Journal of Archaeological Science 116 (2020) 105100
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Journal of Archaeological Science
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Research Papers The emergence of hunter-gatherer pottery in the Urals and West Siberia: New dating and stable isotope evidence
Henny Piezonka a,*, Lyubov’ Kosinskaya b, Ekaterina Dubovtseva c, Yuri Chemyakin d, Dmitri Enshin e, Sonke€ Hartz f, Valentina Kovaleva b, Svetlana Panina g, Svetlana Savchenko g, Svetlana Skochina e, Thomas Terberger h, Viktor Zakh e, Mikhail Zhilin i, Aleksey Zykov c a Institute of Pre- and Protohistory, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany b The Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia c Institute of History and Archaeology, Urals Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia d Ural State Pedagogical University, Ekaterinburg, Russia e Tyumen Scientific Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russia f Schleswig-Holstein Archaeological State Museum, Schloss Gottorf, Schleswig, Germany g Sverdlovsk Regional Museum, Ekaterinburg, Russia h Seminar for Prehistory and Early History, Georg August University, Gottingen,€ Germany i Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Keywords: The emergence of pottery among Stone Age hunter-gatherer societies of Eurasia constitutes one of the major open Early pottery questions in Old World prehistory. Located halfway between the earliest Late Glacial cores of pottery production Hunter-gatherer-fishers in East Asia, and Eastern Europe with forager ceramic starting around 6000 cal BC, the Urals and West Siberia are AMS radiocarbon dating a key region in various scenarios currently under discussion. A lack of reliable absolute dates has been hindering Isotopic analysis an in-depth understanding of the temporal and spatial scales of the initial spread of the ceramic innovation. A Early Holocene Urals & West Siberia Russian-German dating programme has now created a more reliable chronology of the early pottery phase, based on 28 AMS dates from across the study region. Taking freshwater reservoir effects into account, we can show that the earliest reliable evidence for pottery stems from the West Siberian forest steppes and Urals foothills, dating to the end of the 7th millennium cal BC. Over the following centuries, the innovation spread rapidly north into the taiga. Here, the early pottery horizon coincides with a unique set of innovations and intensification in the set tlement system and the socio-economic sphere, including the appropriation of vast previously barely settled regions, the emergence of complex and even fortifiedsettlements, and of ritual mounds. Pilot isotopic analyses of pottery charred crusts indicate diverse functions of the early vessels that were apparently not restricted to the processing of fish. The emerging wider picture indicates a surprisingly late, largely concurrent appearance of pottery in hunter-gatherer groups over extensive areas along the southern fringes of the taiga to both sides of the Urals at the end of the 7th millennium cal BC which is apparently not connected to the earlier, Late Pleistocene ceramic traditions in Trans-Baikalia and further East. Possible links to the 8.2 ka climatic event, other underlying triggers as well as the detailed chronology of these developments are still poorly understood and require further archaeological, biomolecular and typological studies.
1. Introduction gatherer pottery, and the early Neolithic farming cultures of Central Asia, the region is of crucial importance for tracing the emergence of this The Urals and West Siberia are key regions for understanding origins technological innovation, the conditions and trajectories of its dispersal, and dispersals of hunter-gatherer ceramics in Eurasia. Located between and the chronological sequence of associated socio-cultural and eco the initial centres of Late Pleistocene pottery production in East Asia, the nomic developments in Stone Age North Eurasia. East European Plain with its own history of Early Holocene hunter- Currently, four contrasting scenarios for the emergence of pottery in
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Piezonka). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105100 Received 28 June 2019; Received in revised form 13 January 2020; Accepted 2 February 2020 Available online 20 February 2020 0305-4403/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. H. Piezonka et al. Journal of Archaeological Science 116 (2020) 105100 the Urals and West Siberia within the wider sphere of Stone Age hunter- Our results also shed light on possible dating problems caused by gatherer ceramics seem possible: (1) The innovation dispersed in a reservoir ages in aquatic systems, and questions of food economy and continuous spread from the early centres in East Asia in a westerly di vessel use. Based on stable isotopic data of carbon and nitrogen, vessel rection, ultimately meeting other (farmer) pottery traditions along a contents are estimated with regards to aquatic components. The data kind of frontier running from NW to SE Europe (e.g., Jordan et al., thus brings roles and functions of the early pottery vessels into focus: 2016); (2) Pottery vessels were invented independently by various North Were they employed to facilitate processing of aquatic food stuffs that Eurasian foraging communities, forming separate regional innovation might have played an increasing role in subsistence economy (see e.g. centres, one of them possibly located in the Trans-Urals (e.g., Kuzmin, Gibbs et al., 2017; Oras et al., 2017), did they enable the production of 2017); (3) The pottery technology dispersed into the study region from new materials such as fishoil and glues, and did social functions e.g. as the West, originating from early ceramic production cores in the North containers for ritual feasting play a role (Boyd et al., 2019; Hayden, Pontic and Caspian regions, with a “meeting line” between the different 2009)? Eastern and Western traditions further east; (4) Various strands of early pottery traditions reached the study area from the South-West and from 2. The emergence of pottery in Eurasia the East, triggering the development of local styles further north. The evaluation of these respective scenarios must be based on a The emergence of pottery among Stone Age hunter-gatherers in the sound absolute chronology. However, a general lack of reliable dates for Old World from the Late Pleistocene onwards has been attracting much of the region has so far been hindering an in-depth understanding increasing interest in recent years (Gibbs and Jordan, 2013; Gronen of the temporal and spatial scales behind the initial emergence and born, 2011; Jordan and Gibbs, 2019; Jordan and Zvelebil, 2009; Pie spread of the ceramic innovation. In our paper we present the results of zonka, 2015, 2017a). Continent-wide, the data adds up to the an AMS dating program of early Uralian and West Siberian pottery that phenomenon of a world of pottery-producing hunter-gatherers that contributes new data towards a more reliable and comprehensive developed completely independent from farming communities for many chronological framework. Although more than 100 conventional millennia from the Far East to the Baltic region. It is not clear, however, radiocarbon dates associated with early ceramic contexts exist for the whether this phenomenon was the result of a continuous East-West study region (Chairkina et al., 2017; Mosin and Epimakhov, 2018; dispersal of the ceramic innovation (Jordan et al., 2016), or whether Vybornov et al., 2014), many of them are problematic due to unclear pottery technology has rather been invented/adopted independently contexts, methodological problems connected to the dating of total several times by hunter-gatherer groups in this vast area and dispersed organic content (TOC) of ceramics, possible old wood effects in charcoal along smaller-scale regional trajectories into new areas (Kuzmin, 2017; samples, etc. Since 2010 our Russian-German team has been producing a Yanshina, 2017). The world’s oldest known ceramic vessels have been new series of 28 AMS dates on pottery charred crusts and samples from produced in Eastern China in the remote times of the Last Glacial associated contexts. The samples stem from key sites across the study Maximum, around 18,000 cal BC (Kuzmin, 2017; Sato and Morisaki, area (Fig. 1), thus enabling a more detailed understanding of the onset 2017). Over the following millennia, pottery technology became known and initial development of the ceramic innovation within its environ in the Russian Amur region, in Japan, Korea, Transbaikalia and the mental and socio-cultural context. northern parts of South-East Asia. Very early dates from the Urals and
Fig. 1. Sites in the Urals and West Siberia with Stone Age ceramics from which organic residue on pottery was analysed for AMS dating (white dots), and other sites mentioned in the text (black dots) (illustration: H. Piezonka).
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West Siberia from sites such as Sumpanya 4 (from c. 9,750 cal BC), discrepancies of up to thousands of years in the chronological attribution Yurtobor 3 and Lake Andreevskoe have been repeatedly mentioned in of certain pottery styles by different scholars. One of the contested the literature (e.g. Zakh, 2009:77) and have also been used in pottery definitions concerns so-called Boborykino type pottery (see e.g. Kova dispersal modellings (Gibbs and Jordan, 2013; Hommel, 2014; Jordan leva and Zyryanova, 2010; Zakh, 2009). Here we employ the name as a et al., 2016). However, the reliability of their association with the early terminus technicus for a typological group of Early Neolithic ware in the pottery phase is questionable as they might also be associated with Ishim region, based on definitions by Zakh and Yen’shin (2015), earlier, pre-pottery activities attested at these sites. although we are aware that the determination of regional and Lake Baikal seems to represent a “halting line” in North Eurasian supra-regional typological groupings and associated cultural trans pottery dispersals: all sites with Late Pleistocene ceramics are located mission networks require further in-depth study including multivariate East of the lake while to the West of it, dates for early pottery complexes statistical investigations. Context dates for early pottery complexes do not set in before the end of the 8th millennium cal BC (Goriunova and predominantly stem from charcoal samples from building remains or Novikov, 2015; McKenzie, 2009; Piezonka, 2017a; for a critical discus from the cultural layers themselves, in which materials of various phases sion of earlier dates at Goreli Les: see McKenzie, 2009:186–187). West from the Mesolithic to the Medieval period can be intermixed. Signifi Siberia and the Urals are geographically located between this crucial cant deviation among the dates for one and the same building is Baikal area on the one hand, and Europe on the other. The current state frequent. Especially in the northern parts of the study region, bone of knowledge is heterogeneous, and systematic multi-proxy research preservation is poor, and reference data from terrestrial animal bone is including the building of robust absolute chronologies is needed to virtually unavailable. Better-preserved stratigraphies are found at better understand the history of early ceramics. Over the last years, the multi-layer wetland sites of the Middle Trans-Urals, enabling systematic problem of insufficient chronological data has been addressed by tar AMS dating of cultural layers and analysis of pollen sequences (Zar geted dating efforts in various regions across North Eurasia, including etskaya et al., 2014; Zhilin et al., 2014). Direct dates on pottery have Japan and the Far East (Taniguchi, 2017), Trans-Baikalia (Hommel mostly been obtained by dating the total organic content (TOC) of the et al., 2017; Tsydenova et al., 2017) and North-East Europe (e.g., Hartz sampled sherds (e.g., Vybornov et al., 2014: 34), leading to reliability et al., 2012; Lucquin et al., 2018; Piezonka et al., 2017; Zajtseva et al., problems as the precise sources of the dated organic carbon cannot be 2016). Our study aims to start filling this gap for the Urals and West judged (Karmanov et al., 2014:736; Piezonka et al., 2016:268). These Siberia. imprecisions are reflectedin the TOC dates repeatedly appearing either older or younger than the age ranges suggested by other chronological 3. Early pottery in the Urals and West Siberia information (e.g., Andreev et al., 2012).
The Urals and West Siberia comprise a vast area to the East of the 4. Materials and methods geographical border between Europe and Asia (Fig. 1). Within the local archaeological periodization system, the early pottery phase is associ 4.1. Dating charred crusts: the problem of reservoir effects ated with the Early Neolithic period (Chairkina and Kosinskaya, 2009:210). The foremost criterion for the beginning of the Neolithic, in In this paper we present and discuss AMS radiocarbon dates and this Eastern terminology, is the firstappearance of pottery vessels in the isotopic results of charred crust samples from ceramics as well as bone archaeological record (Piezonka, 2017b). In most of the region regarded samples from associated contexts. Direct accelerator mass spectrometry here, agriculture never became part of local economies until historic (AMS) dating of charred surface residues adhering to individual pots times, and animal husbandry was mainly restricted to reindeer herding (foodcrusts, soot etc.) has become a widespread approach to date pot which took hold only from the Iron Age onwards (Gusev, 2014), and tery. The foremost reason why charred organic residues on pottery are domesticated horse and cattle only became part of the economies in the regarded a valuable dating material is its direct association with the time southernmost regions. of use of the ceramics. In many cases, such residue stems from burnt food Based largely on pottery typology, a multitude of groupings regarded stuffs and other materials prepared in the vessels; residues on the outer as “archaeological cultures” have been distinguished for the initial surface of pottery vessels can also represent soot from the cooking fire ceramic phase based on pottery typology (Chairkina and Kosinskaya, (Teetaert et al., 2017; Mokk€ onen€ and Nordqvist, 2019). 2009; Chairkina et al., 2017; Dubovtseva, 2015; Kosinskaya, 2006, There is, however, a danger of dates from such crusts being too old 2014; Vybornov et al., 2014) (see Fig. 14). At least two diverse yet due to aquatic reservoir effects or old wood effects in radiocarbon ages broadly contemporary trajectories of early pottery traditions are sug (Philippsen, 2015a; Philippsen and Meadows, 2014; Teetaert et al., gested: One tradition comprises conical and flat-basedvessels tempered 2017). For foodcrusts, this can be the case when aquatic food stuffs (e.g. with grog, organic matter and sand and decorated with incised and fish,mollusks) were cooked in the vessels. Aquatic resources tend to be pricked ornaments (including e.g. the types Amnya, Kayukovo, Kosh depleted in radiocarbon, resulting in age offsets that can account to kino, probably Satygino; Dubovtseva, 2015:208–209). The second several hundred years. Currently archaeologists and scientists attempt to tradition encompasses vessels with conical bases tempered mainly with systematically estimate such reservoir ages in foodcrust dates by way of mineral and organic matter and decorated with comb stamps, incisions various archaeological and biomolecular methods (e.g., paired dating of and pricked marks (Chairkina and Kosinskaya, 2009:211–212; including terrestrial and aquatic materials, determination of bulk δ13C/δ15N iso e.g. Koksharovo-Yurino type pottery; Mosin and Epimakhov, 2018 topic ratios, lipid biomarker analysis, single-compound carbon isotope Vybornov et al., 2014, and Shoushma type pottery, Klement’eva & determinations) (Heron and Craig, 2015; Philippsen and Meadows, Pogodin, 2017). In many complexes these two main traditions are 2014; Philippsen, 2015a; Piezonka et al., 2016). Charred residues on the intermixed. Although a southern origin of the former and a local outside of hunter-gatherer pottery vessels are often younger than those emergence of the latter tradition have been suggested, the actual re from the inside of pottery vessels as they often at least partly originate lations and trajectories are still largely unclear (see e.g. Molodin et al., from the cooking fire (burnt wood, tars, resins) (Teetaert et al., 2017; 2018). The conically-based Bystrino type pottery of the Surgut Ob’ re Mokk€ onen€ and Nordqvist, 2019). gion belongs to a more developed phase extending into the Middle A fundamental problem concerning freshwater reservoir effects in Neolithic (Kosinskaya, 2006:19; Dubovtseva, 2015). the Urals and West Siberia and their assessment based on δ13C/δ15N The reconstruction of the relative and absolute chronology of isotopic ratios is the almost complete lack of baseline isotopic infor pottery-containing Stone Age complexes poses one of the foremost tasks mation and chronological reference data from this region. In order to of Early Holocene archaeology in this region. However, due to an overall better understand the variability of freshwater reservoir ages it would be scarcity and uneven distribution of reliable absolute dates, there are necessary to assemble information of the local age offsets in various
3 H. Piezonka et al. Journal of Archaeological Science 116 (2020) 105100 aquatic systems and the connected food chains, preferably from the time current study, four AMS dates on bone samples and four AMS dates on period in question. In order to evaluate aquatic components in the pottery charred crust were produced (Figs. 2.1–2, 3; Table 1). For the crusts, investigations of the isotopic ratios (δ13C/δ15N) of various wild bone samples and two of the charred crusts, δ13C/δ15N isotope ratios animal species (terrestrial/aquatic) would be necessary for different were determined (see Fig. 12). environmental units. Tashkovo 1 is situated by the River Iset’ in the southern part of the Two pilot studies on prehistoric wild mammal species, fish and fish Middle Trans-Urals. Four of 17 house pits have been excavated (Kova consumers exist from the peripheries of the research area. Marchenko leva & Ivas’ko, 1991; Kovaleva and Zyryanova, 2008a). Several con et al. (2015) have analysed human and animal bone from Neolithic and ventional radiocarbon dates on charcoal and pottery food crusts have Bronze Age complexes in the Baraba forest steppe to the South-East of been produced (Mosin and Epimakhov, 2018: 112). The AMS-dated our study area, including animal bone from Neolithic pits at the site of pottery vessel (AAR-14835) (Fig. 4.4; Table 1) stems from the fill of Preobrazhenka 6 (see Figs. 1 and 12). While the isotopic results of un house pit 4 which was stratigraphically divided into two layers. The gulates and omnivores fall into expected ranges, some of the fishsamples lower layer is associated with the Kozlov cultural type of the Early are characterized by unusually high δ13C values between c. À 12 and Neolithic, while the upper layer mainly contains Late Neolithic mate À 15‰. The authors suspect that differences in carbon composition be rials. Typologically, the dated vessel belongs to the Kosharovsko-Yurino tween lakes and rivers could be responsible for these unusual patterns type of the Kozlov culture, although stratigraphically it was associated (Marchenko et al., 2015:603), although variations based on fishspecies with the upper layer. and individual ages of the sampled fish might also play a role. The example illustrates that without baseline information from local aquatic 4.4. Investigated complexes in the middle Trans-Urals systems, reliable conclusions on isotopic ratios of various potential di etary components cannot be reached. From the northern margin of West The artificialmound of Ust’-Vagil’sky Kholm is located by the River Siberia comes a study by Losey et al. (2018) on the Iron Age site of Tavda. It belongs to a peculiar site type distributed across the Middle Ust’-Poluy in the tundra. Here, large reservoir ages of several hundred to Trans-Urals which are thought to have served ritual functions. The main over thousand years have been detected in human and dog bone sam accumulation of the mound took place during the Neolithic and Eneo ples, and it is argued that these are the result of freshwater reservoir lithic periods, with sporadic activities continuing into the Middle Ages effects caused by aquatic food stuffs in the diets (Losey et al., 2018: (Panina, 2008, 2011). Pottery of the Satygino type (Fig. 5) was found in Tables 2 and 3, Fig. 4). Further isotopic data from animals and humans the lowermost cultural layer, which also contained concentrations of from West Siberia used by Kuzmin et al. (2017) have not been published bones and antlers of wild animals, human skulls, rows of posts, and yet, they will potentially add important data towards the isotopic hearths. Seven conventional radiocarbon dates and eight new AMS dates baseline information for this region. from these structures are discussed here (Fig. 9; Table 1). Gorbunovo peat bog is situated on the eastern flankof the Urals. The 4.2. Materials: overview site of Beregovaya 2 occupies a rocky promontory and adjacent strati fied wetland sediments below. Five Early Mesolithic to Eneolithic cul The dated samples discussed here stem from nine early pottery tural layers have been identified, with layer II representing the Early complexes including two sites in the forest steppe of West Siberia Neolithic phase. The artefact spectrum includes potsherds mainly of (Mergen’ 6, Tashkovo 1), four sites in the Middle Trans-Urals (Berego Koshkino and a few sherds of Boborykino, Koksharovsko-Yurino and vaya 2, Beregovaya 3, Ust’-Vagil’sky Kholm, Varga 2), and four sites in Basyanovo types. According to palynological results, layer II formed in the middle and northern taiga (Amnya 1, Kirip-vis-Yugan 2, Barsova the first half of the Atlantic period (Zaretskaya et al., 2014). Three Gora II/8 and II/9) (Fig. 1). A total of 28 samples were analysed radiocarbon dates, two of them on pottery, now confirm this (Zhilin (Table 1). Eighteen of the samples comprised carbonized residues et al., 2014: Fig. 6) (Fig. 2.3-4; Table 1). The site of Beregovaya 3 is adhering to the surfaces of typologically diagnostic pottery. The located ca. 200 m southeast of Beregovaya 2, and a test trench also remaining samples include human bone (four samples), mammal bone/ revealed stratified wetland sediments. Two Koksharovsko-Yurino type antler/tooth (five samples), and fish bone (one sample). The analyses pottery fragments from the upper layer of peat provide new AMS dates were carried out at Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and (Fig. 4:1–2; Table 1). Stable Isotope Research at Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Germany, Shigir peat bog is located at the eastern flankof the Ural Mountains c. at AMS 14C Dating Centre at Aarhus University, Denmark, and at Poznan� 50 km south of Gorbunovo peat bog. The site of Varga 2 is occupying a Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poland, using standard procedures (see Sup sandy promontory and parts of the adjacent wetland at its western edge. plementary Information). For selected charred crust and bone samples, Excavations have revealed Neolithic and Eneolithic cultural layers δ13C and δ15N ratios were measured by EA-IRMS in order to comment on (Zhilin et al., 2007; Zaretskaya et al., 2012, 2014). Hearths recorded in the likely origin of the carbon in the AMS targets (see Figs. 11 and 12; Early Neolithic cultural horizon II were associated with pottery of the Table 1; see Supplementary Information). For twelve samples, δ13C ra Koksharovsko-Yurino and Koshkino types, among others. The stratified tios have been determined in the course of the AMS dating by dual-inlet context points to the contemporaneity of these different typological measurement (see Fig. 11; Table 1). groups. Radiocarbon dates were gained from charred crust of one Koksharovsko-Yurino type rim sherd and from worked wood samples 4.3. Investigated complexes in the forest steppe of West Siberia (Zaretskaya et al., 2014) (Fig. 4.3; Table 1).
Mergen 6 is located in the Lower Ishim basin in the southern part of 4.5. Investigated complexes in the West Siberian taiga zone the West Siberian Plain. Excavations have uncovered a unique settle ment plan with two large pit houses at the centre (houses 14 and 21), a Amnya 1 is regarded the northernmost known Stone Age fortifica ring of smaller house pits (houses 3, 5, 8, 15, 16) and an outer zone with tion in Eurasia (Borzunov, 2013; Dubovtseva et al., 2019). Located in the smaller constructions and pits (Enshin et al., 2012). Finds include re Lower Ob’ region, the settlement occupies a sandy promontory above a mains of hundreds of ceramic pots, among them flatand pointed-based river floodplain. Surface features include banks and ditches as well as vessels of Koshkino and Boborykino (sensu Zakh and Yen’shin, 2015) ten house pits. Five houses and several sections of the banks and ditches types. Bone is preserved exceptionally well (Enshin and Skochina, have been partly excavated (Morozov & Stefanov, 1993; Stefanov & 2018). Based on typological observations and eight conventional Borzunov, 2008). Pottery comprises the remains of c. 45 vessels of the radiocarbon dates, the settlement existed between the last quarter of the so-called Amnya type with pointed- and flat-based forms. The chronol 7th and the beginning of the 6th millennium cal BC (see Fig. 8). For the ogy of the site has been based on four conventional 14C dates, two
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Fig. 2. Koshkino ceramic type. Fragments of pottery from which organic residue samples were taken. 1–2 Mergen’ 6 (1 – sample Poz-98334, 2 – sample Poz-98998) 3–4 Beregovaya 2 (3 – sample KIA-42074, 4 – sample AAR-14833) (illustration: H. Piezonka with photographs by D. Enshin, S. Hartz, S. Skochina, T. Terberger). indicating an earlier, Mesolithic (?) phase in the 8th millennium cal BC, 5. Results and discussion and two dating to a supposed main settlement phase just after 6000 cal BC (Kosinskaya, 2013:243) (Fig. 10). The new AMS date on a pottery 5.1. Establishing intra-site chronologies charred crust appears rather old in this context (Dubovtseva et al., 2019) (Fig. 6.2; Table 1). Amnya type pottery has so far been found at only one Due to the possible reservoir effects outlined above, the radiocarbon other site, Kirip-vis-Yugan 2, located 3 km to the South-East (Stefanov dates on pottery charred crusts presented here cannot be taken as et al., 2005). The site encompasses fivehouse pits of which houses 1 and directly dating the time of use of the pottery vessels but yield a terminus 4 have been excavated. Pottery was restricted to house 1 and encom post quem and must be further contextualized. Approaches to address the passes fragments of at least four vessels. The charred crust sample for issue for our material include (1) the interpretation of data series from AMS dating stems for a decorated vessel with a conical base (Fig. 6:1; single sites, (2) the assessment of paired dates from closed contexts of Table 1; see also Stefanov et al., 2005: Fig. 3.5). pottery crusts and bone samples of terrestrial animals, and (3) the The archaeological complex of Barsova Gora is one of the largest interpretation of δ13C/δ15N isotopic ratios in charred crust and bone agglomerations of settlement remains in West Siberia. Located in the samples. Four sites with suitable data series and stratigraphic informa Middle Ob’ region on the high bank of the river, it encompasses hun tion representing three different environmental zones within the study dreds of archaeological sites from the 6th millennium cal BC through to area are discussed as examples, illustrating a complex interplay of the early 20th century AD (Chemyakin, 2008: 4). Among the earliest various mechanisms at play as well as a stark regional variability. sites is Barsova Gora II/8 where seven of the 19 house pits have been Example 1. Mergen’ 6: From Mergen’ 6, a set of 16 radiocarbon dates excavated. Two of them (1 and 3) contained the remains of c. 60 vessels is available, including three TOC dates disregarded here as not suffi of the Early to Middle Neolithic Bystrino type (Chemyakin, 2008; ciently reliable (Fig. 8). Too young for the Early Neolithic series appears Dubovtseva, 2007; Kosinskaya, 1993). One of the two dated ceramic the bone date Poz-94078, but here, the archaeological context is not vessels originates from house pit no. 3 (Figs. 7.1-2; Table 1); for the clearly associated with the Early Neolithic built structures. Of the second dated vessel (Fig. 7.3; Table 1) it is not clear which house pit it remaining dates, the results from bone samples of terrestrial animals are stems from. The two AMS dates presented here are the first absolute regarded as the most reliable. A number of observations can be made: dates for the site. Close-by Barsova Gora II/9 consists of eight house (1) Based on three animal bone samples, the large central house pit 21 pits, four of which have been investigated (Chemyakin, 2009:32–33). seems to date to the last quarter of the 7th millennium cal BC, thus The ceramic complex has been named Barsova Gora II/9a type and was appearing c. 100–200 years older than the second large central house 14 preliminary assigned to the Eneolithic period, although the excavator and houses 3, 15 and 16, of which one bone from terrestrial large ani holds the presence of various phases possible. Charred crust from the mals each has been dated to around 6,000 cal BC. (2) While the human exterior of two fragments of a pottery vessel provides the only available bone from house 21 is only a few decades of radiocarbon years older 14C date for this site so far (Fig. 7.4; Table 1). than the associated terrestrial animal bone samples, there is a larger age offset of c. 300 radiocarbon years between the terrestrial animal and the human bone sample from house pit no. 15. This points to variable reservoir ages in human skeletal remains due to varying amounts of aquatic components in the diet. (3) Similarly varying, at best moderate
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taphonomical problems including questionable associations with the presumed closed contexts within the house pits and require further investigation. Example 2. Ust’-Vagil’sky Kholm: Of the 15 radiocarbon dates associated with the presumably sacrificial complex at the base of the mound (Fig. 9), three cannot be judged in their reliability (TOC dates). The remaining twelve dates cover an extensive time span between c. 7,400 and c. 5,000 cal BC. Most reliable in this series would be the dates on wood (although an old wood effect cannot be ruled out here), and the elk bone samples (but see below). (1) The complexity of dating problems in this series can be illustrated by the date pair of the pike bone Poz- 94392 and the human skull Poz-94314: the pike bone was found adhering to the human skull, but irrespective of this close spatial asso ciation there is an age offset of more than 2,000 radiocarbon years be tween the two samples. Currently it is not possible to judge which mechanisms have been at play here: large reservoir effects in the fish,a re-deposition of materials, and/or an unknown chronological depth in the archaeological structures comprising the lowermost horizon at the base of the mound? (2) Such open questions also concern the other dating results: Does the rather homogenous, comparatively late time span of the three wood dates (SOAN-6940-6942) in the second half of the 6th millennium cal BC come close to the actual age of the activity traces in this horizon, or do they only represent one of several phases? Is the homogeneity of the dates of the three charred crust samples from Satygino type pottery (AAR-14838-14840) due to vessel contents with similar reservoir ages, or do the dates reflect reliable, in this case very old ages? (3) The oldest date in the series stems from an elk antler (Le- 8746). In this respect it is relevant that elk can consume large amounts of water plants during summer which is the time when the antler forms. According to Philippsen (2015b:292), a freshwater reservoir effect in elk would therefore be expected to be highest in the antlers. Altogether it is likely that the early, sacrificialcomplex at Ust’-Vagil’sky Kholm covers a certain temporal depth which might not be clearly identifiable in the stratigraphy, and that potentially, freshwater reservoir effects might have led to substantial age offsets in fishbone, human bone and possibly also in pottery food crusts. Example 3. Amnya 1 and Kirip-vis-Yugan 2: Although the series of dates from Amnya 1 and Kirip-vis-Yugan 2 comprises of only seven dates, among which a TOC date will be disregarded in the further dis cussion, a number of patterns can be observed (Fig. 10). (1) Of the three charcoal dates from Amnya 1, house 9, two (Le-4974a-b, with large error margins) fall into the Mesolithic period (9th/8th millennium cal BC), a phase currently not recognizable archaeologically in the excavated structures and materials. (2) The other four dates form two interestingly Fig. 3. Boborykino ceramic type. Fragments of pottery from which organic congruent pairs: at Amnya 1, the charred crust AMS date from house pit residue samples were taken. 1–3 Mergen’ 6 (1 – sample Poz-98335, 2 – sample 1 is more than 600 radiocarbon years older than a charcoal date from Poz-98999, 3 – sample Ki-17070) (illustration: D. Enshin, H. Piezonka, S. Skochina). house 9, and at Kirip-vis-Yugan 2, the charred crust date from house 1 is about 700 radiocarbon years older than a charcoal sample from house 4. Irrespective of some general problems with comparability and reliability reservoir ages can also be suspected for the charred crust dates: While of these dates and their contexts (assumed but unproven broad two of three dates are c. 200 and c. 300 radiocarbon years older than the contemporaneity of the respective house pits, absence of pottery from associated terrestrial animal bones from the same house pits, a third house pit 4 at Kirip-vis-Yugan 2), there seems to be a systematic age crust date (from house 16) is c. 60 years younger than the respective difference of c. 600–700 years between the charcoal and the charred bone date. At that, the ranges of the crust samples from Koshkino type crust dates, with both crust dates falling into a narrow time span just pottery (ca. 6,250-5,800 cal BC) are altogether younger than those of after the middle of the 7th millennium cal BC and the context dates Boborykino type pottery (ca. ,400-5,900 cal BC), suggesting an age ranging in the first third of the 6th millennium cal BC. A possible offset and partly parallel existence of the two typological groups (see explanation might be that the pottery crust dates have been affected by a also Fig. 13). In summary, the dating evidence from terrestrial animal broadly similar, substantial reservoir effect that is due to a similar use/ bones points to the use of one of the large central houses in the last similar contents of the vessels with a similarly high aquatic component. quarter of the 7th millennium cal BC while the second central house and Further systematic dating on samples from new fieldwork in 2019 is in the surrounding ring of smaller houses were used around 6,000 cal BC. progress in order to better understand the chronology of the two sites. Associated human skeletal remains and most of the charred crusts from potsherds are either broadly contemporary or a maximum of c. 300 years older, indicating minor to moderate reservoir effects in these samples. The few discrepancies from this picture could be related to
6 H. Piezonka et al. Journal of Archaeological Science 116 (2020) 105100
Fig. 4. Koksharovo-Yurino ceramic type. Fragments of pottery from which organic residue samples were taken. 1–2 Beregovaya 3 (1 - sample AAR-17979, 2 – sample AAR-17980); 3 Varga 2 (sample AAR-14837); 4 Tashkovo 1 (sample AAR-14835) (illustration: E. Dubovtseva, H. Piezonka with photographs by S. Hartz and T. Terberger).
Fig. 5. Satygino ceramic type. Fragments of pottery from which organic residue samples were taken. 1–3 Ust’-Vagil’sky Kholm (1 – sample AAR-14838, 2 – sample AAR-14839, 3 – sample AAR-14840) (illustration: H. Piezonka and S. Panina with photographs by S. Hartz and T. Terberger).
5.2. Vessel use and function: implications from bulk δ13C/δ15N isotopic morphology and on heating traces, the use as cooking pots (for food and data non-food products) can be regarded as the foremost function of most of the early Siberian ceramics discussed here. Debates on roles and functions of early pottery in hunter-gatherer With regards to the use of vessels as cooking pots and to more general societies have in recent years benefited from biomolecular methods to questions on dietary components at the various sites regarded here, an determine vessel contents (e.g., Gibbs et al., 2017; Heron and Craig, interpretation of the bulk δ13C/δ15N isotopic ratios from charred resi 2015; Lucquin et al., 2016; Oras et al., 2017; Taniguchi, 2017). The dues on the pots and from samples of potential food stuffs can add in presence of charred crusts especially on the interior surfaces is a direct formation, albeit limited due to the currently still small number of indicator for the processing of food stuffs and/or other materials by samples, and the lack of local and regional reference data and compar heating. Cooking in pottery vessels is seen as a means to more ison studies. economically process food stuffs, enabling a more complete recovery of Regarding the δ13C ratios in charred pottery crusts from various sites nutrients and also the creation of storable products (e.g., fish oil) in the study region along a temporal scale, no systematic changes in the (Hommel, 2014:682-83). Ceramic vessels can also be used to produce values with time are detectable; differences rather seem to reflect the and process non-food products such as fish glue and tars by heating. geographical location/site units (Fig. 11). The samples from Ust’- Based on the frequent presence of charred crusts, but also on vessel Vagil’sky Kholm, Amnya 1, Mergen’ 6, Varga 2 and Tashkovo 1 all
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Fig. 6. Amnya ceramic type. Fragments of pottery from which organic residue samples were taken. 1 Kirip-vis-Yugan 2 (sample Poz-97649); 2 Amnya 1 (sample Poz- 97648) (illustration: E. Dubovtseva, H. Piezonka including a drawing from Stefanov et al., 2005, Fig. 3). display comparatively low ratios between c. À 26 and À 32‰. Higher stuffs cooked in the vessels, and based on known isotope ratios from the ratios have been measured in the samples from Beregovaya 2 and 3. better-studied North-East European forest zone (see e.g. Piezonka et al., Here we see the interesting fact that the earlier, Koshkino type vessels 2016), the marked depletion in δ13C would indicate freshwater fish.The from Beregovaya 2 have altogether higher and more diverse values than two samples from Beregovaya 3 are less depleted in δ13C and show lower the younger, Koksharovo-Yurino type vessels from the close-by site of δ15N values than the other foodcrusts, pointing either to specific local Beregovaya 3. This indicates changes in vessel use and/or the processed signatures, or to local/chronological particularities concerning the materials and products over time in this microregion. composition of the products processed in the pots, with a presumably Although published reference data on Neolithic faunal and human smaller, or differently structured, portion of freshwater aquatic re δ13C/δ15N isotopic ratios is so far only available from the neighboring sources. The two human bone samples from Ust’-Vagil’sky Kholm and Baraba forest steppe (Marchenko et al., 2015), some general trends can from Shigir peat bog provide background information on local dietary be deduced from the ratios in the samples presented here (Fig. 12). The patterns. They display elevated nitrogen isotopic ratios between 12.5 isotopic ratios in bones of large mammals from Mergen’ 6 are tightly and 13.5‰, respectively, indicating dominant consumption of animal clustering around À 20‰ for δ13C and 4–5‰ for δ15N. Samples of some protein including fish and/or other aquatic species. ungulates in the Baraba study as well as the elk sample from Ust’-Va Thus, our pilot data on δ13C and δ15N isotopic ratios from the pottery gil’sky Kholm are characterized by higher δ15N values. An interesting charred crusts suggest regionally and temporally diverse patterns in pattern is displayed by the pottery charred crusts: The samples from processing various aquatic and terrestrial products in the early pots, Amnya 1 and Mergen’ 6 are depleted in carbon and raised in nitrogen, although more work is clearly needed to judge the detailed significance compared to the Baraba evidence and the animal samples from the of these results. This emerging diverse picture stands somewhat in present study. This indicates that animal protein was part of the food contrast to the evidence from other regions. In many parts of the
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Fig. 7. Bystrino ceramic type (1–3) and pottery of Barsova Gora II/9a type (4). Fragments of pottery from which organic residue samples were taken. 1–3 Barsova Gora II/8 (1–2 – sample AAR-14836, 3 – sample Poz-98996), 4 – Barsova Gora II/9 (sample Poz-98997) (illustration: E. Dubovtseva, H. Piezonka with photographs by S. Hartz and T. Terberger).
Fig. 8. Mergen’ 6, Tyumen’ province. Radiocarbon dates associated with the Early Neolithic settlement (data from Enshin et al., 2012 and this study, see Table 1). Sample materials: black – charred organic residue on pottery; dark grey – total organic content (TOC) of pottery; white – bone.
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Fig. 9. Ust’-Vagil’sky Kholm, Sverdlovsk province. Radiocarbon dates from the early phase sacrificial complex at the base of the mound (data from Panina, 2011; Panina, 2014 and this study, see Table 1). Sample materials: black – charred organic residue on pottery; dark grey – total organic content (TOC) of pottery; hatched – wood; white – bone.
Fig. 10. Amnya 1 and Kirip-vis-Yugan 2, Tyumen’ province. Radiocarbon dates from the Early Neolithic settlement structures (data from Stefanov and Borzunov, 2008; Kosinskaya, 2011 and this study, see Table 1). Sample materials: black – charred organic residue on pottery; dark grey – total organic content (TOC) of pottery; hatched - charcoal.
Northern hemisphere, the emergence of early pottery seems to be linked et al., 2017) and for East Africa (Haaland, 2009). This pattern even led to to an overall intensification of the economy and in particular to an the postulation of an “Aquatic Neolithic”, regarding the pottery inno increased exploitation of aquatic resources. In East Asia, it has been vation as part of an alternative “Neolithic package” alongside with shown that ceramic vessels played a crucial role in the processing of intensified aquatic exploitation, increased settlement stability and marine products from early on (e.g., Gibbs et al., 2017; Lucquin et al., population growth (e.g., Gibbs et al., 2017, for a critical review of the 2016), and similar interconnections between early concept see Piezonka, 2017b). hunter-gatherer-fisher pottery and the processing of aquatic products In these scenarios, the interpretation concentrates largely on aquatic have also been suggested for other parts of the circumpolar region (see foodstuffs such as fish,sea mammals and mollusks, while other food and contributions in Jordan and Gibbs, 2019), for North-East Europe (Oras non-food products are less in focus. Ethnographic evidence from
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Fig. 11. δ13C ratios (in ‰) from dual-inlet and from EA-IRMS measurements of the charred crust samples from the Urals and West Siberia reported in Table 1 in relation to AMS dating results.
Fig. 12. δ13C and δ15N values (in ‰) from EA-IRMS measurements of charred crust and bone samples from this study (white signatures, see Table 1), and of animal bone comparison data from the Neolithic settlement of Preobrazhenka 6, West Siberian forest-steppe (Marchenko et al., 2015). Abbreviations: A1 – Amnya 1, B3 – Beregovaya 3, M6 – Mergen’ 6, U–V – Ust’-Vagil’sky Kholm. contemporary hunter-fishercommunities in West Siberia can widen the based on pre-existing culinary practices and local food scapes, in which view on possible roles of cooking vessels in particular for inland forested aquatic resources constitute only one of various parameters (Courel regions. While fishing plays a central role in the subsistence economy, et al., submitted). large fish such as pike and taimen are usually not processed in metal cauldrons (which replaced pottery as cooking vessels in the Early 5.3. Early pottery in the Trans-Urals and West Siberia: Part of an Modern period) but are fried on spits over the fire, or eaten raw or innovation horizon in the 7th millennium cal BC frozen. Cooking pots are mainly used to boil soup from smaller fish,meat of hunted mammals, and in particular forest and water fowl, a rich and One of the most substantial contributions towards a better under reliable seasonal resource across the taiga (Gemuev et al., 2005). standing of the spreading of early pottery in Afro-Eurasia over the last Cooking pots are also used for the production of fishoil and fishglue, the years was devoted to modelling ceramic dispersals based on radiocarbon latter made from fish bladders and fish skins (Kulemzin and Lukina, dates (Jordan et al., 2016). For the Trans-Urals and West Siberia, our 2006:43–44). Further ethnohistorically attested uses of cooking pots are study can now refine and partly modify the picture (Figs. 13–15). the preparation of plant dyes and medicines. The earliest radiocarbon evidence securely associated with early The isotopic results from the present pilot study on early pottery in pottery in the Trans-Urals and West Siberia now come from charred the Urals and West Siberia might indicate comparably diverse roles of crusts from Ust’-Vagil’sky Kholm (Satygino type) and from Amnya 1 and the earliest ceramic vessels in the study region, rather than a uni-focal Kirip-vis-Yugan 2 (Amnya type), dating around c. 6,500 cal BC (Fig. 13). function of processing fish for food. Such a scenario is paralleled e.g. However, it has been demonstrated that for these dates, substantial by new archaeological results from the circum-Baltic region that attest reservoir effects of several hundred years either cannot be ruled out to more complex trajectories in early hunter-gatherer pottery adoption (Ust’-Vagil’sky Kholm) or are even very likely (Amnya 1 and Kirip-vis
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Fig. 13. Calibration of AMS dating results of charred organic residue on pottery (reported in Table 1) using OxCal v 4.3.2 (Bronk Ramsey, 2017) and the IntCal13 data (Reimer et al., 2013).
Yugan 2). Most reliable is the chronological information on early pottery Possible influences from Late Pleistocene ceramic centres East of from Mergen’ 6, where the AMS dates of charred crust from Boborykino Lake Baikal, as suggested by scenario 1, are not supported by the data (sensu Zakh and Yen’shin, 2015) and Koshkino type vessels cover the last presented here, and chronologically intermediate evidence of early ce quarter of the 7th millennium and the time around 6,000 cal BC and are ramics between this region and West Siberia is virtually non-existent. broadly in accordance with context data from this settlement site, The earliest reliable dates for pottery-bearing horizons on the west therefore at best being slightly influenced by freshwater reservoir ef side of Lake Baikal (Sagan-Zaba 2, Ust’-Chajta) and at the middle Enissei fects. Thus, an onset of pottery production towards the end of the 7th (Elenevka cave, Ust’-Kazachka) only set in the second half of the 7th millennium cal BC can be suggested here. The crust dates on Koshkino millennium cal BC (McKenzie, 2009:191–193; Novikov and Goryunova, type pottery from Beregovaya 2 back up these findings, as comparison 2011; Nomokonova et al., 2013). The evidence from the study region dates on other sample materials show that they have not been affected underlines the existence of a chronological gap of more than 4,000 years by any detectable reservoir ages. The crust dates from the for initial pottery production between the Trans-Baikal region and more Koksharovsko-Yurino type sherds from various sites cover a rather large westerly areas. span between c. 6,000 and ca. 5,200 cal BC. Altogether the series con With respect to a possible independent invention of pottery by North firms the general trend that this ceramic type is tentatively a few cen Eurasian foraging communities at several separate regional innovation turies younger than Koshkino (Mosin and Epimakhov, 2018), although centres (scenario 2), the postulated early centre in the Trans-Urals can the evidence from Varga 2 suggests a period of coexistence of the two be disregarded now, as the respective context dates from sites such as types. Summing up, the earliest reliable dates on pottery in the study Sumpanya 4 most likely stem from an earlier, pre-ceramic Mesolithic area stem from the Middle Trans-Urals and the south of West Siberia, phase. New evidence for the onset of pottery production in West Siberia indicating an onset of pottery production towards the end of the 7th is currently emerging in the Baraba forest steppe in the South-East of the millennium cal BC. region. Here, settlement excavations have revealed a flat-based, orna Based on this improved chrono-typological information, the various mented ware apparently dating to the mid-7th to early 6th millennium scenarios on the emergence and adoption of pottery in the study region cal BC. As this ware is typologically very similar to the flat-basedpottery outlined in the introduction can be re-assessed (Figs. 14; 15). of the taiga zone (e.g., Kayukovo and Amnya types), an autochthonous
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Fig. 14. Summary of radiocarbon chronology of Early Neolithic pottery types in the Trans-Urals and West Siberia, based on published data and data presented in this article (see Table 1 and Supplementary Information SI2) (illustration: H. Piezonka and T. Schreiber). flat-based West Siberian pottery tradition has been suggested by the (Bader, 1970). The earliest Kel’teminar dates, however, set in not before excavators (Molodin et al., 2018). However, direct evidence for such an around 6,300-6,000 cal BC (Brunet, 2011; Stavitskii, 2017) and thus do independent emergence of the new technology in this region is hard to not predate the northern traditions. Other authors have suggested con put forward. At the moment, the materials add up to a picture of a nections with Central Asian Neolithic farming cultures (Tsetlin, 2008), broadly concurrent emergence of a supraregional early horizon of a or with early ceramic production centres in the West Urals and Volga specific,flat based decorated ware over much of the West Siberian forest regions of East Europe (Vybornov et al., 2014, 43, 46; but see also Mosin, steppe and forest zone from the mid-7th millennium cal BC onwards, 2015), but these scenarios are hampered by so far unexplained typo with the Baraba finds among the earliest dated complexes. logical and technological differences. The character of possible supra According to scenario 3, pottery technology is suggested to have regional contacts between the Urals and West Siberia and the West and dispersed into the study region from the West and South-West. For South-West remains therefore altogether still rather unclear and must be Koshkino type ceramics, the combination of a local cultural substrate further examined, especially in the light of the new dating evidence, and with influencesfrom the Lower Volga and North Caspian regions (Orlov, possible dispersal trajectories need to be tested by typo-chronological Kairshak and Djangar traditions) has been suggested (Kovaleva and comparative studies. Zyryanova, 2008a, b), although the reference materials do not fit At the moment, a scenario which explains the adoption of ceramics in chronological congruencies. Close typological similarities in vessel the study region best considers the influenceof various strands of early shape and ornamentation appear to exist between the flat-based wares pottery traditions from the South-West, South and possibly also from the from the Ishim (e.g., Mergen’ 6), dated to the end of the 7th millennium East, and the subsequent development of local styles further north. Such cal BC in our study, and the Kairshak/Tenteksor pottery types of the a scenario seems best in accordance with the observed typologically North Caspian region that also set in presumably just before 6,000 cal heterogeneous data, although detailed trajectories remain unclear. What BC, based on dated animal bone (Vybornov et al., 2012:Table 1). can be said is that a horizon of a broadly concurrent adoption of pottery Another dispersal trajectory suggested already several decades ago sees technology emerges in the last third of the 7th millennium cal BC in a migrations from the Lake Aral region (Kel’teminar tradition) towards vast area between the Lake Aral region of Central Asia, the forest steppes the north, resulting in the local appearance of Kozlov type pottery and southern taiga zones of West Siberia, the North Caspian steppes and
13 H. Piezonka et al. Journal of Archaeological Science 116 (2020) 105100 ) page IntCal13 (2012) (2012) next the al. al. on Reference Unpublished Dubovtseva, 2015 Unpublished Unpublished Zaretskaya et Zaretskaya et Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished and ) continued ( 2017 BC 6392 5221 4989 5217 6070 6073 5642 5641 6394 6221 6034 5901 5897 5882 5837 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – cal Age (95,4% probability) 6504 5364 5212 5355 6325 6244 5757 5739 6560 6392 6231 6092 6072 6032 6032 Ramsey, C Bronk ( 14 40 33 35 35 40 38 32 33 40 40 50 50 50 40 50 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � v4.3.2 BP age 7590 6321 (MAMS) 6135 6305 7325 7320 6825 6810 7600 7410 7270 7140 7120 7080 7060 Conventional OxCal x ) N using 15 ‰ 8.8 – – – – – ( 8.14 8.23 – – 10.5 9.7 4.4 5.0 4.1 δ x ) C 31.8 24.91 22.48 26.8 29.2 20.8 20.3 20.5 calibrated 13 ‰ À – – – – – À À – – À À À À À ( δ been ) C have 33.95 10,80 19.82 24.92 22.77 13 ‰ – À – – À À À À – – – – – – – (dual- inlet) ( δ results The – – – – – – 10.7 8.2 – – – – 2.3 – – Atomic C/N x Siberia. – – – – – – 6.2 7.9 – – – – 7.0 2.2 2.0 %N x Western – – – – – – 57.1 55.6 – – – – – 5.4 5.7 %C and Urals – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.8 5.0 2.4 Yield coll. (%) the in No. sites Poz- 97648 AAR- 14836 Poz- 98996 Poz- 98997 KIA 42074 AAR- 14833 AAR- 17979 AAR- 17980 Poz- 97649 Poz- 98999 Poz- 98334 Poz- 98335 Poz- 94076 Poz- 94075 Lab. Age of of of of Stone crust crust crust crust crust crust crust crust crust crust crust crust sherd sherd bone large interior exterior exterior interior antler of from pottery pottery pottery pottery pottery pottery pottery pottery Charred from pottery Charred on Charred from pottery Charred from pottery Charred on Charred on Charred on Charred on Charred from pottery Charred on Charred on Charred on Deer Animal (rib mammal) Material pottery to Amnya Bystrino Bystrino Bystrino Koshkino Koshkino Koksharovo- Yurino Probably Koksharovo- Yurino Amnya Boborykino Koshkino Boborykino Koshkino/ Boborykino Koshkino/ Boborykino Typological association adhering of of 40 pit 1, 154 1, M6- 4, IV, cm 152 pit pit, no. ). sw sw inv.- 63 material depth inv.- 58 ScCh/, P-20, N2-7, Zh2/5, m m no. house 387/94 60, house 2, 16, 3, 100 no. 3, of – no. trench depth: depth: 2013 trench surface depth of house house trench trench cultural squ. squ. squ. squ. squ. no. vessel 200 200 2233/41.73 pit pit pit squ. inv.- inv.-no. 90 find test 3532 surface al., find test II, 1, organic floor 93, M6-09/5244, 2, (turf), (turf), 2, 1987, 1987, 1998, 2009, 2010, 2010, 2011, 2009, 2003, 2009, et 2012, 2012, horizon M/10, vessel cm, house house bottom 102/54 ancient no. on cm, 15, cm Inv.-no. no.M6-10/7673, no. houses, squ. layer 3553, 3975/126.153 3119/4101 3, of of pit 1, ancient no. layer pit layer area 288 II, no. inv.- inv.- 3, M6-09/4783, M6-03/659, below Reimer results ( House 3136/135.143 Excavation no. cm, Excavation inv.-no. Excavation inv.-no. Excavation cultural depth Excavation layer 284/-286 Excavation Beregovaya upper cm Excavation Beregovaja upper 144/148 House Excavation bottom no. 31/31 Excavation house pit, vessel Excavation ShCh2/11, between 11/10287, Excavation bottom no. below Excavation horizon 16, cm Context curve 2 2 3 3 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 EA-IRMS Gora Gora Gora 1 ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ 1 and II/8 II/8 II/9 Yugan Amnya Barsova Barsova Barsova Beregovaya Beregovaya Beregovaya Beregovaya Kirip-vis- Mergen Mergen Mergen Mergen Mergen Mergen Site Table AMS atmospheric
14 H. Piezonka et al. Journal of Archaeological Science 116 (2020) 105100 (2014) (2014) (2014) (2012) al. Reference Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Panina Panina Panina Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Unpublished Zaretskaya et BC 5809 5026 3961 5322 6499 6480 6445 6392 6257 6251 6235 5565 5905 – – – – – – – – – – – – – cal Age (95,4% probability) 5996 5291 4048 5470 7047 6640 6590 6492 6442 6429 6391 5732 6055 C 14 40 40 30 35 110 40 37 38 34 38 35 50 35 � � � � � � � � � � � � � BP age 7020 6190 5201 6406 7860 7735 7660 7583 7504 7480 7433 6750 7106 Conventional x ) N 15 ‰ – 5.1 12.33 – – – – – – 13.46 7.50 – – ( δ x ) C 20.0 17.5 20.61 21.32 13 ‰ – À À – – – – – – À À – – ( δ ) C 29.59 31.35 26.01 29.82 21 27.03 13 ‰ – – – À – À À À À – – – À (dual- inlet) ( δ – 0.9 3.19 – – – – – – 3.25 3.47 – – Atomic C/N x – 4.4 16.0 – 0.6 – – – – 13.39 13.19 0.7 – %N x – – – – 4.3 – – – – 37.25 39.18 4.1 – %C – 1.0 – – 0.8 – – – – – – 0.3 – Yield coll. (%) No. Poz- 94074 Poz- 98998 Poz- 94078 AAR- 24227 AAR- 14835 Poz- 94392 AAR- 14840 AAR- 14838 AAR- 14839 AAR- 24226 AAR- 242224 AAR- 24225 Poz- 94314 AAR- 14837 Lab. of (tooth) crust crust crust crust crust crust bone bone bone bone bone bone large large jaw) bone of bone pottery pottery pottery pottery pottery pottery Animal (rib), ungulate? Charred on Animal (rib mammal) Human Charred on Fish (fragment pike Charred on Charred on Charred on Human (skull) Human (skull) Elk Human (skull) Charred on Material type type type type type Neolithic Neolithic Neolithic Neolithic Neolithic Koshkino/ Boborykino Koshkino Koshkino/ Boborykino Middle Neolithic Koksharovo- Yurino Early Satygino Satygino Satygino Early Early Early Early Koksharovo- Yurino Typological association 7 1, 449, UB no. no. Z M6- inv.- 449 cm – y50, Ya-04, L2/5, CH-7, B-1, B-1, M6-09/ 8772/1 8772/1, no. 16, ancient skull 405 no. squ. squ. squ. squ. 2560, NB squ. trench vessel NB M-01, depth depth pit below x100, 7 inv.- below cm inv.- no. 32, depth 2009, 2009, 2010, 2007, 2010, 2007, 2007, 2006, 2007, H-02, human house 3 30 5(?), cm 15, 5 4 8472/2, B2, 8472/2, squ. surface N5 of skull no. pit 40 YB-07 pit no. no. 2, within squ. M6-09/4847, 20/-65 ) Excavation house 5301, surface Excavation bottom no. 46/46 Excavation house 10/6597, ancient IT1-86, À Excavation context: cm, Excavation 10, Excavation Excavation 4228, Skull Skull Excavation context: human Excavation layer vessel Context 1 6 6 continued ( ’ ’ peat 2 1 Vagilsky Vagilsky Vagilsky Vagilsky Vagilsky Vagilsky Vagilsky Vagilsky ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ bog Kholm Kholm Kholm Kholm Kholm Kholm Kholm Kholm Mergen Mergen Shigir Tashkovo Ust Ust Ust Ust Ust Ust Ust Ust Varga Site Table
15 H. Piezonka et al. Journal of Archaeological Science 116 (2020) 105100
Fig. 15. Interpretative suggestion of early pottery dispersals between Lake Baikal and North-East Europe, compared to the model by Jordan et al. (2016). White dots: sites with AMS dates presented in this paper (see Table 1), black dots: radiocarbon dated sites associated with early pottery in the Urals and West Siberia (selection, for a full list: see Supplementary Information SI2). For the regions surrounding the Urals and West Siberia, the new interpretation is based on Brunet (2011); Dolbunova, 2017; Vybornov et al. (2012); Zajtseva et al. (2016), disregarding foodcrust and TOC dates unless analysed by Bayesian modelling (illustration: H. Piezonka and T. Schreiber). parts of the North-East European forest zone (see Figs. 14 and 15). In are mirrored also in the wider cultural sphere at that time. In the Urals West Siberia and the Urals, the new technology then spread northwards and West Siberia, the early ceramic horizon is part of a period of along the large rivers over the following centuries, resulting to the accelerated socio-economic and cultural change that is reflected by the adoption of pottery further north around 6,000 cal BC (Amnya, Kayu parallel occurrence of substantial settlement intensification, the emer kovo and Satygino types) and probably also triggering more local de gence of new site types and architectural forms, as well as innovations in velopments, as can be seen in tendencies towards more conical bases, the ritual and economic spheres. Based on economic intensification and the emergence of comb-decoration. possibly connected to an increasing exploitation of seasonally abundant The specific typological diversity of the early ceramics across the resources (e.g., fish, water and forest fowl), the settlement density study region, the partly contemporaneous existence of various styles and increased substantially across the area in this period, compared to the technologies, and the parallel occurrence of different pottery types in Mesolithic. A transition to seemingly less mobile life ways with more one and the same context points to an association of types and styles substantial architecture can be noted. This is documented by the with dynamic communication networks and complex social settings that emergence of complex (winter?) settlements with hierarchies of pit
16 H. Piezonka et al. Journal of Archaeological Science 116 (2020) 105100
houses, of enclosed and even of fortified settlements with ramparts, question are necessary. The creation and further development of palisades and ditches (Chairkina and Kosinskaya, 2009:211; Dubovtseva comprehensive data sets on Early Holocene δ13C/δ15N isotopic ratios of et al., 2019; Ivas’ko, 2002). Another novel feature appearing concur various organisms from terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is of crucial rently with the early ceramics are ritual mounds (kholmy in Russian), importance, and the study of indicators on pottery functions should be interpreted as sacrificial sites (Panina, 2014). extended to organic residue analysis and the analysis of macrofossils in Within this setting, the innovative ceramic technology might have the crusts. provided new and improved ways to exploit and process seasonally This way, the rapid emergence of hunter-gatherer pottery production abundant resources and to produce storable food products as well as in the vast area from West Siberia to North-East Europe at the end of the other materials. Social roles connected to prestige practices and also to 7th millennium cal BC can be further contextualized, and the mecha the marking of social boundaries might also have been at play although nisms at play in the spreading of the ceramic innovation within a hori further investigation is necessary on this aspect. zon of substantial socio-cultural and economic changes, including the Falling into the period of the Atlantic climatic optimum, a possible possible role of climatic events, will hopefully be better understood. link of this innovation horizon to climate fluctuations and related environmental changes might have played a role (Zakh et al., 2010). In Acknowledgements particular, a connection with the 8.2 ka BP climatic event as a possible trigger of transformations, as has been suggested e.g. for Neolithisation We would like to thank Natalya Chairkina (Ekaterinburg), V. Stefa processes in South-East Europe and the Mediterranean (Gronenborn, nov (Ekaterinburg) and the late V. Morozov for preparatory work and 2009; Weninger et al., 2014) as well as for socio-economic developments the possibility to sample the dating materials from the various sites. Our in the steppes and forests of Eastern Europe (Kul’kova et al., 2015) must thanks also goes to the Eurasia Department of the German Archaeo be followed up in future research. logical Institute and to Kiel and Greifswald Universities for supporting the study. We would also like to thank the German Research Foundation 6. Conclusions (DFG) for funding the dating and isotope analysis through a number of projects (grant nos. HA 2961/3, TE 259/3). Works at Mergen’ 6 were The Urals and West Siberia play a crucial role for understanding the funded by the Basic Research Program RAS 2018–2020 (program emergence and spread of the pottery innovation among hunter-gatherer XII.186.2), project no. 0371-2018-0036 of the Tyumen’ Scientific Cen communities across North Eurasia. Typological studies have suggested ter, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. We also thank the (parallel) existence of two mayor technological-stylistic traditions in Peter Jordan (Groningen) and two anonymous reviewers for their this region with various sub-groups forming a diverse and multi-facetted valuable comments on an earlier draft which helped to improve the mosaic in space and time. paper. In our study we have demonstrated on the basis of new AMS radio carbon dates on pottery charred crust and bone samples that the earliest Appendix A. Supplementary data reliable evidence for pottery in the study region stems from the forest steppes and the Middle Trans-Ural foothills, dating to the last quarter of Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi. the 7th millennium cal BC. It is part of a wider horizon of the concurrent org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105100. emergence of early pottery in hunter-gatherer communities in a wide area between the Baraba forest steppe in the East and the North Pontic References and Caspian regions in the West, between Lake Aral in the south and the ’ southern forest zone to both sides of the Urals in the north. This is fol Andreev, K.M., Vybornov, A.A., Kul kova, M.A., 2012. Nekotorye itogi i perspektivy radiouglerodnogo datirovaniya elshanskoi kul’tury lesostepnogo Povolzh’ya. lowed by a rapid spread of the new ceramic technology into the taiga Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo centra RAN 14 (3), 193–197 (in Russian). zone of West Siberia and the Urals where it becomes part of a set of Bader, O.N., 1970. Neolit Urala. Materialy i issledovaniy po arkheologii SSSR 166, substantial socio-economic innovations encompassing a starkly 157–171 (in Russian). Borzunov, V.A., 2013. Neoliticheskie ukreplennye poseleniya zapadnoj Sibiri i Zaurala. increased population density, new complex settlements including forti Rossiiskaya Arkheologiya 2013 (4), 20–34 (in Russian). fied sites, new substantial ritual sites, and economic intensification. Boyd, M., Wady, M., Lints, A., Surette, C., Hamilton, S., 2019. Prestige foods and the While at the moment no connection to the Pleistocene pottery traditions adoption of pottery by subarctic foragers. In: Jordan, P., Gibbs, K. (Eds.), Ceramics in Circumpolar Prehistory: Technology, Lifeways and Cuisine (Archaeology of the further East can be drawn due to a time gap of several millennia, in North). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 193–215. fluences from the West, South-West, South and possibly also the Cis- Bronk Ramsey, C., 2017. Methods for summarizing radiocarbon datasets. Radiocarbon Baikalian East seem plausible on typological and chronological grounds. 59 (2), 1809–1833. � � δ13 δ15 Brunet, F., 2011. Comment penser la neolithisation en Asie centrale (Xe-IVe millenaires)? Pilot analyses of bulk C/ N isotopic ratios from charred crusts L’emergence� de nouveaux mod�eles de societ� es� entre sedentaires� et nomads. adhering to pottery and of animal bone reference samples suggest Paleorient 37 (1), 187–204. diverse functions of the early wares that were not restricted to the Chairkina, N.M., Kosinskaya, L.L., 2009. Early ceramics of the Urals and West Siberia. In: processing of fish for food. It is suggested that pottery played an Jordan, P., Zvelebil, M. (Eds.), Ceramics before Farming: the Dispersal of Pottery Among Prehistoric Eurasian Hunter-Gatherers. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, important role in processing diverse seasonally abundant products and pp. 209–235. also in producing storable food stuffs and other materials such as oils, Chairkina, N.M., Kuzmin, Y.V., Hodgins, W.L., 2017. Radiocarbon chronology of the glues and tars. Judging from the substantial typological diversity of the mesolithic, neolithic, aeneolithic, and Bronze age sites in the trans-Urals (Russia): a general framework. Radiocarbon 59 (2), 505–518. early wares in the study region, social roles of the pottery that are Chemyakin, YuP., 2008. Barsova Gora. Ocherki Arkheologii Surgutskogo Priob’ya. connected to socio-cultural transformations during the innovation ho Drevnost‘. Surgut, Omsk: OaO „Omskij Dom Pechati“ (in Russian). rizon around 6,000 cal BC are likely. Chemyakin, YuP., 2009. Okhrannye raskopki na poselenii Barsova Gora II/9, ili Dvadcat‘ let spustya. Khanty-Mansiiskii avtonomnyi okrug v serkale proshlogo 7, 198–213 (in Future work must aim at filling the persisting large gaps in the Russian). archaeological record, data collections and scientific analyses. New Courel, B., Robson, H.K., Lucquin, A., Dolbunova, E., Oras, E., Adamczak, K., Andersen, dating series both on existing typologically significantmaterials and on S.H., Astrup, P.M., Charniauski, M., Czekaj-Zastawny, A., Ezepenko, I., Hartz, S., Kabacinski,� J., Kotula, A., Kukawka, S., Loze, I., Mazurkevich, A., Piezonka, H., samples from new excavations from reliable contexts are needed, and Pili�ciauskas, G., Talbot, H.M., Tkachou, A., Tkachova, M., Wawrusiewicz, A., the strategies to be employed will have to take into account the results Meadows, J., Craig, O.E., Heron, C.P., submitted. Organic Residue Analysis Shows presented here: Direct dates on charred crusts from pottery vessels are Different Regional Motivations for the Adoption of Pottery by European Hunter- Gatherers. Royal Society Open Science. often affected by reservoir effects and need further contextualization. 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