DOCSLIB.ORG

The Contextual Compass: a Literary-Historical Study of Three British Women’S Travel Writing on Africa, 1797 – 1934

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Contextual Compass: a Literary-Historical Study of Three British Women’S Travel Writing on Africa, 1797 – 1934 The Contextual Compass: A Literary-Historical Study of Three British Women’s Travel Writing on Africa, 1797 – 1934 Liezel Visser Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (English Studies) at the University of Stellenbosch. Supervisor: Professor D.C. Klopper December 2009 Declaration I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it at any university for a degree. Signature: Date: 25 November 2009 Abstract Texts by women travellers describing their journeys date back almost as far as those produced by their male counterparts, yet women’s travel writing has only become an area of academic interest during the past ten to fifteen years. Previously, women’s travel writing was mostly read for its entertainment value rather than its academic merit and – as Sara Mills notes in her Discourses of Difference – appeared almost exclusively in the form of coffee table books or biographies offering romanticized accounts of heroic, eccentric women who undertook epic journeys to Africa (4). The growing interest in women’s travel writing as part of colonial discourse coincides with the emergence of gender studies and related subjects. The emergence of these areas of academic enquiry can be attributed to the systematic dismantling of the patriarchal structures, which previously dominated social and academic domains. The aim of this study is to examine European women’s travel writing as a subversive discourse which, while sharing some characteristics with traditional male-produced travel texts from the colonial era, was informed by the discursive constraints of femininity. These texts thus differ from male-produced texts in the sense that, because of the different discursive constraints informing women’s travel writing, they offer commentary on aspects of Africa and its peoples which men had omitted in their travel accounts. Three specific texts by British women who recorded their travels in Africa form the basis of the discussion in this dissertation: the travel writing of Lady Anne Barnard (South African Cape Colony, 1797 – 1801), Mary Kingsley (West Africa: Gabon and the Congo, 1896 – 1900) and Barbara Greene (Liberia, 1935). Since, as Mills argues, “feminist textual theory has restricted itself to the analysis of literary texts and has been concerned with analysis of the text itself” (12), which limits the extent to which one can provide interesting, discerning, and relevant comment on women’s writing, the readings of these texts are not limited to feminist theory of women’s travel writing. Social expectations until as recently as the early twentieth century located women firmly in the domestic sphere. It was almost unthinkable for women to undertake travels other than the traditional Grand Tour. To attempt to venture into the predominantly male territory of travel writing was to expose oneself to harsh criticism and to risk being labelled as eccentric and unfeminine. Thus women had to find a way of making both their travels and writing seem acceptable by social standards, while still presenting as true as possible a picture of Africa in their writing. These constraints of the discourse of femininity on their texts necessarily make women’s writing seem concerned almost exclusively with matters of feminine interest. Mills attributes this to women travel writers’ “problematic status, caught between the conflicting demands of the discourse of femininity and that of imperialism.” (Mills, Discourses of Difference 22). Opsomming Reisbeskrywings deur vroue dateer byna so ver terug as dié wat deur mans geskryf is. Tog het vroue se reisbeskrywings eers in die afgelope tien tot vyftien jaar akademiese belangstelling begin ontlok. Voorheen is vroue se reisbeskrywings meestal vir vermaak eerder as akademiese meriete gelees, en – soos Sara Mills in haar Discourses of Difference opmerk – het dit byna uitsluitlik verskyn as koffietafelboeke of verromantiseerde biografieë van heldhaftige, sonderlinge vroue wat epiese reise na Afrika onderneem het (4). Die toenemende belangstelling in vroue se reisbeskrywings as deel van koloniale diskoers val saam met die verskyning van gender-studies en verwante vakgebiede. Die ontstaan van hierdie akademiese vakgebiede kan toegeskryf word aan die stelselmatige aftakeling van die paternalistiese strukture wat sosiale en akademiese arenas voorheen oorheers het. Die doel van hierdie studie is om Europese vroue se reisbeskrywings te ondersoek as ‘n ondermynende diskoers wat, hoewel dit sekere eienskappe van tradisionele reisbeskrywings deur manlike skrywers uit die koloniale tydperk toon, gegrond is in die beperkende diskoers van vroulikheid. Hierdie tekste verskil dus van tekste deur manlike skrywers in die opsig dat dit, as gevolg van die verskillende diskoersbeperkinge waarin dit gegrond is, kommentaar lewer op aspekte van Afrika en sy bevolking wat mans in hul reisbeskrywings uitgelaat het. Drie spesifieke tekste deur Britse vroue wat hul reise beskryf het vorm die grondslag van hierdie verhandeling; dit is die reisbeskrywings van Lady Anne Barnard (Suid-Afrikaanse Kaapkolonie, 1797 – 1801), Mary Kingsley (Wes- Afrika: Gaboen en die Kongo, 1896 – 1900) en Barbara Greene (Liberië, 1935). Mills voer aan: “ Feminist textual theory has restricted itself to the analysis of literary texts and has been concerned with analysis of the text itself ” (12). Dít beperk die mate waartoe interessante, skerpsinnige en toepaslike kommentaar oor vroue se reisbeskrywings gelewer kan word; dus is die interpretasie van hierdie tekste nie beperk tot feministiese teorie met betrekking tot vroue- reisbeskrywings nie. Tot so onlangs as die vroeë twintigste eeu het die samelewing se verwagtinge vroue streng tot die huishoudelike sfeer beperk. Afgesien van die tradisionele Grand Tour was dit bykans ondenkbaar vir vroue om te reis. As ‘n vrou inbreuk sou probeer maak op die tradisioneel manlike gebied van die skryfkuns sou sy haarself blootstel aan skerp kritiek en onwenslike etikettering as eksentriek en onvroulik. Dus moes vroue ‘n manier vind om sowel hul reise as hul skryfwerk sosiaal aanvaarbaar te maak en terselfdertyd so ‘n egte beeld as moontlik van Afrika te skets in hul skryfwerk. Die beperkinge wat die diskoers van vroulikheid op hul tekste plaas, lei noodwendig daartoe dat vroue se skryfwerk as byna geheel en al beperk tot sake van vroulike belang voorkom. Mills skryf dít toe aan vroue-reisbeskrywers se “problematic status, caught between the conflicting demands of the discourse of femininity and that of imperialism .” (Mills, Discourses of Difference 22). Acknowledgments • I would like to thank Professor Dirk Klopper for his patience, support and guidance while I was writing this dissertation. • I also owe a debt of gratitude to Rupert Graf Strachwitz, who provided me with an invaluable collection of newspaper articles on his mother’s writing. • Professors Margaret Sönmez (Department of Foreign Language Education at the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey) and Valerie Kennedy (Department of English Literature and Culture, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey) also deserve a word of thanks for making available to me the proceedings of the 12th METU British Novelists Seminar for use in my dissertation. • I would also like to thank Jonathan Smith and Joanna Ball, sub- libriarians at the Trinity College Library, Cambridge, for arranging the purchase and permission to reprint caricatures of Mary Kingsley. • The following people deserve a standing ovation for giving me advice, listening to my ideas and complaints, supporting me, and putting up with my strange sleeping pattern: my sisters; Sandra and Carla Visser and my friends; Viodie Spreeth, Gerdus Oosthuizen, Ilana Cilliers, Marissa Baard, Hester Carstens, en Amanda Pretorius. • Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Deon and Una Visser, without whose unwavering love, support and encouragement I would have given up long ago. Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my friend, Wynand le Roux, whose journey was cut short. Table of Contents Introduction The Contextual Compass: Three British Women’s Travel Writing on Africa, 1797 – 1934 1 Chapter 1 Skirting the Pants: Lady Anne’s Fashionably ‘Feminine’ Accounts of ‘Masculine’ Matters in the Cape Colony 19 Chapter 2 Mary Kingsley’s Umbrella and Other Plausible Props of Propriety in Travels in West Africa 62 Chapter 3 The Woman who Walked Behind Graham Greene on his Journey Without Maps: Reassessing Too Late too Turn Back , Barbara Greene’s “Perfect Companion Piece” 101 Conclusion Unexplored Territories and Clearly Mapped Routes: the Influence of Context on the Production and Reception of Women’s Travel Writing on Africa 130 Bibliography 136 List of Figures Figure 1 Map: Lady Anne Barnard’s Travel Route in the Cape Colony 18 Figure 2 Lady Anne Barnard 19 Figure 3 Map: Mary Kingsley’s Travel Routes in West Africa 60 Figure 4 Formal Studio Portrait of Mary Kingsley 61 Figure 5 Publicity photograph of Mary Kingsley 61 Figure 6 “Expectation”: Caricature of Mary Kingsley 61 Figure 7 “Realisation”: Caricature of Mary Kingsley 61 Figure 8. Mary Kingsley 62 Figure 9 Map: Barbara Greene’s Travel Route in Liberia 99 Figure 10 Front Cover: Too Late to Turn Back 100 Figure 11 Barbara Greene 101 Introduction The Contextual Compass: a Literary-Historical Study of Three British Women’s Travel Writing on Africa, 1797 – 1934. To those bred under an elaborate social order few
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Graham Greene and the Idea of Childhood
    GRAHAM GREENE AND THE IDEA OF CHILDHOOD APPROVED: Major Professor /?. /V?. Minor Professor g.>. Director of the Department of English D ean of the Graduate School GRAHAM GREENE AND THE IDEA OF CHILDHOOD THESIS Presented, to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By Martha Frances Bell, B. A. Denton, Texas June, 1966 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. FROM ROMANCE TO REALISM 12 III. FROM INNOCENCE TO EXPERIENCE 32 IV. FROM BOREDOM TO TERROR 47 V, FROM MELODRAMA TO TRAGEDY 54 VI. FROM SENTIMENT TO SUICIDE 73 VII. FROM SYMPATHY TO SAINTHOOD 97 VIII. CONCLUSION: FROM ORIGINAL SIN TO SALVATION 115 BIBLIOGRAPHY 121 ill CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A .narked preoccupation with childhood is evident throughout the works of Graham Greene; it receives most obvious expression its his con- cern with the idea that the course of a man's life is determined during his early years, but many of his other obsessive themes, such as betray- al, pursuit, and failure, may be seen to have their roots in general types of experience 'which Green® evidently believes to be common to all children, Disappointments, in the form of "something hoped for not happening, something promised not fulfilled, something exciting turning • dull," * ar>d the forced recognition of the enormous gap between the ideal and the actual mark the transition from childhood to maturity for Greene, who has attempted to indicate in his fiction that great harm may be done by aclults who refuse to acknowledge that gap.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mystery of Evil in Five Works by Graham Greene
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1984 The Mystery of Evil in Five Works by Graham Greene Stephen D. Arata College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Arata, Stephen D., "The Mystery of Evil in Five Works by Graham Greene" (1984). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625259. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-6j1s-0j28 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Mystery of Evil // in Five Works by Graham Greene A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of English The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Stephen D. Arata 1984 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts /;. WiaCe- Author Approved, September 1984 ABSTRACT Graham Greene's works in the 1930s reveal his obsession with the nature and source of evil in the world. The world for Greene is a sad and frightening place, where betrayal, injustice, and cruelty are the norm. His books of the 1930s, culminating in Brighton Rock (1938), are all, on some level, attempts to explain why this is so.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir Walter Scott and Lady Anne Lindsay: New Light on Their Relationship Sarah Flatt University of South Carolina
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2018 Sir Walter Scott And Lady Anne Lindsay: New Light On Their Relationship Sarah Flatt University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Flatt, S.(2018). Sir Walter Scott And Lady Anne Lindsay: New Light On Their Relationship. (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/4851 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SIR WALTER SCOTT AND LADY ANNE LINDSAY: NEW LIGHT ON THEIR RELATIONSHIP by Sarah Flatt Bachelor of Arts Columbus State University, 2015 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in English College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2018 Accepted by: Paula Feldman, Director of Thesis Anthony Jarrells, Reader Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Sarah Flatt, 2018 All Rights Reserved. ii ABSTRACT While Sir Walter Scott is best known for his Waverly novels and Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, he also played an important role in helping lesser known writers publish their work. In particular, he was known for helping women writers. Scott’s relationship with Lady Anne Lindsay (later Barnard), however, is especially interesting. Lindsay is best known for her poem, “Auld Robin Gray.” There is far more to Sir Walter Scott’s relationship with Lady Anne Lindsay than first meets the eye.
    [Show full text]
  • “Cape of Execution”: the Gallows at the Cape of Good Hope As Represented in the Colonial Art of Johannes Rach and Lady Anne Barnard Russel Viljoen
    “Cape of Execution”: The gallows at the Cape of Good Hope as represented in the colonial art of Johannes Rach and Lady Anne Barnard Russel Viljoen University of South Africa Email: [email protected] During the eighteenth century, the Cape Colony developed into a violent society in every sense of the word. The type of crimes committed by perpetrators, the sentences imposed by the colonial authorities and the Court of Justice were equally violent. The depiction of the gallows by colonial artists has provided scholars with new insights on South Africa’s past, especially with regard to the increase in violence and the punishment faced by the condemned. Key words: execution, gallows, Lady Anne Barnard, Johannes Rach, colonial art “Kaap van Teregstelling”: die galg aan die Kaap die Goeie Hoop soos voorgestel in the koloniale kuns van Johannes Rach en Lady Anne Barnard Gedurende die agtiende-eeu het die Kaapkolonie ontwikkel in ’n geweldadige samelewing in elke sin van die woord. Die tipe misdade wat gepleeg is deur oortreeders en die strawwe wat opgelê is deur die koloniale outoriteite en die Raad van Justisie was eweneens geweldadig. Die uitbeelding van die galg deur koloniale kunstenaars, het skoliere voorsien van nuwe insigte aangaande die Suid- Afrikaanse verlede, veral met betrekking tot die toename in geweld en die straf wat die veroordeeldes in die oë gestaar het. Sleutelwoorde: teregstelling, galg, Lady Anne Barnard, Johannes Rach, koloniale kuns key aspect of uncovering South Africa’s colonial past over the last few decades was this pre-occupation of scholars: how violent the Cape society was in terms of social A relations, the institution of slavery and the overall administration of justice at the Cape.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1797 British Naval Mutinies in Southern African Waters
    IRSH 58 (2013), Special Issue, pp. 61–85 doi:10.1017/S0020859013000266 r 2013 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis International Radicalism, Local Solidarities: The 1797 British Naval Mutinies in Southern African Waters N ICOLE U LRICH History Department, Rhodes University Grahamstown 1640, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This article details the 1797 mutinies in the British Royal Navy in southern African waters at Simon’s Bay and Table Bay at the Cape of Good Hope. Drawing attention to the intersections between international protest during the age of revolution and between local, African protest, it shows that the Cape mutinies were part of an empire-wide strike, and were rooted in the organizational tradi- tions of naval sailors. Yet, these mutinies were also of local significance. They signalled the growing confidence, and radicalization, of the popular classes at the Cape, as sailors, KhoiSan labourers, and slaves all experimented with new strategies of rebellion. Realizing the fundamental class bias of custom and law during their struggles for improvements in wages and working conditions and for a more democratic workplace regime, naval sailors also contributed to a broader political dialogue at the Cape concerning the relationship between the imperial state, freedom, and rights. INTRODUCTION Towards the end of 1797, Thomas Kelly of the carpenters’ crew on HMS Jupiter was ordered to appear before a court martial for mutinous behaviour. Kelly threatened that: [y] he was a Delegate and sent by [y] His Company and the Voice of the Ship’s Company was not to be played with. He said that a man’s life was not so easily taken away now as it was four months ago.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sortie Into the Archaeology of the Moravian Mission Station, Genadendal
    A sortie into the archaeology of the Moravian mission station, Genadendal By: Harriet Clift UniversityFebruary of 2001 Cape Town Submitted in full requirement for the MA degree in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town. The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town A sortie into the archaeology of the Moravian mission station, Genadendal By: Harriet Clift February 200 l Submitted in full requirement for the MA degree in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town. Content Abstract v Acknowledgements vi Tables viii Figures ix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1. Background to research 1 1.2. Methodology 2 1.3. Terminology 6 1.3.1. The DEIC at the Cape 6 1.3 .2. Land usage at the Cape 7 1.3.3. Indigenous communities at the Cape 9 1.4. Content 10 Chapter 2: Culture contact and change 13 2.1. The social landscape at the Cape, pre 1652 13 2.2. Frameworks for understanding culture contact and culture change 18 2.3. European settlement and the demise of indigenous society 21 11 2.4. 'Artefacts of trade' 23 2.5. Archaeological evidence of contact, post 1652 25 2.5.1 Andriesgrond 25 2.5.2 Voelvlei 28 2.5.3 Seacow River Valley 29 2.5.4 Oudepost 1 32 2.6 Summary 34 1 Chapter 3: Documentary evidence of 18 h century Baviaanskloof 36 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Postcolonial Film Adaptations of the Literature of Empire
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2007 Writing Back With Light: Postcolonial Film Adaptations of the Literature of Empire Jerod R. Hollyfield University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Hollyfield, Jerod R., "Writing Back With Light: Postcolonial Film Adaptations of the Literature of Empire. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2007. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/246 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Jerod R. Hollyfield entitled "Writing Back With Light: Postcolonial Film Adaptations of the Literature of Empire." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in English. Charles Maland, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Urmila Seshagiri, Christine Holmlund Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting a thesis written by Jerod Ra’Del Hollyfield entitled “Writing Back With Light: Postcolonial Film Adaptations of the Literature of Empire.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s of Arts with a major in English.
    [Show full text]
  • A Feminist Literary Analysis of Selected Excerpts from Lady Anne Barnard's
    Lady Anne Barnard’s Cape diaries “Thinking your journal unimportant”: A feminist literary analysis of selected excerpts from Lady Anne Barnard’s Cape diaries Jessica Murray University of South Africa Department of English Studies [email protected] Abstract This article offers a feminist literary analysis of selected excerpts from the diaries that Lady Anne Barnard wrote during her stay at the Cape Colony from 1797 until 1802. Lady Anne was, by all accounts, an extremely productive writer and correspondent who left behind a wealth of material at the time of her death on 6 May 1825. The article argues that diaries can provide valuable insights about gendered constructions at different historical moments and about how individual women navigated such gendered structures in their daily lives. The textual specificities of diaries require that researchers adjust our reading strategies to meet the demands of these texts. Lady Anne emerges as a complex subject who is both subversive and constrained in her negotiations with gendered constructions of “proper” female roles and behaviour. Even as she challenges these constructions, she also appears to have internalized them, at least partly. Keywords: Lady Anne Barnard; Diaries; Gender; Cult of true womanhood; Domesticity; Feminist literary criticism. Introduction Once more, once more, thou creature of omissions, always intending right, always forgetting, thinking your journal unimportant and what you have to say not worth paper pen and ink, yet always regretting afterwards that you did so…(Barnard, 1799).1 The above epigraph is taken from the diaries that Lady Anne Barnard (see image 1) wrote during her stay at the Cape Colony from 1797 until 1802.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Attitudes Towards Biodiversity Conservation Among Citizens on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon
    Assessing Attitudes towards Biodiversity Conservation among Citizens on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty Of Drexel University By Demetrio Bocuma Meñe In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree Of Doctor Philosophy May 2016 ©Copyright 2016 Demetrio Bocuma Meñe. All Rights Reserved. iv Dedication I would like to dedicate this dissertation to the person who gave me this once in a life time opportunity, Gail Hearn, PhD., and also to the initiative that she founded to protect the unique biodiversity of my lovely island, the Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program (BBPP) v Acknowledgements Funding and support for this project was provided by the Mobil Equatorial Guinea, ExxonMobil Foundation, National Science Foundation, the Bioko Biodiversity Protection Program and the Central African Biodiversity Alliance. I am grateful to the Government of Equatorial Guinea, especially the Ministry of Fisheries and the Environment for giving me the permission and opportunity to have an internship there, during which I was able to interview employees and gather hard copies of existing legislation. I am also thankful to the Government of Cameroon through the Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation for issuing the right permission to my field assistants in order for them to be able to administer our questionnaires in Cameroon. I am thankful to the National University of Equatorial Guinea, particularly the Department of Environmental Sciences for providing with some of the most essential resources (permits, field assistants, transportation and faculty support) to conduct my research on Bioko Island. I am also grateful to the High Institute of Environmental Sciences in Yaoundé, Cameroon for assisting me in the administration of my questionnaire carried out by two of its students.
    [Show full text]
  • Read Book Journey Without Maps
    JOURNEY WITHOUT MAPS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Graham Greene,Paul Theroux | 242 pages | 06 Nov 2012 | Penguin Putnam Inc | 9780143039723 | English | New York, NY, United States Journey Without Maps PDF Book Not Greene's finest work by a long walk I am normally a huge fan of Graham Greene. But something did also shift. He also contributed hundreds of essays and film and book reviews to The Spectator and other journals, many of which appear in the late collection Reflections. A process that is, it seems, just about to start all over again. The country is divided somewhat between the "civilized" coastal areas and the "uncivilized" and unmapped - hence the title interior. There was a general sense of clunking and clanking, of parts being rearranged. A Brit traveling around Africa with a dozen native porters carrying everything from his knickers to his whiskey and barely ever naming his traveling-companion cousin could have made for quite a comic travel account. Everybody has taken a hit here. Greene took two, rather ropey ones produced for military planners from Britain and the US. More Details Readers also enjoyed. For English football this really is a journey without maps, an attempt to return to some modified version of reality at a time when the limits of the possible seem to shift every few days. His cousin also completes the journey with him, but she barely gets a mention, and in fact often you will forget that she is his travelling companion until there is another throwaway reference. Next up: a first step into the wild frontier that is the Premier League.
    [Show full text]
  • The Castle of Good Hope
    FREE Please support our advertisers who make this free guide possible PLEASE TIP Cape Town EMPOWERMENT VENDORS GATEWAYGUIDES The Castle of Good Hope Castle of Good Hope Over the centuries six different flags have flown over The Castle yet in all that time not a single shot has ever been fired in anger at it or from it. Muizenberg 1 False Bay To advertise here contact Hayley Burger: Cape Town • South Africa 021 487 1200 • [email protected] One of his first tasks was to The style of this new castle was Peak. The present day site of the Castle is 1 The reason for a fort at the 4 5 Cape of Good Hope build a fort as the interests associated with the renowned French probably the best of a bad situation. This Cape Point With the expansion of world trade by of the Dutch East India fortress engineer, Sebastien Vauban. position is about 230 metres south east the European powers in the 1500s, Companies latest assets had Menno, Baron van Coehoorn, a Dutch of the old fort. The site is close enough 6 trade routes were vital to economic to be protected at all costs. artillerist and military engineer, was to anchorage, within firing range of the also associated with the outcome of the town and close enough to fresh water. History and facts power. The main trade route to the The first fort built at Castle’s design. The defensive system at the Cape was East used to be overland; but in 1453 the Cape of Good Hope Constantinople was captured by the This design was based on the fact that slowly rectified over time by means of of the Castle including Two days after setting foot Turks which effectively closed off this firepower due to technology had greatly many defensive structures placed around on the shores of Table Bay, 3D illustrations, trade passage.
    [Show full text]
  • 1Judge John Holland and the Vice- Admiralty Court of the Cape of Good Hope, 1797-1803: Some Introductory and Biographical Notes (Part 2)*
    1JUDGE JOHN HOLLAND AND THE VICE- ADMIRALTY COURT OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, 1797-1803: SOME INTRODUCTORY AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES (PART 2)* JP van Niekerk** ABSTRACT A British Vice-Admiralty Court operated at the Cape of Good Hope from 1797 until 1803. It determined both Prize causes and (a few) Instance causes. This Court, headed by a single judge, should be distinguished from the ad hoc Piracy Court – comprised of seven members of which the Admiralty judge was one, and which sat twice during this period – and also from the occasional naval courts martial which were called at the Cape. The Vice-Admiralty Court’s Judge, John Holland, and its main offi cials and practitioners were sent out from Britain. Keywords: Vice-Admiralty Court; Cape of Good Hope; First British Occupation of the Cape; jurisdiction; Piracy Court; naval courts martial; Judge John Holland; other offi cials, practitioners and support staff of the Vice-Admiralty Court * Continued from (2017) 23(2) Fundamina 176-210. ** Professor, Department of Mercantile Law, School of Law, University of South Africa. Fundamina DOI: 10.17159/2411-7870/2018/v24n1a6 Volume 24 | Number 1 | 2018 Print ISSN 1021-545X/ Online ISSN 2411-7870 pp 134-169 134 JUDGE JOHN HOLLAND AND THE VICE-ADMIRALTY COURT OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE 4 The personnel of the Cape Vice-Admiralty Court The Vice-Admiralty Court at the Cape was staffed by a single judge, who, assisted by a registrar and his deputy, as well as a marshal, was in charge of its proceedings. Prosecutions were brought by the King’s proctor, and practitioners (advocates and proctors138) appeared before it.
    [Show full text]