Doping Behavior in International Cycling from a Public Administration Perspective
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Doping behavior in international cycling from a public administration perspective A multiple case study research to the international anti-doping policies and the influence of constitutional contexts on the development and preservation of doping behavior retrospectively performed in 4 selected cases. eellllllllz Doping behavior in international cycling from a public administration perspective A multiple case study research to the international anti-doping policies and the influence of constitutional contexts on the development and preservation of doping behavior retrospectively performed in 4 selected cases. Masterthesis Author: Rens Spijkers s1375784 Thesis committee First supervisor: Prof.dr. René Torenvlied Second superviso: Prof.dr. Bas Denters University of Twente School of Management and Governance Public Administration – Public management Varsseveld, 18 April 2016 Doping behavior from a public administration perspective Preface This Master Thesis is written in the context of the master education Public Administration at the University Twente, specialization Public Management. The finish of this master thesis is all about the graduation of the master Public Administration. The guidance is in the first place performed by Professor Dr. René Torenvlied and the second guidance was the responsibility of Professor Dr. Bas Denters. The Process of the creation of the thesis is been a long and lonely process from out of my attic room in Varsseveld, nevertheless it is been an instructive process which made me stronger in my conviction. I enjoyed all courses of the master Public administration and I assume the knowledge I gained is a good prelude to my social career. For the master thesis I chose a topic that lies very close to my heart which is cycling and more specifically the inequity and injustices in the sport. The administrative world of sports is highly applicable for the education Public Administration because I see the world of cycling as a small world on its own. Besides both worlds are also strongly connected, for instance the financial crisis also found his punch in the organization of cycling. For me it is fascinating to see how these two worlds are connecting together and dealing with issues, trends and any kind of developments. Equally like in the real world, the administrative world of cycling is also very bureaucratic and built on rules and regulations with a compliance which is very focused on enforcement. Only difference with the real world is that the organization of cycling internationally is very centralized with the UCI as central and most powerful body. Nevertheless I am convinced that the administrative issues are very comparable and that both worlds potentially could learn from each other. For the guidance in the process of this thesis I need to thank Professor Dr. René Torenvlied and Professor Dr. Bas Denters. Especially in a longstanding process they both have always been very patience and above all they kept me enthusiastic and motivated for the content of this thesis. Besides I need to thank my parents who always supported my, mentally and financially as well. Rens Spijkers March, 2016 1 Master thesis: Rens Spijkers | December 2014 | Management summary Doping behavior from a public administration perspective 2 Master thesis: Rens Spijkers | December 2014 | Management summary Doping behavior from a public administration perspective Management summary Doping is a prominent issue in the world of cycling. From administrative perspective it is questionable how the common doping behavior in teams could outwitted the institutions since the Festina affair in 1998 until 2012, when the team organized doping culture in the US Postal team became known from the USADA report. This will be researched from perspective of doping usage in teams with help of the following four selected cases; US Postal, Rabobank, Telekom and Cofidis. The relation between the individual cyclists and the common institutions will be researched with help of principal agent theory. The most common institutions in enforcement are the UCI, as central leading entity; the WADA as worldwide leading anti-doping entity; the national cycling federations and the national doping authorities. Each cyclist, team and race organization is embedded in a different context which explains the complexity of enforcement in cycling. Principal agent theory is helpful in analyzing the relationships in which one, the principal, has to control the other, the agent. In this research the UCI is the principal and the principal needs to enforce doping usage among the agents, individual cyclists. In each principal agent relation there is an information asymmetry which means that both do not have the same set of information, the principal has to control the agent but he is not omniscient. In every case of information asymmetry, which could be caused through small interpretation differences, the agent will act in its own interest because that will be at least the second best option. Mason and Slack (2005) explained four different kinds of costs for information asymmetries: Environmental costs; monitoring costs; bonding expenditure costs; and the residual lost which concern the costs of doping usage. Environmental costs are the costs of the contexts, which you cannot influence. The monitoring costs are the costs of enforcement and bonding expenditure costs are the costs in order to motivate the agent or others to participate in the enforcement process. The monitoring process in cycling increased a lot during the research span, especially since the introduction of the WADA, the WADA Code and the UNESCO agreement. From the mid 00’s the national anti-doping authorities received more independent delegated responsibilities which resulted in a decreasing usage of doping in teams. Especially in US Postal, Rabobank and Telekom is a perceivable effect, the French case of Cofidis might be an exemption due to interference of the French policy as third party in enforcement. Also the increased unpredictability of controls contributed to descent of doping usage. Mainly the introduction of the whereabouts system shows significant descents in the usage patterns. Although has to be supplemented that the introduction of the whereabouts system was simultaneously with other anti-doping developments resulting from the WADA Code. Then the last concept of the monitoring strategy, namely the technologic development was researched but nothing significantly was found. Regarding the participation and collaboration part of information asymmetries the WADA played a very important role. Not every incident was significant with a descent in doping usage but the UCI/ WADA conflicts turned out to be very time costly. Regarding participation from national authorities there was found nothing significant because the implementation issues in enforcement appeared to be very marginal in cycling. Regarding participation from teams in the battle against doping it turned out to be that there is a relation. However it seemed to be only effective in combination with the creation of awareness, such as the internal anti-doping policy of Telekom in 2007. During the research span the professionalism of the organization of cycling and enforcement increased that much, that team organized doping and the culture of doping seemed to be banned out however information asymmetries and individual doping usage still could exists. 3 Master thesis: Rens Spijkers | December 2014 | Management summary Doping behavior from a public administration perspective 4 Master thesis: Rens Spijkers | December 2014 | Management summary Doping behavior from a public administration perspective Table of contents Inhoud Preface ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Management summary .......................................................................................................................... 3 Table of contents.................................................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1 The cultural problem ............................................................................................................ 12 1.2 Fight against the code of silence .......................................................................................... 13 1.3 Complications of the institutional process ........................................................................... 13 1.4 The regulation dilemma ....................................................................................................... 14 1.5 Central research question and sub questions....................................................................... 14 1.6 Case selection ....................................................................................................................... 15 1.7 Structure of the report ............................................................................................................... 16 2. Theoretical framework ................................................................................................................. 17 2.1 Theoretical building