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The Role of Rai2 Protein in the Maintenance of Genomic Stability

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The Role of Rai2 Protein in the Maintenance of Genomic Stability THE ROLE OF RAI2 PROTEIN IN THE MAINTENANCE OF GENOMIC STABILITY Dissertation With the aim of obtaining a doctoral degree (Dr. rer. nat.) at the Department of Biology Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences University of Hamburg Submitted by Lena Böttcher Born in Hamburg Hamburg May 2019 Reviewers of the dissertation: Jun.-Prof. Wim Walter Universität Hamburg Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften Fachbereich Biologie Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und Mikrobiologie Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie Ohnhorststraße 18 22609 Hamburg Prof. Harriet Wikman-Kocher Institut für Tumorbiologie Zentrum für Experimentelle Medizin Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf Campus Forschung N27 , 4. Etage Martinistraße 52 20246 Hamburg Date of diputation: 16.08.2019 TABLE OF CONTENS TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................................................ I Summary ......................................................................................................................................................................................... IV Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................................................................................................... V Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Hallmarks of Cancer.................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Genomic Instability ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Molecular Basis of Chromosomal Instability (CIN) ............................................................................. 4 1.2 CIN and Cancer Progression .............................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.1 Tumoural Heterogeneity and CIN.......................................................................................................... 10 1.2.2 Metastasis Formation and CIN ................................................................................................................ 11 1.3 Breast Cancer............................................................................................................................................................ 11 1.3.1 Breast Cancer Metastasis ........................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.2 Breast Cancer Therapy ................................................................................................................................ 13 1.4 Retinoic Acid-Induced 2 Protein (RAI2) ......................................................................................................... 14 1.4.1 RAI2 as Metastasis Suppressor Gene ................................................................................................... 14 1.4.2 Cell Cycle Association of RAI2 ................................................................................................................. 15 1.4.3 Interaction of RAI2 with C-terminal Binding Proteins (CtBPs) .................................................... 15 Aim of the Study ............................................................................................................................................................... 17 Material and Methods .................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Material ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.1 Cell lines ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.2 Laboratory Instruments .............................................................................................................................. 19 3.1.3 Consumables .................................................................................................................................................. 20 3.1.4 Chemicals ......................................................................................................................................................... 20 3.1.5 Chemotherapeutics and Reagents ........................................................................................................ 22 3.1.6 Buffer and Media .......................................................................................................................................... 23 3.1.7 Vectors and Expression Plasmids ........................................................................................................... 23 3.1.8 Antibodies ....................................................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.9 Secondary Antibodies ................................................................................................................................. 25 3.1.10 Kits ...................................................................................................................................................................... 25 3.1.11 Oligonucleotides ........................................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.12 Chemotherapeutics and Inhibitors ........................................................................................................ 26 3.1.13 Software and Databases ............................................................................................................................ 27 3.2 Cell Culture Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 28 I TABLE OF CONTENS 3.2.1 Standard Cultivation of Human Cell Lines .......................................................................................... 28 3.2.2 Cryopreservation of Human Cells Lines............................................................................................... 28 3.2.3 Lentiviral Particle Production ................................................................................................................... 28 3.2.4 shRNA-Mediated Knockdown of RAI2 gene expression .............................................................. 28 3.2.5 Generation of Phosphor Histone 2B-GFP Cell Line ......................................................................... 29 3.2.6 Live Cell Imaging .......................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2.7 Cell Cycle Analysis Using Double Thymidine Block ........................................................................ 30 3.2.8 Colony Formation Assay ............................................................................................................................ 30 3.3 Molecular Biological Technics ........................................................................................................................... 31 3.3.1 Gene Expression Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 31 3.3.2 Cell Cycle Analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 32 3.3.3 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis .................................................................................................................... 32 3.4 Protein Biochemical and Immunological Methods ................................................................................... 33 3.4.1 Protein Isolation from Cultured Cells ................................................................................................... 33 3.4.2 Measurement of Protein Concentration.............................................................................................. 33 3.4.3 SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) ................................................................... 33 3.4.4 Western Blot Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 34 3.4.5 Immunofluorescence Staining................................................................................................................. 35 3.4.6 DNA Fiber Assay ........................................................................................................................................... 36 3.4.7 Traffic Light Reporter Assay ..................................................................................................................... 36 Results ................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
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