Libya Weekly Security Preview

. Libya Weekly

Security Preview

January 31, 2021

Prepared by:

Risk Analysis Team, Libya

GardaWorld Proprietary GardaWorld

202

Table of Contents

Outlook ...... 3 Short Term Outlook ...... 3 Medium to Long Term Outlook ...... 3 Executive Summary ...... 3 Political Developments ...... 3 Military Developments ...... 4 Security Developments ...... 4 Oil & Gas ...... 5 Threat Matrix ...... 5 Key Dates ...... 5 Assessment ...... 6 Political Developments ...... 6 Oil & Gas ...... 7 Coronavirus ...... 7 Regional Assessment ...... 7 Tripolitania Region ...... 7 Cyrenaica Region ...... 9 Fezzan Region ...... 9 Acronym List ...... 11 GardaWorld ...... 12 Information Services ...... 12 Global Leader in Comprehensive Security and Risk Management...... 12

This is an abridged version of the GardaWorld Weekly Libya .Xplored report. To subscribe to our full report or to request a quote for security services in Libya please contact Nicholas Bennett, Regional Director, Libya.

GardaWorld Proprietary GardaWorld

202

Outlook

Short Term Outlook

▪ The Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (LPDF) is making some progress, especially in the military and economic tracks, however, in general, it remains characterized by uncertainty. The north-west of Libya continues to see worsening political rifts as politicians vie for positions within a future government. The east remains unstable in the wake of the failed military offensive of 2019/20 with key individuals looking to rebrand, reposition, and rebuild their support bases, both domestically and internationally. ▪ The Sirte/Jufra frontline remains largely quiet as work goes on to establish an international ceasefire monitoring team in the area although tensions remain, and sporadic confrontations remain possible. The LNA has created a defensive line along the axis as it seeks to protect its hold over the oil crescent. The complexities in the southern region are resulting in a more fluid situation and it is more likely at present to see confrontations however not all of these will be driven by the national power struggle. ▪ With deepening rifts in the north-west, tensions between different armed groups and their patrons are expected to persist. These could lead to sporadic armed confrontations in the short to medium term as different power structures look to expand their areas of control and influence in Tripolitania. ▪ The risk posed by COVID-19 continues to effect Libya as well as movement in and out through Tunisia and Turkey. The situation remains dynamic and will continue to evolve over the longer term with localized restrictions been implemented with little to no notice. Levels of infection inside Libya have begun to increase again and globally, there is an increased threat from new strains of the virus which could cause further travel disruption however at present, PCR testing is helping to keep travel corridors open. ▪ Crime (including carjacking's, armed robberies, murders, and kidnappings) remain common in many areas of the country with perpetrators exploiting local gaps in security to carry out attacks. Crime reporting has seen an increase over the past few months in all regions.

Medium to Long Term Outlook

▪ The current political turmoil which has been driving a period of repositioning inside and outside Libya since the end of the 2019/20 conflict has taken on a new dimension with the inauguration of a new administration in the US. While the political process is seeing some progress under the auspices of the UN, gains remain fragile and progress can cause short term destabilization as the country and its stakeholders adjust. Should the LPDF fail, there would be a heightened threat of a return to hostilities while key international stakeholders could become increasingly assertive. ▪ Islamic State continues to suffer attrition in Libya and remains mostly dormant from an operational perspective. However, the ongoing fragmentation of the country and political instability will continue to create conditions in which the group could begin to reconstitute some of its capability. There were possible indications of an intent to try and re-establish an operational capability in Tripolitania at the end of 2020 with a possible aim of increasing tensions during political negotiations. Other terrorist factions also remain active with some representing a kidnap threat, especially in more remote areas, while some have exploited the last conflict with the LNA to embed themselves within security forces in Tripoli. Executive Summary

Political Developments

▪ Libya is about to enter a new critical political phase with the LPDF heading to Geneva for a week in the hopes a new interim executive authority will be voted in by February 05. This last week has

seen a flurry of political activity as various individuals and factions strike last-minute deals aimed at

GardaWorld Proprietary GardaWorld

202

shaping the outcome. There are 24 candidates for the presidential council and 21 for the prime ministers’ position. ▪ The vote and the implementation of any new executive authority will be a significant test for Libya and give a good indication on whether the country is ready to progress. Acting SRSG Stephanie Williams has asked that the UN Security Council dissolve all parallel authorities in Libya once the new interim authority is voted in, marking a potentially significant shift in power for some individuals and factions. As such, tensions are expected to be heightened over the next couple of weeks and could lead to action by spoilers looking to disrupt or derail the process. ▪ An agreement by the 13+13 committee (HoR and HCS) in Bouznika caused a notable backlash in Tripolitania this week. The agreement saw sovereign positions divided up between regions. Armed groups in Tripoli were particularly opposed, seeing the deal as a betrayal after they fought to push the LNA back in 2019/20. Around 24 members of the HoR and 40 members of the HCS also objected. The committee has now reportedly stated that the deal will not be enacted until the new interim authority is in place and the HCS and HoR have voted on it. The issue highlights the difficulties in reaching compromises at present, exacerbated by the last conflict. ▪ Acting SRSG Stephanie Williams gave her final briefing to the Security Council on January 28 before Jan Kubis takes his position at the start of February. She stated that “a year after the Berlin conference, intra-Libyan dialogues facilitated by UNSMIL through complementary political, military, economic tracks, have produced tangible results.”

Military Developments

▪ There has been some pressure from both Germany and the UK this week for compliance with the October 23 ceasefire. Both have called for foreign fighters to withdraw and for the coastal road between Misrata and Sirte to be reopened. The UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres added his voice as well at the end of the week calling for all foreign forces to be withdrawn to Tripoli and Benghazi initially before “leaving the Libyans alone.” The deadline for foreign fighters to leave Libya expired on January 23. ▪ The 5+5 Military Committee is believed to be holding its second meeting in Sirte on February 04, the day before the LPDF meeting is expected to end. The meeting will focus on the withdrawal of foreign fighters and the reopening of the coastal road. ▪ Minister of Defence (GNA), Salah El-Din Al-Namroush, visited Chad on January 23 to meet with President Idriss Deby. The two men reportedly discussed enhancing cooperation in protecting, securing and monitoring the Libyan-Chadian border. Haftar had cultivated a relationship with Derby prior to the LNA’s 2020 defeat. ▪ A Russian Pantsir S-1 air defence missile system captured from LNA forces after they withdrew from Watiyah Airbase in 2020 was reportedly flown to the Ramstein Airbase (US) in Germany from Zuwara in June 2020. The move was made after fears the system, which can bring down civilian aircraft, could fall into the wrong hands but is also likely to have been exploited for its intelligence value. ▪ Saleh Al-Din Namroush, Minister of Defence (GNA), stated that his ministry plans on moving ahead with Turkish-supported military training programs. 1,300 soldiers have finished training inside Libya with another 1,100 ready to begin training. 1000 soldiers have finished training in Turkey and returned to Libya with another 200 currently undergoing training in Turkey.

Security Developments

▪ Sarraj met with the commander of the Sirte and Jufra Operations Room (GNA), Brigadier General Ibrahim Bayt al-Mal, members of the Misratan Municipal Council and members of the armed groups responsible for closing Dafiniyah and Karareem Checkpoints. Sarraj reportedly promised to pay delayed salaries within a week.

▪ General Security fired shots towards SDF on January 28 after the latter established a checkpoint at the Suq Al-Thalata Roundabout at the edge of General Security’s area of control in Hay Andalous, Tripoli. SDF withdrew as General Security mobilized more forces and weapons to the area, opening fire with heavy weapons.

GardaWorld Proprietary GardaWorld

202

Oil & Gas

▪ The US ambassador to Libya, Richard Norland, reportedly expressed fears that “any further closures in the Libyan energy sector would harm all Libyans.” This comes as the PFG across the three regions signal their discontent, nominally over pay issues including the deduction of field allowances with some threatening, and others taking action. ▪ The NOC is to open a hub in London, UK which will award consultancy and asset management contracts “worth hundreds of millions of pounds over the next several years to British companies.” The office is to be located in Mayfair and is scheduled to open in “March or April depending on pandemic controls.” The move comes as the NOC looks to increase oil production to 2.1 million barrels a day. ▪ The NOC stated that the general revenues for December 2020 sales of crude oil, gas, condensates, petroleum products and petrochemicals had reached the record level of 1,115,210,431.95 USD. The revenue does not include any taxes, royalties, and payments for natural gas for the domestic market which amounted to 13.6 million USD. Threat Matrix

Region Political Terrorism Militancy Crime Kidnap

Tripolitania High-Extreme Moderate-High High High High

Tripoli Extreme Moderate-High High High-Extreme High

Cyrenaica High Moderate Low Moderate Moderate-High

Benghazi High-Extreme Moderate-High Moderate High High

Fezzan High High-Extreme High High High

Sabha High High-Extreme High High-Extreme High

Threat Scale Minimal Low Moderate High Extreme

Key Dates

Date Occasion Comment

LPDF convenes in Switzerland to vote on February 01 – 05, 2021 Presidential Council and Prime Minister candidates Third round of the Constitution Track Committee February 09 - 11, 2021 With HNEC discussions

February 17, 2021 Libya Revolution Day Public Holiday

March 19, 2021 Commemoration of Victory over Gadhafi Public Holiday

April 24, 2021 Beginning of Ramadan +/- 1 day

May 01, 2021 May Day Public Holiday

May 13 -15, 2021 Eid al-Fitr Public Holiday

July 19, 2021 Day of Arafah Public Holiday

GardaWorld Proprietary GardaWorld

202

Assessment

Political Developments

LPDF set to vote for new interim executive authority Libya is about to enter another critical political phase as the 75-member LPDF converge in Geneva for a week with the aim of voting in a new interim executive authority starting on February 01. UNSMIL has announced that 24 people have put themselves forward as presidential council candidates. Initial reports suggest that around 10 are from Tripolitania, 10 are from Cyrenaica and four are from Fezzan. 21 have put themselves forward for the position of prime minister with initial reports suggesting 14 are from Tripolitania, four from Cyrenaica and three from Fezzan.

Presidential Council candidates (three seats, one per region):

1. Idriss Suleiman Ahmed Al-Qaed 2. Osama Juwaili 3. Asaad Mohsen Zhaiou 4. Khaled Al-Saeeh 5. Khaled Ammar Al-Mishri 6. Salama Ibrahim Al-Ghweil 7. Suleiman Asweiker Awad 8. Al-Sharif Al-Wafi 9. Salahuddin Al-Namroush 10. Tarek Abdallah Al-Ashtar 11. Abdul Rahman Mohammed Abu Al-Qassem Al-Balazi 12. Abdul Raheem Ali Mohammed Al-Shibani 13. Abdullah Hussein Al-Lafi 14. Abdul Majeed Ghaith Seif Al-Nasr 15. Agila Saleh Qwaider 16. Ali Abu Al-Hojob 17. Ali Mahmoud Bukheirallah 18. Omar Mahdi Aboushrida 19. Majida Wefti 20. Mohammed Al-Qammoudi Al-Hafi 21. Mohammed Hassan Sleiman Al-Bargathi 22. Mohamad Menfi 23. Mustafa Abdulhamid Dallaf 24. Mossa Al-Koni

Prime Minister candidates (one position):

1. Amal Jarray 2. Ahmed Omar Ahmed Maiteeq 3. Osama Al-Sayd 4. Eman Kishir 5. Jamal Abu Bakr Omran Abughrein 6. Al-Hermein Mohammed Al-Hermein 7. Khaled Mohammed Abdullah Ghweil 8. Daou Abdullah Abu Duwaiha

9. Atef Miloud Al-Hassia 10. Abdul Hamid Mohammed Dbeibeh 11. Abdul Rahim Mokhtar Al-Montaser 12. Abdul Razak Ahmad Abdul Qadir

13. Othman Abdul Jaleel Mohammed

GardaWorld Proprietary GardaWorld

202

14. Fathallah Hussein Abdul Karim Mohammed 15. Fathi Ali Abdul Salam Bashagha 16. Fadeel Al-Amin 17. Mohammed Al-Ansari 18. Mohammed Abdul Lateef Al-Montaser 19. Mohammed Muin Mansour Al-Kikhia 20. Mouftah Hamadi 21. Hisham Abdullah Abu Shweikat

Opposition to HoR/HCS deal in Bouznika On January 23, the 13+13 Committee of the HCS and HoR announced that they had come to an agreement on how to divide sovereign positions. A member of the HoR, Mohammed al-Raeid issued a statement in which he stated that the delegations had decided on a geographic disbursement of key positions. The east was to get the Central Bank and Administrative Control Authority. The Supreme Court and Anti-corruption Authority were to go to the south and the Attorney General and Audit Bureau were to go to the west. The agreement came swiftly under attack from various organisations and factions resulting in a step-back from the committee with reports that the deal would not be implemented until the new executive authority is installed.

Oil & Gas

PFG threatening oil production Action by the Petroleum Facilities Guard (PFG) has continued this week as a number of fields come back online and the NOC report record revenue figures for December 2020. The latest reports suggest that Marsa al-Hariga in Tobruk remains closed due to the PFG strike with bad weather conditions also effecting other eastern ports towards the end of the week. Mustafa Sanalla, chairman of the NOC, has asked Prime Minister (GNA) Fayez Sarraj to instruct the Ministry of Defence to pay delayed salaries. Reports from the east suggest that the PFG has received a promise that delayed salaries will be paid and work was expected to resume on January 31. PFG at Zawiyah and in the southern region have also threatened to shut down operations unless their pay grievances, which appear to revolve around field allowance deductions, were resolved.

Coronavirus

This week saw cases increase by 4,943, bringing the total to 118,631. The number of deaths now stands at 1,877 (+114). Cases have begun to climb again over the last five weeks as many countries enter a second wave. A number of COVID-19 cases have been reported amongst workers at the Al- Sarir oilfield. The field continues to operate as normal and precautionary measures have been imposed. Regional Assessment

Tripolitania Region

Significant Incidents ▪ Blockade - Jan 24 15:00, Sirte Province, Ras Lanuf: The PFG announced that they would be stopping exports in protest over non-payment of salaries going back 12 months. ▪ Blockade - Jan 24 15:00, Sirte Province, As Sidra: The PFG announced that they would be stopping

exports in protest over non-payment of salaries going back 12 months. ▪ SAF - Jan 24 17:00, Tripoli Province, Ghut Al-Shaal: SAF was in use in the area triggered by the annulment of the recent local election in Hay Andalous which had reportedly been won by Abdullah

Trablesi.

GardaWorld Proprietary GardaWorld

202

▪ SAF - Jan 24 18:00, Tripoli Province, Tobacco Factory: SAF was in use in the area triggered by the annulment of the recent local election in Hay Andalous which had reportedly been won by Abdullah Trablesi. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jan 24 23:00, Tripoli Province, Hadba al-Khadra: A Libyan national was murdered. ▪ Blockade - Jan 25 15:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Zawiyah Oil Refinery: The PFG gave the Ministry of Finance a week to resolve a pay dispute stating they would close down the refinery if their demands were not met. They are also demanding health insurance from the Ministry of Interior. This comes a week after the PFG in the western region were forced to deny reports that they were closing Mellitah and the Rayayna valves with reports that they were also in discussions with the PFG at Zawiyah Refinery. ▪ Kidnap - Jan 25 16:30, Tripoli Province, Tripoli: Colonel Noah al-Saghir, commander of 302 Infantry Division (GNA) was reportedly kidnapped by unknown people. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jan 26 00:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Zawiyah: Mahmoud Sasi Sheewa (aka al-Babour), a notable imam, was assassinated by unidentified perpetrators who opened fire on him near his home. ▪ CP/ Roadblock - Jan 26 14:00, Misrata Province, Dafiniyah: The Dafiniyah Checkpoint on the coastal road remains closed. The checkpoint was closed on January 23 over pay issues although some reports have also linked the action to the Bouznika talks. ▪ Kidnap - Jan 26 14:30, Misrata Province, Bani Walid: 38 Egyptian nationals were reportedly kidnapped for ransom as they left Bani Walid. They were freed on January 29. ▪ Armed Robbery - Jan 26 15:30, Al-Jafara Province, Awlad Essa: Elements from 3 Unit (GNA), commanded by Ramzi al-Lifaa, attacked the al-Tahadi Mills and Fodder Company and Al Amira Factory, allegedly stealing 2.3 million LYD and destroying CCTV cameras. ▪ Armed Clash - Jan 26 16:00, Al-Jafara Province, Awlad Essa: The armed robbery of the al-Tahadi Mills by 3 Unit triggered clashes between 3 Unit and 55 Battalion, commanded by Moamer al-Dawi. Both units are local to the Warshefana area and have been long-standing competitors. 3 Unit is more aligned with the MoI (GNA) while 55 Battalion is aligned with Major General Osama Jweli, commander of the Western Military Region (GNA). ▪ Armed Clash - Jan 26 16:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Vegetable Market, Coastal Road: Members of the Zremeg family and the family of Mahmoud Sasi Sheewa clashed. ▪ Mine Strike - Jan 26 16:30, Tripoli Province, Qubayliyah: Brigadier Khaled Mohamed Ibrahim Hanaqa was killed when a landmine he was trying to remove detonated. The mine, described as booby-trapped and left inside a home, is a likely left over from the last conflict in 2019/2020 and highlights the ongoing risk from UXO/ ERW in what were conflict areas in the capital. Hanaqa was an officer with the Mine, IEDs and Explosives Clearance Department. ▪ Armed Attack - Jan 26 17:30, Nalut Province, Ghadames: The Director of the Customs Department was attacked by an unidentified armed group. ▪ Surveillance - Jan 28, Sirte Province, Harawah: The LNA claimed to have detected a "foreign" UAV carrying out reconnaissance over Harawah, claiming the UAV had breached Libyan airspace. The UAV is assessed as being a Turkish UAV operated on behalf of the GNA. ▪ Arrest - Jan 28, Misrata Province, Bani Walid: A group of 25 Egyptians were arrested by the Desert Security Patrol on Nahr Road as they moved from Ash Shwayrif to Bani Walid. Reports indicate they were in the country illegally and looking to head to Europe. ▪ Armed Clash - Jan 28 00:30, Tripoli Province, Suq Al-Thalata Roundabout: General Security members began shooting into the air near the Suq Al-Thalata roundabout after SDF established a checkpoint on the peripheries of General Security's area of control. SDF withdrew from the location as General Security mobilised more forces to the roundabout and opened fire with heavy weapons towards the sea in anticipation of an attack by SDF forces which did not occur. ▪ Armed Attack - Jan 28 12:00, Az Zawiyah Province, Surman: An armed group forced their way into a mosque on the road to Bir Ayyad, south of Surman, attacking worshippers and stealing property. ▪ Prisoner Escape - Jan 29Evening, Az Zawiyah Province, Sabratah: Initial reports suggest around 20 prisoners escaped from the CID prison in Sabratha on the evening of January 29. As such, an increase in security operations may be seen in the area with a possible deterioration in the local security situation. The prisoners were allegedly convicted of murder.

GardaWorld Proprietary GardaWorld

202

Cyrenaica Region

Significant Incidents ▪ UXO - Jan 24 12:00, Benghazi Province, Ganfouda: The Ministry of Interior (HoR) General Administration for Detecting and Defusing Explosives have begun a UXO removal campaign. This included the removal of an air-dropped general-purpose bomb from a building the area. This is likely to have been dropped by the LNA during the conflict against the Shura Councils to take control of Benghazi. ▪ Blockade - Jan 24 15:00, Al-Wahat Province, Zueitina: The PFG announced that they would be stopping exports in protest over non-payment of salaries going back 12 months. ▪ Blockade - Jan 24 16:00, Al-Butnan Province, Hariga Port: The PFG announced that they would be stopping exports in protest over non-payment of salaries going back 12 months. ▪ Arrest - Jan 26, Al-Butnan Province, Tobruk: Security forces in Tobruk arrested seven people for the killing of three Egyptian nationals whose bodies showed signs of torture. ▪ Armed Robbery - Jan 26 16:00, Benghazi Province, Sarty: An armed group using vehicles with mounted weapons stole a police vehicle and two AK rifles assigned to the March 10 junction by the Rescue Department. A subsequent search failed to find any trace of the attackers. Hours before the attack, the Benghazi Security Directorate had carried out a raid on a farm in the Al-Talha area, arresting six family members. They also seized three vehicles painted in military colours, several stolen vehicles, 20 bottles of spirits, cash and a number of firearms. ▪ Kidnap - Jan 26 23:15, Al-Marj Province, Marj: A Libyan national was reported as being kidnapped. ▪ Armed Attack - Jan 27 22:30, Benghazi Province, Qar Yunis: An armed group attempted to seize land, resulting in SAF. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jan 28 00:00, Benghazi Province, Boatni: An armed group member was targeted in an attempted murder. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jan 28 14:00, Benghazi Province, Qar Yunis: A Libyan national was shot dead in a drive-by shooting in the University of Benghazi area. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jan 29 22:30, Benghazi Province, Benghazi: An attempted assassination of Ayad al-Fassi was reported. Al-Fassi is the commander of the Awlayi al-Dam armed group.

Fezzan Region

Significant Incidents ▪ Carjacking - Jan 24 00:00, Sabha Province, Sabha Municipal Stadium: A carjacking took place near the municipal stadium. ▪ Demonstration - Jan 24, Sabha Province, Sabha: Electricity workers went on strike after non- payment of salaries for two years. The strike was organised by the Libyan Electricity Workers Union. The union warned that further action could be taken. ▪ Armed Robbery - Jan 24 16:00, Sabha Province, Sabha Sports Arena: An armed robbery, triggering SAF, was reported in the area near the sports arena. ▪ Kidnap - Jan 24 22:30, Sabha Province, Sabha Medical Centre: A Libyan national was kidnapped near the Sabha Medical Centre. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jan 25 14:30, Sabha Province, District 80: A Libyan national was murdered. ▪ Armed Robbery - Jan 25 14:30, Sabha Province, Sabha Medical Centre: An attempted armed robbery led to an exchange of fire as the victim fought back. ▪ Murder/ Execution - Jan 25 23:00, Al-Jufra Province, Hun: A security force member reportedly shot and killed a Libyan national in the Jama area. ▪ Armed Robbery - Jan 25 23:00, Sabha Province, Wide Street: An armed robbery took place in Wide Street.

▪ Kidnap - Jan 26 00:00, Sabha Province, Ghadduwah: Two Libyan nationals were reportedly kidnapped. ▪ Kidnap - Jan 26 14:00, Sabha Province, Sabha Faculty of Science: A Libyan national was

reportedly kidnapped in the Faculty of Science area.

GardaWorld Proprietary GardaWorld

202

▪ Murder/ Execution - Jan 26 21:30, Sabha Province, Sabha Faculty of Arts: A Libyan national was murdered near the Faculty of Arts building. ▪ Carjacking - Jan 26 22:30, Sabha Province, Sabha: A carjacking was reported in Sabha. ▪ Arrest - Jan 27 01:00, Sabha Province, Green Mosque: Unidentified people were arrested after asking locals about their tribal identity in the Green Mosque area. ▪ Kidnap - Jan 27 01:00, Sabha Province, Sabha: Two unidentified people were subjected to a suspected kidnapping. ▪ Carjacking - Jan 27 17:00, Sabha Province, District 80: A vehicle was carjacked. ▪ Armed Robbery - Jan 27 22:30, Sabha Province, Sabha Sports Arena: Two armed robberies were reported near Sabha Sports Arena. ▪ Kidnap - Jan 28 19:00, Al-Jufra Province, Hun: Two foreign mercenaries were kidnapped in response to the murder of a Libyan national. Tensions between the local population and foreign fighters and mercenaries based in the area remain high. Further escalations and/or demonstrations are possible in the area. ▪ RPG - Jan 28 19:00, Sabha Province, Sabha: An RPG was fired resulting in an unknown number of injuries and property damage. ▪ SAF - Jan 29 23:30, Al-Jufra Province, Sawknah: A civilian opened fire on a vehicle from 77 Brigade (LNA). The motivation for the attack is unknown, however there are heightened tensions in the Hun area over the presence of foreign fighters aligned with the LNA. ▪ Security Operation - Jan 29 23:30, Al-Jufra Province, Sawknah: Following a SAF attack on a 77 Brigade vehicle, the brigade mobilised forces and carried out a number of raids. ▪ SAF - Jan 29 23:30, Sabha Province, Sabha: SAF was reported in the area. ▪ Carjacking - Jan 30 13:00, Sabha Province, Nasriya: An armed carjacking took place. ▪ Armed Robbery - Jan 30 21:00, Sabha Province, Mahdia: An armed robbery was reported in the area.

Disclaimer: The information and opinions expressed in this Report are the views of GardaWorld and constitute a judgment as at the date of the Report and are subject to change without notice. The information and opinions expressed in this Report have been formed in good faith on the basis of the best information and intelligence available at the time of writing, but no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to its accuracy, completeness or correctness. GardaWorld accepts no liability arising out of or in connection with the comments made or the information set out in this Report and the reader is advised that any decision taken to act or not to act in reliance on this Report is taken solely at the reader's own risk. In particular, the comments in this Report

should not be construed as advice, legal or otherwise.

GardaWorld Proprietary GardaWorld

202

Acronym List

AQ - Al-Qaeda BAM – Al Bunyan Al Marsous (Misratan-led) BDB – Benghazi Defense Brigade / Saraya Defend Benghazi (SDB) (Al Qaeda-aligned – AAS and RSCB associated/umbrella group) CBL – Central Bank of Libya CNI – Critical National Infrastructure DACOCT - Deterrence Apparatus for Combating Organized Crime and Terrorism DDR - Disarmament, demobilising and reintegration DF – Direct Fire DPF – Derna Protection Force (an amalgamation of all militias in Derna, including the MSCD) GECOL – General Electricity Company of Libya GMMR – Great Man-made River GNA – Government of National Accord (UN-backed) GNC – General National Congress GTUC - Greater Tripoli Union Council (Tripoli militias and others, established in June 2020) HNEC – High National Elections Commission HoR – House of Representatives (Tobruk-based) IDF – Indirect Fire (mortars/rockets) IDP - Internally Displaced Persons IED - Improvised Explosive Device IOC - International Oil Company IS - Islamic State LIFG – Libyan Islamic Fighting Group LNA – Libyan National Army LNG – Libyan National Guard LPA – Libyan Political Agreement (2015) LPDF - Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (2020) LROR - Libyan Revolutionary Operations Room MoD - Ministry of Defense MoF - Ministry of Finance MoFA - Ministry of Foreign Affairs MoHE - Ministry of Higher Education MoI - Ministry of Interior MoJ - Ministry of Justice MoO - Ministry of Oil MoT - Ministry of Transportation MSCD – Mujahideen Shura Council of Derna (AQ aligned) NFDK - No Further Details Known NGO - Non-Governmental Organisation (aid/charity) NOC – National Oil Company NSG – National Salvation Government (GNC) NSTR - Nothing Significant To Report PC – Presidency Council (GNA) PG – Presidential Guard PFG- Petroleum Facilities Guard PSC - Private Security Company PSD - Private Security Detail RPG - Rocket Propelled Grenade RSCB - Revolutionary Shura Council of Benghazi RTA - Road Traffic Accident SAF - Small Arms Fire SDB – Saraya Defend Benghazi / Benghazi Defense Brigade (BDB) (Al Qaeda-aligned – AAS and RSCB associated/umbrella group) SDF – Rada Deterrence Force/ Special Deterrence Force/ Rada Technical - An improvised weapon-mounted pick-up truck TPF – Tripoli Protection Force (TRB, Nawasi 8 Force, Bab Tajoura Brigade and Ghneiwa umbrella group, established in December 2018)

UXO - Unexploded Ordnance

GardaWorld Proprietary GardaWorld

202

GardaWorld Information Services

From our management offices and field offices in strategic locations our constant monitoring of the high-risk environments in which we work is conveyed through our range of risk analysis reports. The reports contain detailed updates, delivering current and relevant ground-truth information to assist both our personnel and our clients in their decision-making.

Our wider risk management solutions provide members of the defense, diplomatic, development, oil & gas and infrastructure sectors operating in potentially high-risk and complex environments with a comprehensive range of risk analysis, intelligence, crisis response, and training services. These services are designed to provide clients with the proactive capability to remain aware in potentially hostile environments and identify risks while strengthening their reactive capacity in emergency situations.

Our current regular reporting geographies include: Nigeria, Mali, Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan and Yemen on a daily, weekly, fortnightly, and monthly basis.

Through our constant monitoring and predictive threat analysis our Information Services team help you plan for, manage, and respond to risks.

For more information on our security reports or for information about our special-to-task reports tailored to individual client requirements, please contact us: [email protected] or contact our regional representative [email protected]

For more information on how our services can support your business in Libya contact:

Nicholas Bennett, Regional Director, Libya [email protected]

Global Leader in Comprehensive Security and Risk Management

GardaWorld Security Services – Middle East & Africa is the international security division of GardaWorld Security Corporation, the world's largest privately owned security company with over 102,000 global staff.

We support clients in emerging, complex and high-risk markets around the world with static security, security consulting, risk analysis and reporting, crisis management and business continuity, mobile security, close protection, training and kidnap for ransom and extortion response solutions.

We work across multiple business sectors to provide protection and security for clients in the extractives, aerospace and defense, critical infrastructure, government and diplomatic and development sectors to secure employees, assets, and reputation so clients can focus solely on running daily operations and growing their business.

Discover more about the markets we serve and to learn how our international security solutions can help you contact us today: [email protected]

GardaWorld Proprietary GardaWorld

202

Security Services - Middle East & Africa

Headquarters Office 2502, Tower 2, Currency House DIFC, PO Box 482069 Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Regional Office Battus House, Turkish School Road, Tripoli, Libya

garda.com

Protecting people, assets and reputations worldwide. GardaWorld is the world's largest privately owned security services company, offering cash services, physical and specialized security solutions and, with the Crisis24 portal, the dissemination of vetted information related to international security. Our operations take us from our head office in Montreal to oil fields in Iraq and to embassies in Africa, as well as through major U.S. financial institutions and Canadian airports.

We work in a variety of sectors, such as financial services, infrastructure, natural resources and retail. We are a partner of choice for private companies, governments, humanitarian organizations, and multinationals with personnel all over the world. By mitigating the risks and allowing our clients to conduct business in complete security, we are strengthening the trust they place in us to protect their staff, their assets and their operations.

GardaWorld Proprietary GardaWorld

202