W&C Standard Template

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

W&C Standard Template REPUBLIC OF SERBIA (represented by the Government of the Republic of Serbia, acting by and through the Ministry of Finance) €2,000,000,000 3.125 per cent. Notes due 2027 Issue price: 98.464 per cent. The €2,000,000,000 3.125 per cent. Notes due 2027 (the “Notes”) to be issued by the Republic of Serbia, represented by the Government of the Republic of Serbia acting by and through the Ministry of Finance (the “Issuer”) will mature on 15 May 2027 and, unless previously purchased and cancelled, will be redeemed at their principal amount on that date. The Notes will bear interest at a rate of 3.125 per cent. per annum. Interest will accrue on the outstanding principal amount of the Notes from and including 15 May 2020 and will be payable annually in arrear on 15 May in each year, commencing on 15 May 2021. All payments of principal and interest in respect of the Notes shall be made free and clear of, and without withholding or deduction for, any taxes, duties, assessments or governmental charges of whatever nature imposed, levied, collected, withheld or assessed by or within the Republic of Serbia (the “Republic of Serbia” or “Serbia”) or any political subdivision or any authority thereof or therein having power to tax, unless such withholding or deduction is required by law. In that event, the Issuer shall pay such additional amounts as will result in the receipt by the Noteholders of such amounts as would have been received by them if no such withholding or deduction had been required, subject to certain exceptions set out in the Conditions (as defined below). SEE “RISK FACTORS” FOR A DISCUSSION OF CERTAIN FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN CONNECTION WITH AN INVESTMENT IN THE NOTES. The Notes have not been and will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) or with any securities regulatory authority of any state or other jurisdiction of the United States of America (the “United States”) and may not be offered, sold, pledged, delivered or otherwise transferred within the United States except pursuant to an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the registration requirements of the Securities Act and applicable state securities laws. Accordingly, the Notes are being offered, sold or delivered: (a) in the United States only to persons reasonably believed to be qualified institutional buyers (“QIBs”) (as defined in Rule 144A (“Rule 144A”, such Notes so offered and sold, the “Rule 144A Notes”) under the Securities Act) in reliance on, and in compliance with, Rule 144A; and (b) outside the United States in reliance on Regulation S (“Regulation S”, such Notes so offered and sold, the “Regulation S Notes”) under the Securities Act. There will be no public offer of the Notes in the United States. Prospective purchasers of the Notes that are QIBs are hereby notified that the seller of the Notes may be relying on the exemption from the provisions of Section 5 of the Securities Act provided by Rule 144A. Transfers of Notes are subject to the restrictions described under “Form of the Notes and Transfer Restrictions”. The Notes will be offered and sold in registered form in denominations of €100,000 and integral multiples of €1,000 in excess thereof. The Regulation S Notes will be represented by beneficial interests in a global unrestricted note certificate (the “Regulation S Global Note”) in registered form without interest coupons attached and the Rule 144A Notes will initially be represented by a global restricted note certificate (the “Rule 144A Global Note” and, together with the Regulation S Global Note, the “Global Notes”) in registered form, without interest coupons attached. The Global Notes will be registered in the name of a nominee for, and deposited on or about 15 May 2020 (the “Issue Date”) with a common depositary for, and in respect of interests held through, Euroclear Bank SA/NV (“Euroclear”) and Clearstream Banking S.A. (“Clearstream, Luxembourg”). Beneficial interests in the Global Notes will be shown on, and transfers thereof will be effected only through, records maintained by Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg and their participants. Except as described herein, definitive note certificates evidencing holdings of Notes issued in exchange for beneficial interests in the Global Notes will be available only in certain limited circumstances. See “Form of the Notes and Transfer Restrictions”. The Republic of Serbia’s long-term foreign currency debt has been assigned a rating of “BB+” with a stable outlook by Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings Europe Limited (“S&P”) and rating of “BB+” with a stable outlook by Fitch Ratings Limited (“Fitch”) and “Ba3” rating with a positive outlook by Moody’s Investor Service, Inc.(“Moody’s”). The Notes are expected to be assigned the same ratings. A rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be subject to revision, suspension or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating organisation. The credit ratings included or referred to in this prospectus (the “Prospectus”) will be treated for the purposes of Regulation (EC) No 1060/2009 on credit rating agencies as amended by Regulation (EU) No. 513/2011 (the “CRA Regulation”) as having been issued by S&P, Fitch and Moody’s. Each of S&P and Fitch is established in the European Union (“EU”) or the United Kingdom and is included in the list of credit rating agencies registered in accordance with the CRA Regulation. This list is available on the ESMA website (http://www.esma.europa.eu/page/list-registered-and-certified-CRAs) (last updated 14 November 2019). Moody’s Investor Service, Inc. is not established in the EU and has not applied for registration under the CRA regulation. The ratings are endorsed by Moody’s Investor Service Ltd in accordance with the CRA regulation. Moody’s Investor Service Ltd is established in the United Kingdom and is registered under the CRA regulation. Any change in the rating of the Notes may adversely affect the price that a purchaser may be willing to pay for the Notes. The Prospectus has been approved by the Financial Conduct Authority of the United Kingdom (the “FCA” or “Financial Conduct Authority”), in its capacity as United Kingdom competent authority under Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 (the “Prospectus Regulation”). The Financial Conduct Authority only approves this Prospectus as meeting the standards of completeness, comprehensibility and consistency imposed by the Prospectus Regulation and such approval should not be considered as an endorsement of (a) the Issuer or (b) the quality of any Notes that are the subject of this Prospectus. Investors should make their own assessment as to the suitability of investing in any such Notes. Application has been made to the Financial Conduct Authority in its capacity as competent authority under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (as amended the “FSMA”) for the Notes to be admitted to the official list of the Financial Conduct Authority (the “Official List”) and to the London Stock Exchange plc (the “London Stock Exchange”) for the Notes to be admitted to trading on the London Stock Exchange’s Regulated Market (the “Market”). References in this Prospectus to the Notes being “listed” (and all related references) shall mean that the Notes have been admitted to the Official List and have been admitted to trading on the Market. The Market is a regulated market for the purposes of Directive 2014/65/EU on markets in financial instruments (as amended, “MiFID II”). Joint Lead Managers BNP PARIBAS Citigroup Deutsche Bank J.P. Morgan The date of this Prospectus is 13 May 2020. This Prospectus constitutes a prospectus for the purposes of Article 6 of the Prospectus Regulation and for the purpose of giving information with regard to the Issuer and the Notes which, according to the particular nature of the Issuer and the Notes, is necessary to enable investors to be able to make an informed assessment of the financial position and prospects of the Issuer and the rights attaching to the Notes. The Issuer accepts responsibility for the information contained in this Prospectus. To the best of the knowledge of the Issuer, the information contained in this Prospectus is in accordance with the facts and the Prospectus makes no omission likely to affect its import. None of the Joint Lead Managers (as defined in “Subscription and Sale”) or any of their directors, affiliates, advisers and agents has made any independent verification of the information contained in this Prospectus in connection with the issue or offering of the Notes and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made by any of the Joint Lead Managers or their directors, affiliates, advisers or agents with respect to the accuracy or completeness of such information. Nothing contained in this Prospectus is, is to be construed as, or shall be relied upon as, a promise, warranty or representation, whether to the past or the future, by any of the Joint Lead Managers or their respective directors, affiliates, advisers or agents in any respect. The contents of this Prospectus are not, are not to be construed as, and should not be relied on as, legal, business or tax advice and each prospective investor should consult its own legal and other advisers for any such advice relevant to it. None of the Joint Lead Managers or any of their respective directors, affiliates, advisers or agents shall be responsible for any act or omission of the Issuer or any other person in connection with the issue and offering of the Notes. Information included herein that is identified as being derived from information published by the Republic of Serbia or one of its agencies or instrumentalities is included herein on the authority of such publication as a public official document of the Republic of Serbia.
Recommended publications
  • Macro Report Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 4: Macro Report September 10, 2012
    Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 1 Module 4: Macro Report Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 4: Macro Report September 10, 2012 Country: Serbia Date of Election: May 6, 2012 (Parliamentary and first round presidential); May 20, 2012 - second round presidential Prepared by: Bojan Todosijević Date of Preparation: 05. 08. 2013. NOTES TO COLLABORATORS: ° The information provided in this report contributes to an important part of the CSES project. The information may be filled out by yourself, or by an expert or experts of your choice. Your efforts in providing these data are greatly appreciated! Any supplementary documents that you can provide (e.g., electoral legislation, party manifestos, electoral commission reports, media reports) are also appreciated, and may be made available on the CSES website. ° Answers should be as of the date of the election being studied. ° Where brackets [ ] appear, collaborators should answer by placing an “X” within the appropriate bracket or brackets. For example: [X] ° If more space is needed to answer any question, please lengthen the document as necessary. Data Pertinent to the Election at which the Module was Administered 1a. Type of Election [ ] Parliamentary/Legislative [X] Parliamentary/Legislative and Presidential [ ] Presidential [ ] Other; please specify: __________ 1b. If the type of election in Question 1a included Parliamentary/Legislative, was the election for the Upper House, Lower House, or both? [ X] Upper House [ ] Lower House [ ] Both [ ] Other; please specify: __________ Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 2 Module 4: Macro Report 2a. What was the party of the president prior to the most recent election, regardless of whether the election was presidential? Democratic Party (Demokratska stranka, DS) 2b.
    [Show full text]
  • Participation of Older Persons in Political And
    International Forum on the Rights of Older Persons 26‐28 March 2012 Mexico City PARTICIPATIONPARTICIPATION OFOF OLDEROLDER PERSONSPERSONS ININ POLITICALPOLITICAL ANDAND PUBLICPUBLIC LIFELIFE AlexandreAlexandre SidorenkoSidorenko ©Alexandre Sidorenko, 2012 Plan of Presentation 1. Introduction. Political orientation and political participation of older persons 2. Organizations of (with) older persons: Civil society organizations; NGOs; Labour Unions; Political parties 3. Participation in decision making: Coordinating bodies; Consultative bodies 4. Political and public participation in the international policy frameworks on ageing 5. Political and public participation in national policy actions on ageing (instrumental review) 6. Conclusion ©Alexandre Sidorenko, 2012 1. Political Orientation and Political Participation of Older Persons PoliticalPolitical orientationorientation:: ‐the content, intensity, and stability of the attachments individuals have to political objects. PoliticalPolitical participationparticipation:: ‐ the ways in which individuals attempt to influence or take part in governmental activity. 1. Political Orientation and Political Participation of Older Persons PoliticalPolitical OrientationOrientation 9 Political Interest –expressed interest in political affairs 9 Attitudes toward Self, Politics, and Political Institutions – sense ofOlder efficacy persons (worth) in arepolitics. more notable for their 9 Politicalsimilarities Values andto otherPolitical age Ideology groups –more than fundamental their differencesorientations;
    [Show full text]
  • ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
    APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions.
    [Show full text]
  • THE WARP of the SERBIAN IDENTITY Anti-Westernism, Russophilia, Traditionalism
    HELSINKI COMMITTEE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN SERBIA studies17 THE WARP OF THE SERBIAN IDENTITY anti-westernism, russophilia, traditionalism... BELGRADE, 2016 THE WARP OF THE SERBIAN IDENTITY Anti-westernism, russophilia, traditionalism… Edition: Studies No. 17 Publisher: Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia www.helsinki.org.rs For the publisher: Sonja Biserko Reviewed by: Prof. Dr. Dubravka Stojanović Prof. Dr. Momir Samardžić Dr Hrvoje Klasić Layout and design: Ivan Hrašovec Printed by: Grafiprof, Belgrade Circulation: 200 ISBN 978-86-7208-203-6 This publication is a part of the project “Serbian Identity in the 21st Century” implemented with the assistance from the Open Society Foundation – Serbia. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Open Society Foundation – Serbia. CONTENTS Publisher’s Note . 5 TRANSITION AND IDENTITIES JOVAN KOMŠIĆ Democratic Transition And Identities . 11 LATINKA PEROVIĆ Serbian-Russian Historical Analogies . 57 MILAN SUBOTIĆ, A Different Russia: From Serbia’s Perspective . 83 SRĐAN BARIŠIĆ The Role of the Serbian and Russian Orthodox Churches in Shaping Governmental Policies . 105 RUSSIA’S SOFT POWER DR. JELICA KURJAK “Soft Power” in the Service of Foreign Policy Strategy of the Russian Federation . 129 DR MILIVOJ BEŠLIN A “New” History For A New Identity . 139 SONJA BISERKO, SEŠKA STANOJLOVIĆ Russia’s Soft Power Expands . 157 SERBIA, EU, EAST DR BORIS VARGA Belgrade And Kiev Between Brussels And Moscow . 169 DIMITRIJE BOAROV More Politics Than Business . 215 PETAR POPOVIĆ Serbian-Russian Joint Military Exercise . 235 SONJA BISERKO Russia and NATO: A Test of Strength over Montenegro .
    [Show full text]
  • Moderno BELGRADO
    moderno BELGRADO Legado y alteridad de la urbanidad Europea Mila Nikolic Episodios Urbanos Significativos: Liberation of Belgrade 1789 Marshal Gideon Ernst Laudon captures Belgrade 1791 Peace treaty of Svishtov gives Belgrade back to the Turks 1806 Karađorđe liberates Belgrade town and Belgrade becomes the capital of Serbia again 1808 The Great School was established in Belgrade 1813 The Turks reconquer Belgrade 1815 Miloš Obrenović started the Second Serbian Insurrection 1830 Sultan's hatišerif (charter) on Serbian autonomy 1831 First printing-house in Belgrade was put into operation 1835 First newspaper - "Novine srbske" is published in Belgrade 1840 Opening of the first post office in Belgrade 1841 Belgrade becomes the capital of the Princedom of Serbia in the first period of rule of Mihailo Obrenović 1844 The National Museum was established in Belgrade 1855 First telegraphic line Belgrade - Aleksinac was established 1862 Conflict at Čukur-česma and bombardment of Belgrade town from the fortress under Turkish control led to international decision that the Turks must leave Belgrade 1854 ~1815 Episodios Urbanos Significativos The Capital of Serbia and Yugoslavia 1867 In Kalemegdan, the Turkish commander of Belgrade Ali-Riza pasha gives the keys of Belgrade to Knez Mihailo. The Turks finally leave Belgrade 1878 The Berlin Congress recognized the independence of Serbia 1882 Serbia becomes a kingdom, and Belgrade its capital 1883 First telephone lines are installed in Belgrade 1884 Railway station and railway bridge over Sava were constructed
    [Show full text]
  • Serbia 2029 Prospectus
    REPUBLIC OF SERBIA (represented by the Government of the Republic of Serbia, acting by and through the Ministry of Finance) €1,000,000,000 1.500 per cent. Notes due 2029 Issue price: 98.909 per cent. The €1,000,000,000 1.500 per cent. Notes due 2029 (the “Notes”) to be issued by the Republic of Serbia, represented by the Government of the Republic of Serbia acting by and through the Ministry of Finance (the “Issuer”) will mature on 26 June 2029 and, unless previously purchased and cancelled, will be redeemed at their principal amount on that date. The Notes will bear interest at a rate of 1.500 per cent. per annum. Interest will accrue on the outstanding principal amount of the Notes from and including 26 June 2019 and will be payable annually in arrear on 26 June in each year, commencing on 26 June 2020. All payments of principal and interest in respect of the Notes shall be made free and clear of, and without withholding or deduction for, any taxes, duties, assessments or governmental charges of whatever nature imposed, levied, collected, withheld or assessed by or within the Republic of Serbia (the “Republic of Serbia” or “Serbia”) or any political subdivision or any authority thereof or therein having power to tax, unless such withholding or deduction is required by law. In that event, the Issuer shall pay such additional amounts as will result in the receipt by the Noteholders of such amounts as would have been received by them if no such withholding or deduction had been required, subject to certain exceptions set out in the Conditions (as defined below).
    [Show full text]
  • Serbia Guidebook 2013
    SERBIA PREFACE A visit to Serbia places one in the center of the Balkans, the 20th century's tinderbox of Europe, where two wars were fought as prelude to World War I and where the last decade of the century witnessed Europe's bloodiest conflict since World War II. Serbia chose democracy in the waning days before the 21st century formally dawned and is steadily transforming an open, democratic, free-market society. Serbia offers a countryside that is beautiful and diverse. The country's infrastructure, though over-burdened, is European. The general reaction of the local population is genuinely one of welcome. The local population is warm and focused on the future; assuming their rightful place in Europe. AREA, GEOGRAPHY, AND CLIMATE Serbia is located in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula and occupies 77,474square kilometers, an area slightly smaller than South Carolina. It borders Montenegro, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina to the west, Hungary to the north, Romania and Bulgaria to the east, and Albania, Macedonia, and Kosovo to the south. Serbia's many waterway, road, rail, and telecommunications networks link Europe with Asia at a strategic intersection in southeastern Europe. Endowed with natural beauty, Serbia is rich in varied topography and climate. Three navigable rivers pass through Serbia: the Danube, Sava, and Tisa. The longest is the Danube, which flows for 588 of its 2,857-kilometer course through Serbia and meanders around the capital, Belgrade, on its way to Romania and the Black Sea. The fertile flatlands of the Panonian Plain distinguish Serbia's northern countryside, while the east flaunts dramatic limestone ranges and basins.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Participants Liste Des Participants
    LIST OF PARTICIPANTS LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS 142nd IPU Assembly and Related Meetings (virtual) 24 to 27 May 2021 - 2 - Mr./M. Duarte Pacheco President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union Président de l'Union interparlementaire Mr./M. Martin Chungong Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union Secrétaire général de l'Union interparlementaire - 3 - I. MEMBERS - MEMBRES AFGHANISTAN RAHMANI, Mir Rahman (Mr.) Speaker of the House of the People Leader of the delegation EZEDYAR, Mohammad Alam (Mr.) Deputy Speaker of the House of Elders KAROKHAIL, Shinkai (Ms.) Member of the House of the People ATTIQ, Ramin (Mr.) Member of the House of the People REZAIE, Shahgul (Ms.) Member of the House of the People ISHCHY, Baktash (Mr.) Member of the House of the People BALOOCH, Mohammad Nadir (Mr.) Member of the House of Elders HASHIMI, S. Safiullah (Mr.) Member of the House of Elders ARYUBI, Abdul Qader (Mr.) Secretary General, House of the People Member of the ASGP NASARY, Abdul Muqtader (Mr.) Secretary General, House of Elders Member of the ASGP HASSAS, Pamir (Mr.) Acting Director of Relations to IPU Secretary to the delegation ALGERIA - ALGERIE GOUDJIL, Salah (M.) Président du Conseil de la Nation Président du Groupe, Chef de la délégation BOUZEKRI, Hamid (M.) Vice-Président du Conseil de la Nation (RND) BENBADIS, Fawzia (Mme) Membre du Conseil de la Nation Comité sur les questions relatives au Moyen-Orient KHARCHI, Ahmed (M.) Membre du Conseil de la Nation (FLN) DADA, Mohamed Drissi (M.) Secrétaire Général, Conseil de la Nation Secrétaire général
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights in Serbia 2019
    HUMAN RIGHTS IN SERBIA 2019 Belgrade Centre for Human Rights The Belgrade Centre for Human Rights was established by a group of human rights experts and activists in February 1995 as a non-profit, non- governmental organisation. The main purpose of the Centre is to study human rights, to disseminate knowledge about them and to educate individuals engaged in this area. It hopes, thereby, to promote the development of democracy and rule of law in Serbia. Since 1998 Belgrade Centre for Human Right has been publishing Annual Human Rights Report. This Report on Human Rights in Serbia analyses the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Serbia with respect to the civil and poli- tical rights guaranteed by international treaties binding on Serbia, in particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the European Convention on Human Rights and Funda- mental Freedoms (ECHR) and its Proto- cols and standards established by the jurisprudence of the UN Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Where relevant, the Report also re- views Serbia’s legislation with respect to standards established by specific inter- national treaties dealing with specific human rights, such as the UN Convention against Torture, the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the UN Convention on the Elimina- tion of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. For its achievements in the area of human rights, the Centre was awarded the Bruno Kreisky Prize for 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections 2008 Elections Parliamentary of Chronicle Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections Volume 42
    Couverture_Ang:Mise en page 1 22.04.09 17:27 Page1 Print ISSN: 1994-0963 Electronic ISSN: 1994-098X INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION CHRONICLE OF PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 2008 CHRONICLE OF PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS VOLUME 42 Published annually in English and French since 1967, the Chronicle of Parliamen tary Elections reports on all national legislative elections held throughout the world during a given year. It includes information on the electoral system, the background and outcome of each election as well as statistics on the results, distribution of votes and distribution of seats according to political group, sex and age. The information contained in the Chronicle can also be found in the IPU’s database on national parliaments, PARLINE. PARLINE is accessible on the IPU web site (http://www.ipu.org) and is continually updated. Inter-Parliamentary Union VOLUME 42 5, chemin du Pommier Case postale 330 CH-1218 Le Grand-Saconnex Geneva – Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 919 41 50 Fax: +41 22 919 41 60 2008 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ipu.org 2008 Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections VOLUME 42 1 January - 31 December 2008 © Inter-Parliamentary Union 2009 Print ISSN: 1994-0963 Electronic ISSN: 1994-098X Photo credits Front cover: Photo AFP/Pascal Pavani Back cover: Photo AFP/Tugela Ridley Inter-Parliamentary Union Office of the Permanent Observer of 5, chemin du Pommier the IPU to the United Nations Case postale 330 220 East 42nd Street CH-1218 Le Grand-Saconnex Suite 3002 Geneva — Switzerland New York, N.Y. 10017 USA Tel.: + 41 22 919
    [Show full text]
  • History of Central Europe
    * . • The German Confederation existing since 1815 was dissolved • Instead of that the North German Commonwealth was constituted – 21 states – customs union, common currency and common foreign policy – the first step to unification • Prussian king became the President of this Commonwealth and the commander-in-chef of the army • Prussia provoked France to declare war on Prussia in 1870 • France was defeated at the battle of Sedan in September 1870 – French king Napoleon III was captured what caused the fall of the French Empire and proclamation of the third republic • Paris was besieged since September 1870 till January 1871 • January 1871 – The German Empire was proclaimed * Great powers at the end of the 19th century: • USA - the strongest • Germany (2nd world industrial area), the most powerful state in Europe, strong army, developed economy and culture • France – the bank of the world, 2nd strongest European state, succesful colonial politicis – colonies in Africa and in Asia • Great Britain – the greatest colonial power – its domain included the geatest colony – India,… • in Asia Japan – constitutional monarchy, development of industry, expansive politics • Austria-Hungary –cooperation with Germany, its foreign politics focused on the Balkan Peninsula • Russia – economicaly and politicaly the weakest state among the great powers, military-political system, absolute power of the Tsar, no political rights for citizens, social movement, expansion to Asia – conflicts with Japan and Great Britain * • 1879 – the secret agreement was concluded
    [Show full text]
  • Customs War of the Kingdom of Serbia and the Habzburg
    ЕКОНОМИКА Vol. 66, october-december 2020, № 4 ISSN 0350-137X, EISSN 2334-9190, UDK 338 (497,1) P. 95-103 Dušan Jerotijević1 SCIENTIFIC REVIEW ARTICLE Živanka Miladinović Bogavac,2 DOI: 10.5937/ekonomika2004095J University Union Nikola Tesla, Received: May, 08. 2020. Faculty of Business and Law Accepted: November, 16. 2020. Belgrade Serbia Ljubiša Stamatović3 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia Belgrade Serbia CUSTOMS WAR OF THE KINGDOM OF SERBIA AND THE HABZBURG MONARCHY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY Abstract After gaining independence at the Berlin Congress, Serbia became the center around which all the surrounding Serbs gathered, seeking final liberation and unification. The great difficulty for a small Serbia was the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which in every way was trying to influence the Serbian internal and foreign policy. In doing so, she succeeded to a large extent during the reign of King Milan, even after his abdication, until the beginning of the XX century. The change in the throne after the May uprising led to the emancipation of Serbia from the influence of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the influence of other powers, in particular France and Russia. On the other hand, Serbia is increasingly independent in foreign policy and tries to connect with other Balkan states as if it economically strengthens to carry out a national unification mission. That is why the Austro-Hungarian conflict with Serbia on the economic plane, the Customs War, was inevitable. At the same time, this conflict has shown the strength and weaknesses of both countries. Serbia’s victory in the Customs War showed her great economic rise, and Austro-Hungary became its fatal enemy.
    [Show full text]