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Contents PREFACE FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 9. Marble. 10. Gypsum, or plaster. COMMISSIONER OF MINERAL STATISTICS OF 11. Salt. THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, FOR 1877-8 AND PREVIOUS YEARS. Prof. Charles D. Lawton prepared the historical sketch of the iron district, which I regard as the most reliable paper on the subject yet published. To him I am also indebted BY AUTHORITY for the chapter on gypsum. MARQUETTE: The chapter on copper is from the able pen of Hon. John MINING JOURNAL STEAM PRINTING HOUSE. H. Forster, whose thorough knowledge of the copper 1879. district and intimate connection, since its inception, with the practical development of that industry, together with that felicitous weaving of dry statistics into pleasing Contents narrative, pre-eminently fitted him for the task. His paper PREFACE. ........................................................................ 1 is an invaluable contribution, which will be read and appreciated more and more as time passes. GEOLOGY OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR IRON REGION..2 I acknowledge my obligations to S. S. Garrigues, Ph. D., GENERAL HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE IRON for his very interesting and replete account of the salt REGION. ........................................................................... 9 products of the State. IRON MINES................................................................... 17 My thanks are due to the officers of the mining and furnace companies, as well as to the management of the LAKE SUPERIOR COPPER MINING INDUSTRY......... 44 Marquette, & Ontonagon Railroad and the Chicago & LAKE SUPERIOR BROWN STONES............................ 67 Northwestern for many courtesies. SLATE............................................................................. 69 To Mr. J. R. Grout, agent of the Detroit & Lake Superior Copper Smelting Works, and his assistants. Messrs. Z. THE IRON RIVER SILVER DISTRICT. .......................... 70 W.. Wright and E. Reeder, I am indebted for accurate GANISTER OR QUARTZITE.......................................... 71 statistics of the production of the copper mines; also to L. G. Emerson, M. E., for valuable information. MARBLE......................................................................... 71 Valuable assistance was given me by Hon. E. G. D. GYPSUM......................................................................... 72 Holden, Secretary of State; Hon. Ralph Ely, Auditor MICHIGAN SALT............................................................ 73 General; Hon. H. R. Pratt, Deputy Auditor General, and Mr. E. Bow, in the office of the Secretary of State. Very ERRATA ......................................................................... 78 many others have contributed to this report to whom I am under grateful obligations. PREFACE. I have availed myself of information contained in the Geological Report of Michigan, 1873, and in the "Mineral OFFICE OF COMMISSIONER OF MINERAL STATISTICS, Resources of Lake Superior," by Hon. A. P. Swineford. Marquette, Michigan, Jan’y 1, 1878. HON. CHARLES M. CROSWELL, Governor of Michigan: It has not been possible to report on the coal mines or the blast furnaces; nor have I been able to complete a Sir:—Herewith, in compliance with law, I have the honor contemplated geological cross-section of the copper to submit the first annual report of the commissioner of series. Considerable data relating to these subjects has mineral statistics. been collected and reserved for a future report. The report embraces the statistics for 1877-8, as The compilation of statistics of previous years has required by the statute, and also, in order to completely consumed much more time than I anticipated would be exhibit the status of the mineral resources of the State, I required. No official compilation has before been have collated the statistics of previous years. attempted, and accordingly the data is necessarily The arrangement of the topics, other than statistics, is as scattered and in some respects unobtainable. follows: It is regretable that some typographical errors in the text 1. A popular geological sketch of the iron bearing series were not discovered and corrected, especially in a few (Lower Huronian.) analyses of iron ores, wherein the decimal point was 2. Historical sketch of the iron district. inadvertently misplaced; reference is, however, here 3. Description of the iron mines. made to a table of errata at the end of the volume. 4. Historical and geological sketch of the copper district. It has been my endeavor to make this report of practical 5. Lake Superior brownstones. value to the people of the State, and with that aim in 6. Slate, view I have spared neither time nor necessary expense 7. Iron River silver district. in the compilation. It is submitted in full confidence that 8. Ganister, or quartzite. First Annual Report of the Commissioner of Mineral Statistics for 1877-8 and Previous Years – Page 1 of 79 the work will meet a want long felt—a compilation of that it is quite impossible to draw the line, separating statistics of the vast mineral resources of Michigan. each group by itself. CHARLES E. WRIGHT, M. E., The cause of this great diversity of rocks, when derived Commissioner of Mineral Statistics. from the same source, is to many, a matter of wonderment, though readily understood. Let us NOTE.—I understand that a bill will be introduced the coming session of the legislature to provide for a cabinet of minerals in examine carefully, any exposed granite ledge. If it be of the new capital building, representing the varied resources of a feldspathic nature, the rate of decomposition will be the State. The cost of the collection would be small, while its proportionately rapid, and a slight blow, dealt on some of value as a source of information could hardly be estimated. the disengaged blocks, will often break them into a thousand pieces, disproving the common phrase "as imperishable as granite." In fact, some of the more GEOLOGY OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR basic granites may be classed, as among those, the IRON REGION. least able to bear the wear of time. Taking some of these broken fragments, the feldspar is It is desired within the limits of this report on the mineral readily made out. It may have a milky texture, and statistics of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, to present crumble in the fingers, still, the unmistakable cleavage is a brief but comprehensive view of the archean formation there. of this portion of the State. This season, however, will be considered, geologically, only the Laurentian and In the fire clay beds near Grand Rapids, Wisconsin, Lower Huronian* periods. So little is definitely known of which .are nothing more than decomposed granite the copper series, which overlie the Lower Huronian, ledges, the original structure of the granite is plainly that it is purposed next season to devote the greater part visible. The crystal form of the feldspar still remains, but of this section of the report, to that district. I have its chemical composition is changed; for out of the collected considerable material relating to the copper feldspar has been dissolved the alkalies, leaving the region; but to publish it in its present crude state, would white, greasy-feeling mineral, kaolinite, behind. The be doing neither this great interest nor myself justice. scales of mica are still perfect, but are more or less brittle; and the only unaltered mineral is the quartz, To start with a clear record we will go back to the now which may now be easily freed from the material that generally accepted theory of the primitive condition of once held it so firmly. the earth; that is, when the surface of the molten mass of the globe had crusted over; that we may understand the Thus it is with the granite ledge before us. The moisture source of the first sedimentary rocks, designated by penetrates the rock, entering every seam and pore, the most geologists, as the Laurentian. It is very frost then opens the crevice still more, until the loosened questionable if any of the first rocks thus formed are rock is obliged to relax its hold, and "old gravity" hurls it extant; for, as the cooling of the globe progressed, the down—not to its resting place, however; for the heat and crust must have formed and reformed many times. This cold, the wet and dry, co-workers of chemical action, all seems very natural, when we know that molten rock combine to lessen the size or break up the block, so that shrinks nearly 1-12 in cooling, which alone, would of the mountain torrents are enabled to roll it along their necessity produce wide cracks here and there over the rocky beds. surface; and the contracting force would then cause the The boulder, in this rough-and-tumble journey, is either fiery liquid to shoot upwards and overflow the crust, broken, or its corners become rounded. If it be a jointed which from the superimposed weight, would sink to be block and easily fractured, the chances are that it will be again lapped away by the seething bath beneath. This reduced to pebbles, or ground into fine sand or silt. In process, repeating itself over and over again, would, as any case above considered, the greater portion of our we can readily imagine, afford us a very uneven surface. original block has disappeared, either as a sediment, or During this time we must suppose that the deposition of as we have already observed, in the feldspar, has been the sedimentary rocks, had in a measure begun; and it is partially dissolved. highly probable, that even much of these early sediments were remelted: but this is a matter of The disposition of the material in the former of these two speculation, and we will advance a step. conditions, is easily traced out. The coarser material is deposited first, which, too, is usually more of a silicious * This term "Lower Huronian" is used to distinguish it from the Copper series which by some is supposed to belong- to the Huronian rocks, or quartzy nature. The finer portion is borne still farther, and it is not impossible that this latter series may eventually be until the point is reached, where the specific gravity of designated as the "Upper Huronian." the particle, overcomes the velocity of the current and the buoyancy of the water.
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