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Organized Collective Burial in the Port Cities of Roman Italy excerpt REFLECTIONS: HARBOUR CITY DEATHSCAPES IN ROMAN ITALY AND BEYOND EDITED BY NIELS BARGFELDT & JANE HJARL PETERSEN EDIZIONI QUASAR ROMA MMXX excerpt Analecta Romana Instituti Danici – Supplementum LIII Accademia di Danimarca, via Omero, 18, I – 00197, Rome © 2020 Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon srl, Roma ISBN 978-88-5491-014-0 The book has been published with financial support from The Carlsberg Foundation Cover: Sarcophagus with harbour scene, marble, third century CE, allegedly from Ostia, IN.no 1299. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen. Reproduced with permission from the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen. Whilst every effort has been made to locate copyright holders, the publisher would be grateful to hear from any person(s) not here acknowledged Print in Italy by Arti Grafiche CDC srl – Città di Castello (PG) excerpt Contents Preface ...........................................................................7 Introduction ......................................................................9 Contributors .. ...................................................................13 DORIAN BORBONUS, Organized Collective Burial in the Port Cities of Roman Italy ..............15 EMANUELA BORGIA, Foreigners from the Eastern Mediterranean at Ostia, Portus, and Puteoli in the Imperial Period: A Reconsideration of the Matter through an Analysis of Funerary Inscriptions ......................................................................39 DAVID NOY, Electa mihi domus est Ostia felix: The Burial and Commemoration of Migrants at Ostia and Portus ..................................................................53 STEVEN L. TUCK, Harbors of Refuge: Post-Vesuvian Population Shifts in Italian Harbor Communities .....................................................................63 VALERIE M. HOPE, Life at Sea, Death on Land: The Funerary Commemoration of the Sailors of Roman Misenum..................................................................79 NIELS BARGFELDT, Unnoticed Diversity in Misenum: Revealing a Multifaceted Society in a Roman Harbour City ..............................................................99 LAUREN HACKWORTH PETERSEN, People and Gods in the Necropoleis of Pompeii: Isis in the Last Decade .........................................................................127 JANE HJARL PETERSEN, Protecting Me Every Step of the Way: Dionysian Symbolism in the Burial Culture of Roman Ostia ...........................................................145 MARCELLO SPANU, Working and Dying in the Harbour Cities of Roman Asia Minor: An Appraisal of the Funerary Inscriptions........................................................169 JESPER CARLSEN, Epitaphs and the Demography of the Imperial Slaves and Freedmen in Roman Carthage .......................................................................195 JOHN PEARCE & REBECCA REDFERN, Port Societies on Rome’s Atlantic Façade: A Funerary Perspective......................................................................211 excerpt Organized Collective Burial in the Port Cities of Roman Italy DORIAN BORBONUS Abstract mendously, of course. This is why the human re- Italian port cities were characterized by a high sponse to death and the physical manifestations degree of connectivity that created unique social it has generated are simultaneously wide-rang- conditions and a distinctive funerary culture. ing and sensitive to the social and cultural real- My paper posits that human migration led to ities of past societies.1 I have previously argued collective organization and, closely related, or- that the specific practice of collective burial ganized collective burial. There are two catego- can be traced across the ancient Mediterranean ries of evidence for this sort of burial: epigraph- (and, in fact, well beyond) to various historical ic sources attest that associations (collegia) contexts where this form of burial became rel- maintained communal burial sites and funerary evant and appealing for a variety of reasons.2 monuments with large capacities would be suit- Here, I will apply this thesis to Italian and other able for such a burial community. Even though Mediterranean port cities, and ask to what ex- epigraphic and architectural evidence usually tent organized collective burial reflects the so- do not overlap, the two types of evidence can be cial realities of port cities. analyzed separately. One of the main questions It has long been recognized that Roman relates to the external and internal group dy- port cities were sites of economic, social, and namics of burial communities. Externally, strik- cultural interactions. Past studies of trade net- ing objects and buildings show that the public works and social conditions in Roman port cit- face of burial communities was on par with ies have traditionally focused on specific sites that of individuals and households. Internally, and their urban geography, most prominently collective action maintained the cohesion of the Ostia.3 More recently, port cities have been con- group, which was, however, also subject to an ceptualized as a distinct category that presents internal hierarchy. My conclusion is that burial urban characteristics and social configurations communities could provide a meaningful social unique enough to merit targeted analysis. Sev- environment in ports and other cities with sub- eral monographs and recent conference vol- stantial migrant populations. umes have highlighted the distinctive sociolo- gy of port cities.4 One hallmark of this recent Personal encounters with death and the duty research is the integration of historical inquiry of burial are universal human experiences that into social networks and cultural landscapes cut across social boundaries and chronological with material culture studies and archaeologi- divides. The experiences themselves vary tre- cal data. Specific areas of focus are the urban 1. A number of recent conference proceedings provide an 700 CE” housed at the University of Tampere specifically impression of the range of ritual responses in prehistoric investigates how the integration of Ostia in a Mediterra- and classical societies: Laneri 2008; Brandt et al. 2015; nean network affected its population, urban identity, and Renfrew et al. 2016; Draycott & Stamatopoulou 2016. cityscape. 2. Borbonus 2014. 4. Two recent edited conference volumes on ancient ports 3. In addition to older publications (for example Meiggs contain several chapters that highlight the characteris- 1960; Hermansen 1982; Pavolini 1986), the ongoing tics of port cities as “sailor towns”: Ladstätter et al. 2014, collaborative project “Ostia – Segregated or Integrated? esp. 17–44, 619–643, 669–682; Höghammar et al. 2016, Living and Dying in the Harbour City of Ostia, 300 BCE – esp. 19–26. excerpt 16 DORIAN BORBONUS layout and the public buildings of port cities.5 tion could provide their members with concrete The cemeteries of port cities are only sporad- benefits and a social community. ically considered, even though port cities have Organized collective burial occured across been assigned an important role in explanations the Roman world wherever collegia existed, but of changes in funerary culture and behaviour. examples are concentrated in Italy and espe- For example, J. Ortalli surmises that integrated cially Rome.10 As a phenomenon that charac- coastal sites like Ravenna and Rimini played an terizes port cities and other highly connected important role in the adoption of inhumation in settlements, its study can provide two forms the second century CE.6 Likewise, G. Piccottini of insight. First, the alignment of funerary ar- and M. Verzár Bass explain the stylistic simi- chitecture to types prominent in Rome itself, larities of memorials in northern Italy and Dal- and especially the spread of columbarium-style matia in terms of coastal trade routes.7 These monuments, illustrates the close relationship examples illustrate the trend to emphasize the between Italian ports and the capital. Secondly, connectivity of port cities and invoke their ex- the organization of burial communities and the posure to cultural inspirations in order to ex- material manifestations of their burial grounds plain changes in usually conservative mortuary can tell us something about the social strat- behaviour.8 egies of urban populations. In what follows, I This contribution takes a different approach. will analyze the archaeological and epigraphical I will return to the topic of port cities as sites of records in order to document organized collec- cultural exchange later on, but my main focus is tive burial in port cities and thus to explore how exploration of the consequences of their unique burial communities were defined structurally, social conditions for burial culture. As in Rome symbolically, and ritually. More specifically, I itself, the populations of Italian port cities were will aim to answer and discuss three questions. mobile and contained a substantial number What was the nature of burial communities and of migrants and individuals in socially depen- who belonged to them? What does the physical dent positions. Arguably, the traditional Roman appearance of communal burial grounds imply practice of providing burial through the family about the public presentation of these burial or patronage may not have been an option for communities? What internal group dynamics every urban resident of such a population. Al- can be gleaned from the evidence? Answering ternative means to acquire a burial site would these questions
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