Paranthropology: Journal of Anthropological Approaches to the Paranormal Contemporary Physical Mediumship: Is it Part of a Continuous Tradition? Jack Hunter “It is prodigiously strange, prodigiously unusual, amongst others (Braude 1997). Such phenomena are, and it would seem so unlikely as to be incredible; by their very physical nature, particularly but we must give in to the facts...Yes, it is absurd; controversial even within the parapsychological but no matter – it is true.” community. Nevertheless, there is an extremely large body of literature composed by highly credible -- Prof. Charles Richet on Ectoplasm observers that seems to support the idea that certain mediums have, even under strictly controlled conditions, been able to produce these strange To many, physical mediumship seances are a social phenomena (Braude 1997: 23-48; Tymn n.d: 1; phenomenon relegated to the history books: rising to McLuhan 2010; Haule 2011: 122-125). Although the prominence in the mid-nineteenth century and eventually main focus of this paper does not require these petering out amidst high profile exposures of fraud in the phenomena to be genuine, as it will be primarily first decades of the twentieth century. In recent years, concerned with the “culture of physical mediumship” however, physical mediumship has made something of a which undoubtedly exists regardless of whether or comeback with new circles working towards the not its phenomena are ontologically real, it is both manifestation of physical phenomena being established in interesting and important to note that apparently private homes across the UK, Europe and the United good evidence does exist to suggest that such Sates. This resurgence has been facilitated by the phenomena may be possible in the presence of development of internet forums promoting the subject, particularly gifted mediums. enabling private circles to disseminate their experiences The Spiritualist movement itself was founded and to exchange tips and procedures for the production of upon physical phenomena. In the small town of physical phenomena. This paper will aim to explore the Hydesville, New York State, in 1848 the Fox family issue of whether the forms of physical mediumship was plagued by anomalous raps and knocks that popular today are part of a continuous tradition seemed, once a practical code for communication beginning in the nineteenth century, or essentially had been devised, to demonstrate the continued modern phenomena with roots in the 1990s. The main spiritual existence of a deceased peddler by the name point of the discussion will be to ascertain the extent to of Charles B. Rosma, who had allegedly been which the phenomena of contemporary physical murdered in the house some years previously (Doyle mediumship resemble those documented in the early 2006 [1926]; Moreman 2010: 161). This example of literature of psychical research. what would later be termed physical mediumship was Jon Klimo provides a fairly standard definition of physical mediumship as the purported ability of certain mediums to “channel unknown energies that affect the physical environment in ways that can be directly experienced by persons other than the channel” (Klimo 1987: 200). Manifestations of these “unknown energies” can take a variety of different forms including: the levitation and manipulation of physical objects (such as knocks and raps, table levitations etc); the production of anomalous environmental changes (such as breezes and unusual drops in room temperature); the generation of so- called “spirit-lights”; the “apportation” of physical objects into and out of the seance room, and the materialization of ectoplasmic forms (manifestations of limbs, heads or, occasionally, whole bodies), Vol. 3 No. 1 35 Paranthropology: Journal of Anthropological Approaches to the Paranormal found to be focussed around the three Fox children and spawned a movement which spread rapidly across the United States and Europe, and which still persists today. The Fox sisters, Leah (1814-1890), Kate (1837-1892) and Margaret (1833-1893), became the first physical mediums and toured all over the United States giving demonstrations of their ability to produce anomalous knocks through which ostensible spirits were able to communicate. As the Fox sisters toured, new mediums began to appear in their wake, and with them came an increasingly varied array of different spiritual manifestations: from mental mediumship and deep-trance communication to the materialization of spirit forms (Moreman 2010: 161). Perhaps the most influential innovator in early horizontally out through a third-story window at physical mediumship was the Scottish-born Daniel Ashley House in London. This event was apparently Dunglas Home (1833-1886). After an early life witnessed by Lord Lindsay, Lord Adare and Captain allegedly filled with spiritual visions and Charles Wynne, all men of high repute and premonitions, and coming from a long line of considered at the time to be honest in what they Scottish seers, Home conducted his first seance at the described (Doyle 2006 [1926]: 99; Lamont 2006: age of eighteen and swiftly gained a reputation as a 185-187). In 1874 Home’s mediumship received powerful medium. By 1856 Home was conducting further support with the publication of Sir William seances in Britain. In 1868 he performed his most Crookes’ report which seemed to confirm, after famous paranormal feat -- the levitation of his body laboratory experimentation, that Home did indeed possess the ability to manipulate physical objects by paranormal means. Using specially designed laboratory equipment Crookes tested Home’s ability to change the weight of physical objects and to play tunes on an accordion suspended out of reach in a cage (Lamont 2005: 204-207; Alvarado 2006: 142; Melechi 2008: 198-200). Home’s seances also often featured the alleged materialization of glowing hands that would mischievously touch the sitters, though he never produced full-body materializations (Doyle 2006 [1926]: 106). Arthur Conan Doyle considered Home to be something of a virtuoso medium in that he was proficient in four different forms of mediumship: the direct voice (whereby spirits communicate verbally independent of the medium), trance mediumship (whereby spirits communicate verbally through the body of the medium), clairvoyance (the ability to see visions of the spirit world, the future and distant locations) and physical mediumship (the ability to psychically manipulate physical objects) (Doyle 2006 [1926]: 106). Although accusations of fraud were made, Home was never actually caught cheating (Moreman 2010: 164-165). The substance known as “ectoplasm” is by now practically synonymous with physical mediumship and is well documented in the early literature of Vol. 3 No. 1 36 Paranthropology: Journal of Anthropological Approaches to the Paranormal psychical research. The term itself was first coined in sitters, a fully modeled arm and hand seized the 1894 by the Nobel prize winning physiologist Prof. medium’s left arm around the elbow and thrust her Charles Richet (1850-1935) in reference to roughly backwards. Eva, frightened, cried out and observations of anomalous limbs during experiments started to tremble; she had an attack of nerves that with the medium Eusapia Paladino (1854-1918). I had to calm. Some minutes later the arm and hand Writing a little later, in his book “Clairvoyance and reappeared on the medium’s knees; this time they Materialization: A Record of Experiments” (2006 were flat and motionless. This phenomenon is all [1927]), the psychical researcher Dr. Gustav Geley the more remarkable in that it suggests a will (1868-1924) provides a good description of this operating independently of the medium, myself mysterious substance: and others” (as cited in Barrington 2011: 5) “During trance a portion of [the medium’s] The so-called ‘Margery’ mediumship was arguably the organism is externalised. This portion is real cutoff point for serious psychical research into sometimes very small, sometimes very physical mediumship. Margery was alleged, by a certain considerable... Observation shows this ectoplasm Dr. Crandon, to have produced a variety of impressive as an amorphous substance which may be either physical phenomena. Dr. Walter Franklin Prince, one of solid or vaporous. Then, usually very soon, the the chief investigators of Margery’s (Mina Crandon’s) formless substance becomes organic, it condenses, mediumship, provides a survey of some of her feats: and forms appear, which, when the process is complete, have all the anatomical and physiological “At hundreds of sittings, it is claimed, characters of biologic life. The ectoplasm has ‘ectoplasmic’ limbs -- extruded from her body and become a living being or a fractional part of a living afterwards reabsorbed -- have performed various being, but is always closely connected to the body acts, such as touching persons seated nearby in the of the medium, of which it is a kind of darkness, shoving, lifting and throwing objects, prolongation, and into which it is absorbed at the overturning a small table, ringing the bell in a box end of the experiment” (Geley 2006[1927]: 176) activated by contact cover, producing ! phosphorescent lights, etc.” (Prince 1926: 431) Ectoplasm quickly became an essential component of any good Spiritualist seance. Some of the most intensive Mina Crandon’s mediumship, however, was very publicly studies of ectoplasmic phenomena were conducted with declared fraudulent by the escape artists Harry Houdini in the medium