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Published by Statistics Botswana Private Bag 0024, Gaborone Phone: 3671300 Email: [email protected] Copyright Reserved © 2013 Extracts may be published if Sources are duly acknowledged PREFACE Statistics Botswana through the Environment Statistics Unit presents the third edition of Botswana’s Environment Statistics Report. The report includes the latest available statistics and trends analysis in climate, land, water, wildlife, forests, natural disasters, mining and agriculture. Data used in this report are secondary and were drawn from various departments and organisations. Like its predecessors, the Framework for Development of Environmental Statistics (FDES) developed by the United Nations Statistical Division was used in preparing this report. The indicators developed in this report would be useful to measure progress towards sustainable development and to entrench environmental sustainability in development programmes and projects. Needless to say, new threats to the environment caused by climate change, call for action which must be well-informed by facts and figures. Last but not least, I would like to thank all data providers that worked cooperatively with the Environment Statistics Unit in the production of this report, and encourage their continued support as we strive to contribute to an environmentally friendly development path. Thank you. Anna Majelantle Statistician General September 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. CLIMATE 3 1.1 Rainfall 6 1.2 Temperature 12 1.3 Effects of Climate 14 2. LAND 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Land Use and Land Cover 14 2.2.1 Land Cover 14 2.2.2 Land Use 20 2.2.3 Changes in Land Use at National Level 24 2.2.4 Pressure on Land and Land Resources 26 3. WATER RESOURCES 28 3.1 Introduction 28 3.1.1 Water Sector Reforms Programme 28 3.2 Sources of Water 29 3.2.1 Surface water resources 29 3.2.2 Groundwater resources 36 3.3 Water Production, Consumption and Losses 38 3.3.1 Water Consumption in towns 38 3.3.2 Water Consumption in major villages 42 3.3.3 Water Consumption by Sector 52 3.3.4 Waste Water 55 3.3.5 Water Tariffs 55 3.3.6 Water Demand 58 3.4 Water in Mining Sector 60 3.4.1 Jwaneng Mines 60 3.4.2 BCL Mine 63 3.4.3 BOTASH Mine 65 3.4.4 Morupule Colliery 68 3.5 Water Quality 70 3.5.1 Testing Potable and Raw Water in Towns/Cities and some Major Villages 72 3.6 Pressure on Water Resources and Responses 77 4. WILDLIFE 80 4.1 Introduction 80 4.2 Human Wildlife Conflict 80 4.2.1 Trends in Problem Animal Incidences 81 4.2.2 Compensation for Problem Animal Incidents 83 4.2.3 Impact of Human Wildlife Conflict 85 4.3 Mortality 87 4.4 Hunting Licenses and Quotas 89 4.4.1 Licenses 89 4.4.2 Hunting Quotas 92 4.5 Poaching 96 4.5.1 Poaching Incidences 97 5. FORESTS 102 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Forest Reserves and Protected Areas in Botswana 102 5.3 Trends in Botswana Forest Cover 104 5.4 Pressures on Forests 106 5.4.1 Fuel Wood 106 5.4.2 Fire 106 5.4.3 Alien Invasive Species 115 5.5 Response 118 6. NATURAL DISASTERS 119 6.1 Floods and Storms 119 6.1.1 Floods in the Okavango 119 6.1.2 Storms and Floods in Villages 121 6.2 Drought 125 6.2.1 Drought Pressure in Botswana 126 6.2.2 National Crop Yield and Production 126 6.2.3 Rangeland, Wildlife and Water Conditions 129 6.2.4 Effects on Livestock 132 7. MINING 135 7.1 Introduction 135 7.1.1 Mineral Excavation Types in Botswana 135 7.1.2 Important Actors on the Mining Industry 136 7.2 Botswana Mining Industry Performance, 2005/06 – 2011/12 138 7.2.1 Mineral Revenue 138 7.3 Mineral Production 142 7.3.1 Diamonds 142 7.3.2 Copper and Nickel 144 7.3.3 Soda Ash and Salt 146 7.3.4 Coal 147 7.3.5 Precious Metals 149 7.3.6 Other Minerals 150 7.4 Mining Labour 146 8. AGRICULTURE 154 8.1 Arable Farming 154 8.2 Livestock Farming 158 REFERENCES 161 APPENDICES 164 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1a Total Monthly Rainfall (mm): 2011/12 4 Figure 1.1b Annual Rainfall by Location: 2011/12 4 Figure 1.1c Total Annual Rainfall (mm) by Location: 2002/03 and 2011/12 5 Figure 1.1d Percentage Seasonal Rainfall Variability (October-March) 6 Figure 1.2a Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature by Location (2011/12) 8 Figure 1.2b Mean Monthly Minimum Temperature by Location (2011/12) 8 Figure 1.2d Mean Maximum Temperature Deviation (1970-2011) 12 Figure 1.2e Mean Maximum Temperature Deviation (1970-2011) 12 Figure 2.2.1b: Percentage Distribution of Land Cover by Class, 2012 (Ngamiland) 17 Figure 2.2.1c: Land Cover Map of Chobe and Ngamiland Districts, 2012 19 Figure 2.2.2a: Land Use Map of Botswana, 2007 23 Figure 2.2.3b: Percentage Change of National Land Use, 1981-2007 26 Figure 3.2a: Percentage Carrying Capacities of Dams in Botswana 31 Figure 3.2b: Water Levels for Selected Dams (% Full), 2001-2011 33 Figure 3.2c: Annual treated water production Mm,3 2003-2010 35 Figure 3.2d: Cumulative Water Resources Developed (m 3/day) by Well field, 2009-2011 38 Figure 3.3a: Water Consumption per Capita for All Towns, 1999-2011 41 Figure 3.3b: Kanye Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 47 Figure 3.3c: Ramotswa Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 47 Figure 3.3d: Maun Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 47 Figure 3.3e: Tlokweng Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 48 Figure 3.3f: Tshabong Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m 3) 48 Figure 3.3g: Moshupa Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 48 Figure 3.3h: Tonota Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 49 Figure 3.3i: Ghanzi Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 49 Figure 3.3j: Mahalapye Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 49 Figure 3.3k: Palapye Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 50 Figure 3.3l: Kasane Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 50 Figure 3.3m: Mochudi Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m 3) 50 Figure 3.3o: Molepolole Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 51 Figure 3.3p: Serowe Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 51 Figure 3.3q: Thamaga Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 51 Figure 3.3r: Letlhakane Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 52 Figure 3.3s: Mogoditshane Water Production, Consumption & Losses, 1999-2011 (m3 ) 52 Figure 3.3t: Percentage distribution of water sales by activity, 2006-2010 56 Figure 3.3u: Water Tariffs for Domestic and Business Consumers, 2008/09 – 2010/11 57 Figure 3.3v: Water Demand Projections based on 2001 Census by Sub-District, 2006-201159 Figure 3.4a: Water Quantity in cubic metres 2009-2011 62 Figure 3.4b: Water Consumption by sector/user (cubic metres): 2009-2011 62 Figure 3.4c: Yearly Well Brine Abstraction/Production in Million (cubic meters), 1998-2011 66 Figure 3.4d: Yearly Brackish Water Abstraction/Production in cubic meters, 1998-2011 66 Figure 3.4e: Yearly Potable Water Supply in cubic meters, 2000-2011 67 Figure 3.4f: Morupule Colliery Water Supply from boreholes, 2002-2011 (Kl) 69 Figure 4.2a Estimated Number of Problem Animal Incidents for Selected Species 83 Figure 4.2b Amount of Compensation (BWP) by District: 2009-2011 85 Figure 5.2a: Protected Areas in Botswana 102 Figure 5.2c: Size of Botswana’s Forest Reserves 104 Figure 5.3a: Botswana Forest Cover 105 Figure 5.3b: Botswana Forest Cover (Hectares): 1990-2011 105 Figure 5.4a: Area Burnt by District (2006-2011) 107 Figure 5.4b: Proportion of Areas Burnt By District 2006-2011 108 Figure 5.4c: Burnt Areas in Protected Areas (2008-2011) 110 Figure 5.4d: Burnt Areas 2008-2011 (excluding CKGR and Transfrontier Park) 107 Figure 5.4e: Percentage Burnt in Protected Areas (2008-2011) 108 Figure 5.4f: Area Burnt in Forest Reserves (2008-2011) 109 Figure 5.4g: Proportions of Burnt in Forest Reserves (2008-2011) 114 Figure 5.4h: 2008 Fire Scars 115 Figure 6.1a: Permanently and Seasonally Flooded Areas of the Okavango Delta 120 Figure 6.1b: Okavango River Discharge at Mohembo 120 Figure 6.1c: Annual Okavango River Discharge at Mohembo 121 Figure 6.1d: Ordered Okavango River Discharge at Mohembo (June flows) 121 Figure 6.1e: Rainfall at Maun Airport (mm) 2008/09 to 2011/12 122 Figure 6.2a: Estimated Area Planted in Hectares 127 Figure 6.2c: Crop Yields for 2008-09 to 2010-11 Planting Seasons 128 Figure 6.2d: Rangeland Condition 2009/10-2011/12 130 Figure 6.2e: Wildlife Condition 2009/10 - 2011/12 130 Figure 6.2f: Water Condition 2009/10-2011/12 131 Figure 6.2g: Average Scores of Conditions for Rangelands, Water and Wildlife 131 Figure 7.1a: Major Mining Areas of Botswana 136 Figure 7.2a: Government Tax Revenue, 2005 - 2011 139 Figure 7.2b: Percentage of Total GDP by Economic Activity, 1994-2011 142 Figure 7.3a: Productions from the Diamond Mines and Value of Diamond Exports 143 Figure 7.3b: Contribution of Copper/Nickel Exportation to the Total Exports 145 Figure 7.3c: Production of Copper Nickel between 2002 and 2011 145 Figure 7.3d: Production and Contribution of Soda Ash & Salt to Total Exports, 2002-2011 147 Figure 7.3e: Production of Coal (tonnes) from 2002 to 2011 148 Figure 7.3f: Contribution of Coal to Total Exports 148 Figure 7.3g: Contribution of Gold to Total Exports 150 Figure 7.4a: Trend of Employment in the Selected Mining Companies, 2002-2009 152 Figure 8.1a Total Production (MT) by Crop and Year 155 Figure 8.2a Livestock Statistics: 2009 and 2010 160 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1a Monthly Rainfall (mm) by Location 2011-13 3 Table 1.2a Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature by Location (2011/12) 7 Table 1.2b Mean Monthly Minimum Temperature by Location
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