DOCSLIB.ORG

Role of Ancient Written Sources in the Formation of the Old Uzbek Literary Language

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Role of Ancient Written Sources in the Formation of the Old Uzbek Literary Language The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: September 28, 2020 | Pages: 359-364 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue09-55 - Role Of Ancient Written Sources In The Formation Of The Old Uzbek Literary Language Nematullo Hikmatullaevich Nasrullaev Candidate Of Historical Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Department Of Islamic History And Source Studies IRCICA, International Islamic Academy Of Uzbekistan Journal Website: http://usajournalshub.c om/index,php/tajssei Copyright: Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. ABSTRACT This article describes the role of ancient written sources in the emergence of the old Uzbek literary language. Our written heritage has an ancient and rich history, and its comprehensive study based on primary sources is more relevant today than ever. Regardless of how much the research carried out in this area to date has enriched the treasury of our linguistics, we still have a lot of work on the ancient Uzbek language and classical texts in this language. KEYWORDS Western Europe, Asia Minor, Central Asia and Western Siberia,Old Turkic language, Latin and Greek pronunciations. INTRODUCTION It is known that the first Turkic written Chinese sources, from Iranian to Sogdian, sources began to appear in the 6th century Khorezmian and Pahlavi languages. The Uzbek AD. Ancient Turkic words are also found in language, which is one of the Turkic The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 09-2020 359 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: September 28, 2020 | Pages: 359-364 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue09-55 - languages, has been called by different names changed, at different times, as a result of the for almost one and a half thousand years of its dominance of these Turkic peoples and tribes, history. The word “Turk” is often mentioned only differences in their common names have in memoirs of the VI-VIII centuries. Judging by been observed. Peter Friedrich Sum, a Danish the content of ancient monuments, the word scholar who studied the history of the Turkic “Turk” originally had a political and social peoples of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor, meaning and meant a union of tribes. came to the conclusion in the 18th century: Although the Old Turkic language was “The common name of the Turks changed reflected in the written monuments of the frequently in connection with the victory of Blue Turkic, Uyghur, Maoni, and Brahma one tribe over another. Scythians, Sarmatians, scripts in the VI-IX centuries, the most ancient Alans, Huns, Khazars, Uzs or Komans, Tatars written monuments of this language have not are essentially common names.”, admitted. survived. Those that survived until the threshold of AD are preserved only in the It has been 1000 years since Dīwān Lughāt al- works of Greco-Roman historians with Latin Turk was written. However, the Turkic peoples and Greek pronunciations. It is therefore still live in the areas mentioned in this play. impossible to make any definite judgment Now most of them have just changed their about the phonetic and grammatical norms of names. Of the ancient names, only Tatar, the old Turkic script or language. Bashkir, Kyrgyz, Uyghur and Bulgarian terms In ancient times, Turkic tribes lived in the area have survived. Many tribes and clans were from Siberia to the Mediterranean, some part of modern Turkic, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, settled and some nomadic. The medieval Tajik, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Karakalpak lexicographer Mahmud Kashqari writes in his and other Turkic peoples. Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk (Collection of Turkish Words): “In the region from the Greek border The Old Turkic language laid the foundation in the west to China in the east, Turkish tribes for the emergence of the old Uzbek literary and clans are arranged in the following order: language. Uzbek literary language is called pecheneg, kipchak, oguz, yemen, bashkird, “Old Uzbek language” in the linguistics of the basmil, kayi, yabaku, tatar, kyrgyz, chigil, toxi, last period of XI-XIII centuries. Especially in yagmo, ugrak, charuk, chomul , Uyghur, Central Asia, with the formation of a large Tangut, Chinese ”. In the following pages, the centralized state of the Turkic peoples, tribes author also mentions the Bulgar and Suvar and clans - the Karakhanids (X-XII centuries), tribes located in the west as Turkic peoples. the prestige of the Turkic language increased Ancient tombs and stone inscriptions found in significantly. The state center was originally these areas so far also confirm this Kashgar (Ordukent) and later moved to information. Uzgen. In the large cities under the protection of the capital, such as Shosh, Sayram, MAIN PART Bolosogun, Samarkand, Bukhara, the scientific and spiritual environment was much This means that the Turkic peoples have lived developed, and its influence even reached for thousands of years under different names neighboring countries. During this period, in Eastern and even Western Europe, Asia such scholars as Mahmud Kashgari, Yusuf Minor, Central Asia and Western Siberia. Khas Hajib, Ahmad Yugnaki, Ahmad Yassavi, Although their ethnic affiliation has not Suleiman Bagirgani were effective. This The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 09-2020 360 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: September 28, 2020 | Pages: 359-364 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue09-55 - marked the way for the further development works created during this period were a great of Turkish literature and literary language as turning point in the expansion of themes in the emerging traditions of written literature terms of themes, in terms of quality, and in and literary language. terms of quantity. Representatives of classical Uzbek literature, such as Haydar Khorezmi, By the XIII-XIV centuries the period of the Shaykhzoda Atoi, Mavlono Yusuf Amiri, Mongol rule began in the country. Oguznoma, Mavlono Lutfi, Hussein Boykaro, Alisher Navoi, which, despite the difficulties of the time, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, Turdi Fergani, reflected the heroic images in the oral Sufi Allahyor, Munis Khorezmi and others, tradition of the Turkic peoples, Nosiriddin who lived and worked in a scientific Burhoniddin Rabguziy Khorezmi’s large-scale environment, The literature and literary “Qisasi Rabguziy” (Rabguziy stories), which language of the Karakhanid period, which narrates the traditions of ancient peoples with continued in this way, had a strong influence. his stories and short stories, Sheikh Sharifi’s Terms of the Turkic language – “Turkish”, Mu’in ul-Murid (Assistant to the Murid), Ali ibn “Turkish language”, “Turkish language” are Mahmud’s Nahj ul-Farodis (Ways of Paradise), often mentioned in the works of Alisher Navoi which expressed Islamic beliefs in poetry, and his contemporaries. These terms refer to Another written monument created in the “old Uzbek language”. By this time, the Khorezm in Uzbek and Persian-Tajik languages thematic aspect of Turkish manuscripts had is Masnavi-noma, which is called expanded, their quality had increased, and “Muhabbatnoma”. It is obvious that during their quantity had increased. This was the case the glorious period of the Mongols, a number under the direct patronage and leadership of of talented representatives of the Turkic Hussein Boykaro and Alisher Navoi. Personally, language and its literature emerged. Alisher Navoi himself used these terms in a number of works, leaving a unique scientific The strengthening of the political position of and spiritual heritage for the Turkic-speaking the Turkic peoples, their increasing peoples. settlement, especially their active participation in the life of the city, served to In particular, the work “Muhokamat ul- further increase the prestige of the Turkic lug’atayn” (Discussion of two languages) was languages. As a result, the old Turkic language created in the last years of the author’s life - began to emerge from the interference of when he gained a lot of life experience, many Turkic tribes. Translating this language matured his scientific views, his thoughts into a literary language that is understandable were refined and reached the level of to all Turkic tribes; The written monuments of perfection. In his work, the author not only Turkic literature - manuscripts - played an compares the two languages, but also important role in the study of the linguistic compares their unique aspects and features of the Turkic peoples, the norms of scientifically substantiates the unique features vocabulary, the richness of vocabulary and, on of each. In this regard, Navoi draws attention this basis, the development of future ways of to such important aspects of the Turkic literary language. language as its unique sounds, subtle meanings, action verbs and their influence on The heyday of the old Uzbek literary language the content, ambiguity of words, as well as dates back to the XV-XVIII centuries. The the richness of the Turkic system of terms, The USA Journals Volume 02 Issue 09-2020 361 The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations IMPACT FACTOR – (ISSN 2689-100x) 2020: 5. 525 Published: September 28, 2020 | Pages: 359-364 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue09-55 - which is not found in other languages, ul-Viqaya” from Arabic into Uzbek by especially Persian. For example, this sentence Ubaydullah ibn Mas’ud, a well-known jurist of in the work is also a proof of our word, “Bu the 14th century who received the title of ehtimolg‘a xud yo‘l bersa bo‘lmaskim, turk “Taju-Sharia”. The author followed the path of ulusining xushtab'lari majmui sart tili bila nazm expressing this translation in verse and aytqoylar va bilkull turk tili bila aytmag‘aylar”. successfully completed it and named the book Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur gives a clear but “Nazmi Mukhtasar al-Viqaya”.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UZBEK WOMEN and the IMAGINING of UZBEKISTAN in the 1920S
    Int. J. Middle East Stud. 34 (2002), 263–278. Printed in the United States of America Marianne Kamp PILGRIMAGE AND PERFORMANCE: UZBEK WOMEN AND THE IMAGINING OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE 1920s In August 1924, Anabibi Safaeva set off from her home city of Khiva, which was then the capital of the Xorezm People’s Republic, to study in Tashkent, which was the administrative center of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Safaeva traveled with some 160 students in a convoy of three boats down the Amu River toward the Aral Sea. However, misfortune befell Safaeva: her boat was attacked by basmachis, a bandit or rebel gang.1 The basmachis killed all twenty-two of the men in Safaeva’s group and carried off the women as captives. By the time that Safaeva was rescued, more than two months later, there was no longer a Xorezm People’s Republic or a Turkistan Republic; instead, Safaeva’s Khivan home was now in Uzbek- istan, and Tashkent, the goal of her academic pilgrimage, had become the capital of Uzbekistan. Safaeva waited for several years after her abduction before attempting to travel to Tashkent again, finally going there in 1927 to study at the Central Asian Communist University.2 She worked for the Communist Party of Uzbekistan as an activist in the Tashkent regional Women’s Division while she was studying, and in 1931 she was sent by the party to Uzbekistan’s Bukhara province to participate in the collectivization of agriculture. There she was poisoned, presumably by someone who opposed the state’s appropriation of land.3 Anabibi Safaeva was one of thousands of young women who joined in what Bene- dict Anderson refers to as the pilgrimage of modern education.
    [Show full text]
  • Mission and Revolution in Central Asia
    Mission and Revolution in Central Asia The MCCS Mission Work in Eastern Turkestan 1892-1938 by John Hultvall A translation by Birgitta Åhman into English of the original book, Mission och revolution i Centralasien, published by Gummessons, Stockholm, 1981, in the series STUDIA MISSIONALIA UPSALIENSIA XXXV. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword by Ambassador Gunnar Jarring Preface by the author I. Eastern Turkestan – An Isolated Country and Yet a Meeting Place 1. A Geographical Survey 2. Different Ethnic Groups 3. Scenes from Everyday Life 4. A Brief Historical Survey 5. Religious Concepts among the Chinese Rulers 6. The Religion of the Masses 7. Eastern Turkestan Church History II. Exploring the Mission Field 1892 -1900. From N. F. Höijer to the Boxer Uprising 1. An Un-known Mission Field 2. Pioneers 3. Diffident Missionary Endeavours 4. Sven Hedin – a Critic and a Friend 5. Real Adversities III. The Foundation 1901 – 1912. From the Boxer Uprising to the Birth of the Republic. 1. New Missionaries Keep Coming to the Field in a Constant Stream 2. Mission Medical Care is Organized 3. The Chinese Branch of the Mission Develops 4. The Bible Dispute 5. Starting Children’s Homes 6. The Republican Frenzy Reaches Kashgar 7. The Results of the Founding Years IV. Stabilization 1912 – 1923. From Sjöholm’s Inspection Tour to the First Persecution. 1. The Inspection of 1913 2. The Eastern Turkestan Conference 3. The Schools – an Attempt to Reach Young People 4. The Literary Work Transgressing all Frontiers 5. The Church is Taking Roots 6. The First World War – Seen from a Distance 7.
    [Show full text]
  • GIS Business
    GIS Business ISSN: 1430-3663 Vol-15-Issue-6-June-2020 General Issues on The History of The Uzbek Literary Language and Dialects Eldar Khusanov Davlatjonovich EFL teacher of 3rd SSBS in Baghdad, Fergana,Uzbekistan E-mail address: [email protected] Annotation: Uzbek is one of the most widely spoken languages in the Turkic language family and has been developing and improving over the centuries. As the Uzbek literary language develops, so do the Uzbek dialects. This article describes the history of the development of the Uzbek language, its dialects and some features of these dialects, scientific and substantiated information about the areas of distribution. Key words:Turkic languages, the Altai language family, Karluk,Kypchak, Oguz,heKarluk-Khorezm languages, the Uyghur language, Indo-Iranian languages, Fergana dialects, urban dialects. Uzbek language is the official language of the Republic of Uzbekistan. More than 34,5 million people live in Uzbekistan, over 70% of the population consider Uzbek as their native language. About 26.5 million people speak the Uzbek language, moreover, this language is spread not only on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan, but also in other Asian states: in Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, in the People's Republic of China and in Russia [7]. The modern Uzbek language belongs to the Turkic languages of the Altai language family. However, different linguists classify the Turkic languages in different ways, based on various characteristics, which, at times, are not always obvious. Traditionally, the Uzbek language belongs to the eastern (Karluk) group of the Turkic language group. Along with Turkish and Azerbaijani languages, Uzbek is considered one of the most common languages of this group[1;5].
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation JIAN 2016 Final
    The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2016 Reading Committee: Laada Bilaniuk, Chair Ann Anagnost, Chair Stevan Harrell Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Anthropology © Copyright 2016 Ge Jian University of Washington Abstract The Impact of Global English in Xinjiang, China: Linguistic Capital and Identity Negotiation among the Ethnic Minority and Han Chinese Students Ge Jian Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Laada Bilaniuk Professor Ann Anagnost Department of Anthropology My dissertation is an ethnographic study of the language politics and practices of college- age English language learners in Xinjiang at the historical juncture of China’s capitalist development. In Xinjiang the international lingua franca English, the national official language Mandarin Chinese, and major Turkic languages such as Uyghur and Kazakh interact and compete for linguistic prestige in different social scenarios. The power relations between the Turkic languages, including the Uyghur language, and Mandarin Chinese is one in which minority languages are surrounded by a dominant state language supported through various institutions such as school and mass media. The much greater symbolic capital that the “legitimate language” Mandarin Chinese carries enables its native speakers to have easier access than the native Turkic speakers to jobs in the labor market. Therefore, many Uyghur parents face the dilemma of choosing between maintaining their cultural and linguistic identity and making their children more socioeconomically mobile. The entry of the global language English and the recent capitalist development in China has led to English education becoming market-oriented and commodified, which has further complicated the linguistic picture in Xinjiang.
    [Show full text]
  • ED353829.Pdf
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 353 829 FL 020 927 AUTHOR Ismatulla, Khayrulla; Clark, Larry TITLE Uzbek: Language Competencies for Peace Corps Volunteers in Uzbekistan. INSTITUTION Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE Jul 92 NOTE 215p. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Instructional Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Alphabets; Classroom Communication; Competency Based Education; Cultural Context; Cultural Traits; *Daily Living Skills; Dialogs (Language); Family Life; Food; Foreign Countries; Government (Administrative Body); *Grammar; Independent Study; *Intercultural Communication; Job Skills; Monetary Systems; Non Roman Scripts; Phonology; *Pronunciation; Public Agencies; Transportation; *Uncommonly Taught Languages; *Uzbek; Vocabulary Development; Volunteer Training IDENTIFIERS Peace Corps; *Uzbekistan ABSTRACT This text is designed for classroom and self-study of Uzbek by Peace Corps volunteers training to serve in Uzbekistan. It consists of language and culture lessons on 11 topics: personal identification; classroom communication; conversation with hosts; food; getting and giving directions; public transportation; social situations; the communications system; medical needs; shopping; and speaking about the Peace Corps. An introductory section outlines major phonological and grammatical characteristics of the Uzbek language and features of the Cyrillic alphabet. Subsequent sections contain the language lessons, organized by topic and introduced with cultural notes. Each lesson consists of a prescribed competency, a brief dialogue, vocabulary list, and notes on grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling. Appended materials include: a list of the competencies in English and further information on days of the week, months, and seasons, numerals and fractions, forms of addess, and kinship terms. A glossary of words in the dialogues is also included. (MSE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.
    [Show full text]
  • The Study of Somatic Phraseological Units in Uzbek Linguistics
    SJIF Impact Factor: 6.260| ISI I.F.Value:1.241| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2016 ISSN: 2455-7838(Online) EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD) Volume: 5 | Issue: 3 | March 2020 - Peer Reviewed Journal THE STUDY OF SOMATIC PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN UZBEK LINGUISTICS Rashidova Umida Mansurovna Senior teacher of the Samarkand State University, Doctor of Philology (PhD) ABSTRACT In world linguistics, the priority trend is the desire to show phraseological units, in particular the semantic field of somatic phrasemes, in structural-semantic and communicative-pragmatic senses. It is also necessary to study somatic phraseological units associated with the names of the organs of the human body in semantic-pragmatic and stylistic terms as a separate lexical-semantic group in this direction. This circumstance determines the importance of the subject for modern linguistics. In subsequent years, significant progress was achieved in the study of phraseological units in Uzbek linguistics. At the same time, the study of philosophical and epistemological, national psychological and ethno-cultural aspects of the use of somatic phraseological units in the language, having a holistic, formal-meaningful structure, has become one of the important tasks of Uzbek linguistics. The article clarifies the concept of somatic phraseology and lists the work on their study in turkology. In particular, Uzbek linguistics comprehensively covered the studies conducted by A.Isaev, Sh.Usmonova, Sh.Nazirova, H.Alimova on the study of somatic phraseological units, and expressed their attitude to them. KEY WORDS: somatic phraseological unit, cognitive meaning, paradigm, component analysis, semantic analysis, pragmatic analysis. DISCUSSION of phraseological units formed on the basis of In speech, a person uses various stable somatisms, as well as their status in speech.
    [Show full text]
  • Muslim Women of the Fergana Valley: a 19Th-Century Ethnography from Central Asia
    Book Reviews 127 Muslim Women of the Fergana Valley: A 19th-Century Ethnography from Central Asia. Vladimir Nalivkin and Maria Nalivkina. Indiana University Press. 2016. 242 pp. (ISBN-13: 9780253021496) This work offers readers a nineteenth-century ethnography focused on women in an Islamic society. Originally titled A Sketch of the Everyday Life of Women of the Sedentary Native Population of the Fergana Valley, it was first published in Russian in 1886 by the Russian couple Vladimir and Maria Nalivkin, who lived in a “Sart” (Uzbek) village in a territory new to the Russian Empire. Vladimir Nalivkin, a Russian military man, and his wife were among the first group of Russians who provided precious detailed re- ports on Central Asia for the Russian Empire. Unlike other Russian scholars, Vladi- mir and his wife were not specialists in Oriental studies; therefore, their work provides a new perspective on Central Asian Studies. The book includes one introduction and ten chapters. The introduction by the ed- itor, Marianne Kamp, provides a comprehensive introduction to the book. It provides brief biographies of Vladimir and Maria, focusing on their intellectual formation, the milieu within which they worked, and their scholarly production. Comparisons are drawn between their ethnographic work and those of several of their contemporaries in Russian Central Asia. The first chapter, “A Short Sketch of the Fergana Valley,” deals with a physical description of the Fergana Valley, from the plants, mountains, and valley to the streets, mosques, and shops. It describes how Islamic religious ideas shaped the attitudes and livelihoods of the people. The second chapter, entitled “Religion and Clergy,” starts with a translation of passages from the Qur’an, followed by a description of some beliefs and practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 N3483 L2/08-268
    ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3483 L2/08-268 2008-08-04 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Preliminary proposal for encoding the Old Hungarian script in the UCS Source: Michael Everson and André Szabolcs Szelp Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2008-08-04 This document replaces N2134 (1999-10-02), N1638 (1997-09-18), and contains the proposal summary form. 1. Introduction. The Old Hungarian script is a runiform script used to write the Hungarian language. In Hungarian it is called rovásírás ‘incised script’, from rovás ‘incision’ and írás ‘writing, script’. Various sources call it “Old Hungarian” or “Hungarian Runic” where runic refers to the script's runiform character and does not indicate direct descent from the Germanic runes (though Old Hungarian and the Fuþark are distant cousins). Old Hungarian is thought to derive ultimately from the Old Turkic script used in Central Asia, and appears to have been brought by the Székely Magyars to what is now Hungary in 895 CE. Owing to its link with the Old Turkic script, Old Hungarian must have been developed around the 8th century CE; it is first mentioned in a written account in the late 13th century. The first surviving alphabetical listing dates to about 1483. Short inscriptions are attested from the 12–13th centuries; some inscriptions are said to have been written as early as the 10th century, though there is no consensus on the accuracy of this dating.
    [Show full text]
  • De-Persifying Court Culture the Khanate of Khiva’S Translation Program
    10 De-Persifying Court Culture The Khanate of Khiva’s Translation Program Marc Toutant Despite the expansion of Turkish-speaking populations and the efforts of several Turko-Mongol dynasties to promote the use of Chaghatai Turkish after the thir- teenth-century era of the Mongol Empire, Persian remained a favored language all over Central Asia in chanceries and belles-lettres till as late as the nineteenth century.1 Only a small proportion of the literature created in Central Asia was in Chaghatai Turkish (hereafter simply called Turkish), and Persian was the ma- jor medium of learned expression in all parts of the region, as Devin DeWeese’s chapter 4 in this volume reminds us. And as Alfrid Bustanov’s chapter 7 shows, even in distant Tatar villages of the Russian Empire, where there were no native speakers of Persian, the classics of Persian ethical literature were widely copied in local madrasas, where some students even tried to compose their own literary works in Persian. Nevertheless, the status of Persian as lingua franca did not remain unchal- lenged in Central Asia. Over the course of the fifteenth century, cultural patronage under the Timurid rulers brought about the composition of numerous Turkish texts in diverse fields of learning. At the court of the last great Timurid ruler, Husayn Bayqara (r. 1469–70, 1470–1506), one of the most important corpora of Central Asian Turkish literature was written by Mir ‘Ali Shir Nawa’i (1441–1501). Albeit largely based on Persian models, the works of Nawa’i can be regarded as an attempt to forge a culture that was specific to his Turkophone audience.
    [Show full text]
  • A STUDY of WRITING Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu /MAAM^MA
    oi.uchicago.edu A STUDY OF WRITING oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu /MAAM^MA. A STUDY OF "*?• ,fii WRITING REVISED EDITION I. J. GELB Phoenix Books THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS oi.uchicago.edu This book is also available in a clothbound edition from THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TO THE MOKSTADS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada Copyright 1952 in the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved. Published 1952. Second Edition 1963. First Phoenix Impression 1963. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE HE book contains twelve chapters, but it can be broken up structurally into five parts. First, the place of writing among the various systems of human inter­ communication is discussed. This is followed by four Tchapters devoted to the descriptive and comparative treatment of the various types of writing in the world. The sixth chapter deals with the evolution of writing from the earliest stages of picture writing to a full alphabet. The next four chapters deal with general problems, such as the future of writing and the relationship of writing to speech, art, and religion. Of the two final chapters, one contains the first attempt to establish a full terminology of writing, the other an extensive bibliography. The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for a new science of writing which might be called grammatology. While the general histories of writing treat individual writings mainly from a descriptive-historical point of view, the new science attempts to establish general principles governing the use and evolution of writing on a comparative-typological basis.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC of EASTERN TURKESTAN and the FORMATION of MODERN UYGHUR IDENTITY in XINJIANG by JOY R. LEE B.S., United
    THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF EASTERN TURKESTAN AND THE FORMATION OF MODERN UYGHUR IDENTITY IN XINJIANG by JOY R. LEE B.S., United States Air Force Academy, 2005 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of History College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2006 Approved by: Major Professor David A. Graff Form Approved Report Documentation Page OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 13 SEP 2006 N/A - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER The Islamic Republic Of Eastern Turkestan And The Formation Of 5b. GRANT NUMBER Modern Uyghur Identity In Xinjiang 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage of Scribes
    HERITAGE OF SCRIBES The Relation of Rovas Scripts to Eurasian Writing Systems Written by GÁBOR HOSSZÚ Budapest 2013 Title: Heritage of Scribes The Relation of Rovas Scripts to Eurasian Writing Systems Written by: Dr. habil. Gábor Hosszú, Candidate of Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Reviewers: Modeling: Prof. Ferenc Kovács, Doctor of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Hungarian Dr. Erzsébet Zelliger, Candidate of Sciences of the Hungarian linguistics: Academy of Sciences Linguistic advice: György András Jeney Translation: Dr. habil. Gábor Hosszú and László Sípos Carolyn Yohn, translation editor Editing and cover Tamás Rumi and László Sípos page design: Foreword: Dr. István Erdélyi, Doctor of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Edition Third, Revised and Extended Edition Publishing: Rovas Foundation, Hungary Sponsored by: Rovas Foundation and Affiliates, Hungary Printed: Budapest, Hungary Copyright © 2011, 2012, 2013 by Dr. habil. Gábor Hosszú and Rovas Foundation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978 963 88 4374 6 ROVAS FOUNDATION – HUNGARY ROVÁS ALAPÍTVÁNY – MAGYARORSZÁG gASroraGa m – NAvtIpal a sAvo r 2 To My Mother 1927 – 2010 3 Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgements 9 1. Introduction 11 2. Abbre viations, glossary and sources 14 3. The family of the Rovash scripts 18 3.1. General description 18 3.2. Early Rovash scripts 27 3.2.1. The Proto-Rovash 27 3.2.2. The Early Steppe Rovash 34 3.3. The Rovash paleographical modeling 42 3.3.1. The Glyph Complexity Parameter 42 3.3.2. The glyph transformation modeling 43 3.3.3. Determining the genealogies of the graphemes 44 3.4. The Carpathian Basin Rovash 46 3.4.1.
    [Show full text]