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Doctoral Degree Conferred Mat 20,1980 The Phonology and Morphology of Kisi By George Tucker Childs A.B. (Stanford University) 1970 M.Ed. (University of Virginia) 1979 M.A. (University of California) 1982 C.Phil. (University of California) 1987 DISSERTATION Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in LINGUISTICS in the GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Chairman Date r, DOCTORAL DEGREE CONFERRED MAT 20,1980 , Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF KISI Copyright (£) 1988 All rights reserved. George Tucker Childs Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF KISI George Tucker Childs ABSTRACT This dissertation describes the phonology and morphology of the Kisi language, a member of the Southern Branch of (West) Atlantic. The language is spoken in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. After the introduction in Chapter 1 and an overview of the language in Chapter 2, I discuss the phonology of the language. The phonemic inventory has implosives, a full series of nasal compound stops, and a set of labialvelars. The vowels form a symmetrical seven- vowel pattern, and length is contrastive. Syllable structure is , C(G)V(V)(C), where the only consonants allowed to close syllables are the liquid and two nasals. Kisi is a tonal language with the following tones: Low, High, Extra-High (limited distribution), Rise, and Fall. Tone is used lexically with nouns and grammatically elsewhere, especially within the verbal morphology. In Chapter 4 I discuss the word classes of Kisi. Besides the basic classes of nouns and verbs, Kisi has a set of adjectives, which is amply supplemented by a productive process of forming adjectives from verbs. There are only a few adverbs but a robust set of 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ideophones, which category is discussed at some length. Kisi has a rich morphology. Chapter 5 focuses on the noun class system, consisting of seven noun classes with agreement shown by low numbers, adjectives, demonstratives, and the like. Chapter 6 looks at verbal morphology. Aspect is basic to verbal inflections, although tense, mood, and polarity are also important. Kisi also has four verbal extensions: Causative, Benefactive, Middle, and Plural. The final chapter presents several derivational processes, including compounding. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Grateful thanks go to the Chair, John Ohala, and Members of my Dissertation Committee, Karl Zimmer and Johanna Nichols. Two unrequited readers made many helpful comments and provided me with encouragement, David Dwyer and John Victor Singler. Unstinting in his efforts to provide me with answers to what were often imbecilic questions was Tamba Fayia Mayson. Extremely helpful to me during my research in Liberia were Paul Fayia B. Tengbeh, Moses D. Ndorbor, and Fallah Lambert. Thanks also goes to The Institute of Liberian Languages in Monrovia, Liberia. Maurice Keifar provided me with considerable assistance before my departure for Liberia. The whole enterprise would not have been possible, however, without the support of Karen Beaman. The research reported here was supported by the following grants and fellowships: Fulbright Research Grant, Humanities Graduate Research Grant, Foreign Languages and Area Fellowship, National Resource Fellowship, for which support I am extremely grateful. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Geographical setting ........................... 1 1.2 Historical facts ............................... 3 1.3 Genetic classification ......................... 6 1.4 Status of the language......................... 8 1.5 Dialects........................................ 11 1.6 Other work on Kisi .............................. ' 1.7 Theoretical framework ......................... 15 1.8 Data b a s e ...................................... 17 Chapter 2: Overview of the language 2.1 Phonological................................... 20 2.1.1 Segmental............................... 21 2.1.2 Supras egmen t a 1 ......................... 22 2.1.3 Syllable structure ..................... 23 2.1.4 Phonological rules ..................... 23 2.2 M o r p h o l o g i c a l ................................. 24 2.3 S y n t a c t i c ..................................... 27 Chapter 3: Phonology 3.1 Consonants..................................... 36 3.1.1 Consonantal inventory .................. 36 3.1.2 Consonantal alloohones and distribution . 37 3.1.2.1 Nasals ........................... 38 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3.1.2.2 Nasal compound stone; 40 3.1.2.3 Iroplosives ....................... 42 3.1.2.4 Voiceless stops ................ 46 3.1.2.5 Affricate ....................... 51 3.1.2.6 Fricatives ....................... 52 3.1.2.7 Liquid ........................... 53 3.1.2.8 Glides ........................... 55 3.2 V o w e l s ........................................... 58 3.2.1 Vowel inventory......................... 58 3.2.2 Long v o w e l s ............................. 63 3.2.3. Vowel sequences and diphthongs ........ 64 3.3 T o n e .............................................. 67 3.3.1 Tonal inventory......................... 67 3.3.2 Tonotactics............................. 77 3.3.3 Tones on ve r b s .......................... 81 3.3.4 Tones on adjectives...................... 82 3.3.5 Tones on other wo r d s ..................... 83 3.3.6 Tone assignment......................... 83 3.4 Intonation....................................... 87 3.5 Kisi syllable structure .......................... 90 3.5.1 Canonical syllable structure .......... 90 3.5.2 Nativization patterns .................. 91 3.6 Phonological rules .............................. 93 3.6.1 Excursus on the morphology of Kisi . 93 3.6.2 Segmental r u l e s ......................... 96 3.6.3 Tone r u l e s ............................... 105 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter 4: Word classes 4.1 N o u n s ........................... 112 4.1.1 Criteria ................................ 112 4.1.2 Noun-like words in other word classes . 114 4.1.2.1 Noun-like verbs .............. 114 4.1.2.2 Body parts as adpositions .... 114 4.1.3 N a m e s .................................... 115 4.2 Pronouns ....................................... 122 4.2.1 Personal pronouns ....................... 122 4.2.2 Noun class pronouns ........................127 4.2.3 Demonstrative pronouns ................. 128 4.2.4 Interrogative pronouns ................. 130 4.2.5 Conjunctions and personal pronouns . 132 4.3 N u m b e r s ...........................................133 4.4 V e r b s .............................................136 4.4.1 Auxiliary verbs ............................139 4.4.2 Incipient auxiliary verbs ............... 142 4.4.3 The copula; co and w a ..................... 144 4.4.4 Focus particle n i ..........................147 4.4.5 The negative particle l e ....................149 4.5 Adjectives........................................ 151 4.5.1 Underived adjectives .................. 151 4.5.2 Derived adjectives ..................... 152 4.6 Adverbs .......................................... 156 4.7 A d p o s i t i o n s ...................................... 160 4.8 Ideophones ...................................... 163 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.8.1 Review of the literature ...............165 4.8.2 Criterial features ..................... 172 4.8.2.1 Phonological ..................... 174 4.8.2.2 Morphological criteria ........... 181 4.8.2.3 Syntactic criteria ............... 186 4.8.2.4 Semantic criteria ............... 189 4.8.3 What ideophones are n o t ................. 192 4.8.4 Productivity ........................... 196 4.8.5 Summary ..................................198 4.9............. Conjunctions........................... 199 4.9.1 The consecutive conjunction ............ 201 4.9.2 The conditional conjunction ............ 203 4.9.3 Other conjunctions ..................... 204 4.10 Particles.............................205 4.10.1 Obligatory particles ................... 205 4.10.2 Optional particles ..................... 207 4.11 Interjections.......................... 210 Chapter 5: Inflectional morphology, nouns 5.1 What is a noun class system? ..................... 223 5.1.1 D e f i n i t i o n a l ..............................223 5.1.2 Noun class systems in related languages . 225 5.1.3 The noun class system of K i s i .............227 5.2 Prefixes and suffixes ........................... 236 5.3 The semantics of Kisi noun classes ...............244 5.3.1 The semantics of singular-plural pairings 245 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5.3.2 Semantics of individual classes ........... 256 5.4 Some e x c e p t i o n s ............................... 257 5.5 S u m m a r y ........................................259 Chapter 6: Inflectional morphology, verbs 6.1 Tense, aspect, and modality (TAM) .............
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