushed, classes within a particular artifact assem­ full Fluted Point Tradition, then we would suggests that at the Kentucky site working blage. Acceding to this possibility, one can expect to see antecedents of adzes, drills, hides was unimportant. Whether this differ­ argue that Cumberland and Barnes points various forms of , etc. - toolforms ence is merely an outcome of seasonality stand in closer relationship to one another that are common on some Fluted Point or a concomitant of some deeper, cultural than either form does to points deemed Tradition stations - found with Early Lan­ factor is impossible to say at this time. "Clovis." We look forward, however, to a ceolate points. Unfortunately, the flaked Another difference among the artifact time when discovery of features at Cum­ tool assemblages recorded for Early Lan­ assemblages of Parkhill, Phil Stratton and berland and Barnes encampments will fur­ ceolate sites in South and North America Vail sites, I would like to point out, is the nish additional means (apart from points are mostly small - the most sizeable be­ habit of Parkhill knappers to resharpen and preforms) of comparing the various ing the handful of utilized prismatic blades, opposite edges of knives by unifacial re­ expressions of Palaeo-American culture. flake-blades, and lightly retouched knives touch - giving them a twisted or "cork­ from Meadowcroft Stratum 2A. It is difficult screw appearance" when their ends are Origin of Cumberland to make persuasive arguments with such viewed. Deller and Ellis describe these Whatever the temporal and cultural re­ scant evidence. resharpened knives as "alternately bev­ lationships of Cumberland people to other The hypothesized pathway leading from eled bifaces". This technique was also em­ fluted point-using, Palaeo-Americans of Early Lanceolate to Cumberland and ulti­ ployed by Crowfield knappers around the the early , the question remains mately to Clovis points (and their deriva­ Great Lakes (Deller and Ellis 1984); also, it as to how this Cumberland culture got its tives) may not have been the only one fol­ is commonly observed among later North start. It is my belief that it cannot be de­ lowed during the development of New American (Early Archaic) artifact assem­ rived from Clovis. Indeed, in my opinion it World flaked stone industry. Haynes (n.d.) 6 has argued on the basis of stratigraphy and Ellis, C. J. and D. B. Deller Gramly, R. M. , D. Vesper, and D. McCall absolute dating evidence that Plainview/ 1990 Paleo-lndians. Pp. 37-64 in Chris J. Ellis 1999 A Cumberland site near Trinity, Lewis Goshen points may have "paralleled the and Neal Ferris (eds.) The Archaeology County, northern Kentucky. The Amateur Clovis-Folsom-Midland line," meaning that of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Occa­ Archaeologist 6(1): 63-80. American So­ sional Publication of 'the London Chapter, ciety for Amateur Archaeology. North An­ Plainview/Goshen points may have arisen Ontario Archaeological Society, Inc. 5. dover, MA. Haynes, C. Vance, Jr. independently from the Fluted Point Tradi­ London, Ontario, Canada. n.d. Clovis-Folsom-Midland-Plainview geo- tion. Their origin within an Early Lanceolate 1997 Variability in the archaeological record of chronology, climatic change and extinc­ Point Tradition is possible. northeastern Paleoindians: A view from tion. Paper (48 pp. + other) presented in Certainly for many parts of formerly gla­ southern Ontario. Archaeology of Eastern the symposium, Folsom Archaeology: ciated northern North America the latest North America 25: 130. Early Holocene Palaeoecology. 56th An­ outgrowths of the Fluted Point Tradition 2000 An Early Paleo-lndian Site near Parkhill, nual Meeting, Society for American Ar­ chaeology, New Orleans, LA, April 25, are the earliest cultural vestiges we should Ontario. Mercury Series, Archaeological 1991. Smithsonian Institution (in press). expect to encounter; while, in the ice-free Survey of Canada, Paper 159, Canadian Museum of Civilization. region south of the Ohio River, somewhat Hyde, E. W. older evidence might be expected. Our Frison, George 1960 Mid-Ohio Valley Paleo-lndian and Sug­ search for Cumberland sites worthy of sci­ 1991 The Clovis cultural complex: New data gested Sequence of the Fluted Point Cul­ entific exploration has led us to the fertile from caches of flaked stone and worked tures. West Virginia Archeological Society Red River drainage of southwestern Ken­ bone artifacts. Pp. 321-333 in Economies special publication. 48 pp tucky and northwestern Tennessee, and among Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers. Uni­ Karrow, P. F. and B. G. Warner our labor has not gone unrewarded. At the versity of Kansas Publications in Anthro­ 1990 The geological and biological environ­ same time, however, a door has opened to pology 19. Lawrence. ment for human occupation in Southern the possibility of discovering even older re­ Ontario. Pp. 5-35 in Chris J. Ellis and Neal mains within this archaeologically rich re­ Funk, Robert E. Ferris (eds.) The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Occasional Publica­ gion. I predict that these earliest traces of 2004 An Ice Age Quarry-Workshop: The West Athens Hill Site Revisited. New York State tion of the London Chapter, Ontario Ar­ colonizing populations will include lanceo­ Museum Bulletin 504. Albany. chaeological Society 5. London, Ontario, late points. From whence these Late Pleis­ Canada. tocene colonizers came and what was their Funk, R. E„ G. R. Walters, W. F. Ehlers, Jr., J. E. ethnic background and language are likely Guilday, and G. G. Connaly Morrow, Juliet E. and Toby A. Morrow to remain forever matters of speculation. 1969 The archeology of Dutchess Quarry Cave, 2001 Rummells-Maske revisited: A fluted point An earlier version of this paper was pre­ Orange County, New York. Pennsylvania cache from east-central Iowa. Plains An­ pared as a handout at the Archaeological Archaeologist 39 (1 -4): 7-22. thropologist 47(183): 307-32 1. Society of Ohio symposium, "Peopling of Funk, R. E. and D. W. Steadman Petersen, James B. the Americas," held in Columbus, Ohio, on 1994 Archaeological and Paleoenvironmen- 2004 Athens Hill, the Paleoindian Period, and May 22, 2004. tal Investigations in the Dutchess Quarry Robert E. Funk in Northeastern perspec­ The author wishes to thank the ASO Con­ Caves. Persimmon Press. Buffalo, N.Y tive. Foreword (39 pp.) in Robert E. Funk ference Committee for organizing the Sym­ - An Ice Age QuarryWorkshop: The West posium and for offering to publish this ver­ Gramly, Richard Michael Athens Hill Site Revisited. New York State sion of my paper within its proceedings. 1982 The Vail Site: A Palaeo-lndian Encamp­ Museum Bulletin 504. Albany. ment in Maine. Bulletin of the Buffalo So­ ciety of Natural Sciences 33. Buffalo, New REFERENCES CITED Perino, Greg York. 1985 Selected Preforms, Points, and Knives of 1992 Richey Clovis Cache: Earliest Americans the North American Indians. Volume 1. Adovasio, J. M., J. D. Gunn, J. Donahue, R. Along the Columbia River. Persimmon Idabel, Oklahoma. Stuckenrath, J. Guilday, and K. Lord Press. Buffalo, N.Y. 1978 . Pp. 140-180 in 1995 Palaeo-lndian site, Maine: Fifteen years Roosa, William B. Alan Lyle Bryan (ed.) Early Man in America after the excavation. The Amateur Ar­ 1963 Some Michigan fluted point types and from a Circum-Pacific Perspective. Occa­ chaeologist 1(2): 46-64. American Society sites. Michigan Archaeologist 9(3): 44-48. sional Papers, Department of Anthropol­ for Amateur Archaeology. North Andover, ogy, University of Alberta 1. Edmonton. MA. Roosa, William B. and D. Brian Deller 1999 The Lamb Site: A Pioneering Clovis En­ 1982 The Parkhill Complex and eastern Great Bryan, Alan Lyle campment. Persimmon Press. North An­ lakes Paleo Indian. Ontario Archaeology 1983 South America. Pp. 137-146 in Richard dover, Massachusetts. 37:3-15. Shutler, Jr. (ed.) Early Man in the New 2000 The Morss fluted point site, Northwestern World. Sage Publications. Beverly Hills. Maine. The Amateur Archaeologist 7(2): Shott, Michael J. 77-96. 1993 The Leavitt Site: A Parkhill Phase Paleo- Deller, D. B. and C. J. Ellis 2003 Predicting the locations of Palaeo-Amer­ lndian Occupation in Central Michigan. 1984 Crowfield: A preliminary report on a prob­ ican sites in northern North America. Pp. Memoirs, Museum of Anthropology, Uni­ able Paleo-lndian In South­ 15-38 in Robert M. Overstreet (ed.) In­ versity of Michigan 25. Ann Arbor. western Ontario. Archaeology of Eastern dian Identification and Price North America 12:41-71. Guide (80th edition). Gemstone Publish­ Storck, Peter L. 1992 Thedford II: A Paleo-lndian Site in the ing. Timonium, Maryland. 2004 Journey to the Ice Age: Discovering An Ausable River Watershed of South-West- Ancient World UBC Press. Vancouver. ern Ontario. Memoir of the Museum of Gramly, Richard Michael and Robert E. Funk Anthropology, University of Michigan, 24. 1990 What is known and not known about the Wright, Henry T. and William B. Roosa Ann Arbor. human occupation of the Northeastern 1966 The Barnes site: A fluted point assem­ United States until 10,000 B.R Archaeol­ blage from the Great Lakes region. Ameri­ Dillehay, T. D. ogy of Eastern North America 18: 5-32. can Antiquity 31 (6): 850-860. 1997 Monte Verde: A Late Settle­ ment in Chile. Volume 2. Smithsonian In­ stitution. Washington, D.C.

7 AMS radiocarbon dates for large mammals from the Dutchess Quarry Caves.

All samples are XAD-purified collagen. DQ1 = Dutchess Quarry Cave No. 1. DQ8 = Dutchess Quarry Cave No. 8. DQ9 • Dutchess Quarry Cave No. 9.

Lab. NYSM, Skeletal Proven­ ,4CAge no. VPCno. Species element ience (Years B.P.) CAMS- 8825 Rangifer phalanx DQ1: surface 12,920 ± 70 13298 tarandus CAMS- 8827 Rangifer calcaneous DQ1: surface 13,180 ±80 13296 tarandus CAMS- 5397 Rangifer femur DQ1:Str. 1/2 12,720 ±70 12586 tarandus CAMS- 5415 Rangifer distal DQ1:Str. 2 13.150 ±90 13305 tarandus tibia CAMS- 5570 Rangifer distal DQ1:Str.2 13.840 ±80 13304 tarandus metatarsal CAMS- 5569 Rangifer distal DQ8: Str. 3 12.750 ±70 12589 tarandus radius CAMS- 1184 Platygonus canine DQ8: Str. 4 12.160 ± 80 10357 compressus (top) CAMS- 1184 Platygonus canine DQ8: Str. 4 12.220 ±60 13027 compressus (top) CAMS- 1185 Platygonus canine DQ8: Str. 4 12.430 ± 70 12592 compressus (top) CAMS- 1188 Castoroides molar DQ8: Str. 6B 11.670 ± 70 12587 ohioensis CAMS- 10165 Rangifer distal DQ9: Str. 1 13.320 ± 70 12849 tarandus metacarpal

Table 1. (Gramly) AMS Radiocarbon dates from Dutchess Quarry Caves Nos. 1, 8 & 9. From Funk and Steadman 1994. Table 9. Used by permission.

8 Figure 1. (Gramly) Map showing area of occurrence of Cumber­ land and derivative Barnes projectile point types. Note locations of important sites: Parkhill (1); Thedford II (2); Dutchess Quarry Caves (3); Leavitt (4); Trinity (5); and Phil Stratton (6).

Figure 2. (Gramly) The entrance to Dutchess Quarry Cave No. 1, Orange County, Hudson River valley region, southeastern New York State. This photograph taken in 1965 by the late Dr. Robert E. Funk shows New York State Archaeological Association members within their excavation - the basal deposits of which yielded radiocarbon-dated remains of caribou and an intact Cumberland point.

9 Figure 3. (Gramly) Views of the intact Cumberland point with adhering carbonate crust (chemically removed from one face) from Dutchess Quarry Cave No. 1. Lithic Cast­ ing Lab photograph, used with permission. Drawing of same point by artist Valerie Waldorf. Length = 59 mm.

2

Figure 4. (Gramly) The Trinity site, Lewis County, northeastern Kentucky, looking up the Ohio River valley, 1999. A remarkable group (cache?) of 11 Cum­ berland points once lay near the backfilled test-pit in the foreground, which lies upon the higher of two fossil terraces (numbered) of the Ohio River. R. M. Gramly photograph.

10 Figure 5. (Gramly) Four of 11 Cumberland points retrieved from the Trinity site. Only A is intact and unrestored. The group of 11 may represent personal property (burial furnishings?) of a Cumberland Palaeo-American (Gramly, Vesper and McCall 1999). A, length = 89 mm; raw material = Wyandotte chert ( hornstone). B, length = 96.4 mm; raw material Paoli (?) chert (aka "Carter Cave"). C, length = 111 mm; raw material Wyandotte chert. D, length = 112 min (est); raw material = Paoli chert (aka "Carter Cave"). The Trinity group of Cumberland artifacts is matched only by a find of Barnes points at the Thedford II site, Ontario (Deller and Ellis 1992). Drawings by artist Valerie Waldorf.

11 Figure 6. (Gramly) Four fin­ ished Barnes points and two point preforms from a group of four points and four pre­ forms discovered in grid A- northeast, Thedford II site, Ontario, during digging of a drainage ditch. The pre­ dominant raw material of this group, interpreted as a tool cache (Deller and Ellis 1992: 99-100), is Bayport chert - a raw material outcropping in Michigan that was especially favored by Palaeo-Americans cm 10 around the Great Lakes. Pho­ _1 I I I I I 1 tograph courtesy of Chris Ellis.

Figure 7. (Gramly) Selected flaked stone artifacts from the Phil Stratton Cumberland site, Logan County, southwestern Kentucky. Drawings by artist Valerie Waldorf. Except A, all are made of St. Genevieve nodular chert. A, tip fragment of finished Cumberland point of Fort Payne chert Length= 101 mm. B, basal fragment of a finished Cumberland point. Length = 43 mm. C, tip fragment of unfinished Cumberland point. Length = 23.4 mm. D, conjoined fragments of a Cumberland point preform broken dur­ ing initial fluting. Made from a prismatic (note plano-con­ F, knife having the generalized shape of a lanceolate point; edges are un- vex cross-section as seen in side view). End has been retouched ground although implement has traces of use. Length = 100 mm. as a scraper. Length = 79.6 mm. G, fragmentary Cumberland drillpoint; edges are heavily ground around haft r. proximal end of a Cumberland point preform with beveled plat­ and near tip. Length = 24.4 mm. form for initial fluting. Length = 53 mm. H, fragmentary struck from columnar or pyramidal core. Length = 54 mm. I, proximal ends of four channel flakes that collapsed during fluting. Length of longest = 22.5 mm. J, prismatic blade core with conjoined angular (trimming) flakes. Internal flaw caused blades to terminate prematurely, resulting in discard of core. Height = 123.4 mm.

12 Figure 8. (Gramly) Evidence that later cultures of the Red River region, Kentucky reworked Cumberland points - an Archaic side-notched projectile point made from a Cumberland point tip fragment of St. Genevieve chert. Discovered near the Phil Stratton site, Logan County. Length = 67.6 mm. Drawing by Valerie Waldorf.

Figure 9. (Gramly) Superb example of a Cumberland point preform of Fort Payne chert from a site in Alabama. R. McKey col­ lection, cast by Lithic Casting Lab. Note the neatly beveled platform and carefully crafted medial ridge in readiness for initial fluting. The narrowed basal edges, slightly excurvate base, and relatively great length (in relation to width) are reminiscent of the shape of Early Lanceolate points from South America. Valerie Waldorf drawing.

Thebes Gap/Cache River (early notched forms) \ Plainview/Mill Iron \ \ \ Dalton sites 0 \ \ (Beaver Lake) \ flO

r^^ l *V" Agate Basin ./fVU' \ ^ sites A -o?J c»& Meadowcroft /r Monte Verde 6 : 'o/v ,V> P^ o Taima-taima / Clovis sites

H Folsom sites Crowfield sites |

A ' %N Figure 10. (Gramly) Hypothesized rela­ M Midland sites Holcombe sites tionship of projectile point-using Palaeo- American cultures or industries.

13 Table 2. THE PARKHILL SITE (BARNES), PHIL STRATTON SITE (CUMBERLAND) AND VAIL SITE (EASTERN CLOVIS) SITE ASSEMBLAGES COMPARED

SUES

ARTIFACT TYPE or CLASS PARKHILL PHIL 2 VAIL STRATTC Bifacial. Ilaked 1 Projectile points 107 4 95 2. Drills 2 1 74 3, Backed knives 2 1 0 4. Point performs 20 3 52 (see 7 ) (one from Phil Stratton has been reworked as a scraper) 5. Adzes 81 1 0 (possibly lumped with' arge parallel-sided ^ s endscrapers) 6. Chisel bits/wedges (pieces esquillees 0 1 619 7, Biface frags, (not further identified) 4 2 52 (see 4.) 8 Choppers 0 1 1 9. Alternately beveled bifaces 5 0 0

Unifacial, flaked 1 - Endscrapers 35 1 796 2. Sidescrapers 13 9 182 3 Groovers (beaks/beaked endscrapers, 13 2 102 narrow scrapers, and limaces) 4 Hollow scrapers 3 1 present 5 Irregular scrapers 0 1 present 6. Gravers 16 9 890 (see 7.) 7. Denticulates 5 12 890 (see 6.)

Unmodified, utilized 1. On prismatic blades 0 4 0 2. On channel flakes 0 1 untallied 3 On truncated channel flakes 0 1 0

4 On other flakes 20 39 890 (but see 7. & 6.)

Cores 1 Disc 0 1 0 2. Columnar /pyrmidal(yields prism blades) 0 4 0 3 Other 0 1 0

fool fragments 1. Without silica phytolith sheen Untallied 33 1919 2 With silica phytolith sheen 0 2 0

Flakes 1. Channel flakes 197 5 present but untallied 2. With silica phytolith sheen 0 1 0 3 Other 5748 Untallied 8415

Rough stone tools I present bui untallied present but untallied

TOTALS 148 13,146+ (tools only)

Adapted from Eillis and Deller (2000: Tables 4.1 and 7.1). 2 The exploration of the Phil Stratton site is ongoing.

Adapted from (Jramly 1995

tA^Ajdi"^

14 FROM OUR OLD FILES

Shown in the accompanying photograph are fluted points once in the Roger Mayne collection of Columbus, Ohio. Roger Mayne was an avid collector beginning in the early 1970s. Many of these fluted points, in obverse and reverse, were from the Stanley Copeland collection.

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Co.O F^r T* A [ AX."* 0/i iJ Si*

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15 FURTHER NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF TROPHY AXES IN ADENA by John Winsch Newark, Ohio

In a very interesting report of artifacts a small granite hammer stone, a the material. When I saw the trophy , from the Carty site, Pickaway Co., in Ohio sandstone cone, two inches in di­ it was love at first sight. And I fear it took Archaeologist, v. 56, no.3, p. 26, Don Gehl- ameter, a small granite celt and a some time to get me to relinquish it, even bach illustrated a highly stylized trophy axe portion of crinoid stem, one and after my pleas to purchase it were good- from a clearly Adena context. In an accom­ one half inches long and one-half naturedly declined, with a promise that if panying editor's note in that report, Robert inch in diameter, probably used he ever parted with it, I would have the first N. Converse notes: for a bead. chance at it. Every time I saw their daugh­ "In view of the fact that - to my The other implements showed ter, Tollie Wilson Fink, a high school class­ knowledge - a trophy axe has all grades of workmanship, and mate of mine, I always asked her to remind never been reported from an Ad­ were scattered promiscuously her parents that I was still dying to have ena context it is possible that this through the mound. that axe! After Dick's death, his wife was example may have been an heir­ A highly polished grooved kind enough to sell me that beloved axe, loom artifact or a found piece." quartzite axe, five and one-fourth and I find that time has only heightened my Strangely, however, this is not the first inches in length, was of such a appreciation of it. such occurrence of a trophy axe, nor even form as to indicate that it was I recalled that Dick told me that the axe the second, but the third. The first two oc­ used exclusively for ceremonial had come from a mound excavation in currences are rather obscure, and so have purposes. A single slate piece Licking County, which astonished me. At escaped general notice. was found, that being a broken the time, I had not encountered the Metz In a very scarce pamphlet entitled "pre­ perforated ornament, three and publication noted above, nor had I noticed historic remains in Licking County, Ohio," one-fourth inches in length. Six the photo of the Marlowe trophy axe in written by Walter C. Metz, and published arrowheads of a dark colored Ohio Archaeologist. I initially thought, as in Newark, Ohio, about 1915, on pages 5 flint, ranging in length from two did Bob Converse of the Carty site trophy and 6, the author describes and illustrates and one half to three and three- axe, that it must be an anachronism includ­ a number of items found in the Marlowe eighths inches, were of only ordi­ ed as a curiosity by the Adena, who were Mound. He states: nary workmanship, while the low­ using celts. I longed to see the field notes, er portion of a spearhead, three but when I finally managed to track down "the accompanying photograph and three fourths inches long the display of the material at the Newark shows a number of implements and three inches wide showed Campus, in the art building, the few cop­ found in the Marlowe Mound near extraordinary skill in flaking. A ied pages of the notes that were displayed the Raccoon Creek, one-half mile roughly chipped drill, or perfora­ were fading almost to illegibility. Never­ east of Granville. It was sixty-two tor, was made from a weathered theless, I made out an entry concerning a feet in diameter from east to west piece of material. The human spectacular axe from the Mikesell Mound and fifty from north to south, with skeletons were too badly decayed south of Utica, Ohio. Something told me a height of five feet. It had prob­ to be preserved." that must be my axe, which had a sticker ably been reduced considerably, The photograph referred to very clearly with the number 267 on it when I saw and as it was situated near the center shows a classic three quarter-grooved tro­ photographed it in Dick's home, although of a well cultivated field. The up­ phy axe, an Adena celt, a cone, and sev­ the sticker had fallen off by the time I ac­ per portion for a depth of two feet eral readily identifiable Adena stemmed quired the piece. I just had to see a copy was mostly sand, while the por­ points that appear to have rounded bases, of those notes! tion below was of a sandy loam much like those accompanying the trophy more or less mixed with gravel. Fortunately, I found that the material axe from the Carty site. The single broken In one portion, one and one-half was under the purview of Dr. Jim Woolard, piece of slate could be either half of a bi­ feet below the surface, was a himself the popular author of four wonder­ concave gorget, or more likely the base strip of decayed vegetable mat­ ful historical novels set on the Ohio fron­ of a keyhole pendant, either diagnostic of ter, one inch thick. Small pieces tier. He understood my passion for Ohio's Adena. of charred wood were scattered prehistory immediately. With his kind as­ throughout the mound, and in In the course of time, the Marlowe mound sistance I was furnished with the desired one place was quite a quantity of trophy axe came to reside in the collection copies, and I want to acknowledge his in­ red ochre, which was no doubt of the late Frank Sharp, Kingston, Ohio. It valuable help in pinning down the origin of used for paint. was pictured on p.11, item no. 2, in Ohio my trophy axe. Hundreds of small light-colored Archaeologist, v. 4, No. 2, April, 1954. The Wilson catalogue of artifacts records flint chips seemed to indicate that Later, during the late 1920s and 1930s, that no. 267 was from the Prof. Mikesell implements were being made A. A. Wilson et al. conducted a number Mound, it states: while the mound was in the pro­ of mound excavations in Licking County. "Professor Mikesell Mound: cess of construction. Just west of They kept field notes, which after the death No. 267: the north side of the center a little below the sur­ of A. A. Wilson's son, Richard Wilson, of mound was composed of granite face there was a large quantity Newark, Ohio, a few years ago, were do­ boulders large and small but in of charred wood. One and one- nated to the Ohio State University Newark no formation, near the center of half feet below this was a layer of Campus by his widow, along with most of the boulders the builders of the clay, four inches thick, tinted red the artifacts. I first became aware of this re­ mound had constructed an al­ by the action of heat. Embedded markable collection in the late 1970s when ter (sic-JJW) of granite and had in this clay was a small portion I chanced to make a house call on Mr. Wil­ kindled an intense fire on same, of a human skull, together with son's mother-in-law, who resided with Dick burning the rock to deep reddish five stone implements, a light- and his wife. I mentioned my interest in color, on the out (er-JJW) edge colored flint flake, two inches prehistoric artifacts and Ohio archaeology, of alter (sic-JJW) was found a long, used for cutting purposes, and was amazed when Dick showed me grooved axe of almost perfect

16 workmanship, the surrounding to about four feet past center of suggest or conjecture that they were in fact conditions would indicate this ax mound. No burials were found, a the terminal expression of an axe tradition to have been used for ceremonial thorough investigation below the inherited from archaic predecessors by the purposes. base line but no indication found. Adena, even then giving way to celts as the No. 124: granite celt found near A beautiful ceremonial ax (gran­ tool of choice for the purposes the grooved the center of the above mound ite) was found on the north side axe had long served. about four feet down in mound. of the mound among the granite Unfortunately, since scientific archeo- No. 335: small black boulders about two feet below logical excavation is now an "endangered point found on west side of mount service (sic-JJW). About two feet species," due to misplaced notions of about 3 feet underground. The from center to west was found a political correctness and just plain fear above mound construction would beautiful celt entire surface pol­ on the part of most in the professional ar- indicate a ceremonial mound as ished, and on the south side large cheological community, we are unlikely to no skeletons or human bones leaf shaped spear point perfectly have what is needed: further high quality were unearthed." worked was found. I am of the excavation of Adena mounds. Only by "the In a separate section, the excavation opinion this mound was not thor­ testimony of the spade" can we hope to notes themselves, further information was oughly investigated and would learn more about the Adena and their as­ included: still yield some worthwhile infor­ sociation with trophy axes. mation. "-Fallot 1929- Investigated by: Editor's Note Opened small mound on Prof. W.B. Jones-St. Louisville, O. A trophy axe was discovered a few years Mikesell farm about four and one- Henry Cochran-Newark, O. ago during an excavation near Orient, Ohio. half miles so. west of Utica, Ohio. Dr. Russell Clyde Warner-St. Louisville, O. The Carty Site was apparently discovered Height at four and one-half feet. A. A. Wilson-Newark, O." during earth moving operations on state- Diameter of thirty feet. Composed The accompanying photo shows the tro­ owned property at Orient, Ohio, and was of earth and stone taken from the phy axe found in that excavation, and one later partially excavated by people from near surface. About one fourth of of the favorite pieces in my collection. the Ohio Historical Society. the mound on the north side was This report now corroborates and elabo­ Most of the information made available composed of large granite boul­ rates Gehlbach's association of trophy at the time was in a newspaper account. ders piled one on top of the other axes as an Adena trait. I concur with him. It Apparently, no formal report was written by with out (sic-JJW) form. No clay or seems to me to be pressing coincidence to the excavators, however, the indefatigable other substance used in the con­ any longer maintain that these three occur­ Don Gehlbach reported the finds in the struction of stone wall. Trenches rences were all chance finds by the Adena Ohio Archaeologist, Volume 56 No. 3. were run through from the south included as curiosities with typical Adena The reporter's story spoke of dismem­ to the north side and continued materials in mound or burial contexts. I bered human limbs along with what ap­ peared to be Adena-like points in associa­ tion with a trophy axe. Although this find was potentially of great importance to the understanding of the of Ohio, the site - for some strange reason - was not completely excavated or formally reported. A complete account of this even partial excavation could have revealed not only the cultural origin of trophy axes, but would have also provided an insight into the burial practices of the Adena people. I wrote a lengthy footnote to the Gehl­ bach report saying that the trophy axe at the Carty site may have been a chance find or an heirloom and stated that - to my knowledge - such axes had never been reported from any that I knew of. However, this article by Dr. John Winsch, offers early accounts of finds of trophy axes in Adena contexts. I was aware of these accounts but, as with many of these old finds, considered them perhaps suspicious. I stand corrected by John Winsch's evidence. Nevertheless, I must add a caveat: if tro­ phy axes are indeed an Adena phenomenon, none have been recorded from any of the re­ ported classic Adena mounds in south-cen­ tral Ohio. The distribution pattern of trophy axes is of surface finds made generally in the northeastern quadrant of our state and cer­ tainly out of what is considered the heart of Adena occupation in Ohio. Perhaps we need a new re-assessment of the Adena culture - but the non-reported Adena mound excava­ Figure 1. (Winsch) Tro­ phy axe from mound in tions for the last fifty years would be a nearly Licking County. insurmountable probiem.

17 A FEAST OF HEAVY DUTY POINTS by Paul Hothem Mt. Vernon, Ohio

Shown in the accompanying color plate are some of the Heavy Duty points in my collection. Nearly all of them are from Ohio. Flint sources represented are Flint Ridge, Coshocton, Zaleski, Indiana Hornstone and Carter Cave.

18 PALEO POINTS AND TOOLS FROM NORTHWESTERN OHIO by Tom McAdams 625 West Spruce St. Columbus Grove, Ohio 45830

The first point in Fig. 1 is a personal find of many years ago. It was found on the west edge of Columbus Grove along Plum Creek. It may possibly be made of Logan County chert and somewhat resembles the Hi-Lo Paleo type. Second is classic Clo­ vis type and a large knife found by Wilbur Schroeder in a depression in a flat field on the east edge of Columbus Grove. Both pieces are fluted on both sides and are made of high quality Coshocton flint. The knife is four inches long. The Paleo point bottom left was found by Virginia Schroeder on her farm along Cranberry Creek about one mile east of Columbus Grove. It is made of gray Co­ shocton flint and has basal thinning. Bottom right I found about four miles east of Columbus Grove along Cranberry Creek. It may also be of Logan County chert. In Fig. 2 is a Paleo point shown in obverse and reverse. It was also found in the Cranberry Creek area by Loe Green. It is show in approximate natural size and may be made of Flint Ridge flint. Columbus Grove is in southern Putnam County near the Allen County line. Cran­ berry Creek parallels a glacial ridge for about five miles from Columbus Grove to Figure 1 (McAdams) Five Paleo artifacts from near Columbus Grove, Ohio. Knife is four inches long. Findlay, Ohio. State Route 12 runs along the summit of this ridge.

Figure 2 (McAdams) Obverse and reverse of what may be a Flint Ridge Paleo point.

19 THE FACTS, FICTIONS AND FALLACIES OF CERTIFICATES OF AUTHENTICITY, OR C.O.A.S by John C. Rummel 6197 Shelba Drive Galloway, Ohio 43119-8933

"More persons, on the whole, are hum­ practice was the growing number of fakes line between knapper and dealer and may bugged by believing in nothing, than by being submitted and rejected. At the final pass a bad piece if they know the maker believing too much." - P.T. Barnum meeting where C.O.A.s were issued, 37 ar­ and want to maintain their friendship. tifacts were submitted for approval; only 2 Surprisingly, one of the biggest conflicts passed and were deemed authentic. of interest, in my opinion, has occurred As with any other hobby or aspect in within our own society. Due to the volumes life where an exchange takes place, the A Conflict of Interest of C.O.A.s that were appearing at the A.S.O. specter of fraud is always present. Face it; In the last several years, the artifact col­ shows, the Board of Directors unanimously if money or some commodity is involved, lecting community has been deluged with approved a ruling that banned authentica­ greed, dishonesty, and deceit will appear. authenticators and their C.O.A.s. It seems tion papers from being on the dealer tables Unfortunately, the hobby of collecting arti­ anyone with a camera, a pretty C.O.A. at an A.S.O.-sponsored event. It was the in­ facts is cutthroat if you are into buying and and a little (emphasis added) knowledge tent of the Board to clean up the shows and selling. It is a competition, an addiction if is touting themselves as an artifact guru. "let the rocks do the talking for themselves." you will, to have something more and bet­ They are like a Starbucks© coffee shop: Overall, the practice seemed to work as the ter than the next person. I cannot tell you on every corner and another just down the number of fakes began to diminish from the how many times I have heard of some­ road. So what drive do these people have shows, however, one the biggest propo­ one finding a great artifact and then being in such a competitive market? Why, the nents of the law started their own authen­ hounded by overbearing "collectors" de­ almighty dollar, of course. With so many tication service not long after this went into manding it be sold to them. Worse yet are collectors willing to spend anywhere from effect. Even though the papers were not on the ones hounding the widows or family of $20-75.00 for a C.O.A., these folks are rak­ display, I feel this was both hypocritical and a recently-deceased collector right after ing in the money; some to the tune of six, ethically wrong. their death like sharks in a feeding frenzy. yes SIX, figures a year. Arrogance and money go hand in hand. Thomas Tusser coined the phrase "A fool Read the Fine Print Folks This article, however, is about the latest and his money are soon parted," and this For those who insist on having certifi­ fad and humbug to plague and infest the cannot be any more obvious than with the cates, do you really know what you are collecting community: authenticators and collector who gravitates towards artifacts getting when you spend your hard-earned certificates of authenticity, or C.O.A.s. and C.O.A.s. With their money also goes money? Read the fine print ... you are not their common sense. To validate this state­ getting a guarantee of authenticity ... you The Origin of Authenticators and C.O.A.s ment, we need to look at exactly WHO is are getting an opinion from that person I should clarify the last sentence by say­ issuing these C.O.A.s. It should come as saying they think the artifact is good. You ing the fad refers to a growing number of no surprise that the majority of the authen­ should know this: no law governs who is or people becoming authenticators and is­ ticators are dealers, and this should send who is not qualified to write certificates of suing certificates. Documents of authenti­ up a bright red flag. There is actually a new authenticity, or what types of statements, cation can be found in virtually any facet one out there who is offering an "authenti- information, or documentation a C.O.A. of collecting. Their initial premise was to fication" service. If they do not even know must include. The bottom line is this: any­ provide a buyer with all of the known prov­ how to SPELL the word, do you really want one, qualified or not, can write a C.O.A. enance associated with the item and ac­ to trust this person to give you a C.O.A.? If you do not get anything else out of this knowledge that a trained expert in the field Dealers are in the business of selling, so article, please go back and re-read this deemed the item to be original. do you REALLY think they are going to say paragraph over and over until you clearly From talking with various individuals, I their stuff is bogus if there is a paper to understand what it is saying to you. believe the concept of C.O.A.s for artifacts go with it, or if you want to spend the ex­ The main warning sign is the language began in 1970 with the Genuine Indian tra money to have them give you a C.O.A. of the certificate. Every C.O.A. I have seen Relic Society (G.I.R.S.). This organization for the artifact? Does this mean they are carries a caveat using this, or a very similar began in 1964 with a group of collectors not sure of the piece, or does it mean they verbiage: "in my opinion...," "Based on my who wanted to create a society under the want to get a few extra bucks out of the knowledge and experience to date...," "It auspices of documenting and displaying buyer? Likely, both reasons are valid. is my current opinion..." Do you see a pat­ only authentic artifacts at their shows and Another faction of authenticators are tern here? The word opinion shows up a in their printed journal. As a means to help the ones who are also accomplished flint- lot, thus, you are not getting a guarantee of promote their objectives, they produced knappers. I would say of all the authentica­ authenticity. Also, their lines of "knowledge Certificates of Authenticity that were is­ tors out there, this group likely knows more and experience to date" should be scru­ sued at their shows. The certificates were than any of the others combined. My ratio­ tinized. Since no laws govern this, these numbered, had an image of the artifact, and nale is this: they know how to make points, C.O.A.s will carry no weight in a court of provided an evaluation with provenance some even better than their prehistoric law as your authenticator can simply say that was signed by a group of collectors counterparts; for a classic example of this, "Oh, I never knew that," or "That informa­ deemed knowledgeable within a specific read "Woody's Dream" from the November tion is new to me." If you take it to that region. They stopped issuing the certifi­ 15, 1999 issue of The New Yorker. They extreme, you are now paying court costs, cates around 1996 when it became difficult study, learn and knap different types of legal fees and the fee for the C.O.A. since to get qualified people to view the growing materials at knap-ins, so they know who is most authenticators charge you regardless number of artifacts submitted for evalua­ making what and out of what material. The if the piece is good or bad, and you are still tion. Another reason for discontinuing the only caveat to this group is they cross that stuck with a fake artifact.

20 Do Not Believe Everything You Read information. Anyone serious about collect­ their collections to look at point types and I was compelled to write this article after ing anything should build a library of ref­ see how they were made. They showed getting some good, documented artifacts erence information in the form of books, me various things to look for on authentic that came with C.O.A.s. My problem was articles and photographs on the subject of points that the fakers had not yet realized. this: the information on the artifacts, which their interest. In the case of artifacts, this At the shows, they would take me around was correct, did not correspond with the would be publications on artifacts types, the tables and quiz me on artifacts. They information on the C.O.A.s that came with site reports, and articles on field-found would ask me what I liked and did not like the pieces. The first example is the C.O.A. artifacts. It would also be a good idea to about certain pieces, and then ask me why that came with a frame of well document­ photograph artifacts in museums and rep­ I thought so. I learned a lot from doing that, ed cache blades that were pictured on utable private collections. As an example, I and I continue to learn more each day. the back cover of the Fall 1981 Ohio Ar­ will describe my library. I have always been One thing my mentors would do is at­ chaeologist and in an article published in fascinated by the Hopewell and Middle tend the events held by flintknappers, the Spring, 2005 Ohio Archaeologist. The Woodland Cultures, so my library consists also known as knap-ins. They would go to cache was found in Union County, Ohio of over 1000 printed titles on the subject watch these folks craft points from various and several even have the site number and a photographic and digital library of materials, and they would keep notes of (U-71) inked onto them. The C.O.A. stated over 1,000 images. I have been told it's who was making what and out of what ma­ they were found in Richland County, Ohio. likely the most complete library in the world terial. They noted the types being made, The second example involves a Hopewell on Hopewell and Middle Woodland, and I and they knew these would, invariably, end point that I bought through an internet auc­ have obtained volumes of information from up at the artifact shows; and they were tion. The point was clearly marked, "Found these resources. right every time. near Seip Mound, Ross County, Ohio," The one time I met the late Clem Artifacts, or whatever you collect, are for however the C.O.A. with it stated the point Caldwell, I was at an artifact show perus­ pleasure and sometimes profit. They are was "found near ;" the ing the books for sale. He saw me intently investments, because your hard-earned wrong site and wrong county. Here is the looking through them and said he would money is being used to purchase them. conundrum: if I were to sell these artifacts, rather go home with a good book versus You do not need a C.O.A. to add value to and the buyer wanted the C.O.A.s, they an artifact any day as he always learns an artifact. If you are willing to spend the could think the pieces were fake since the something new through a book. I could not time to learn all that you can, you will see information did not match up on the arti­ agree more with that statement. that the C.O.A.s distributed by these indi­ facts and papers. I would not sell these viduals are simply a means to bilk people with the C.O.A.s, because the artifacts Get a Mentor out of money and give them a false sense should sell themselves, but you see my Another important thing a beginning of security about their artifacts. Be smart, point, right? collector should do is find a mentor, or an and let your artifacts, not a piece of paper, experienced collector, who is willing to not do the talking. So Who Can You Trust? only share their collection for viewing but (Note: I purposely omitted all names Honestly, yourself and no one else. You also impart knowledge they have acquired from this article to avoid those of a litigious need to learn everything you can if you over time. I have heard several "old time" nature. Also the views expressed in this want to seriously collect anything authen­ collectors say the new generation of col­ article are strictly my own and should not tic. If you have to convince yourself it is lectors does not know anything or is un­ reflect or be construed to be those of the good, put it down and walk away. If you willing to learn. I dispute it with them every Archaeological Society of Ohio. JCR) need a piece of paper to tell yourself it is time by saying they need someone willing good, find another hobby or interest. A to help them. References Cited good artifact will always sell itself, it does The very first artifact I bought in 1989 was Anonymous not need help from a piece of paper. And a fake point, and it was obvious to everyone 1981 "Page 51 and back cover," Ohio Ar­ finally, the ones who say they know it all but me. I got taken in by the color, however, chaeologist, 31(4), Fall, 1981. usually know the least. I was very fortunate to meet two very well Converse, Robert N. respected collectors who were willing to 2005 "The Dana Baker Hopewell Cache," Do Your Homework take me "under their wings," and teach me. Ohio Archaeologist, 55(2): 20. Spring, The biggest ally a collector can have is They both graciously allowed me access to 2005.

21 MINIATURE PESTLES by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

When I wrote Ohio Stone Tools some At the next regular ASO meeting, held may be somewhat overdrawn since we forty years ago, it was an attempt to sort in the old War Room at the Ohio Histori­ usually think of true miniatures as being out and describe - for the first time - the cal Society Museum, I was interested in unusable watch-fob sized copies of larger various stone tools found by surface hunt­ what the members would say about the artifacts. Perhaps the word dwarf would ers in the Midwest and seen in numerous Ohio Stone Tools issue. Almost everyone best describe them. Ohio collections. It was apparent to me seemed more than pleased and several We often see common pestles which that many archaeological reports either members thanked me for my contribu­ have been used to exhaustion and are didn't know what many of these tools tion. However, I overheard the conversa­ consequently worn to a smaller size. But were or misidentified them. For example, tion of one member from the Portsmouth the objects shown in the accompanying pitted stones, one of the commonest of area (now long deceased) talking to an­ plate seem to have been purposely made all stone tools, were usually called pitted other member and he was saying in a loud in the size shown and are genuine tools. As hammerstones. A serious examination voice and in no uncertain terms that this is obvious in the photograph, they are well of these common tools will tell you that was the worst issue of the Ohio Archae­ worn. The materials from which they are they may be hand held milling or grinding ologist he had ever seen. Needless to say fashioned, like the large pestles, are the tools - but they certainly aren't hammer- I was devastated - and I vividly remember usual quartzites, granites and diorites stones. Even today, celts and adzes are it to this day. In fact, over the years when The question then arises, what was the often called axes - which is probably not I have been asked to do a revised and up­ purpose of these petite tools? The exam­ accurate since their bits are totally unalike. dated version of Ohio Stone Tools - which ples shown are pictured in approximately I attempted in the book to point out some incidentally has been reprinted numerous full size and are all from 3 1/2 inches to 3 of the misconceptions. times - I remember that conversation. De­ 3/4 inches tall. They could have easily ac­ At that time - in the mid 1960s - our spite that comment, I have for a long time commodated small Archaic hands - per­ Society was going through one of its most continued to do research and make obser­ haps those of little girls who wanted to difficult periods. Hubert Wachtel had re­ vations of the numerous stone tools seen emulate or perhaps assist in the grinding signed as Editor and the job had gone in Ohio collections. Hopefully, I can use tasks of their mothers. If they were simply through a number of hands. In fact we were that information and will revise Ohio Stone children's toys, they appear to be exces­ seriously behind in our publication dates Tools - someday. sively worn. for the Ohio Archaeologist. We didn't have In the accompanying color plate are Miniature pestles might possibly have enough material for a complete publication shown four examples of one of the rare served a more esoteric purpose. They and no one to edit it. At one of our Board Ohio types - miniature pestles. could have been special purpose tools meetings someone, who knew I had been Miniature pestles are undersized or made for grinding or pulverizing materi­ researching and illustrating stone tools, small versions of the common Archaic als needed in only small quantities. Such suggested that we print Ohio Stone Tools pestles seen in nearly every Ohio and Mid­ materials could have included medicines, as a regular issue of the Ohio Archaeolo­ western surface collection. Although rare paints, dyes or even hallucinogens. gist to fill the gap until we could get back in the extreme, they resemble their larger It is probable that archaeology cannot on track. I told them they were welcome, counterparts in most respects and appear provide the answer of their true function although that was not the original intention to simply be downsized versions of a tool and they will remain objects of speculation of my research. Nevertheless, I was hap­ which have been found by the thousands. and conjecture. py to see it in print and proud to think the Of the few examples seen, however, they Board thought it worthy of publication. It rarely ever copy the sometimes large and was published as Vol. 16, No. 4 of the Ohio flamboyant pestles with exaggerated polls Archaeologist. and flared bases. The word "miniature"

22 Figure 1 (Converse) Miniature Archaic pestles - shown in full size. Upper left down - five miles below Hamilton Butler Co., • Mowry's Town, Brown Co., Fairfield Twp., Butler Co. - Turpin Farm, Hamilton Co. Example upper right is 3 1/2 inches tall.

23 MY LIFETIME BEST FIELD FINDS IN DARKE COUNTY by Ron Thiebeau Reed Road Versailles, Ohio

Figure 1 (Thiebeau) Fluted Points

Figure 3 (Thiebeau) Archaic period - cache of Upper Mercer blanks - 200 pieces. Figure 2 (Thiebeau) Piano Lanceolates

Figure 4 (Thiebeau) Archaic period - Geniculate.

Figure 5 (Thiebeau) Archaic Bevels

24 Figure 6 (Thiebeau) Glacial Kame birdstone. Figure 7 (Thiebeau) Glacial Kame gorgets.

Figure 8 (Thiebeau) Glacial Kame gorget with repair holes.

Figure 8-b (Thiebeau) Glacial Kame bar weight.

Figure 9 (Thiebeau) Adena points. Figure 10 (Thiebeau) Adena pendant. Figure 11 (Thiebeau) Hopewell expanded center.

25 GILA RIVER PETROGLYPHS: PREHISTORIC ART IN THE DESERT by Mike Ferman Diana Van and Malad, Idaho Beaver Creek, Ohio

Southwest of Phoenix, Arizona, near pieces of art on just one boulder, saying used by General Patton as a training area the desert town of Gila* Bend, lie massive he "wasn't drunk enough yet." Among the for tanks. basalt boulders covered with petroglyphs. petroglyphs rest boulders with concave In prehistoric times the Gila River would These etchings, pecked through a dark surfaces, apparently used as mortars - see have been a perennial stream through the layer called desert varnish, expose the Figures 2, 3, and 4. desert. At this time it is usually dry because lighter colored rock underneath. The art has been related to the of diversion of the river for . Still, Figures in carvings include people, liz­ and cultures which date from AD however, after rainstorms it can carry tor­ ards, spirals, circles, turtles, birds, deer, 350 to AD 1400. That the site has been vis­ rents of water, bringing a temporary picture sheep and snakes. These drawings are ited in historic times is evidenced by ad­ of the site as seen by the prehistoric artists. crowded onto all surfaces; Bill Weir in ditional carvings of horses, which were in­ Moon Handbook, Arizona, relates that troduced by the Spanish during the 1600s. a caretaker gave up trying to count the More recently, during WW II, the area was *Gila is pronounced Hee-la.

mi \

Figure 1 (Ferman and Van) Prehistoric art in tr*

26 Figure 4 (Ferman and Van) Mortar (at left) among petroglyphs.

Figure 5 (Ferman and Van) Mortar (at right) among petroglyphs.

27 GROUP OF SERRATED FORT ANCIENT POINTS FROM PORTSMOUTH, OHIO by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, OH 44224

The Ohio River flood of January 1937 in figures 3-5, measures nearly 5 inches serrated points "have been recorded from was one of the worst floods on record, in length, and only about a half inch at many Fort Ancient sites on both sides of the and is infamously referred to as the "Great its widest on the basal end. Its serrations Ohio River from West Virginia to Indiana and Flood of 1937." The National Weather Ser­ are especially prominent toward the basal Kentucky." He also states that while they vice web site notes that it was the "deep­ end. Over the entire length of the blade, it are found with the more common triangle est Ohio River Flood on record at many gradually tapers to a point, giving it a neat points, "they are much less common." locations," with water reaching the 80 foot slender, triangular outline, and a neatly Robert Behm, who is an ASO member, mark in Cincinnati. It was a flood so de­ symmetrical appearance. lives in Winchester, Ohio. He commented structive that Cincinnati Enquirer website Robert's father, Charles Behm, acquired that the 5 inch specimen is "the largest tri­ reports that it speeded action in Congress these artifacts from the finder around 1953. angle point that he has ever seen." for FDR's flood control projects. Charles related that the finder - whose Much thanks to Mr. Behm for sharing In Portsmouth, this same flood that dev­ name escaped him - was a resident of the these unusual triangles and also thanks to astated so much of the Ohio Valley also Portsmouth area. Charles said that when the Portsmouth Public Library for grant­ unearthed at least one amazing group of he acquired the points, he selected these ing permission to use their historic photo­ prehistoric artifacts - 67 Serrated Fort An­ 20 points from a total of 67 that were all graphs of the 1937 flood. A full gallery of cient Points. found together along the Ohio River in photos can be seen on their website. Some of these points were displayed at Portsmouth after the record-setting and the March 2008 ASO show in Colurribus. devastating flood of 1937. Charles also in­ Sources: Keeping with the show's theme of serrated dicated that he was unable to acquire the Cincinnati Enquirer: www.enquirer.com Converse, Robert, flint points, Robert Behm of Winchester, entire cache. In Ohio Flint Types, Robert Converse plac­ Ohio Flint Types, Archaeological Ohio displayed the striking group of ser­ Society ot Ohio, 2007 edition rated Fort Ancient Points pictured in fig­ es such points in the Fort Ancient or Mis- National Weather Service www.nws.noaa.gov/ ures 3-7. sissippian time period of 1,000 to 400 years Portsmouth Public Library: The largest point of the group, pictured . Converse relates that such www.portsmouth.lib.oh.us

Scioto River bridge off 2nd Street

Figures 1 & 2 (Rusnak) Historic photographs of the 1937 flood in the Portsmouth area. Photos are courtesy of the Portsmouth Public Library. TT I J. J

3rd and Chillicothe

28 UhtO

ri37 Rood Hoftimoatl- Ohio

Figures 3 &4 (Rusnak) Obverse and reverse of 5 inch knife found in Portsmouth, OH in 1937. Figure 5 (Rusnak) Detail of serrated edges near the basal end.

jfl ^j| JJ\

m ^r ,./^riM W-A ^^B

^JB Ik.

0 1! i 1 6 •• ^| CM IN ^L"Poi-fsmout \ OWio^B I Figure 6 (Rusnak) Nineteen of 0 1 2 I fAie 67 serrated triangles and I beads also found in 1937.

Figure 7 (Rusnak) Detail view of triangles.

29 THE DR. MEUSER MINIATURES by Mike Barron Columbus, Ohio

30 31 THE HUMAN FACES OF OHIO'S PREHISTORY by D.R. Gehlbach Columbus, Ohio

The following is a short treatise on the only individuals with shamanistic power of and penetrating eyes. The cameo like fa­ subject of the many human faces portrayed their own could smoke them without be­ cial characteristics of several owl species on artifacts crafted by the prehistoric Ohio- ing harmed, The pipes with human effigy seem to be featured at least in part on the ans. These fascinating mostly singular de­ depictions often represented the symbolic subject . These include deeply pictions could reveal something about the portrayal of a deceased iconic leader or set circular eyes designed with a focused practices and belief systems of certain cul­ one imbued with exceptional wisdom. The stare, zoned facial engraving suggest­ tural groups who once occupied portions chosen model had legendary powers to ing an owl mask and inverted nose motif. of the Buckeye State. Unfortunately like send sacred smoke to forces in control of These features are coupled with a human many pre-Columbian fact finding expedi­ human destiny. This is why so many of the lip lined oval mouth. The result may be an tions many of the theories about the rea­ human models for pipes seem to portray owl/human impersonation. sons for employing human personages on a lifeless personage or an individual in the With the combination of the owl and hu­ artifacts still lack scientific verification. latter stages of his life. Some examples man features in a unified ritual motif this Much of the writer's study over the past might depict deceased ancestors, perhaps pipe may have been an imposing utensil forty some years has focused on prehis­ even shamans who also had the ability to when dealing with deities in the sky world. toric smoking and the vari­ send messages and converse with power­ The owl may have been perceived to be a ous effigies on pipes. This ultimately led to ful forces in the spirit world. These portray­ symbolic link to forces in the upper world. the formulation of a series of suppositions als seem to be especially prevalent in Mis­ The combination portrayal might also indi­ about the reasons for the human effigy sissippian societies. The underlying belief cate a type of communion between owls depictions on prehistoric smoking instru­ system may in time have overwhelmed and which might facilitate more ments. Some of these theories are sup­ less imbedded superstitions held by Ohio's successful ritual pleadings. southern and southwestern Fort Ancient ported by historic records of pipe smok­ The pictured pipe measures 6V2" by communities. 1 ing activities and the observations of early about 4 /4". It was found in Crawford Coun­ travelers/visitors in Indian communities. Shown in Figure 1 is the first example ty, Ohio. The raw material is sandstone. The focus of this study is on the massive of a human effigy pipe with distinctive The next example (Figure 3) has been Ohio so-called altar human effigy pipes modeling of the head and facial features. featured in several publications. It is a sometimes attributed to the Mississippians Whereas the effigy's appendages are only strangely shaped pipe with a formal look­ and smaller examples attributed to Ohio's crudely modeled on each side of the ma­ ing expressionless human face surrounded Fort Ancient people under Mississippian trix block housing the bowl and stem ori­ by multiple braided hair swirls or possibly influence. It is important to note that the fices, the carving of the human's face has some type of head cover or hat. Facial de­ Mississippian specimens usually depict received extra care. A front view of the ef­ tails include shut eyes which are slightly the effigy's bodily features in a primitive figy's face shows; a noticeable hair bob rounded, (perhaps a deceased individual), manner or not all whereas the head and and hairline demarcation, eyes shut and prominent flared nose, oversized lips sur­ the face of the effigy receive more elabo­ highlighted (suggesting a deceased indi­ rounding a closed mouth. The effigy's rate detailing. This was no accident or a vidual), v-shaped incised facial decora­ puffed-out cheeks are a another promi­ shortcut modeling technique but moreover tions beneath and trailing from each eye, nent feature. The facial portrayal might be a deliberate attempt to emphasize, dignify, massive tapered nose, puffed out feature mostly conceptual rather than an actual and even employ an identifiable human by surrounding the effigy's oversized lips and person, perhaps the likeness of an impor­ defining its role in ritual events. This con­ partially opened mouth, and earspools tant ancestor or clan protector. cept will be further examined in this dis­ hanging from cord-like decorations on ei­ The subject specimen measuring about cussion. ther side of the head. All of this detailing 4" by 2V2" is a sandstone sculpture. It was To better assess the value of sculpting suggests that the featured individual had found within the current city limits of New­ human faces on pipes, it is important to a significant symbolic role in successfully ark in Licking County, Ohio. executing smoking rituals. first examine the roles served by prehis­ Figure 4 shows a highly stylized human toric smoking instruments themselves as This subject "old man pipe" was found head effigy pipe from Pickaway County, observed by Historic Indian Period chroni­ in Pickaway County, Ohio. It is slightly over Ohio. It shows a facial motif sometimes clers. Scholars of Native American reli­ 6" in length, about 4" tall and is crafted seen on Fort Ancient human effigy pipes. gions have concluded that based on eye­ from iron-rich very fine grained sandstone. The portrayal could be a warrior wearing witness reports rituals involving pipes and Example number two (Figure 2) is an­ some kind of helmet or perhaps an elabo­ the sweat lodge were the two most perva­ other huge sandstone humanoid effigy rate ceremonial ornament on his head. The sive rituals through Native North America. pipe. There are virtually no observable effigy has a protruding hair bun (barely Effigy pipes had a unique position in the indications of the effigy's appendages on noticeable) at the rear of the head. Other history of primal regions based on the va­ this example. In fact much of the pipe is observable features include oval eyes sur­ riety of symbolism associated with them only crudely finished with little surface pol­ rounded by indented weeping eye motifs, and in their many ceremonial uses. These ish except in the presentation of the face tapered nose and only a simple crease for pipes mostly served as sacrificial vessels of the effigy. The identity of the possible the mouth. The effigy's face is seemingly and among many Native cultures were the human or human-like facial depiction is conjectural and conveys an overall stern primary means of offering the most sacred somewhat difficult to determine. Among looking impression. Was this a legendary substance, tobacco smoke, to certain prehistoric and especially Historic Indian noble or chief shown in a formalized portrait sacred beings or forces. These pipes not groups in addition to human portrayals or an individual in priestly makeup? This only were vessels for carrying out ritual owls were among the most replicated to­ pipe could have been used during smoke beliefs but also had a sacred nature of tems or icons and were frequently figured filled pleadings when a special favor or a their own. Pipes that were offered to the on pipes probably due to their almost su­ degree of divine support was needed. sacred powers often took on spiritual pow­ pernatural capabilities. Their unique quali­ This rather small example measures 3" ers themselves. These pipes were some­ ties included nighttime hunting and vision, times considered so powerful that often by IV4". It was found in Scioto County, flying without sound, fierce countenance Ohio and is made of limestone.

32 The final example (Figure 5) is an unusu­ Prehistoric societies sometimes dealt with ered in Muskingum County Ohio and is an­ ally configured human effigy pipe with a these special persons in an unusual man­ other sandstone example. more primitive facial presentation. In this ner. The unique characteristics might have The human faces of Ohio's prehistory case the face is more simplistically present­ been perceived to be specially endowed may unveil a picture of the important rit­ ed and seems out of place on the remain­ qualities to be revered resulting in special ual practices and superstitions of several der of the pipe. The effigy's head is placed treatment. A good example is the highly of the state's prehistoric societies. In this on top of the oversized stem housing and stylized dwarf human effigy pipe found in context they tell us that societies employ­ just forward of the bowl opening. Rather the original Adena Mound in Chillicothe, ing icons in their smoking practices were than an elaborate highly adorned portrait Ohio. One could surmise the offering of the able to mediate with superior forces in their this example shows an almost child-like sacred tobacco mixture supplemented by worldly universe. personage with bulbous eyes, thin simply the presence of an iconic special human figured nose and for reasons unknown an would have been a potent combination in Reference: oversized oval shaped mouth with border­ supplicating worldly forces. 1988 Paper, Jordan, Offering Smoke, The Sa­ ing lips. A person with mental and/or phys­ The subject pipe is about 7" long and a cred Pipe and Native American Religion ical limitations might have been the model. maximum of 3V2" in height. It was recov­ The University of Alberta Press

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Human portrait pipe, sand­ stone, Licking County, Ohio

Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Human portrait pipe, sand­ stone, Pickaway County, Ohio

Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Human head portrait pipe, limestone, Scioto County, Ohio Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Unusual pipe with human head perched on top, sand­ stone, Muskingum County, Ohio

33 DISPLAYS AT ASO MEETING IN JANUARY 2007

Grooved tablet made of sandstone was found by Harry Heckaman south of Wheeling, West Virginia. It had eroded Head of popeyed birdstone from Gallia County out of a river bank along with other Adena artifacts. displayed by John Mocic.

Bone pin or awl found many years ago by Harry Heckaman in a dry cave or which had yielded only Adena artifacts

Ray Jordan's display of Ohio • Adena points.

Astabula point displayed by John Bamhart measures 5 inches long. It was found in Bob Converse Medina County, Ohio, in the display of Ohio 1940s, where Spencer Lake is Adena points. located today.

34 OBITUARY ROBERT HARNESS 1918-2008

I am writing this obituary of Robert Harness, a good personal friend and a consummate archaeologist of Ohio. Most of his work was concentrated on the unusually rich Hopewell cultural remains located on the original farm deeded to George Harness in 1789. This farm is full of classic sites, qualitatively beyond belief. In addition to rare clusters of habitation locales, there is the famous, often excavated Robert Harness Mound, well known since the 1800s. Thanks to the extant substantial remains of the original mound, and a plethora of environmental features, this site has largely been preserved. The center of this landscape also forms the heart of Adena, Hopewell and Mississippian archaeological remains. The land was originally part of the Virginia Military District in which many a colonial family found agricultural wealth and social refuge. One of the leading families (or should we say clans?) was that of the Virginia Harnesses. In 1798, President Thomas Jefferson and Sec­ retary of State James Madison signed a deed granting between 1128 and 1800 acres to one George Harness of Romney, Virginia. Family tradition has it that this grant was in payment for services rendered in the American Revolution. George and his wife Rebecca established the family farm in this year, although the deed was not formalized until 1803, when Ohio became part of the Union. The subsequent history of the Harness family is complex, involving the raising of livestock. In short, the family prospered into gentility and complicated land deals, with much of the original farm remaining at the core of the estate. The details of this history are interesting in their own right, but are only of tangential concern to the life and career of Robert ("Bob") Harness. Bob Harness was born in 1918 to Daniel and Margaret Harness. In his younger days, he attended Ohio State University graduating with a B.S. in Agriculture, and subsequently joined the Army Air Corps. Upon his return to the land, he began to devote much of his time to restoring the old farm, which in his absence had fallen into some neglect. As time went by, his love for the farm intensified. As I am able to attest to from the 1960s on, it was a model enterprise with livestock, carefully tended fields, and never ending attempts to restore the original holdings which, over the years, began to be dispersed among tenants, more or less distant kinfolk, etc. To me, the intensity of his love for the land was one of his outstanding characteristics. Additionally, his fondness of "paper games" such as crossword puzzles was well-known, as was his devotion to tinkering with (broken?) equipment. During our archaeological field operations, he often helped our impecunious volunteer students fix up their jalopies. I first met Robert Harness in about 1960 on his farm in Ross Co, Ohio. At the time, I had been sent by Harvard University to try my hands on a Ph.D. dissertation on Hopewell, the great "bete noire" of Eastern US archaeology. The center of this widespread phenom­ enon of huge mounds, earthworks - geometric or otherwise - had been known since the 18th century, and totally misunderstood by virtually all investigators. At the time, speculations about Hopewell, (uniformly bordering on the fantastic), were then mouthed by "ex­ perts" and naked amateurs alike. This situation has barely changed since my early days in 1959. In fact it may be far worse today, as contemporary practitioners (learned as they purport to be) are abysmally ignorant and given to a host of incredible flights of fancy. In my earlier days, Hopewellian archaeologists at least knew some facts. The present-day hordes seem to fluctuate between sheer ignorance, archaeoiogically medieval speculations, and plain religious mysticism. I had no idea why the Gods of Harvard imposed the Hopewell mystery on my innocent self. After all, my entire experience in archaeol­ ogy had been concentrated on the European and Upper , the of Lebanon, the Indus Valley Civilization and the of India. How was I was to sort out this concoction of fact and lunacy? Adding to my misgivings, I had not even a rudimentary knowledge of Hopewell archaeology. Having been unchained on Hopewell, I managed to produce (God knows how) 750 pages of text and hundreds of (bad) illustrations which gained me my sheepskin in 1961. My only salvation was the much appreciated guidance and friendship of superb practitioners such as James B. Griffin of the University of Michigan and Joseph Caldwell of the Illinois State Museum. The actual contact with Bob Harness came about when Griffin introduced me to Frank Soday, a Vice-President of Skelly Oil, well- known for his work on southern Palaeo-lndian sites in the Deep South. Being familiar with my Palaeo-lndian survey of Ohio, Soday visited with me in the field, only to find out that I was just embarking on my Hopewellian Ph.D. project. Fortuitously, Soday possessed considerable knowledge of Hopewell archaeology and had excavated several important Hopewell structures on the Harness home­ stead; and so, it was at his suggestion that I contacted Bob Harness. Thus, I became closely acquainted with Bob Harness. From the beginning, he demonstrated an extraordinary degree of generosity. I was permitted to have the run of his farm which abounded in incredible numbers of Hopewell sites, not only mounds and earthworks, but also settlements of what we now recognize as typical small 'farmsteads' or hamlets. Except for the most obdurate investigators, these sites define the essential characteristics of central Ohio Hopewell settlements. It would be fair to say that to me the Harness localities were partly responsible for my formulation of the "small dispersed settlements versus large vacant ceremonial centers". In short order I located, beyond the Harness farm quite a few similar habitation sites and clusters. They include the classic McGraw site, the Brown's Bottom localities, the Lynch Farm sites, and the Riddle farmsteads. They are all remarkably similar. I am more than pleased that the localities are part of the Harness cluster of sites, as I am equally glad that he discovered their significance quite early in the game. The difference between the two of us was that he dealt with "cold facts", whereas I approached the problem from a theoretical angle. The result is the same. A biproduct of the labors was that my initial notion of the kind of Hopewellian settlement system I often described, required (more than one) modification. The most important one to me was that this pattern is not universal to Hopewell, but seems valid only for the central Ohio sites. Bob Harness may well have been aware of this, because during our field surveys he more often than not tried to moderate my views of a unified model. We have lost in Robert Harness an extremely competent practitioner of Hopewell Archaeology. Not only did he know what he was doing - something rare among the many windbags in the field, but he also was a most careful recorder and organizer of his many finds. His collection can be trusted. May God protect his accumulated knowledge and materials from neglect and archaeological savagery.

Olaf H. Prufer Kent State University

35 PERSPECTIVES ON FACE ART IN OHIO ARCHAEOLOGY by Stanley W. Baker 109 S. Galena Road Sunbury, Ohio

The poster art of Ohio Archaeology pretation has to be a consideration of how cannot be made without the benefit of Month in 2007 included "a Late Woodland art binds a society together which is just context and data surrounding other related limestone human face effigy from Ross as important as knowing the typology of face discoveries. Faulty or incomplete data County, Ohio." Beyond showcasing inter­ its craft. Without saying, artistic products renders any interpretation nearly meaning­ esting artifacts, the poster appears to be can be symbolic or have subtle underlying less. Conversely, it will be shown the two an attempt to create an evocative picture meanings that should also be considered limestone faces found at OHS (i.e on the putting the individual viewer on a one on much further. A perspective on both art and poster and a second one reportedly from one scale with the past, i.e. the face of the craft is needed to carry true interpretation the Heinisch Mound, Scioto County, Ohio) past looking to the face of the future, if you further. AN interest to better understand the both lack supporting contextual evidence will, to symbolize the present preserving archaeological record has led me to more to unquestionably associate them with a past mankind. However, the art from this fully reconsider face art regionally. Based prehistoric period. However, more than just perspective is out of context. In fact, the on the topological evidence from known the context should be deeply questioned. use of this particular artifact has created a Late habitation sites, It is obvious that other certain, early 20th fundamental problem. Just how accurate stone faces are conspicuously absent in century truisms have outlasted their use­ is this subtle portrayal since this type of my experience. fulness. Another unquestioned truth dealt interpretation is wholly limited to our own The implied link between historic use and with distinct language groups. A commonly western or modern point of view? prehistoric occurrences of stone faces was employed but unwritten archaeological Lacking both a contextual perspective first recognized nearly 65 years ago (see for adage states, if groups were linguistically and a deeper consideration for stylistic example Ritchie 1937:188 or Fenton 1941: distinct then, theoretically, the material cul­ traits creates a situation where even the 18, 19, and 22). The foundation on which ture between the groups had to be equally simplest interpretation may be wholly inac­ these still current interpretations were built distinct. Today, we are less certain about curate. In fact, the impression left by the are now nearly 85 years old and based for this conventional wisdom since many traits poster and the artifact's attribution may be the most part on the recovery of the Ross seem more widely shared, over broad ar­ less than 50% accurate. Additionally, we County, Ohio face (Figures 1 and 2) and an­ eas, and even across linguistic boundaries. need to remember such artifacts are an other stone face (Figure 3) recovered from Today, most ethnologists also realize that artistic expression of the past not a Scioto County, Ohio as reported by William the employment of face art is not limited reflection of it. The poster's limited per­ Mills (1922: 566 and 572). The assumed to just Iroquoian speaking people. Further­ spective may overlook the real meaning of connection between historic masks and more, it is currently recognized that the the artifact as art. The following pursuit was prehistoric faces has not been seriously survival of modern Iroquoian masking has wholly driven by an interest in interpretive challenged in the last 65 years due to a more to do with cultural revitalization and accuracy causing the following question certain level of assumed logic in previous less to some unique linguistic/tribal origin to be raised. Should we consider all stone interpretive arguments. However, certain (Krusche 1986:1-2). After 65 years, there is faces of Late Woodland cultural origin? assumptions have been drawn without the an obvious need for the research to be more Thus far, the interpretation of stone faces aid of temporal and/or typological controls objective without the blind acceptance for as a Late Woodland Period trait has been which are available today. the social and possible prehistoric origins of masking and face arts. There must be unquestionably accepted by many prehis­ The prehistory was originally conceived a greater concern for archaeological con­ torians and ethnohistorians alike. as a rather short period of time. The entire text or a more stringent look at time and My interest in this particular artifact was prehistory era and the historic period were space to better document the occurrences not necessarily related to this one particu­ conceived as directly linked. Distinctive el­ of certain artifacts like stone faces. Further­ lar prehistoric period. My appreciation for ements in the archaeological record were more, interpretations need to impinge on the Ross County "face effigy" stemmed initially interpreted as a product of regional redundant archaeological discoveries and from a broader interest in ethnographic variation not temporal change. Converse­ a more stringent use of terminology in order masking ceremonies and mask iconogra­ ly, traits shared inter-regionally have been to simultaneously demonstrate association phy in the Eastern Woodlands. As a result, used to bolster claims of recent population and address function. my research was a pursuit first directed at migration, while abandoned assemblages cultures and the associated arts found in were thought to be evidence of displace­ The following study is based in part on areas well beyond the Ohio River Valley. ment or cultural replacement (Mathews stylistic comparisons. Figural depictions However, this endeavor led me full circle 1977: 20). Masking arts may have a vague universally occur in many mediums, in back to the Ohio Valley since the masking prehistoric origin but there is no absolute many styles, and over long periods of time. arts have been reported to have prehistoric link between stone faces, thought to be The work was not necessarily interested origins based in part on Ohio's early dis­ 1500 years old and historic masking cer­ in all depictions. An effort was made to coveries including the face now seen on emonies which were observed during the eliminate certain figures from the analysis the poster. last 300 years. based on stylistic and typological grounds. Adherence to a rather strict terminology al­ Beyond an interest in ethnology, I do have Specifically, no one has seriously asked lows us to quickly eliminate the myriad of a perspective on Ohio Valley archaeology how were the stone faces found? Do these unrelated figures and was used to draw out and the Late Woodland Period. I have had artifacts bespeak the Late Woodland Pe­ or eliminate contrasting evidence through­ the opportunity to periodically work on sev­ riod? Specifically, how viable is an interpre­ out current research. For instance, Middle eral Late Woodland sites in Ohio and West tation that stone faces are traits related to Woodland platform pipes may have figural Virginia. I grew up as a protege of Gene­ the "Intrusive Mound Culture" an element of depictions. However, they seem to have vieve Cole, Delaware County, Ohio (i.e. the a period dating from about A.D. 500 to A.D. little to do with certain stone faces carved namesake for Cole ceramics and the "Cole 1000? Are they solely a post-Hopewellian, possibly hundreds of years later. In part, Complex"). During this tenure, Genevieve Late Woodland phenomenon? Obviously, this distinction is based on iconography also taught me that a component of inter­ a deeper or more accurate interpretation

36 and implied function particularly since the from ten to twelve inches high. However, what were native peoples representing? pipe occurrences appear as merely deco­ the stone faces examined during this study Historically, masks by design have little to rative appliances. also fell into two additional sizes including: do with the lives of actual people but are However, decorative elements are useful. medium-sized faces measuring from five to directly related to myth. The designs are They allow us to classify the artifact type six inches high or approximately half the size iconographical depictions of supernatural into stylistic groups, but these decorations of a true mask; and secondly another much beings, spirits, and deities. The carved de­ may not directly contribute to an artifact's smaller, miniature face (sometimes called pictions are deeply embedded in ritual. If function. Though certain very late prehis­ masquettes) measuring from one to two, or masking is a long-held tradition then it is toric pipes might tell us something about two and one half inches in size. Again, the unlikely that the prehistoric stone examples the wearing of masks (see for example face in the latter size has sometimes been are human portraiture. McAlister 2003: 53), the faces on certain described as pendants, gorgets, amulets, or This real history, if you will, sets a prece­ Iroquoian pipes are again only decorative charms in the literature. During my research, dent for adherence to the outlined terminol­ elements. The same can be said regarding I commonly employed the term masquette ogy and the validity of it. The terminology decorations, pictographic images, since the name is so commonly used in the adhered to herein is not unlike the native superfluous engraving, etc. Conversely, the ethnographic literature from the northeastern nomenclature used ethnographically. Iro­ depictions under discussion herein appear United States. Native people also used near­ quoian expressions like "face", "false face" to function independently. Hypothetically, ly the same terminology (Marshal Sombers, or "husk face" and Lenape or Algonkian the faces seemingly have some cultural Salamanca, New York: personal communi­ expressions like "solid face" or "living solid function unto themselves. The art is not a cations). The use of this size terminology al­ face" appear across cultural boundaries as decorative appliance but an image created lows for better interpretation since it appears a common group of supernatural carica­ for some particular purpose. The ultimate these groupings may have a direct relation­ tures. Likewise, the stone carvings found in question should be, how do these various ship to function or use of these unique artis­ Ohio are also thought to relate to carica­ stone faces relate artistically? If we can tic objects in a cultural context. tures of mythological spirits. reasonably conclude that certain artifacts In prehistoric interpretations, the medi­ There is a long history of stone faces have a demonstrative artistic relationship, um, or the application of stone, bone, shell having been found and reported by Ohio we might further conclude the comparable or wood, is given precedence above style archaeologists. The search for related specimens once had the same function. in most analyses. However, basing classifi­ specimens was conducted in part upon The specimens examined in this study cation on stylistic grounds, or the elemental the review of James Murphy's (1977), A have been called by a variety of names means found herein, also implies the clas­ Bibliography of Ohio Archaeology. Certain including figures, human effigies, human sification has more to do with function than specimens listed under "stone artifacts... heads, stone heads, faces, masks, pen­ the materials employed in the creation of mask and masquettes" include faces on dants, amulets, and charms. However, the the artifact. In other words, there is some cobbles/boulders (X=4) and torso examples current research adhered to stricter termi­ affinity between masquettes, medium (X=3). However, these were excluded from nology. Figural art is defined as an expres­ sized faces, and full sized faces despite the current study. About 17 stone faces are sion of the head and body or at least a tor­ the composite material on which each size known to the author. The earliest discover­ so. Head art is defined as a portrayal with was made. There seems to be close equiv­ ies date to the first half of the 19th Century cranium, positioned ears, neck, and possi­ alency between the small stone face found (Figures 4 and 5). Most early accounts fo­ bly hair (i.e. those specimens having a dis­ archaeoiogically and wood masquettes cus on these two specimens. The first was tinct three dimensional quality). Obviously found in the Northeast historically. discovered in Belmont County, Ohio (i.e. there is a clear distinction between figures It has yet to be recognized that there may just east of Wheeling, West Virginia) and carved in the round (head art) and simple also be some affinity between shell gorgets was reported by Squier and Davis (1848: freestanding, face art. The latter can be found in burial context from the Ohio Val­ 251). This specimen now appears to have distinctively categorized as having a more ley southward into the eastern Tennessee been lost. The second was once a part two dimensional quality (i.e. art meant to be region (Fundaburk and Foreman 1957) and of the James McBride collection and was viewed from only one direction). However, half-size stone faces of similar size found plowed from a field in Lawrenceburg, Indi­ further distinctions can also be made. in Ohio. Adherence to this rather archaic ana (Squier and Davis 1848: 250-251). The term mask should only be used to material-related typing scheme may have A third Ohio face, or "stone head" of an imply the specimen was to be worn cer­ unnecessarily subjugated the interpreta­ unrecorded local origin is reported in the emonially. So typically, they should ex­ tion of the shell faces into an overly unique early 20th century by Harrington (1921: hibit openings for the eyes, the nose, and ornamental category and stone ones into 41 and figure 5). Consultation with the possibly the mouth. Conversely, the term another distinct ritualistic class. Today, we National Museum of the American Indian, face herein implies the specimen was not may be in error interpreting shell artifacts the successor to the Heye Foundation's necessarily worn. There is also a class of as badges of rank and prestige while dis­ Museum of the American Indian, found cobble effigies where a face is carved on tinguishing those of wood or stone as arti­ evidence this specimen reported by Har­ an irregularly shaped large stone. These facts known to have been purely designed rington was possibly found on the south appear somewhat distinctive from a yet to for protection and/or used in curing rituals. shore of Lake Erie or at least acquired in be defined archaeological period and pos­ However, the commonality of faces regard­ the Collinswood neighborhood of East sibly carved for another distinct but yet un­ less of composite material should be more Cleveland, northeastern Cuyahoga County, determined function. These cobbles have thoroughly reconsidered in the future. Ohio. Moreover, attention has been drawn not been included in the following study of Furthermore we must also ask is the face towards ten other effigy faces (Hicks 1953: stone faces since they seem to be artisti­ art realistic or stylized? Are the specimens 22-27). Recently, Converse (1998) provides cally distinct. Clearly, face art and masks even anthropomorphic? In other words, additional information on two of the faces should be considered a unique class of ar­ was it the artist's or the original owner's in­ found in Pickaway County, Ohio but origi­ tifacts having little to do either artistically tent to represent the human form? Based nally mentioned by Lawrence Hicks some and functionally with several other classes on masking research, I am reluctant to call 45 years earlier. of figural art and decorative appliances. the stone faces human portrayals, though Although the general location for each of During my research it also became read­ most prehistorians consider the stone these finds have been reported, for many if ily apparent, that our terminology should examples, like the one in the poster art not most specimens, the absence of spe­ also distinguish artifact size. Obviously, a stylized human faces. Without saying, it cific contextual data limits any deeper tem­ true mask should be large enough to cov­ is obvious the figures were not carved re­ poral or cultural interpretation. The origins er elements of a human face and measure alistically but only representationally. But of four faces reported from the Ohio Valley

37 including: one from Ohio, another from Ten­ land Period. Simply speaking, the face could face provide at least circumstantial evidence nessee (but more likely Ohio), the third from have been found below, within, atop, or be­ to demonstrate temporal origin other than the Beltsville (?) in Ohio, and the fourth from out­ side the mound itself. The artifact's temporal Late Woodland Period. The former Gordon side Ohio possibly Louisville, Kentucky; were origin is only a guess. Meuser Collection, Columbus, Ohio once not considered in the study due to very poor Assuming that the Heinisch Mound face contained three stone faces. The Meuser provenience and/or the almost total lack of was from an intrusive burial does not neces­ collection was dispersed in the early 1970s contextual data. Little more than the county sarily guarantee a Late Woodland origin. In­ (Garth's Auction Barn, Inc. 1974). The ab­ of origin is known for many other examples. terpreting all intrusive burials as related to a sence of the most artistically distinct speci­ Again, this hampers any deeper interpre­ single prehistoric culture is an overestimate. men in the sale catalog (i.e. the one found tation. For instance, such poorly reported I am not saying there are no post-Hopewel­ in Scioto County, Ohio) suggests it was sold examples would also include two of three lian, Late Woodland intrusive mound as­ prior to Gordon Meuser's death. Its present formerly contained in the Gordon Meuser semblages, or that intrusive burials are not whereabouts is unknown. However, photos Collection. a trait of the Late Woodland Period. I am just of the specimen have survived (Figure 6) and About six other stone faces lack artis­ saying the placement of burials atop mound the following analysis is based on this limited tic distinction. Again, many were not stud­ structures was a more widely held practice documentation (also see Meuser 1971: 322). ied in detail due to vague contextual data. employed during many later archaeological The one sandstone specimen once found Two of the six examples, or those reported periods not just one. There is good evidence in the Meuser Collection, just mentioned, by Hicks (1973 and personal communica­ that placement of interments into the top of can be described as a miniature face. As­ tions), have good contextual data having ancient burial mounds is not a culture but sociated data indicates this face was found been found along Buck Creek near Spring­ just a trait. in Scioto County, Ohio along the Ohio River field, Ohio. However, these specimens again Beyond Mound City, W. C. Mills (1916: in 1841. More importantly, this miniature lack stylistic distinction on which to base a 281 -283) also reports the discovery of about face has bars or lines extending downward solid interpretation. Another face (Converse 15 intrusive burials at the otherwise Middle from the eyes in the classic '*weeping eye" 1983), formerly in the Kendall Saunder's col­ Woodland Tremper Mound Site in Scioto motif. Such facial markings are common lection, Westerville, Ohio, was not consid­ County, Ohio. At least one of the extended on very late prehistoric shell gorgets from ered further. Based on artistic grounds, the burials contained diagnostic artifacts with the Ohio River southward to the Tennessee specimen appears to represent folk art of the the interment. The diagnostic remains in­ River Valley and eastward as far as Virginia late 19th century. Only one other specimen, cluded triangular points exactly like those (Fundaburk and Foreman 1957: Plate 157 or one of the third example once a part of found at the nearby Feurt Village Site just and 158). Such shell gorgets roughly in the the Meuser Collection (see Meuser 1971 and across the Scioto River from Mills' Tremper shape of half-size faces are conspicuous in Converse 1977: 134), possesses distinctive Mound excavation. In this case, the intru­ West Virginia (see Brashler and Moxley 1990) artistic merit pertinent to the following study. sive burial is decidedly related to the Late and were all found at Protohistoric Period ar­ The artistry of the Meuser specimen from Prehistoric Period. The practice of placing chaeological sites known to date from about Scioto County will be discussed later. interment atop existing mounds appears to A.D. 1550 to A.D. 1680. The assumed association of stone faces have continued even later. A collection of flat Two more circular shell gorgets with the with the Late Woodland Period rests solely brass cut-out effigies excavated in the early weeping eye motif, reminiscent of the circu­ upon one example, the stone face found in 20th century from a mound in Gallia County, lar stone mask in the Meuser Collection, have the Heinisch Mound, Scioto County, Ohio Ohio by Bill Wertz and his father formerly been reported from the Rolfe Lee Site, Mason and now owned by the Ohio Historical Soci­ of Portsmouth, Ohio (Wertz 1979: personal County, West Virginia. These and other shell ety (Figure 3). This interpretation was drawn communications). The style and material in masks from the Rolfe Lee Site date to the A.D. by William C. Mills (1922), while conducting which these artifacts are composed clearly 1650/1660 era. For example, miniature shell salvage work at Mound City, Ross County, relate the associated burial to the 17th cen­ faces have also been found in West Virginia Ohio. Here Mills recovered a series of human tury or the Protohistoric Period. at the very late protohistoric sites like Orchard burials found intruding into a Middle Wood­ Two mounds near Dresden, Ohio on oppo­ (Mason County, West Virginia) and by the au­ land earthen mound. On these grounds he site sides of the Muskingum River were also thor at the Neales Landing site (Wood County, estimated the interments post-dated mound found to contain even later intrusive remains West Virginia). Half-sized and miniature shell construction itself. From this stratigraphic ev­ attributable to the historic-era (Carskadden faces have also been found at the Hardin Vil­ idence, Mills was able to draw a list of traits and Morton 1997: 476-479). Specifically, the lage Site, Greenup County, Kentucky or just and by their association coined the assem­ Smock (Adena) Mound was found to contain across the Ohio River from Scioto County, blage "Intrusive Mound Cultural". However, an intrusive three gallon brass kettle and iron Ohio where Meuser's miniature face was the term may have been in use by Warren axe (Carskadden and Morton 1989: 4), while found. The application of the same artistic K. Moorehead for as much as 25 years (see the excavation of the Tri-Valley High School motifs obviously suggests a similar late Pro­ Moorehead 1922: 90 and 113). Mills recog­ (Hopewell) Mound also in Muskingum Coun­ tohistoric Period cultural origin for the Meus­ nized that in some cases similar artifacts, ty, Ohio produced a brass bell, limestone mic- er's specimen, or the stone face in question. or traits on his list, had been reported from mac-like pipe, a gunlock, and miscellaneous I would also assert the use of light-colored other mound sites including Heinisch Mound. gun parts (Carskadden and Morton 1983: 44 stone in the fabrication of the Meuser exam­ Based on this evidence, these secondary as­ and 47). An Early Historic Period Pipe Toma­ ple may be more than mere coincidence. semblages, including the artifacts from the hawk was also found in a mound located in Beyond the Meuser stone face, one other Heinisch Mound, were also considered a the city cemetery, Mt. Vernon, Knox County, example, based on its artistic merits and component of the same single culture which Ohio (Knox County Historical Society: 2006 general context, can also be dated with we today date to the Late Woodland Period. personal communication). Based on this some assurance. Sometime during the mid data, it is obvious the use of intrusive burials In the case of the Heinisch Mound, one 19th century, a miniature stone face was is a widely shared trait and is not a technique can only assume the association since the found along the Tuscarawas River in Clay specific to one particular archaeological pe­ site was not scientifically excavated. The Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio (Figures riod. This evidence conclusively argues that reported artifacts were actually found dur­ 7 and 8). However, this particular specimen intrusive burials are not a seminal trait lim­ ing the destruction of the mound during city did not receive general attention until quite ited exclusively to the Late Woodland Period. development. Through circuitous events, recently (Hahn 2003), though the discovery In conclusion, the OHS specimen from the the Heinisch Mound collection was secured seems to date as early if not earlier than oth­ Heinisch Mound may have indeed intruded by OHS. Due to the absence of an absolute er examples herein described. Fortunately, mound fill. However, there is no assurance stratigraphic data, the face cannot be directly Jim Hahn was able to secure early written that it is of Late Woodland Period origin. associated with the other artifacts which are documentation along with the specimen it­ known to be diagnostic of the Late Wood­ Artistic traits associated with another stone self, which aids the current analysis. 38 This miniature face was originally found ture partially drilled at the top and bottom for quettes used for personal and household by Godfred Heck a resident of a small town suspension was recovered along Monocach protection. Small masquettes are sometimes formerly called Lock 17, just called Seven­ River in Fredrick County, Maryland at the attached to large false face masks and cer­ teen today. Later, during the second half of Rosenstock Village site (Curry and Kavanagh emonial walking sticks (Fenton 1941: 31). the 19th century, the specimen was acquired 2004: 20-21 and figure 33). The occurrence The Seneca and/or Mingo claim the Ohio by Adam Sheriff, Port Washington, Ohio (the of Shenks Ferry ceramics from the site could Valley as a homeland living in the region from next small town just downstream from Sev­ date the Maryland face to the 13th or 14th at least the mid-18th century until removal enteen, Ohio). The specimen remained with century. However, a broad series of radiocar­ (ca. 1832). Based on this evidence one might the descendants of Adam Sheriff until about bon evidence dating as late as A.D. 1540 may think that the Ohio steatite specimen, and 2003 when it was acquired by Jim Hahn. point to a minor re-occupation of this earlier others, may be of Iroquoian origin. Howev­ The Heck specimen from Tuscarawas village and possibly a slightly later date for er, further analysis is needed to document County is a small, miniature face measuring the lost steatite masquette. whether any of the faces from Ohio are the three and a quarter inches high and nearly Excavations at the Washington Boro Site product of a particular Iroquoian group. More two inches wide. The reverse (Figure 8) ex­ along the lower Susquehanna River resulted importantly, one should not necessarily as­ hibits a distinctive linear depression caus­ in the recovery of a number of "amulets" or sume that all faces are Iroquoian. A stronger ing many who have handled it previously, small steatite faces (3 masquettes) and a case can actually be made to attribute the to believe that it is an effigy boatstone or human figure from burial context (Cadzow Heck face to a cultural group other than the effigy paint mortar (see Hahn 2003). Unlike 1936:107). A small face of sheet brass which Iroquois. many of the other Ohio faces made of sand­ served as a pendant was also recovered Based upon the use of steatite in this case, stone and/or limestone, the Heck specimen here (Cadzow 1936: 127). Kent (1984: 18) the western migration of some tribe from the is distinctively composed of steatite. These estimates Washington Boro was occupied lower Susquehanna River region appears to physical attributes and the general physical from A.D. 1600 to 1625. Kent (1984: 163) be the mechanism which carried this partic­ context of the specimen help us interpret this exhibits at least three other examples from ular masquette westward to the Ohio Valley. particular piece. Washington Boro, Pennsylvania, or possi­ It should be pointed out the Susquehannock Steatite, or metamorphic hydrous mag­ bly other Susquehannock village sites in the and Conestoga were all but exterminated by nesium silicate, is not native to Ohio but immediate area. Kent (1984: 165) states the the second quarter of the 18th century, so it widely occurs throughout the Appalachians steatite faces were less frequently found at is unlikely that an individual from one of these from New England southward to Tennessee the Strickler Site (ca. A.D. 1645-1665) but remnant tribes carried the Heck masquette and Georgia. This stone was commonly em­ a later one is known from the Byrd Leibhart westward. Stylistically, it is also apparent the ployed to make stone bowls. This material is Site (ca. A.D. 1665-1680). Heck masquette was not carved in the 17th known from the Ohio region from the occa­ The total number of miniature faces found century Iroquoian style. Additionally, there is sional stone bowl fragment and other small in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania is at least reasonably good circumstantial evidence to ornamental objects found here. a dozen and a half, if not two dozen. This suggest the Heck specimen is of Lenape, or Stone bowls commonly date to the Late estimate is based on a previous summary Delaware Indian origin. Archaic Period (McMichael 1968, Gartley of miniature faces reportedly found by local Miniature or small faces were not exclu­ 1976, Murphy 1989). More rarely, steatite amateur excavators during the first half of sively used by the Iroquois but were carved was used in the fabrication of ornaments and the 20th century (Davis 1972: Plates 10-14; by a variety of linguistically unrelated peo­ ceremonial objects found in mound context note Plate 11 may duplicate some examples ple. Concurrently, the Algonkian-speaking or specifically the Early Woodland Period shown in Plate 10 and 12). The bulk appears Lenape also carved small personalized (Hemmings 1978, Carskadden 1982). The to have been once contained in the Ger­ faces. At least one "pendant" or small face author is generally aware of other objects ald Fenstermaker collection. Excluding the of steatite has been reported by Volk (1911: like pipes which were made from steatite catlinite example shown in plate 14 of that 186,190, and 191) on the "New Jersey shore and date to the 18th century. Regardless of study, all of the Fenstermaker examples can of the Delaware River". Its association with age, all of the steatite artifacts found in Ohio be considered to be carved during the early glass beads and a copper bell suggests a are believed to be import items from regions to mid-17th century. Each of these is carved post-contact origin for this particular exam­ found well beyond the Ohio River valley. in an unmistakable, Susquehannock style. ple. In fact, the recognition for an Algonkian Further petrographic study and trace ele­ In Lancaster County, Pennsylvania minia­ masking pattern is hardly a new one (see ment analysis might conclusively demon­ ture stone faces have also been found at the Abbott 1882, Harrington 1908 or Fenton strate from where the parent stone for Heck's Conoy cemetery (36LA40) and Conestoga 1987: 461-469). Kraft (1986: 171) exhibits a miniature face was actually acquired. How­ Town (33LA52). However, these later 18th variety of small faces in pottery, bone, and ever, this appears to be hardly necessary for century examples are typically carved from even steatite. Coastal Alqonkians were also the current research. There are no known extra-local catlinite imported through the known to carve faces on house posts. Into stone faces having been reported from the Great Lakes. Based on these catlinite exam­ the 20th Century, the Lenape or Delaware southern Appalachians. It seems unlikely ples, the tradition of carving miniature faces conjurers continued to wear mask as part of that this piece has a southern origin given was continued by the Conestoga Indians well their ceremonial dress and the Unami carved the extensive excavations which have been after 1690 or through the first half of the 18th "Misinghalikon" or living solid faces upon the conducted across southern Virginia, eastern century. Further north, two small faces (one support posts of ceremonial structures (Har­ Tennessee, and northern Georgia. catlinite and the other steatite) have been rington 1921 or Grumet 2001). Harrington Prehistorically, steatite is also known to reported from along the upper branches of (1921: 36) has also found evidence for minia­ have been used extensively in eastern Penn­ the Susquehanna River (Fogelman 1984: 80). ture faces worn or carried for personal health sylvania, northeastern Maryland, New Jersey However, these specimens were surface col­ and as good luck charms. and New York. Extensive deposits, clearly lected and lack a firm, or datable context on Previously, Harrington (1921:32-37) attri­ mined, are found in Lancaster County, Penn­ which to base their relative age other than butes all stone faces as Lenape from New sylvania and across the border into Maryland on stylistic grounds. Regardless, there is Jersey westward and writes in a rather poetic (Ward and Custer 1988). Archaeological exca­ an obvious tradition for carving small stone way that the faces found from Pennsylvania vations from the surrounding region and fur­ faces linked to southern Iroquoian speaking and Ohio mark the trail of western migration ther north along the Susquehanna River have people living along the Susquehanna River and removal of the Delaware from New Jer­ produced a number of artifacts fabricated during the 17th and early 18th centuries. sey and southern New York. However, a cau­ from steatite. In fact, small steatite faces, or Face iconography is a well-documented tionary note seems warranted since there is a masquettes are more commonly found here element of Iroquoian ceremonialism reported general absence of direct archaeological evi­ than other regions in eastern North America. to consist of full-sized masks worn by imper­ dence that any of the faces reported before For instance, an unfinished steatite minia­ sonators and small miniature face or mas­ 1922 were directly linked with any Early His- 39 toric Period remains of a particular Delaware under the revised act of May 26, 1824 (Sher­ ties called the Paxtang and Manatawny set­ town. In fact, the Heck specimen is the only man 1925:97). Lock 17, the home of Godfred tlements found along the lower branches of one providing more than just a hint to events Heck and the area where the Heck masquette the Susquehanna River during the first and related to a Delaware migration. was found, is situated near the geographical second decade of the 18th century. The unincorporated community of Lock 17 center of the Moravians' Gnadenhutten Tract. As European populations began to inhabit where the Heck face was said to be found is The long use of tile Gnadenhutten area by the regions like the lower Delaware River valley, located just across the Tuscarawas River from Moravian congregation appears to be good local groups migrated to the upper Schuylkill the more well known village of Gnadenhutten, circumstantial evidence to claim the Heck region and by the 1720s native Lenape popu­ Ohio. The modern village commemorates the masquette was once the property of a Dela­ lations had also begun a western migration establishment of a Moravian Indian mission ware Indian inhabitant. into the "Oley Hills" (Tulpehocken region), of the same name. In fact, Gnadenhutten was The inscribed year found across the fore­ "Kittatinny Mountains", and "South Moun­ one of several missions built for the Delaware head of the Heck specimen suggests the tain" or the region below the Lehigh and just before the American Revolution. On May artifact may date to the early 18'" century. across the Susquehanna River at the east­ 3, 1772, the missionary David Zeisberger However, we will probably never know the ern edge of the Allegheny Mountains (Schutt and eleven "praying Indians" or converts, true significance of the date 1724. Secondly, 2007: 74-75). Further north in the forks re­ and their children arrived on the Tuscarawas it is impossible to determine if the date was gion of the Delaware River, Scotch-Irish were River and established the first mission town, carved when the face itself was executed. steadily moving inland by the late 1720s Schoenbrunn. Later, the mission at Gnaden­ Based on weathering and patination, the nu­ (Schutt 2007:82). The growth of these popu­ hutten was established in October 1772 at a merals do not appear greatly younger than lations was also a catalyst which intensified location about 10 miles downstream from the the other design elements. Transpiring events native western migration. Schoenbrunn settlement. The location of his­ at this moment in time were considered in an The decade of the 1720s can be char­ toric Gnadenhutten and modem Gnadenhut­ attempt to further interpret the meaning of acterized by relocated Lenape populations ten, Ohio are one and the same. 1724 and the historic context of the face. protesting Euro-American encroachment in With growing regional hostilities at the By the beginning of the 18th century, na­ the Tulehocken (Oley Valley) region. During beginning of the American Revolution, both tive populations were mostly eradicated from the winter of 1728, remnant bands were suf­ Schoenbrunn and Gnadenhutten were tem­ eastern coastal areas and from along naviga­ fering from starvation as a result of a long porarily abandoned between the end of ble streams. For instance, the entire Chesa­ hard winter (1927-28). Armed "foreign" Indi­ March and the middle of April of 1777. The peake Bay area to the mouth of the Susque­ ans also put the embryonic settlements of town sites were permanently abandoned on hanna River, the lower James River and lower Penn's colony in panic (Schutt 2007: 75-76). September 11, 1781. During the following Potomac River valleys was not permanently Some five years later the Lenape sold their winter, the Moravian Indians were living on inhabited by natives. Likewise, native groups land rights between the "Lechay (i.e. Lehigh) the Sandusky River under British protection. were extirpated from the lower Hudson River Hills" and the Kittatinny Mountain. The refor­ However without adequate provisions, a fac­ valley and lower Delaware River valley. In mulated populations of native Delaware be­ tion was forced to return to Gnadenhutten on part, a pattern of migration began as a result gan a slow movement up the Susquehanna the Tuscarawas River to salvage what they of land use pressure, negotiations, and out­ River at this time to places like Shamokin could of a corn crop left about the town site right land purchases in the 1670s and 1680s. and beyond. Further southeast remnant the previous fall. While they were in the aban­ By 1690, Euro-American ports had emerged. populations still (ca. 1725-26) claimed rights doned settlement, ninety-six noncombatant Cities like Philadelphia already contained to the Brandywine Valley in modern Chester Indians were murdered or clubbed to death over 1000 houses (Schutt 2007: 62-63). County, Pennsylvania (Schutt 2007: 78). The by forces of the Pennsylvania militia on the When the Pennsylvania colony was formed, bulk of the natives slipped into the Susque­ morning of March 7,1782. William Penn immediately began purchasing hanna Basin or into the Conestoga River val­ ley within the next few years. In fact, treaty Some five years later, Delaware claims to native land claims. Although these purchases councils were held along the Conestoga land along the Tuscarawas River were rec­ resulted in the relocation of native populations, River by 1728. Non-native "plantations" be­ ognized by congressional resolution (Sher­ they were not designed to totally eliminate lo­ gan to be acquired along the Conestoga as man 1925: 94-97). The Moravian Brethren cal native populations. The proprietor William early as 1725. were granted three tracts of land surrounding Penn envisioned mixed ownership allowing former town sites destroyed or abandoned the natives to live "...amongst the Christian Treaty negotiations eradicated multiple in 1782. These tracts were not true reser­ inhabitants (Schutt 2007: 69)." However, they native claims along the lower Susquehanna vations like those established in northwest­ did effectively remove the natives. The ever from this era onward. In 1736, the Six Na­ ern Ohio during the early 19th century. The increasing scarcity of game animals and the tion Iroquois wholesaled their claim to the three grants of 4000 acres each were made encroachment of free-ranging farm animals lower Susquehanna River between the river's or given in trust to the Moravian Church for into native fields of corn, beans, and squash mouth and the Kittatinny Mountains (Schutt Christian Indian use. Following the 1797 land forced many natives to move if they wanted 2007: 86). The Upper Susquehanna River survey, the Moravian Delaware began reset­ to further practice a traditional lifestyle. mainstem and the "West Branch" became tlement in 1798. However, the church's efforts Native Delaware populations, or Lenape the somewhat circuitous conduit for native fell into decline early in the new century. On bands, were already being forced westward Delaware Indians to find their way in the Ohio November 17, 1808, David Zeisberger, the from their ancestral homeland into the upper country (i.e. the Allegheny River region). No driving force behind Ohio's mission program, Delaware River area and some were cross­ doubt, far ranging hunting practices made died and was buried at nearby Goshen, Ohio. ing into the lower Susquehanna River valley settlement more fluid. Western settlements Benjamin Mortiner stayed at Goshen until by the mid 1690s. Though the latter region like Conemaugh in the Johnstown, Penn­ 1812. Through the later part of this decade, was prehistorically dominated by Iroquoian sylvania area and Kittaning and Shannopin's decreased population numbers reflected the speaking Susquehannock people, the lower Town further west along the Allegheny River Delaware's growing dissatisfaction with their valley appeared rather cosmopolitan by the were already recognized as gateway com­ life along the Tuscarawas River. last decade of the 17th century with settle­ munities by 1730 (Schutt 2007:104). By mid- century, European traders reported that they The last Delaware Indian left the region on ments of Conestoga (remnant Susquehan­ had already followed the native Delaware as November 5, 1821. The three grants were, nock) mingling with Conoy/Piscataway, or far west as the confluence of the Scioto and however, administered by the Moravian Canawense and Shawnee refugees plus alien Ohio rivers. Church until 1824. At this time, the lands re­ remnant bands of distinctly southern origins verted to the U. S. government for resale. As including: Nanticokes, Tulego, and Saponi The source of the stone for the Clay Town­ stipulated by the original congressional act, and Tuscarora. In fact, these remnant groups ship, Tuscarawas County face appears to the government subdivided and sold the land coalesced into specifically known communi­ have been the Maryland/Pennsylvania bor-

40 derland and it is reasonable to conclude one Obviously, Beatty considered the structure string about the neck, but in later times car­ of these groups brought the parent stone and a tribal administrative building. He must have ried in the pocket." Harrington's comments this particular icon with them to Ohio. The been less aware of its wider function as a cer­ are probably based in part on a commentary date found on the Heck face also roughly re­ emonial structure. Beatty also misinterprets written by David Zeisberger, who reports the lates to the simultaneous abandonment of the the post carvings as human likenesses, not occurrence of an image cut in wood, repre­ lower Susquehanna River valley and access a figure representing traditional Delaware de­ senting a human head in miniature but named to the source of the stone for this particular ity iconography. Six years later, the Reverend "Wsinkhoalican". Zeisberger further states miniature. In essence, the date 1724 seems David McClure (1899: 62-63) also mistook these small faces were often given offerings rather fitting for an object associated with this the same council house carving "...fronting of food, oil, and tobacco (see Speck 1931:41 era of western migration. Conversely, or at the entrance ..." as "...the face of an aged or Zeisberger 1910: 140). Data provided to least logically, it would seem just as unlikely a man, carved in wood, signifying that wisdom the author by the National Museum of the Delaware Indian would have a reason to en­ should preside there." This early ceremo­ American Indian suggests Harrington in 1908 grave a date on an object like the Heck face. nial pattern is also echoed through the last collected an extant wooden charm while on Theoretically, the data may be commemo­ traditional council house constructed along a trip to Oklahoma. Most importantly, these rative, most likely ascribed to cross-cultural Caney Creek in the state of Oklahoma. This citations in concert suggest a long use tradi­ association and the effect the Moravian Mis­ building and the site of the last "Big House" tion for such personal charms. Thus, Heck's sionaries had on native people. However, as­ ceremony was reported to contain two fires face is a link in this long tradition for use of sociation with the Moravian Church did not and 12 carved images on the side wall sup­ miniature faces by the Delaware from New commence until the founding of the Moravian port posts and end wall door frames (Speck Jersey, through Pennsylvania and Ohio, and settlement of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The 1931). Obviously, the fashion had changed into Oklahoma. first Love Feast in Pennsylvania was served little in 150 years. On stylistic grounds alone, the Heck face by Count Zinzendorf in Bethlehem, Pennsyl­ Delaware faces also appear in 18th cen­ can also be considered of Delaware origin. vania on March 9, 1741. However, the de­ tury Ohio in another way. The Reverend Da­ The hanging mouth pattern widely occurs cade of the 1720s was also an important one vid Brainerd visited a mixed native commu­ but is seen on masks and faces carved by for the Moravians. nity on "Juneauta Island" (modern Haldeman the Delaware. Wrinkles are a stylistic conven­ As early as 1722, individuals of the Brethren Island) at the mouth of the Juniata River in tion of the Iroquois and are carved across faith began to relocate to the estate of Count 1745. Brainerd witnessed an impersonator or the forehead, on the cheeks, and around the Zinzendorf near the town of Herruhut, Sax­ doctor in mouth. Contrastingly, the Heck face unlike ony. By 1727, a covenant was cast between ... pontifical garb ... a coat of most Iroquois masks has a radiation pattern Zinzendorf and the accumulating Moravian bearskin, dressed with the hair on of lines extending vertically and horizontally Brethren. The Moravian Church of the Unitas ... bearskin stockings, with a great from the eyes and vertically from the lower Fratrum was reconstituted in that year and wooden face painted the one-half lip. Fenton (1987: 463) reports radiating lines the first Love Feast was served in Germany black, the other half tawny ... the though more of a modest pattern on the chin on August 13, 1727. Subsequently, a Love face fastened to a bear-skin cap, and brow of other faces. For instance, the Feast commemoration that day is celebrated which was drawn over his bead (re­ radiant line pattern is seen on the miniature by the denomination annually. Another im­ printed in Fenton 1987: 80). Delaware charm found by Harrington (1921: portant event in the Moravian Church was the The Moravian missionary John Heck- 37) in Oklahoma (Figure 9). The full-size stone laying of the cornerstone for the first meeting ewelder (1819) also encountered a masked face (Figure 10) recovered by Harrington house which occurred on May 12, 1724. The doctor dressed as a bear during his ministry (1921: 40) in 1920 along the southern shore date cut across the forehead of the Heck face in Ohio. At the town of "Coashoskin" at the of Lake Erie also exhibits a radiant pattern harkens back to the founding of the Mora­ upper forks of the Muskingum River (i.e. ten of lines (i.e. above and below the mouth and vian Church as much as it does the removal miles below New Comers Town and 20 miles on the bridge of the nose). Based on stylis­ of Delaware from southeastern Pennsylvania. below Gnadenhutten), Nicholas Cresswell, an tic grounds, it is likely this full-sized stone Regardless of the date's actual meaning, the English traveler encountered another "Indian face may also be of Delaware cultural origin. juxtaposition of both native and non-native Conjuror" on September 1, 1775. The conju­ It should also be pointed out, the Moravian symbols is clearly representative of a period ror was reported to be: Delaware lived along the lower course of the marked by contact and acculturation. ... dressed in a Coat of Bearskin Cuyahoga River in the 1780s. The case arguing a Delaware origin of the with a Visor mask made of wood, The Heck miniature face and others do Heck face is not limited to just the presence frightful enough to scare the Devil. aid in documenting native Delaware arts and of the Moravians along the mid-Tuscarawas In the National Museum of the American In­ beliefs. However, they don't directly answer River valley. There also exists other collab­ dian can be found a Delaware impersonator's Fenton's (1987: 480-483) fundamental ques­ orative evidence the Delaware brought their costume made of bearskin with a painted tion regarding the origins of the pattern and traditional iconography with them in the form wooden mask collected by M. R. Harrington the mechanism which allowed the sharing of of carved posts and ceremonial masks. In sometime before 1909. The appearance of these beliefs. It is apparent however that the 1766, the Presbyterian minister, Charles carved posts and ceremonial masks in Ohio pattern is much deeper and numbers of years Beatty (1798) visited New Comer's Town, a clearly collaborate the cultural origin of the older than just a young revitalization move­ Delaware village located just nine to ten miles Heck stone face. Furthermore, the previously ment, recent social contact, and a sharing downstream from where the Heck's face was cited post carvings and the evidence for the of ideology within the confines of a 19th and found. While at New Comer's Town, Beatty continued use of ceremonial masks clearly 20th century reservation system. wrote the following about their 50 foot long establish an unbroken ceremonial tradition. As originally described, the concave back council house. This ceremonial facility was Based on this use tradition, one is able to use of the Heck face has been interpreted as a said to contain: Delaware ethnographic evidence to interpret boatstone or paint cup, all interpretations two fires in it, at a proper distance the function of the Heck specimen. which may be in error. The backs of many ... the entry into it is by two doors It is a well known fact that the Delaware car­ miniature faces are hollowed or are carved one at each end. Over the door a ried small faces during the reservation era in into a depression. Considering available his­ turtle was drawn ... On each door­ both Oklahoma and in Canada. Furthermore, toric evidence, these miniature faces were cut post was cut out the face of a grave this insight justifies a functional interpretation to form a receptacle where a tobacco offering old man, an emblem I suppose of of many miniature faces. Harrington (1921: was held (Figure 11). This evidence seems to that gravity and wisdom that ev­ 36) states "miniature masks were often worn provide a clue for the function of the depres­ ery senator there ought to be pos­ on the person as health or good-luck charms, sion on the reverse side of the Heck stone sessed of. in former days usually suspended from a face. Though linguistically circuitous, this

41 tradition is further described in Iroquoian eth­ bolic role in ceremony. Faces were carved associated with habitation sites while wooden nology. "The Origin of the False Faces", was to be culturally evocative as expressions of ones seem to have commonly appeared on originally recited in 1937 by Jesse Cornplant- myth to provide enabling power and to afford or within ceremonial structures. The question er (1998:187-198) resident of the Tonawanda a sense of protection. It is unlikely based on arises, could the stone faces be associated Seneca Reservation, who states: evidence of a continuous mythological tradi­ with some sacred place of natural origin not Ga-gonh-sah, commonly called tion, that these symbols had much to do with something man-made and sanctified by be­ ... False Faces, which is wrong. In social hierarchy at all. In fact, they may have ing associated with a face(s)? Nevertheless, our language, Ga-gonh-sah means more to do with the weak, the sick, and indi­ face art was never a secret as it is sometimes "Its face" or just Face. I selected this viduals who were in need or desired better thought by some modern traditionalists. Only one, as it is the one token that you health. They may have been a gift designed aspects of the tradition have been forgotten. are now carrying with you, I mean to symbolize protection, or to perpetually de­ The contextual evidence herein offered is one the one that I had carved for you, note a spiritual force. If true, the archaeolo­ way to reconsider face art in Ohio archaeol­ and later had it blessed with the gist should not think of prehistoric faces and ogy, though the stones themselves have re­ sacred Indian Tobacco, what might masquettes as a badge of rank, or that they mained silent for many years. be called "Invocation" made to this implying social ranking or status at all. When little token of the original spirit that, found in prehistoric burial association, they we claim, wanders all over creation. should not be given an accepted algorithmic Acknowledgements It is said to bring you much good number on which to rank the associated indi­ The author would like to thank Dr. Patricia fortune by wearing it with you all the vidual within their respective population. Nietfeld and Lew Stancary of the National Mu­ time. It is your own personal Good- Masks and faces fall comfortably in a seum of the American Indian, Washington D. luck Charm. I will draw also with greater pattern and as a part of a subtly sym­ C. for providing additional information regard­ the illustrations to show the size bolic vocabulary of living spirits or an essen­ ing the faces collected by M.R. Harrington as compared with the others. As I tial element implying a life force. The use of for the Heye Foundation and the Museum of told you at the time, always wear it white conch for faces is truly evocative, or the American Indian. Further assistance was so you can have good fortune from may have been a physical representation of also provided by Amy McKune, Eiteljorg Mu­ it, I know that you are wearing it all a spirit not unlike the concept of smoke, ris­ seum of American Indians and Western Art, the time, as I have seen you wear it ing water vapor, clouds, and waves of heat. Indianapolis, Indiana. Access to photos of the around your neck in the little buck­ There is no evidence that white conch shell "Doc" Meuser collection and past issues of skin beaded bag that one of the faces hung from the neck of the living but the Ohio Archaeologist were provided by Rob­ women here have made for you to were placed in the graves of adult (half size ert Converse, Plain City, Ohio. Assistance was use. I think this is fitting that we in­ faces) and children (miniature faces). If not also provided by library staff of Bowling Green clude something that you have with representative of a mythological spirit, the State University, Bowling Green, Ohio; Ruther­ you, as a protector or guardian spirit. faces may have been designed to protect ford B. Hayes Memorial Library, Fremont, Ohio; The origin of The Faces are different and guide the individual in the grave. They Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio; and the Ohio and many according to the tribe. may have been a symbol denoting a replace­ State Library and Ohioana Library, Columbus, During the re-analysis of Ohio's stone fac­ ment spiritual force or provide protection of a Ohio. Background information was solicited es, there is no evidence, at least to date, that person whose spirit was now missing. from several members of the Archaeologi­ any are attributable to the Late Woodland The tradition to produce and use exotic cal Society of Ohio. The author would like to Period. If some are 1500 years old it has yet white shell masks did not survive. Contrast­ thank Jon Anspaugh, Jim Hahn, Kelly Hicks, to be proven. However, a better working hy­ ingly, the manufacture of faces made of local and Jim Ritchie for their comments. Any er­ pothesis is that: 1) modem masking ceremo­ stone in which to harbor tobacco obviously ror or misrepresentation of the archaeological nies stem from a long tradition of unknown continued. No doubt many of the stone faces evidence is solely my own. origin; and 2) carved faces were widely used first appeared white or at least light-colored and occurred cross-culturally regardless of when they were first carved like their shell References cited: the linguistic lineage of the user. One may counterparts. Today, masks are still given to­ conclude that when masks and faces are bacco and masquettes are still carved hollow Abbot, Charles C. found they may have overlapping functional­ 1881 Primitive Industry: or Illustrations of the as a tobacco receptacle designed to aid in ity. They also suggest a level of symbolic or Handiwork in Slone, Bone, and Clay, of the act of healing and protection, or as a to­ mythological unity across the entire Eastern the Native Races of the Northern Atlantic ken to the living face itself. Woodlands region. Seaboard of America. George A. Bates, Ethnographic evidence, their widespread Salem, Massachusetts. The one occurrence of a stone face with occurrence, and certain inherent artistic attri­ the weeping eye motif suggests certain faces butes attached to these archaeological speci­ 1882 Idols and Idol Worship of the Delaware In­ can date to the Protohistoric Period or four mens suggest a broad pattern of employment. dians. The American Naturalist 16(10): hundred years ago. This particular example Several researchers have previously recog­ 799-802 appears interpretively ancestral to other nized the co-occurrence of either portable and stationary forms of face art, or those examples 1912 Ten Years Digging in Lenape Land: 1901- stone and wooden faces known to have been 1911. Trenton, New Jersey. carved historically. Shell faces are also quite like masks that were transportable versus common during the era. The terminal use of those carved on trees, support posts, or oth­ Beatty, Charles shell half-sized faces and masquettes during erwise attached to ceremonial structures of a 1798 The Journal of a two-month Tour: With a the Protohistoric Period appears to be more more stationary nature (see Krusche 1986: 17 View of Promoting Religion Among the attributable to a loss of the mechanism to and Fenton 1987: 483). Though functionally Frontier Inhabitants of Pennsylvania and of secure and move conch shell northward for unique, stationary versus portability appears Introducing Christianity among the Indians. the fabrication of weeping eye masks while to be just aspects of a long historic tradition. In T. MacCliesh and Co., Edinburgh, Scot­ land. the symbolic tradition itself, or the carving of addition to being carried, faces appear to have been tied, affixed, or placed in designated faces survived in other mediums well into the Brashler, Janet G. and Ronald W. Moxley places: large ones to serve as signals, signs 20th century. 1990 Late Prehistoric Engraved Shell Gorgets of or markers; half-size ones which seem more Based on simple analogy and their meaning West Virginia. West Virginia Archaeologist emblematic, and less visual miniature ones, or historically, we must conclude the Ohio faces 42(1): 1-10. masquettes used for personal protection, but are likenesses of mythological beings not no less potent as an iconographic design. self-portraits or representations of humans Brinton, Daniel G. at all (see Fenton 1941: 6 and Harrington Interestingly, my research was unable to 1885 The Lenape and Their Legends. Philadel­ 1921: 31-32). Historically, faces held a sym­ demonstrate that full-sized stone faces are phia, Pennsylvania. 42 Cadzow, Donald Hahn, Jim McClure, David 1936 Archaeological Studies of the Susquehan­ 2003 Documented Artifacts of a Century and a 1899 Diary of David McClure Doctor of Divinity nock Indians of Pennsylvania: Safe Harbor Half Ago. Ohio Archaeologist 53(4): 1748-1820 with notes by Franklin B. Dex­ Report 2. Publication 3 of the Pennsylvania 26-27. ter. The Knickerbocker Press, New York. Historical Commission, Harrisburg, Penn­ sylvania. Hammell, George McMichael, Edward W. 1979 Untitled - Iroquois symbolism on artifacts. 1968 Introduction to West Virginia Archaeology. Carskadden, Jeff Unpublished paper found at the William West Virginia Geological and Economic 1982 An Adena Steatite Gorget. Ohio Archae­ Penn Memorial Museum, Harrisburg, Survey, Morgantown. ologist 32(1): 4-5. Pennsylvania. Mathews, Zena Pearlstone Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton Harrington, M. R. 1978 The Relation of Seneca False Face Masks 1983 A Hopewell Mound, Dresden, Ohio. Ohio 1908 Vestiges of Material Culture among the Ca­ to Seneca and Ontario Archaeology. Gar­ Archaeologist 33(1): 44-47. nadian Delaware. American Anthropolo­ land Publishing, New York. gist, New Series 10(3): 408-418. 1989 An Unusual Intrusive Mound Pipe from Meuser, Gordon Dresden, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 39(4): 1910 Some Customs of the Delaware Indians. 1971 Sandstone artifacts. Ohio Archaeologist 4-7. University of Pennsyliania Museum journal 21(1): 322) 1, Philadelphia. 1997 Where the Frolics and War Dances are Mills, William C. Held. Occasional Papers in Muskingum 1913 A Preliminary Sketch of Lenape Culture. 1916 Exploration of the Tremper Mound. Ohio Valley Archaeology 20. Printed for the American Anthropologist, New Series Archaeological and Historical Publication Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey 15(2): 208-235. 25: 262-398. by Gateway Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1921 Religion and Ceremonies of the Lenape. 1922 Exploration of the Mound City Group. Ohio Cornplanter, Jesse J. Indian. Notes and Monographs: A series Archaeological and Historical Publication 1998 Legends of the : Told to Sah- of Publication relating to the American Ab­ 31:422-584. nee-weh, the White Sister. Iroquafts Iro­ origines. Museum of the American Indian, quois Reprints, Ohsweken, Ontario, Can­ Heye Foundation, New York. Moorehead, Warren K. ada 1900 Rare Archaeological Specimens. Popular Converse, Robert N. Heckewelder, John News 34(4): 73. 1977 The Meuser Collection. Archaeological So­ 1819 An Account of the History, Manners, and ciety of Ohio, Plain City, Ohio. Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once 1922 The Hopewell Mound Group of Ohio. An­ Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighbor­ thropological Series Field Museum of 1983 Back Cover [human head effigy]. Ohio Ar­ ing States. Transactions of the American Natural History Publication 211, Volume 6, chaeologist 33(3): 35 Philosophical Society 1: Philadelphia, Penn­ Number 5. Chicago, Illinois. sylvania. 1998 Intrusive Mound Human Effigies. Ohio Ar­ Murphy, James L. chaeologist 48(4): cover, 3, and 20. Hemmings, E. Thomas 1989 Steatite Bowl Sherds from Southern and 1978 Exploration of an Early Adena Mound at Eastern Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 39(4): Curry, Dennis C. and Maureen Kavanagh Willow Island, West Virginia. Report of Ar­ 1617. 2004 Excavation at the Rosenstock Village Site chaeological Investigation 7. West Virginia (18FR18), Fredrick County, Maryland: A Geological and Economic Survey, Morgan- Ritchie, William A. Preliminary Report. Maryland Archaeolo­ town, West Virginia. 1937 Cultural Influences from Ohio in New York Ar­ gist 40(1): 1-38 chaeology. American Antiquity 2(3): 182-194. Hicks, Kelly Davis, Ogilvie H. 1973 Fort Ancient effigies from Clark County, Schutt, Amy C. 1972 Aboriginal Human Effigy Portrayal North­ Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 23(2): 7. 2007 Peoples of the River Valleys: The Odys­ east. Privately printed, Salem, New York. sey of the Delaware Indians. University of Hicks, Lawrence Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. Fenton, William N. 1953 A human effigy head from the Ohio Valley 1941 Masked Medicine Societies of the Iroquois. area. Ohio Archaeologist 3(1): 22-27. Sherman, Christopher E. Annual Report for 1940, Smithsonian Insti­ 1925 Original Land Subdivisions, Volume 3, Final tution, Washington D.C. Jones, Peter Report. Ohio Topographical Survey, Ohio 1861 History of the Ojebway Indians. London. Department of Natural Resources, Colum­ 1987 The False Faces of the Iroquois. University bus, Ohio. of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. Juday, Richard R. 1971 Religious Life Among the . Skinner, Alanson Fogelman, Gary Artifacts 1(1): 21-24 1909 The Lenape Indians of . An­ 1984 Artifact: Maskette (edited by Ronald W. Ei- thropological Papers of the American Mu­ sert). Pennsylvania Archaeologist 54(1 -2): 80 Kent, Barry seum of Natural History. 33: New York 1984 Susquehanna's Indians. Anthropological Fundaburk, Emma Lila and Mary Foreman Series 6. The Pennsylvania Historical and Skinner, Alanson and Max Schrabisc 1957 Sun Circles and Human Hands. Luverne, Museum Commission. Harrisburg, Penn­ 1913 A Preliminary Report of the Archaeological Alabama. sylvania. Survey of the State of New Jersey. Bulletin 9, Geological Survey of New Jersey, Tren­ Garth's Auction Barn Inc. Kraft, Herbert C. ton, New Jersey. 1974 Auction Indian Relic Collection: from the 1986 The Lenape: Archaeology, History, and Estate of Dr. Gordon Meuser of Colum­ Ethnography. New Jersey Historical Soci­ Speck, Frank G. bus, Ohio. Unpublished catalog, Delaware, ety, Newark, New Jersey. 1931 A Study of the Delaware Big House Cere­ Ohio. mony. Publication of the Pennsylvania His­ Krusche, Rolf torical Commission 2. Harrisburg, Pennsyl­ Gartley, Richard 1986 The Origin of the Mask Concept in the vania 1976 Distribution of Steatite Vessels in Ohio. Eastern Woodlands of North America. Man Ohio Archaeologist 26(2):28-29. in the Northeast 3 1:1 -47. Squier, E. G. and E. H. Davis 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Val­ Grumet, Robert S. McAlister, Timothy ley Comprising the Results of Extensive 2001 Voices from the Delaware Big House Cer­ 2003 Ceramic Analysis of the South Slope Original Surveys and Explorations. Smith­ emony. University of Oklahoma Press, at Goodyear: A 16th Century Iroquoian Site. sonian Contributions to Knowledge 1. Norman, Oklahoma. The Amateur Archaeologist 9(1): 53-60. Washington D. C. 43 Volk, Ernest Ward, H. Henry and Jay F. Custer Zeisberger, David 1911 The Archaeology of the Delaware Val­ 1988 Steatite Quarries of Northeastern Mary­ 1910 History of the Northern American In­ ley. Papers of the Peabody Museum of land and Southeastern Pennsylvania: An dian. Edited by Herbert, A.B. and W. N. American Archaeology and Ethnology 5, Analysis of Quarry . Pennsyl­ Schwarze. Ohio Archaeological and His­ Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. vania Archaeologist 58(2):33-49. torical Quarterly 19(1 -2): 19-189.

Figure 2 (Baker) Stone face found along the North Fork of Paint Creek, Ross County, Ohio (OHS collections)

STONE MASKETTE; OHIO Figure 1 (Baker) Half-sized stone face found along the North Fork of Paint Creek, Ross County, Ohio (MAI/Heye Foundation).

F i a. 1 •"> I. Figure 4 (Baker) Full-sized stone face found opposite Wheeling Island (Ohio River) in Bridge­ port, Belmont County, Ohio (Squier and Davis 1848: 251).

Figure 3 (Baker) Half-sized stone face found during street construction and associated with Heinisch Mound, Ports­ mouth, Scioto County, Ohio (OHS collections).

44 Figure 6 (Baker) Miniature stone face with weeping eye motif (Meuser Collection) possibly found in 1841 along the Ohio River in Scioto County, Ohio (ASO article).

Figure 5 (Baker) Full-sized stone face (James McBride Collection) found along the Ohio River near Lawrenceburg, Indiana (Squier and Davis 1848: 250).

Figure 8 (Baker) Reverse of the Heck miniature stone face found in Tuscarawas County, Ohio.

Figure 7 (Baker) Miniature stone face (obverse) found by Godfred Heck along the Tuscarawas River in Clay Town­ ship, Tuscarawas County, Ohio.

45 PlG. 5.—Stone head or Mlsi'ngw' from Ohio. (Height, 13.9 in.)

INDIAN NOTES

Figure 10 (Baker) Full-size stone face collected by M.R. Har- Figure 9 (Baker) Miniature wooden face collected by M.R. Harrington in Oklahoma ringtonjn ^^^^^^^^J^^^^^ now in the National Museum of the American Indian (courtesy of NMAI). Museum of the American Indian (MAI/Heye Foundation).

AH-NEE-WEHS ^

Figure 11 (Baker) Jesse Cornplanter's drawing (ca. 1937) of a wooden miniature CHATCri MASK face with a recep­ tacle for tobacco (Tanowand Seneca Reservation, New /ACTUAL SIZE-" York)

46 A HOPEWELL HABITATION SITE NEAR THE GREAT CIRCLE, NEWARK OHIO by Jeff Carskadden and Brian Donaldson Zanesville, Ohio Hopewell artifacts are commonly found in a complete tabulation of what was found tic debris associated with the Hopewellian the gardens and flower beds in the vicinity of can be seen in the table reproduced in in Warren County, Ohio the massive Hopewell earthwork complex at Figure 3. Hopewell artifacts include four were occupied only briefly, perhaps during Newark, Ohio, but they are rarely reported. corner-notched projectile points (Figure certain ceremonial events, after which the Perhaps the most famous of these discover­ 4), seven classic bladelet cores (Figure 5), structures were dismantled and presum­ ies was found by Marie Sunkle in 1970 when and a number of cache blades in various ably the people returned to their hamlets she was converting part of her back yard stages of manufacture and completeness (Cowan 2005). Of course there must have into a garden. The Sunkle family resided (Figure 6). Nearly all of these artifacts are been a sizable number of people residing along Franklin Avenue about 1.1 miles east made of Flint Ridge flint. There was only at the earthwork sites when the mounds of the Great Circle, one of the few surviv­ one fragmentary Hopewell parallel-sided and walls were being constructed, and ing elements of the earthwork complex. The bladelet in the garden collection, possibly evidence of their presence might be re­ Sunkle Cache, as it came to be called, con­ because the property owner did not rec­ flected in such sites as the one found along sisted of a concentration of 137 Hopewell ognize these as artifacts and save them. Indianhead Drive. The ramifications of the cores as well as numerous parallel-sided He did pick up some chippage and shat­ various discoveries of domestic sites within bladelets, projectile points, cache blades, ter, but only large pieces. There was also Hopewell earthwork complexes, such as at and other stone tools (in all approximately one small cordmarked grit-tempered pot­ Newark and elsewhere in Ohio, have yet to 550 items). This cache was on display for tery sherd from the garden, probably repre­ be sorted out. many years at the Ohio Historical Society's senting the type McGraw Moundbuilders Museum in Newark. Cordmarked. A slate gorget fragment from Acknowledgments This present article deals with Hopewell the garden, also probably Hopewell, can be We would like to thank the owner of the artifacts from yet another garden in Newark, seen in Figure 7. property for saving the artifacts from his this one located only about 1050 feet (350 Fourteen Archaic points, one complete garden and allowing us to study them. We yards) southwest of the Great Circle along and the rest fragmentary, were also found would also like to thank Paul Pacheco for a street appropriately named Indianhead in the garden (Figures 8 and 9). Late Archa­ sharing his knowledge of discoveries in Drive. Although the collection from this lo­ ic points include Brewerton Side Notched, and around the . cation pales in comparison to the Sunkle Brewerton Corner Notched, and Bottleneck Cache, it is interesting nonetheless consid­ points (heavily resharpened). Earlier Ar­ References ering the paucity of modern archaeological chaic points include a fragmentary Lecroy Beers, F. W. reports on Hopewell habitation sites in and point (Figure 8) and the very unusual bifur­ 1866 Atlas of Licking County, Ohio. Beers, around the earthwork complex, which to cated base point shown in Figure 9. This Soule and Company, New York. our knowledge consists of just two pub­ point measures three inches long and is lished accounts (Bernhardt 1976; Lepper made of gray from Co­ Bernhardt, Jack and Yerkes 1997). shocton County. The closest point type we 1976 A Preliminary Survey of Middle Woodland could find that resembles this artifact is the Prehistory in Licking County, Ohio. Penn­ The location of the garden relative to the sylvania Archaeologist 46(1 -2):39-54. Great Circle earthwork can be seen in the Buzzard Roost Creek type (DeRegnaucourt aerial photograph shown in Figure 1. In Fig­ 1991), although it could be an aberrant Converse, Robert N. ure 2 we have reproduced David Wyrick's form of Lecroy. 1994 The Harness Hopewell Village Sites. 19th-century map of the Newark Earth­ Ohio Archaeologist 44(1):4-9. works (from Beers 1866) with annotations Concluding Observations added to identify the different elements of A theory that was introduced in the 2003 The Archaeology of Ohio. The Archaeo­ the earthwork complex. Also shown on this 1960s suggested that the large Hopewell logical Society of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. map is the location of the garden along In­ earthwork complexes were "vacant cer­ Cowan, Frank L. dianhead Drive, which we have dubbed the emonial centers," inhabited mainly by 2005 Stubbs Earthworks: An Ohio Hopewell Indianhead Drive Site (No. 1), the location of priests and craft specialists, with the rest "Woodhenge." In Ohio Archaeology (pp. the Sunkle Cache (No. 2), and the locations of the Hopewell population living in small 148-151), edited by Bradley T. Lepper. of the two Hopewell habitation sites found scattered hamlets or "farmsteads" often Voyageur Media Group, Cincinnati, Ohio. in 1977 along the proposed State Route some distance from the earthworks (see 79 corridor by archaeologist Ed Hale (No. for example Prufer 1965). Robert Converse DeRegnaucourt, Tony 3 and No. 4). These latter two sites were has long argued, however, that there was 1991 A Field Guide to the Prehistoric Point reported on by Lepper and Yerkes (1997). ample evidence of Hopewell "village sites" Types of Indiana and Ohio. Occasional Hopewell sites found earlier by Jack Bern­ within or very near many of the earthwork Monographs of the Upper Miami Valley hardt (1976) fall outside the area covered complexes (see for example Converse Archaeological Research Museum No. 1, by this map. 1994, 2003). Although the Sunkle Cache Ansonia, Ohio. may represent a specialized craft or work­ Unfortunately by the time we saw the Lepper, Bradley T. and Richard W. Yerkes collection from the Indianhead Drive Site, shop site, evidence from the Indianhead 1997 Hopewell Occupations at the Northern which was several years ago, the garden Drive Site and the few previously discov­ Periphery of the Newark Earthworks: had been paved over and was being used ered sites indicate that locations with ev­ The Newark Expressway Sites Revisited. as a car port. We inquired about the pos­ eryday Hopewell domestic debris do occur In Ohio Hopewell Community Organiza­ sibility of excavating some test squares within or very near the Newark Earthworks tion (pp. 175-205), edited by William S. in the back yard near the car port, but the complex. Of course it is possible that Dancey and Paul J. Pacheco The Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio. owner politely declined, stating that he did some of these locations were where the priests and craftsmen resided. It has also not want his yard disturbed. Prufer, Olaf H. Many of the artifacts found in the garden recently been suggested that the remains of Hopewell houses and scattered domes­ 1965 The McGraw Site. Cleveland Museum of are illustrated in Figures 4 through 9, and Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio. 4T ><^ , vW&:

JV y

** / jft.-

Figure 7 (Carskadden and Donaldson) Aerial photograph taken in April 2006 showing the Great Circle earthwork at Newark (AirPhoto USA). The white dot to the southwest marks the location of the Indianhead Drive Site.

Figure 2 (Carskadden and Donaldson) David Wyrick's 1860 map of the New Earthworks (from Beers 1866) showing the location of the Great Circle (bottom center). We have added the mod­ ern names given to the various parts of the complex, and also numbers 1 through 4, which indicate the lo­ cations of the Hopewell open sites mentioned in this article. The In­ dianhead Drive Site is No. 1.

48 Raw Material Artifact Classes Flint Upper Unknown Ridge Mercer

Hopewell

Corner Notched Points 4 - - Parallel-Sided Bladelets 1 - - Bladelet Cores 7 - - Proto-Bladelet Cores 6 - - Core Rejuvenation Flakes 2 - - Cache Blades - Whole 1 - - Cache Blades Fragmentary 5 - -

Thin Preforms (straight edge) 22 5 -

Probably Hopewell

Thick Preforms (irregular edge) 31 1 1 Figure 4 (Carskadden and Donaldson) Hopewell projectile points from the Indianhead Drive Site. Large Flake or Blade Core 1 - - Large Parallel-Sided Blade with Retouched Edge 1 - -

Late Archaic

Bottleneck Point 2 - - Brewerton Corner Notched Point 5 4 - Brewerton Side Notched Point 1 - -

Early Archaic

Lecroy Point - 1 - Large Lecroy or Buzzard Roost Creek Point - 1 -

Non Diagnostic Artifacts

End Scrapers 3 - 1 Side Scrapers 6 - - Chippage 17 3 - Shatter 18 3 1 Figure 5 (Carskadden and Donaldson) Five of the seven Hopewell bladelet cores found at the Indianhead Drive Site. Flint 1 - - Figure 3 (Carskadden and Donaldson) Table listing all the artifacts found at the Indian- head Drive Site.

49 Figure 6 (Carskadden and Donaldson) Fragments of finished or nearly finsihed Hopewell Cache blades from the Indianhead Drive Site.

Figure 7 (Carskadden and Donaldson) Fragmentary two- hole rectangular slate gorget from the Indianhead Drive Site.

Figure 8 (Carskadden and Donaldson) Archaic points from the Indianhead Drive Site, including two Bottlenecks and a Lecroy point (top row), and Brewerton Notched points (bottom row).

Figure 9 (Carskadden and Donaldson) An unusual Archaic point CM from the Indianhead Drive Site, possibly a Buzzard Roost Creek IN type. 50 THE FIND OF A RARE STONE TOOL by Bruce Springer 8755 Conrad Road St. Paris, Ohio

This rare hafted or grooved stone adze as the one from Champaign County. Con­ flat sides and is not thick in cross-section. was found by a neighbor in the western part verse (personal communication) says that The reverse side, (Fig. 2) resembles a com­ of Champaign County, Ohio. It is made of a another variety is smaller, thicker and with mon flat celt. In general, this is a very well compact gray-green diorite and is well de­ a larger poll than those in the illustration. made and highly polished artifact. It adds an signed and smoothly finished. However, all varieties of this unusual tool are additional variety to one of Ohio's scarcest The hafted or grooved adze is among the rarely seen in Archaic collections. stone tool types. rare stone tools types found in Ohio (Con­ The example shown in the accompanying verse 1973 - page 16). A type associated figures resembles neither type spoken of by Reference: with the Panhandle Archaic of northeastern Converse in detail. It is flatter with a wide but 1973 Converse, Robert N. - Ohio Stone Tools - Ohio is illustrated but it is not the same type shallow groove across the top of one of the Archaeological Society of Ohio.

Figure 1 (Springer) Hafted or grooved stone adze from Champaign Figure 2 (Springer) Reverse of hafted adze. County.

51 BUST BIRDSTONE FOUND IN MERCER COUNTY, OHIO by Mark Schulze Maria Stein, Ohio

I found this bust birdstone in a plowed field in Mercer County on November 13, 2007. The artifact, made of tan and black granite gneiss, was lying on the lower edge of a rise adjacent to a damp depressed area. It is drilled in both front and back. Bust birdstones were sometimes made by Adena people, but more often they are associated with Hopewell, which would date the piece from 150 BC to AD 500.

52 LITHIC VARIABILITY WITHIN AN EARLY ARCHAIC CHERT CACHE NEAR ANSONIA IN DARKE COUNTY, OHIO - THE KIMMEL CACHE by Tony DeRegnaucourt Elaine Holzapfel and 106 North Street 415 Memorial Drive Arcanum, OH 45304 Greenville, OH 45331 [email protected] [email protected] A cache of 118 Upper Mercer chert blanks four-tier size distribution (Figure 1). one-third way up the knoll on which it is and other tools were found on the edge of a Many of the blanks and other artifacts located. This coincides closely with the old knoll near the fork of the headwaters of the in the Kimmel Cache show evidence of re­ waterline from the Great Black Swamp that Stillwater River in Darke County, Ohio, on touch and use as tools. Great diversity is existed here at that time. the Kimmel farm, in 1981. A Paleo-American seen in the types and morphology of the Early peoples possibly traveled in time period for the deposit is suggested be­ tools, suggesting a wide range of functions and buried caches in other similar cause the raw material of the blanks appears for the cache. Almost every piece exhibits locations in northwestern Ohio; caches of to have been merely collected from the sur­ some edge modification by pressure-flak­ quarry blanks made of Upper Mercer chert face of the ground rather than quarried from ing or the more random flaking character­ have been reported from the counties of the underground veins which occur in Co­ istic of use. There appear to be not only the Putnam, Darke, Seneca, Jefferson, Lo- shocton County. In contrast with vitreous typical ovoid cache blades, but also long raine, Franklin, Van Wert, Ross, Hancock, Upper Mercer chert which has been dug, the snub-nosed endscrapers or limaces (Figure and Medina. As with the Kimmel cache, blanks in this cache exhibit ancient chalky 2) (Gramly 1992:26, 37), various flakescrap- caches of these Upper Mercer quarry brown patina. It appears that the gatherers ers, choppers (Figure 3), spokeshaves (Fig­ blanks seem to be strictly utilitarian and do may have been unaware of the high-quality ure 4), graving spurs (Gramly 1992:31, 32), not contain red ocher or evidence of ritual flint that would have been obtainable near­ cores, knives, and flakes. Two large cache breaking, as a number of later caches do by and carried easily-found stone across blades and 14 medium-sized blades were (Holzapfel 1993). country with them as insurance - perhaps designated as backed choppers, as they they were pioneers and did not know what display one flat edge with an opposite sin­ SUMMARY resources were available in the direction uous-sided edge (Figure 3). Nine long, nar­ The Kimmel Cache has been assiduous­ of their travel. A similar example was seen row blades were in the cache. Six of these ly surface collected for a span of over 25 at the Paleo-lndian Lamb Site in New York were made of black Upper Mercer material years. It has yielded thus far 118 artifacts. where poor grades of chert were used when and 3 were of the gray. The cache artifacts are all made of Upper an outcrop of fine Onondaga chert lay only a Thirty flake scrapers or knives made on Mercer chert, most of which are the dark few miles away (Gramly 1988). large, well-defined, complete flakes which variety while some are made of light grey The artifacts were scattered in an oval- display bulbs of percussion, striking plat­ or cream-colored Upper Mercer chert. The shaped area about 30 by 60 feet with a forms, ripple marks, and pressure-flaked settlement pattern also indicates an early concentration in the central part of the as well as utilized edges (Figure 5, 6) are deposit of the artifacts. oval. It was apparent that recent plowing present. Graving spurs had been made on The most unusual aspect of the cache of the field had truncated the upper part of at least four flakes (Figure 7). Twenty-two is that many of the artifacts are not typi­ the cache and spread many of the blades were decortication flakes, and the remain­ cal cache blades, but represent finished by plow dragging. ing flakes, which lack cortex on their dor­ and utilized tools. This suggests that some Over the next few years, this area was sal surfaces, appear to have been struck other factors were involved in banking revisited and all material found in the vicin­ only for the manufacture of flake tools. this cache than just preserving a number ity of the cache was kept separated and The glossy luster of the ventral sides of all of blades for later manufacture into tools. catalogued. Surface visibility varied from flakes indicates that high-quality flint lay Perhaps the raw material in this cache was year to year with no plowing taking place within the large weathered blanks. utilized frequently during the journey from due to no-till cultivation. Consequently, in Included were three disc cores (Figure eastern Ohio to western Ohio, cached, some seasons, no artifacts were found. In 8) (Gramly 1992) and two polyhedral, ex­ then unearthed and used as needed. other years, with fall plowing, the conditions pended cores. A singular tool was a nosed were excellent and several more pieces of endscraper (Figure 9). REFERENCES CITED the cache would be recovered. Searching for additional cache artifacts continues and CHRONOLOGY DeRegnaucourt, Tony is still dependent on ground visibility and There are a number of reasons that this 2002 Early Archaic Occupations of the Upper cultivation practices of the farmer. cache may date to the Paleo-lndian period Whitewater Valley and Environs. Although the majority of the cache blades of around 12,000 years ago. First, use of Ohio Archaeologist, Columbus. are the black variety typical of Upper Mer­ black Upper Mercer chert in Darke County, cer chert, many examples consist of light Ohio, is almost always associated with an DeRegnaucourt, Tony, and Jeff Georgiady 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. grey Upper Mercer. This chert ranges from early time period (DeRegnaucourt 2002, a cream-colored grey to almost a pure whit­ Umvarm Monograph No. 7, Arcanum, and DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998). Ohio ish-grey. About 4% of the total had the white Second, the limaces with the cache date to "lightning stripe" within the darker variety of an early time-period, most occurring dur­ Gramly, Michael the Upper Mercer. This stripe is composed ing the Paleo-lndian Stage or the Early Ar­ 1988 Discoveries at the Lamb Site, Genesee of a white quartz vug which is typical of chaic Period. Third, the use of apparently County, New York, 1986-7. black Upper Mercer chert (DeRegnaucourt serendipitously found flint instead of quar­ Ohio Archaeologist 38(1 ):4-10. andGeorgiady 1998). ried flint may indicate that the users may 1992 Guide to the Palaeo-lndian Artifacts of Sizes of artifacts in the cache are have been unaware of the quarries as they North America. Persimmon Press, Buf­ clumped into four general classes, large trekked westward, carrying 25 pounds of falo blanks, medium blanks, small blanks, and less-than-desirable chert for 170 miles flakes. The largest cache blade is 6 inches Holzapfel, Elaine - maybe they just didn't know the terri­ long, the medium artifacts average around 1993 A Study of Prehistoric Flint Caches in the tory. The fourth indication suggesting very 3 inches in length, the small average around Ohio Area. Ohio Archaeologist 43(3):30- early occupancy for the site is the settle­ two inches long, and flakes range from 1 to 37. ment pattern; the cache is located about 2 1/2 inches. Thus, there appears to be a

53 •its*SVJ&2'• ««!• •Mill

F/'gure J (DeRegnaucourt and Holzapfel) The Kimmel cache displays a four-tier size distribution.

Figure 3 (DeRegnau­ court and Holzapfel) Sinuous edge on large cache blade indicates Figure 2 (DeRegnaucourt and Holzapfel) Long, snub-nosed endscrapers possible use as a cutter or - opposite known as limaces. edge is flat, hence its designation as a backed chopper.

54 Figure 4 (DeRegnaucourt and Holzapfel) Notch or spokeshave measures VU inch wide on this 41h inch-long cache blade. The notch would have ac­ commodated an item, presumably wood or antler, 1 'h inch to 17/a inch in diameter. Chipped straight edges on right and left sides of spokeshave each measure 1 inch long. Vitreous luster of chipped edges contrasts greatly with brown chalky exterior on both sides of blade.

A*

««*<

* VI J1 •

Figure 5 (DeRegnaucourt and Holzapfel) Complete flakes with at top. All show either pressure-flaked edges or edge modification.

55 striking platform

percussion bulb percussion scar

Figure 7 (DeRegnaucourt and Holzapfel) Graving spurs made on flakes.

Figure 6 (DeRegnaucourt and Holzapfel) Detail of 5th flake in second row of Figure 5, measures 25k inches long.

I

Figure 9 (DeRegnaucourt and Holzapfel) Nosed end- scraper.

Figure 8 (DeRegnaucourt and Holzapfel) Disc cores.

;><; oj^J (Si THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL *"• SOCIETY OF OHIO ( Organized to discover and preserve archaeological sites and material within the State of »jvJ Ohio; to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of ^w archaeological material; and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology.

January 23, 2008

The Honorable Byron Dorgan Chairman, Senate Committee on Indian Affairs 322 Hart Senate Office Bldg Washington, DC 20510

RE: Opposition to SB 2087

I am writing on behalf of the Archaeology Society of Ohio (ASO) to express our strong opposition to SB 2087. The ASO is the largest state archaeological society in the county. Many of our members are of Native American ancestry. We are strongly opposed to proposed language concerning the disposition of culturally unidentifiable human remains and associated artifacts under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPA) of 1990. As written, the bill is bad for the American people who benefit from new information about the ancient people that proceeded us and the truth that science brings for all of us.

We strongly urge you and your Committee to reconsider, if not halt, these proposed regulations. In its place, we support HR 4027 introduced by Congressman Doc Hastings (WA). As stated by Congressman Hastings in his January 14, 2008 letter to the Honorable Dirk Kempthorne, Secretary of the Interior,

"NAGPRA was written to address the custody of human remains from recent centuries that are related to present-day Indian tribes. It was not written to address very ancient remains of unknown origins and was never intended to thwart the study of ancient remains. With these proposed regulations, the Department seeks to assert authority and control that it was not granted by Congress."

Please do not put the future of scientific study and the interest of the greater public in the hands of the vocal minority.

Respectfully submitted',

*Geoi

57 NEW BOOK

ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE FORT AT GREENVILLE, OHIO by Tony DeRegnaucourt, 2007

Tony DeRegnaucourt, Archaeologist and Curator Upper Miami Valley Archaeological Research Museum Announcing Publication of a new book on Greenville and the Ohio Indian Wars. Archaeology of the Fort at Greenville, Ohio explores the historical and archaeological investigation into the fort in west central Ohio. This fort was the largest stockaded fort ever built in the United States and the U.S. Army was rebuilt by Anthony Wayne here. It served as headquarters of the Army from 1793 to 1797 and it was also the site of the largest Indian Treaty ever made.

The book is hardbound, 144 pages with dust Jacket. It has 133 photographs (six in color) and 12 maps.

To order send $34.95 plus $5.05 shipping & handling to: Tony DeRegnaucourt 106 North Street Arcanum, Ohio 45304 Phone 937-737-0077 NEW BOOK

This new book covers part of the fascinating and ongoing investigation of the late 1700s fort at Greenville, Ohio. It deals principally with the excavation and research of one of the six fort outposts which were thought to have been lost. The fort at Greenville was the largest wooden fort ever built in North America and it served as US Army Headquarters during Americas early history. Its history is pivotal in the early relations with the Indian tribes and the eventual disposition of unclaimed and unexplored lands

W6Many artifacts and relics related to this crucial period in our country's history are shown, many of them in full color. The book provides an important record in the events of the late 1700s and early 1800s and will be a valuable library addition for our members.

Robert N. Converse

58 hio Earthworks Project

neef> Disc otter and Protect Ohio '9 Ancient Heritage

1846 Map Ohio is home to hundreds of ancient The Ohio Earthworks Project seeks earthwork sites. These monuments of to re-discover Ohio's ancient earth, some covering over 100 acres, earthworks through geophysical are rapidly disappearing from the Ohio survey, a technique that uses landscape. instruments that can see into the ground without digging. Perhaps half of the known earthwork sites have been mapped and Of the earthwork sites surveyed to recorded, most in the 1800s, but the date, each has produced new and locations of many of these have since fascinating things about places we been lost to time. thought we knew well-like the Junction Group pictured here. At least Today, farming, housing one entirely new earthwork site has developments, railroads, and roads also been found have erased most of the visible remains of Ohio's amazing To help support the survey of more earthworks-only a handful are earthworks, consider donating to the protected in parks. But for those Ohio Earthworks Project. All donated unprotected sites not all is lost; much funds are tax deductible and go yet remains to be re-discovered. directly to surveying more earthwork sites. TO MAKE A DONATION Please detach and mail this form: NAME

I would like to join and support The Ohio Earthworks ADDRESS Project.

Enclosed is my check for . Telephone^ I understand that my donation is tax-deductible and that as a member / supporter, I will receive a E-mail: quarterly newsletter from Dr. Jarrod Burks describing his findings and other relevant news. Mail to: Nelson Coleman, SCOPS Treasurer Please make out checks to SCOPS South Central l 78 Church Street Ohio Preservation Society and write "Ohio Chillicothe,OH4560l Earthworks Project" in the memo line.

The South Central Ohio Preservation Society (SCOPS) is a 501 (c)3 educational charitable organization working since 1966 for the betterment of Ohio. SCOPS

Note: SCOPS data are NEVER shared with other organizations.

Back Cover: Six Fractured Base Points. By Dan Schleich, Washington Court House, Ohio.

The Fractured Base type is one of the rarest in Ohio. They seem to be found over a wide part of the state but it is rare to see, or even hear of, more than one example coming from one site. They are very distinctive and easy to identify. The base is always short and the notches tiny and shallow. The base always shows the short fiat flake removal which gives the type its name. After seeing a few of them it is easy to tell the type - even from a distance.

59 The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.

igure 1 (Schleich) Six Ohio Fractured Base points. From the top, Fayette, Fayette, Highland, Clermont, Fayette and Pickaway Counties.