"'Given by Inspiration': Shaker Drawings and Manuscripts in The
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
A COLLECTION OF SONGS, OR, SACRED ANTHEMS, MOSTLY GIVEN BY INSPIRATION BEGINNING NOVEMBER 29TH 1840. WRITTEN FOR BETSY BATES Attributed to Sister (later Eldressl Polly Ann Reed 11818-18811, copyist Church Family, New Lebanon, New York 1840-1842 Ink on paper, bound in leather 6½ - 5½ 1" American Society for Psychical Research, New York The songs in this 279-page manuscript volume are in Polly Reed's meticulous hand, using Shaker "Ietteral notation." 111(. .------ - e 012/ 3-7(7) elr ( c 0 0' / "et v e. I I e), ,.., I 71 (I; I ; t' /5",e, 1/2. :INThI 1 .r1 c,, 1 y I,,:, ,',/ 40 f/e,in ,,,61',' ..ecc..eliz7) 14 , , (. .. e',..' iii ,,/ -e/' 4 I " 0. et 4 11 "1 '''' . ' ' _-.c1.11/4.'i l' 'l (/--71.7 :ilir c) 44 e:n :/ .:.".,t,. , &"1 CYYrrij /......r.,...7.././,...te 1 -1:f.........i.H; -./ ..........--, ei 4 a:tid el . 1 1 r/e7 -irocilci 0-vetlott, alp ./tc-ele te:cy.-01 ..,,ecoyeet I l cl -°---1 1 tS .., .... t` C ... ..... ..,. ..... _ __ _, lel,f1/."'.:7(""( 1 ;e - - - - //X' , -el c-c1 1 Cf e-cl cl.0 ,.,,..., e..........„--$1 'el rel1' e, cc e, cl . Ej • ci,;cc, c14 c, , 1 2 1 ei "" .1 , Jr ft,,,ji ,.. _ ;', ci:.c)4r.z4;?c, ,4;7/z7- -, ee• (.•ic, lol.e 'Y' "rt ,. --ii, : (:- Z) (-7 c> 1.).,-:-/ -ei P ci d. e, y&- t........s el , 11111: y,,z, X- Act (co: ,..„ iI 'r It.'A' „ C i 1 ".... \l,tittt. to eytil iTne'I- viiitita.,„lI i 9 .., 4 , "Given . n July 1917, Dr. Walter by Inspiration" Franklin Prince (1863- 1934), a well-regarded researcher in the field of Shaker Drawings paranormal phenomena, wrote to Eldress M. and Manuscripts Catherine Allen (185 I- 1922) of the Parent Min- in the American istry, the central authority of the Shaker communities at Mount Society for Psychical Lebanon, New York. He sought to acquire for the American Society for Research Psychical Research (ASPR), with which he was affiliated as an hon- GERARD C. WERTKIN orary member and later as a research 56 SPRING 1995 FOLK ART Although the collection assem- bled by Catherine Allen for the ASPR emphasized Shaker visionary experi- ences, it was not by any means limited to descriptions of these phenomena. 174. As the eldress noted in a July 1917 let- ter to Prince,"a fuller collection of our t t_k__ literature than records of the psychic will be necessary to an understanding o-41 itv/i• ttlia; /me of that phase of our experiences."2 She ‘.----' , A:y/4 I was convinced that there was "no c.) 5 ci f it 9 place where we believe that our pecu- cis 1 c • ci 114- liar religious views would be more sympathetically ; , el iy• C). I0 4re studied."' 9 The American Society for Psy- 91, 11- chical Research was founded in 1885 etoin,,4"),777-4,00ut.el. If cl vf 19 edlafi'''I'41d191 '0 1. et AP142 ,. ,........—.........9 , by William James and others to apply .) te, the discipline of the scientific method en,,,a, to a consideration of claims of para- - • 't? 6 t e' ,, 71+e) {ellgii. cr) normal occurrences. Many of its early civil •e-7 do, to:to el el...-41 CVIvniti,, e 4. q e- ye, members were also pioneers in the I. i) 1411)4 ,,,,,it - /nay, developing fields of psychology and fino • ' psychiatry, in part because of a com- i;otb, ow 1 illt.i• cl CI' ei 9 _, e) tit mon interest in dreams and other sub- 04 0 II ,, -pa/ cvevo rrtil) (1) h le140 f' conscious processes. Freud and Jung /mg7.4. Ar 6 f I t hiciii. 1 e/ e 0. 114. were among the honorary fellows of te.i a ej eV ,PICV CI \6 ei 0 the Society. At the time Prince wrote f 'ev/liz....; if• /ii.eflt, /? e) to Eldress Catherine, Dr. James Her- • -„,,,,,/em, ,77 tt , , „47 vey Hyslop (1854-1920), a psycholo- If \ //n. gist who had taught logic and ethics at if, C Columbia University, was ASPR's 4. 16. 0. 1:1/117/ ae, 411, tyre' 1 ell cizo4 elc ,,,Ita.• director and editor. Hyslop supported 4e .,11-10-1t,, /4, te cliot.' 9 Prince's efforts to acquire Shaker lit- erature for the Society. 7i1.81 ,re, 1$. 1 cit €,-,-.1 oleo That Walter Franklin Prince ./lixe co -4& would have sought a collection of 1 c.) Shaker research materials is not sur- \ cl et ! 'II prising; in the literature of nineteenth- century spiritualism, which was well represented in the ASPR's library, genuine psychic phenomena in the modern era are often suggested to have occurred first in the Shaker com- munities. In her 1870 study, Modern officer, a collection of Shaker publi- could no longer care for the material American Spiritualism: A Twenty cations relating to visionary experi- record of its history. She became con- Years' Record of the Communion ences among the Believers.' Years vinced that the printed literature and between Earth and the World of Spir- before, Prince had corresponded with manuscripts of the United Society its, for example, Emma Hardinge Elders Frederick W. Evans and Alon- belonged in public repositories, and refers to the Shakers as the "John the zo G. Hollister of Mount Lebanon had been instrumental in placing an Baptists" of spiritualism, citing the with the same objective in mind, but exhaustive collection, consisting of "manifestations of spiritual presence" had been unable to raise the requisite thousands of items, at The Western among them through visions, dreams, funds to purchase the desired works. Reserve Historical Society in Cleve- trances, and other phenomena occur- By the time Prince wrote to land as well as smaller collections at ring from the time of their foun- Eldress Catherine, however, the condi- other American institutions. She dation.4 H.P. Blavatsky, the founder of tions of the Shaker Society had arranged for the donation to the ASPR the modern theosophical movement changed. Many of its communities had of 169 books and pamphlets, a small (whose own claims to paranormal closed, and the eldress despaired that but highly important collection of man- endowment were investigated by a an aging and enfeebled membership uscript records and some drawings. British sister organization of the SPRING 1995 FOLK ART 57 ASPR) wrote in 1877 that these "phe- A TOKEN OF REWARD, FROM nomena first appeared among the MOTHER ANN, TO JONATHAN WOOD, MARCH 8TH 1846 ascetic and exalted Shakers, whose Attributed to Sister Hater Eldress) religious aspirations, peculiar mode of Polly Ann Reed (1818-1881) life, moral purity, and physical chasti- Church Family, New Lebanon, New York ty all led to the production of indepen- 1846 t,•••• •••••ii.„Ai„; dent phenomena of a psychological as Blue ink on paper 5 4/12" ,411:it,,,it ,1( t,tca well as physical nature."5 Prince ITtliZle.h. American Society for Psychical 14,51,5 (tAllt •••.t••••tha hoped that by its acquisition of a col- Research, New York it •t•-•• ••• lection of Shaker primary materials, ••••et t.tk•Iti0.•...1•••••1 On the basis of stylistic similarities , I . I; the ASPR might undertake a critical with the other drawings associated •••••••v,••• )1•••••••••••\ ••• study of the data. with Polly Reed, this work is attrib- ts.'.411,;1,010.1 crt, uted to her, although Patterson AtA it ,) te,11.14,,ct From their first coalescence as a has identified the fonn of dove t group in mid-eighteenth-century Lan- incorporated here with another cashire, the Shakers were receptive to gifted New Lebanon sister, phenomena that they Miranda Barber (1819-1871). The recognized as symbols on the scroll, intended to gifts of the spirit. The earliest recorded convey a hidden message, may be impression of the Shakers and their related to Munson shorthand or another stenographic system. worship, reported in 1769 by the Man- chester correspondent of the colonial Virginia Gazette, refers to vision, prophecy, and the "moving of the spir- it" among them. According to Shaker tradition, the decision of Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784), the founder of the religious society, to lead a small group of her adherents from England to North America in 1774 followed a "special revelation" that the new faith would flourish there, which was "con- firmed by signs, visions and extraordi- nary manifestations, to many individ- A WORD OF LOVE AND BLESSING FROM ABRAHAM OF OLD, THE ual members...."6 FATHER OF THE FAITHFUL TO The most significant Shaker ZIPPORAH CORY. JUNE 12TH growth and development occurred 1844 Attributed to Sister (later during the last decade of the eigh- Eldress) Polly Ann Reed teenth century and the first two (1818-1881) Church Family, New Lebanon, decades of the nineteenth century and New York was the result of an effective, far- June 12, 1844 ranging missionary effort. At the con- Leaf cutout, blue ink on green- coated paper, verso; blue ink on clusion of this period of expansion, uncoated paper, recto eighteen Shaker villages graced the 6/12 x 3/34" rural landscape from Maine to Ken- American Society for Psychical Research, New York tucky. Visionary experiences contin- ued within the United Society, but the As this gift leaf demonstrates, requirements of Polly Reed was an especially deft larger-scale commu- scribe. The artist, who later nity organization brought order and (1868-1881) served as a mem- regularity to Shaker life. Early unpro- ber of the central ministry of the Shaker Society, created at least grammed, ecstatic worship forms eight other leaves, each on green yielded to ritualized dances or march- paper.