Introduction xi About this book xv Acknowledgments xvi Guided Tour xvii Part 1: The History and Theory of Journalism 1 1 The History of Journalism 3 Journalism, democracy and technology 4 The origins of journalism 5 The evolution of newspapers 8 Media freedom in Australia 12 News, journalism and information technology 14 2 The Methodology of Journalism 18 Seeking and reporting truth 20 Reactive and proactive journalism 21 Journalism, history and law 22 Practitioner Profiles Reged Ahmad 27 Caroline Jones 29 Part 2: What is News? 31 3 News Values 33 Definitions of news 34 Five roles of journalism 35 News values explained 36 Values tend to blend together 41 Kipling's 'six honest serving men' 42 The inverted pyramid 42 Reactive and proactive news 44 News and comment 45 Beware of smoke and mirrors 45 4 Journalism Ethics 50 The public is ambivalent about journalists 52 Pragmatic reasons to be ethical 53 Rogue journalists 54 Codes of ethics and codes of practice 54 Media Alliance Code of Ethics 56 Broadcast codes of conduct 61 Australian Press Council 63 Chequebook journalism 64 Journalistic integrity 65

http://d-nb.info/1046431048 5 The Newsroom 69 The chain of command 70 Newsroom presentation and etiquette 74 Finding stories 75 When the spin-doctors spin out 77 Reporting on protests and riots 78 Reporting death and tragedy 79 Accidents 80 Murder 80 Suicide and mental illness 81 Acknowledge your own feelings 81 Making mistakes 82 6 Journalism Research 85 The basics 87 Traditional approaches to research 88 How not to research 89 Online traps 90 Computer-assisted reporting 92 Verifying online information 93 Newspaper archives 96 Searching the web 98 Government websites 99 Corporate and general research 99 Social networking sites and blogs 101 Email as a tool 101 The magic of number crunching 102 Practitioner Profiles Nancy Bates 107 Liz Jackson 109 Andrew Denton 110 Part 3: News Writing 111 7 Interviewing 113 Getting people to talk to you 114 Breaking the ice as a student 116 Background research 117 The arranged interview 118 Dealing with liars and accidental comedians 120 Telephone interviews 121 Emailinterviews 121 Different types of questions 122 Where to conduct interviews 124 The art of listening 124 The sounds of silence 126 Closing an interview 126 Journalists and sources 127 8 Writing News for Print 131 The basics 134 Journalistic style 135. Sentences and paragraphs 140 Introducing and quoting sources 140 Writing the story 144 The inverted pyramid and effective intros 144 Other news writing models 147 9 Writing Broadcast News 151 Challenges of a changing media landscape 152 The importance of voice 153 Writing radio news 155 Radio news style 157 Television news 160 Writing television news 162 Television news style 163 10 Writing News for the Web 168 An era of change 169 Writing news for the web 172 The inverted pyramid works online 173 Geographic pointers 174 Cultural, ethnic and language differences 175 The inverted pyramid: online version 177 Online headings and intros 178 Links in stories 179 Online mistakes 180 Practitioner Profiles Virginia Trioli 183 Lucy Carter 184 Nick McKenzie 185 Part 4: Other Forms of Journalism 187 11 Feature Writing 189 Feature writing and news values 191 The qualities of a feature writer 191 Different types of features 192 Researching for features 195 Writing features 196 Introductions and intros 197 Structuring a feature 199 12 Investigative Journalism 204 Examples of major investigative stories 205 Leaders in the field 208 Setting agendas over time 209 How to investigate 210 Freedom of information 212 Issues that work'against investigations 217 Qualities of investigative journalists 219 13 Photojournalism 222 A brief history of news photography 224 Digital photojournalism 226 Categories of news photos 227 The mechanics of producing good photos 227 Working with a photographer 232 Writing captions 232 Photojournalism ethics 233 Total packages 235 Practitioner Profiles Mia Freedman 238 Adam Carey 239 Bob Bottom 240 Part 5: Journalism Law 243 14 How We Are Governed 245 Three tiers of government 248 How legislation is made 250 Voting in a parliament 252 Who's who in a parliament? 253 Parliamentary privilege 254 The separation of powers 255 Two sources of law 257 The court hierarchy 257 The fourth estate 258 15 Defamation 262 Defamation defined 264 Libel and slander 267 Defamation is a tort 268 Who can sue? 268 Time limits and penalties 270 Emotional costs and chilling effects 271 State of mind does not matter 272 Online defamation 273 Defamation defences 275 Criminal defamation 280 How to minimise defamation risks 281 16 Contempt 284 Contempt in the face of a court 285 Scandalising a court 287 Sub judice contempt 289 Restrictions on court reporting 294 Contempt of parliament 296 Contempt of commissions, inquiries and other related offences 298 17 Other Legal Perils ' 300 Trespass and nuisance 301 Breach of confidence 303 Hidden cameras and voice recorders 304 Privacy 305 Stalking 306 Spent convictions 306 Blasphemy 306 Obscenity 307 Censorship 307 Discrimination and vilification 308 Sedition 309 Intellectual property, copyright and plagiarism 310 Practitioner Profile Peter Gregory 315 Part 6: News Rounds 317 18 Courts, Crime, Councils and Sports 319 Starting work on a round 321 The downside of rounds 323 Court reporting 324 Crime reporting 328 Council reporting 330 Sport reporting 332 Practitioner Profiles Dina Rosendorff 338 Daniel Ziffer 339 Epilogue 340 Appendix 1: Media Alliance Code of Ethics 344 Appendix 2: Australian Press Council Statement of Principles 346 Appendix 3: Free TV Australia's 2010 Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice: News and Current Affairs Programs 348 Glossary of journalism terms 351 Glossary of online terms 353 Recommended reading 354 Bibliography 355 Index 368