carolina thread trail master plan for rowan county communities

October 2014

1 2 3 table of contents acknowledgements ...... 6 executive summary ...... 8 chapter 1: introduction Carolina Thread Trail ...... 15 chapter 2: greenway benefits Connecting Communities ...... 19 Health ...... 20 Economic ...... 21 Environmental ...... 23 chapter 3: existing conditions Geography of the Study Area/Land Cover ...... 25 History ...... 25 Population ...... 26 Economy ...... 26 Development Trends ...... 27 Existing Parks and Trails ...... 27 Community Plans ...... 38 Destinations ...... 39 chapter 4: proposed trail network Planning Process ...... 41 Greenway Master Plan Trail Routes ...... 44 chapter 5: recommended actions for implementation Adopt the Plan ...... 61 Build Public Support ...... 61 Plan and Develop Priority Segments ...... 63 Identify Funding and Financing ...... 65 Evaluate Land Acquisition Options ...... 66 Design, Construct and Maintain Trails ...... 68 chapter 6: conclusion ...... 71

4 Table of Contents, continued

appendices: Appendix I: Community Engagement Sessions ...... 73 Appendix II: Survey Summary ~ Winter 2013/Spring 2014 ...... 79 Appendix III: Draft Master Plan Review Forums Summary ...... 89 Appendix IV: Alternative Funding Options ...... 91 Appendix V: Design Guidelines ...... 97 footnotes ...... 119

5 acknowledgements

The following organizations signed resolutions of support Carolina Thread Trail for Rowan County Communities at the outset of this eff ort to work with neighboring communities Steering Committee Members: and with the Carolina Thread Trail to plan, design, and build trails that will connect our communities: Andrew Morgan Town Landis Parks Town of China Grove Susan Closner Town of Cleveland Town of Granite Quarry Planning & Zoning Administrator

Town of East Spencer Gary Mills City of Kannapolis Parks & Recreation Director Town of Faith Larry Smith Town of Granite Quarry Town of Spencer Town Manager

City of Kannapolis Kathryn Clifton Town of Spencer Land Management Director Town of Landis Macon Sammons Town of Rockwell Town of East Spencer Town Administrator

City of Salisbury Wendy Brindle City of Salisbury City Engineer Town of Spencer Dan Mikkelson Civitan Club of Salisbury Citizen of Salisbury

Granite Quarry Civitan Dr. Michael Goodman Catawba Center for the Environment Salisbury/Rowan Runners Club Eric Phillips Skinny Wheels Bike Shop - Owner

Other Supporting Organizations: Vivian Hopkins Community of Gold Hill Community of Gold Hill Barbie Blackwell Land Trust for Central North Carolina Town of Granite Quarry Town Clerk & Human Resources

Bob Pendergrass LandTrust for Central NC

Catherine Garner City of Salisbury Department of Transportation

6 Acknowledgements, continued

Mary Ponds Consultant Team: Town of Granite Quarry Board of Aldermen Randi Gates Christy Churchill Carolina Thread Trail Duke Energy Jon Wood David Freeze Stewart Salisbury Road Runners Emily Blackwell Greg Philpot Stewart Novant Health Meredith Beard Phil Conrad Stewart Cabarrus-Rowan MPO Bob Heuer Steven Brown Trust for Public Land City of Salisbury Parks & Recreation

Joe Morris Citizen, LandTrust for Central NC

Thanks also to the Town of Granite Quarry for hosting all of the Steering Committee meetings in the Town Board Room. The Steering Committee also served as the Technical Advisory Team who assisted in collecting and analyzing data, and proposing alternative scenarios for consideration by the public.

7 executive summary

The Carolina Thread Trail Greenway Master Plan for The Carolina Thread Trail Greenway Master Plan for Rowan County Communities outlines the steps necessary Rowan County Communities includes 107.8 miles of trails to preserve natural amenities, conserve historic sites, located along stream/river corridors, road rights-of-way, and provide public recreation facilities through greenway abandoned rail lines, undeveloped land, and dirt roads. and trail development. This plan is the fi rst step in the In addition, a total of 69.7 miles of blueways have been process of developing a network of trails through the local identifi ed along the Tuckertown Reservoir, High Rock Lake municipalities and communities in Rowan County. Trail and South Yadkin River – the defi ning boarder between segments will link residents and visitors to the sites and Rowan County and Davidson and Davie Counties. destinations that make the area unique, and will connect The development of the Carolina Thread Trail local users to trails across the Carolina Thread Trail region. Greenway Master Plan for Rowan County Communities This plan is the result of a 12 month planning process will occur over many years. Trail segments will probably be led by the Carolina Thread Trail and developed by a steering developed one at a time, focusing fi rst on priority segments committee made up of local community staff , community and taking advantage of trail development partnerships and leaders, county residents and regional representatives. The funding opportunities. As development continues within goal of the Carolina Thread Trail is to connect the people, the county and land uses evolve, trail segment locations businesses, and communities of the 15-county Carolina and priorities may need to take advantage of site conditions Thread Trail region, located in North and South Carolina, and connection opportunities. The following steps are through a network of trails that will promote economic recommended to begin the process of transforming development, healthy lifestyles, and the protection of land planned trail segments into trails on the ground. These and sites that make the region unique. steps outline a trail planning process that is fair, consistent, The primary deliverable produced through this and achievable for the residents within the communities of planning process is a map that depicts recommended trail Rowan County. segments connecting Rowan residents to local and regional destinations. These routes were developed using the adopt master plan input provided by county residents, gathered throughout Once the Carolina Thread Trail Greenway Master Plan the planning process, as the primary source of guidance. for Rowan County Communities has been reviewed and Carolina Thread Trail segments are represented on the map approved by the steering committee, the next step in the with pink lines. Other connection opportunities, which trail development process is adoption of the master plan by are trails identifi ed as providing further county-wide Salisbury, China Grove, East Spencer, Cleveland, Spencer, connectivity, are displayed with green lines. Trail segments Kannapolis, Landis, Faith, Gold Hill, Granite Quarry, are shown as ¼-mile wide corridors. The actual location and Rockwell. Adoption of the greenway master plan may of each trail within the corridor will be fi nalized by local include revisions to the master plan based on comments municipalities as trail segments are developed. from municipal entities and advisory groups. By adopting the fi nal master plan, the cities and towns underscore

8 Executive Summary, continued

their support for the development of trail segments within benefi cial in the development of trails. Both groups share Rowan County. Each municipal entity is encouraged to common goals with trail supporters. Relationships with revisit existing zoning and land development ordinances such organizations enable municipal entities to off set trail to make revisions and additions to their ordinances to land acquisition, development, and maintenance costs by create trail supporting initiatives. Floodplain development pooling available funds. Expertise off ered by recreation restrictions and regulations, land development regulations, and conservation partners can provide valuable insight for zoning ordinance requirements, and open space dedication trail construction, trailhead development, access, and land requirements should be revised or created for the protection or easement acquisition. of the county’s environmental resources and development of trails. plan and develop priority greenway segments build public support It is unrealistic to expect the Rowan County communities The Carolina Thread Trail Greenway Master Plan for to develop all 107.8 miles of Carolina Thread Trail within Rowan County Communities is a product of the residents a short period of time. A phased implementation plan of Rowan County. This plan was developed by a dedicated for land acquisition, funding, design, construction, group of county residents who served on the steering and maintenance of trails is necessary. Initial greenway committee and attended public input meetings, providing development eff orts should focus on Carolina Thread valuable feedback throughout the master planning process. Trail priority segments. The following criteria have been This master plan should be championed forward by local developed to identify the priority trail segments within residents. The second step of the trail development process Rowan County Communities. involves continued public involvement and support for the • Public support Carolina Thread Trail. • Availability of land/right-of-way It is the recommendation of this master plan that Rowan • Functional connection County Communities create a Greenways and Trails Advisory • Population served Commission, comprised of county residents, government • Partnership potential offi cials and staff , regional entities, local utility providers, • Funding availability and state transportation agencies. This commission will A complete list of the priority greenway segments can provide input on all greenway issues, provide feedback on be found on page 63 of the Carolina Thread Trail Greenway greenway related planning and acquisition decisions, build Master Plan for Rowan County Communities. support for greenway implementation, and help coordinate the construction and maintenance of trails. The following Rowan County Communities Carolina Partnerships with recreation providers and Thread Trail segments have been identifi ed as regional organizations involved with land preservation can be priority, priority, and secondary trail segments as

9 Executive Summary, continued

recommended by the steering committee. These trail private funding sources. A summary of potential funding segments, presented in no particular order, represent the sources can be found on page 65 of this document. Carolina Thread Trail segments that meet the selection Appendix 4 of this Master Plan report provides specifi c criteria developed and presented within this master plan. funding sources and programs that may be used for trail development. Regional Priority Trail Segments: evaluate land or right-of-way acquisition options The acquisition of land for trail development is an important and necessary step of the trail development process. Land acquisition provides the land resources necessary for development of trails, protects sensitive environmental Secondary Trail Segments: and natural resources, and preserves historic and cultural treasures. Rowan County communities should utilize a variety of land acquisition methods, which may include purchase, donations, zoning and development regulations, developer contributions, and/or rail corridors for the identify funding and financing protection and preservation of land for trail development. The completion of the Carolina Thread Trail Greenway Detailed descriptions of these methods can be found Master Plan for Rowan County Communities signals the end on page 66 of this document. Where public land is not of the fi rst step in trail development and the beginning of the already available, conversations with private landowners crucial second step: funding and fi nancing. Rowan County are recommended to assess their interest in trails through Communities must begin to identify funding sources for their communities. This will assist in route feasibility and land acquisition, design, construction, and maintenance alignment. It is imperative that all trail eff orts work with of the Carolina Thread Trail. Many government entities are willing landowners to ensure a successful trail project that unable to fully fund the development of every mile of trail benefi ts everyone involved. within a network using in-house funds. It is recommended that each community develop a multi-tiered approach design, construct and maintain trails for funding trail development using a variety of fi nancing As municipalities within Rowan County and their partners options, including local, state, federal, private funding select a segment(s) of the Carolina Thread Trail and acquire sources. necessary land and/or easements for the trail, the design The most eff ective method for funding the Carolina and construction of the trail can begin. The community and Thread Trail and other local trails within Rowan County its trail partners will need to determine the desired use or communities will involve a combination of public and uses for each trail segment. The trail width and trail surface

10 Executive Summary, continued

material will be determined by the desired use(s), existing conclusion site conditions, cost of construction, and required level of The Carolina Thread Trail Greenway Master Plan for Rowan maintenance. Typical trail surface materials include natural County Communities represents a citizen led collaborative surface, crushed stone, asphalt, and concrete. Page 68 and planning process for the provision of trails throughout Appendix 5 of the Carolina Thread Trail Greenway Master Rowan County Communities. Now that the master planning Plan for Rowan County Communities provide further process is complete, it is the responsibility of the citizens description and trail design guidelines for the development of Rowan County communities to transform this plan from of trails. lines on a map to trails on the ground. The Carolina Thread Trail will provide important connections through the Rowan County communities, linking residents to the places that make the individual communities and region unique.

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Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan County Communities

12 Community Input A guiding principle of the Carolina Thread Trail is “respect for the land and respect for the land owner.” This begins during the initial stages of trail development by allowing county residents to help determine the locations of trail segments. The master planning process provided opportunities for public input throughout Cherokee County.

13 Bakers Creek Greenway, Kannapolis

14 chapter i. introduction

The Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan County Communities provides a long-term vision and implementation strategy for the development of a community-wide trail network providing connections to local and regional destinations. The proposed trail network will take many years to complete and require a cooperative eff ort between citizens, organizations, municipalities, and landowners. Once developed, these trails will provide transportation options, serve as linear parks, support economic growth, and link cultural resources. The Carolina Thread Trail planning eff ort illustrates that the communities of Rowan County share the vision of regional Yadkin River connectivity with the other participating counties in North what is a greenway? and South Carolina. Together, 15 counties make up the Before providing more specifi c information, let’s take a Carolina Thread Trail network. step back and answer a very important question: What The Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan County is a greenway? Greenways are linear parks consisting of Communities has been carefully crafted by a volunteer undeveloped or lightly developed land, usually containing steering committee consisting of community stakeholders. trails. Greenway trails, also referred to as greenways or The steering committee participated in the public input trails, support multiple uses which can include walking, process, developed alternate trail routes throughout their jogging, cycling, horseback riding, and, in some cases, communities, and created the vision presented in the fi nal canoeing and kayaking. Carolina Thread Trail Greenway Master Plan maps and report. Greenways can exist in both natural and man-made The Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan County settings. Natural greenway settings may include areas along Communities report serves as a guide for the development streams, rivers, and wooded areas. Man-made greenway process of the Carolina Thread Trail routes through the settings include utility easements, railroad corridors, and communities within Rowan County. In addition, the report road rights-of-way. Most greenways provide recreational, provides information on the benefi ts of trails, the existing environmental, social, and health-based benefi ts for conditions of Rowan County’s geography, population, and the communities in which they are located. Greenway economy, and a detailed summary of the proposed trail networks, much like the Carolina Thread Trail, consist of network. Recommended actions for adopting the plan, a network of greenway trails that provide recreation and establishing the priority routes, planning specifi c trails, transportation connectivity to a large area. Well-conceived building those trails, and funding the development of the greenways connect people to destinations, such as parks, Carolina Thread Trail network within the communities of schools, libraries, and commercial areas. Rowan County are also provided.

15 Chapter 1. Introduction, continued

carolina thread trail greater access to our natural surroundings. Through this The Carolina Thread Trail (Thread Trail) is a regional Master Plan, these goals are established. network of greenways, trails and conserved lands that leverage will reach approximately 2.3 million citizens. It will link people, places, cities, towns and attractions. The Thread The Plan’s success depends upon generating additional Trail will help preserve our natural areas and will be a place investment of outside capital in our region’s natural for the exploration of nature, culture, science and history, resources. Funding sources of the local, state and federal for family adventures and celebrations of friendship. It will level are included in Appendix 4. be for young, old, athlete and average. This is a landmark project, and creates a legacy that will give so much, to so many, for so long. The scale of the Thread Trail’s connectivity is unparalleled and is based on certain guiding principles and core values: Collaboration, Community Self- Determination, Connectivity, Inclusivity, Leverage and Respect for the Land and Respect for the Landowner. collaboration & self determination Collaboration and communication among Rowan County North Carolina Transportation Museum - Spencer, NC communities is almost as important as connectivity. The respect for the land and landowners Master Plan aims to encourage a collaborative process by which greenways are conceived and designed in During the planning process, Rowan County communities cooperation with adjoining communities in such a way that determined the location of their segments of the Carolina a regional asset is created out of a series of interrelated Thread Trail by having alternate routes to consider. The local decisions and actions. broad corridors featured represent multiple opportunities, and adjustments to the route can be incorporated as more connectivity and inclusivity landowners are engaged. Creating connections between communities and historical, Through an inclusive, collaborative process, each cultural and recreational attractions is important. The county and the communities within that county decide Carolina Thread Trail seeks to create a region known for its where their local trail systems will connect and become “ribbons of green” connecting people to each other and to part of the Thread Trail. However, not all local trails and their heritage. In off ering the vision of greater community greenways will become part of the Carolina Thread Trail. interaction, the program seeks to build bonds among Analogous to our highway systems, the Thread Trail will diverse neighborhoods, as well as aff ord all residents develop as a “green interstate” focused on linking local

16 Chapter 1. Introduction, continued

trails and regionally signifi cant attractions. Other trails will continue to exist or be planned but may not receive the Carolina Thread Trail designation. Local trails will retain their own identities, whether or not they are designated as part of the Thread Trail. The look and feel of the Carolina Thread Trail may vary from community to community and county to county. Designation as the Carolina Thread Trail will signify that a particular trail is part of a plan to create an interconnected system, a plan created by local communities working together with their neighbors to identify connection points and to build trails that will grow together over time.

Salisbury Greenvay - Salisbury, NC 17

chapter 2. greenway benefits

Any good investment provides a benefi cial return. Trails people will use those facilities. Their study indicates that provide a great return on the investment required if the number of trips taken by residents from their homes properly planned, built, and maintained. The benefi ts to nearby destinations using non-vehicular modes of of trails are multifaceted and the subject of numerous transportation increased by 25% since 2001. During this studies and reports. The following overview of the same time period, funding for the development of bicycle, many benefi ts provided by trails is divided into four pedestrian, and other trail-type facilities has increased. categories: The provision of dedicated bicycle and pedestrian facilities, • Connecting Communities like trails, provides alternative choices in transportation. • Health Benefi ts • Economic Impact Facilities for all to use and enjoy • Environmental Benefi ts Where most transportation facilities are exclusively designed for vehicles, trails are designed to be inclusive of connecting communities most non-motorized modes of travel. Trails are designed to The primary function of transportation facilities, be accommodate a broad range of users, diff erent age groups, it urban streets, rural roads, or interstate highways, is skill levels, and ability levels. The trails designed to be part to connect one place to another. Trails serve the same of the Carolina Thread Trail network will be easy to access. purpose. Well planned trails provide useful connections Some trails will be located along local streams, creeks and between homes, schools, businesses, parks, and other rivers, while others may be located within the rights-of- nearby destinations. The Carolina Thread Trail serves as way of roads, but separated from roadway travel lanes for the ‘interstate’ greenway system, linking trails that make safety. Trails are made to accommodate a variety of non- local connections in the communities of Rowan County vehicular uses including walking, jogging, cycling, skating to similar greenway networks in other towns, cities, and or roller blading, and in some instances, horseback riding. counties within the Carolina Thread Trail region. This is the For this reason, trails are designed to be wide enough to concept of Connecting Communities. support all potential uses. Trails are primarily built with materials that provide stable and consistent surfaces that Provide neighborhood connections meet the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Connections to trail facilities allow residents to choose Act. Trails are designed to minimize steep slopes to allow the form of transportation they would like to use on a daily the trail to be utilized and experienced by people of all skill basis. The absence of such facilities dictates that all trips, levels and abilities. no matter how short, are made via automobile. A recently completed study by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Connects communities to nature the Federal Highway Administration, and the Bicycle and Much has been written recently about people’s need to Pedestrian Information Center indicates that when bicycle, interact with nature. Last Child in the Woods, by Richard pedestrian, and other trail-type facilities are available, Louv, explores the reduced connection between children,

19 Chapter 2. Greenway Benefi ts, continued

its eff ects on children, and how that connection can be be accomplished without the dedication of a group of made again. A recent article in Landscape Architecture stakeholders. Each entity must make a conscious decision Magazine shares that doctors in Japan have found that brief to become part of a larger group to take the idea of the walks through wooded areas increase the body’s production Carolina Thread Trail and make it a reality. Rowan County of NK cells used to fi ght off virus-containing cells. Trails and its participating municipalities have agreed to be provide physical connections to nature in any environment, active participants in this process. Lines of communication whether it is through a wooded fl oodplain within an urban within and beyond Rowan County have been established context, or a conservation easement or nature preserve. and will be strengthened over time as the planning and implementation of segments of the Carolina Thread Trail Builds regional partnerships move forward. Planning and developing a regional trail network which will cross municipal, county, and state lines cannot health benefits Many people understand that exercise is healthy and it is something that most people agree they need to do more often. However, many people lose sight of just how important exercising is and how it can positively aff ect day to day life. Experts continue to draw links between exercise and its positive eff ects on our health. Parks and recreation facilities that off er a safe location for exercise, like trails, can provide residents with easily accessible options for a healthier lifestyle.

Encourages physical activity Trails can be constructed in a variety of environments. Traditional parks often require certain types of land for development, provide amenities that support a single activity, and can be much more costly to develop. The adaptable nature of trails provides an advantage when compared to traditional parks. Trails serve as convenient and accessible venues that support a variety of recreational activities, such as walking, cycling, running, canoeing or kayaking (on blueways), and horseback riding. Trails can help make the choice to exercise easier. Salisbury Greenway - Salisbury, NC The Mayo Clinic released an article detailing seven

20 Chapter 2. Greenway Benefi ts, continued

benefi ts that regular exercise can provide to all people, exercise helps with anxiety. Theories of the exercise/ regardless of age, sex, or ability. Improving your mood, anxiety relationships include the brain’s chemical response fi ghting chronic disease, boosting energy level, managing to activity; the aff ect exercise has on improving sleep, weight, and improving sleep are among a few ways regular and the sense of accomplishment given to participants of exercise can improve the quality of daily life. regular exercise. Despite the insuffi cient scientifi c data on the subject, many agree that the benefi ts stretch beyond Relieves stress and improves psychological health physical health. Many studies have been conducted to measure the It is important to provide easily accessible parks and benefi ts that regular exercise off ers our physical health. recreation facilities for residents to use for exercise and Researchers are beginning to study the eff ects that exercise recreation. Upon the completion of the Carolina Thread can provide on mental health. A Duke University study Trail Greenway Master Plan and the development of trails tracked subjects suff ering from depression. The study within the communities of Rowan County, residents will results indicated that depression was successfully treated have a large network of dedicated multi-use facilities. These for 60% of test subjects who exercised just 30 minutes a facilities will extend the current recreational infrastructure day for three days a week without the use of medication. in the county, providing additional places for residents Interestingly enough, the study also found that depression exercise. was successfully treated for the same percentage of test subjects who only used antidepressant medication. economic impact Health care professionals have been slow to encourage The positive impacts trails have on communities are far- exercise as part of a treatment plan for anxiety, opting fi rst reaching. Economic data from communities where trails for medication. Some within the research community have been developed provide real world numbers on are trying to change this. Two researchers (Jasper Smits the direct and indirect positive economic impacts trails of Southern Methodist University and Michael Otto of provide. These numbers help justify the expenditure of Boston University) have written a book for mental health public dollars to develop recreational facilities that provide professionals and are currently developing literature both an improved quality of life and positive long term for general physicians and the public, encouraging the economic impacts on nearby businesses, municipalities, prescription of exercise. Such prescriptions would include and homeowners. recommended amounts, or doses, of exercise. Helpful tips for beginning and continuing an exercise program will be Increases property values included within each prescription. The direct link between Trails are one of the most desired amenities that regular exercise and the reduction of anxiety are unknown. homeowners look for when purchasing a house. A recent Major questions linger as to which types of exercise work study by the National Association of Realtors shows that best, how much exercise is enough, and how exactly over 50% of Americans agree that homes and businesses

21 Chapter 2. Greenway Benefi ts, continued

should be located within walking distance of stores and Ability to attract new business and retain nearby businesses shops to reduce the use of automobiles for every shopping Businesses are located along highly traveled roadways trip. Armed with this information, many developers to attract potential customers. A business located along provide trails as amenities within new home communities. a high volume highway increases the exposure that One study in North Carolina indicated that a developer put a business has to the traveling public. Increased exposure premium on homes located near trails. Despite this higher results in increased revenue. Restaurants, hotels, gas price, the homes nearest to the trails sold fi rst. Homeowners stations, and other industries that cater to the motoring are willing to pay more for homes located near trails. The public seek locations that give them the best chance of convenience of living within a short distance from trails attracting customers. provides added value to nearby properties. As the popularity and use of trails continues to grow, business owners have taken notice in a similar fashion. Attracts tourism Business owners in New Orleans located, and in some cases Many communities who have invested in their local and moved, their businesses to be closer to the Lafi tte Greenway. regional trail networks have found that these networks of Business owners along the Great Allegheny Passage Trail and trails attract visitors. These visitors provide a much needed the C&O Canal Trail have experienced increases in revenue boost to local economies when trails are properly marketed. since the completion of those trail networks. Within North The communities along the KATY Trail, a 185-mile trail in Carolina, the Charlotte Business Journal printed an article Missouri, partnered together to market toward outdoor stating that a major regional headquarters selected its enthusiasts interested in two-to-four day excursions. This location not only due to its proximity to a major interstate, combined marketing eff ort allows local towns to benefi t but also due to the connectivity to the Anne Springs Close from marketing exposure they would not be able to aff ord Greenway. Several owners report repeat customers from otherwise. one year to the next, a trend that contributes to staying in Economic benefi ts associated with trails are not just business. Bicycle shops, bed and breakfasts, campgrounds, limited to large regional trail networks. These benefi ts can restaurants, and other similar businesses have found also be experienced in small, rural towns. Abingdon and success by locating near trails. Damascus, Virginia are two small towns connected by the Within the Carolina Thread Trail network, Green Way Virginia Creeper Trail. A survey of trail users conducted as Cycle Rentals was established in fall 2011 on the Avon/ part of a study by the Virginia Department of Conservation Catawba Creek Greenway in Gastonia, NC. Realizing its in 2004 estimates that trail users pump $2.5 million into the success, the business returned in 2012 for the season renting local economy. Over half of those surveyed were not locals, bicycles, tricycles, and tandems for family enjoyment, and but visitors who came to the area to ride on the Virginia has re-opened every season since. Creeper Trail. This popular trail has provided southwest Some government agencies have found it helpful Virginia with jobs and income that would have otherwise to produce literature and guidelines to help local been spent elsewhere. communities take full economic advantage of trails. The

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Iowa Department of Transportation developed a handbook space is preserved. These conservation eff orts may also entitled Implementing Trail-Based Economic Development protect rural and agrarian land uses through agricultural Programs. The handbook provides a list of guiding conservation easements which restrict development, but principles that helps communities determine the types allow for agricultural operations to continue in perpetuity. of businesses that will be most likely frequented by trail users and identifi es the best locations for those businesses. Improve water quality Case studies from similar communities, lessons learned The protection and preservation of natural areas along by communities located along existing trails, and a step- streams provides many very important benefi ts. Riparian by-step, how-to guide for the development of a plan for buff ers, or protected, undeveloped, and forested lands capitalizing on trail recreation are also provided. along either side of streams, act as fi lters for runoff into streams. These buff ers have been shown to remove environmental benefits pollutants, such as sediment, phosphorus, and nitrates Most folks understand the benefi ts that trails provide; from runoff . The trees within riparian buff ers help to however, many do not realize the environmental benefi ts shade existing streams, keeping temperatures down trails can provide. These benefi ts may be the most important and sustaining native fi sh populations. The roots of within the Carolina Thread Trail region, given the ever vegetation within riparian buff ers help to stabilize soils expanding development of previously undeveloped lands. within fl oodplains, thereby reducing the risk of stream Rowan County’s population grew by only 0.6% between bank erosion. 2000 and 2010 according to 2010 Census data. However, The linear nature of trails mimics the natural alignment the development associated with any growth can negatively impact our natural resources. Trails help preserve natural amenities, protect agricultural lands, improve water and air quality, and provide habitats for native wildlife.

Preserve natural and agricultural land uses Trails possess the unique ability to provide transportation facilities and connections between communities while protecting and preserving existing land uses. Most roadways impact wide swaths of land, require extensive site disturbance, and invite development. Trails, by contrast, work within narrow corridors, respond to existing land features, and help preserve existing natural features and land uses. Conservation easements or fee simple purchases of land for trails helps ensure that protected natural open Lake Corriher Wilderness Area - Landis, NC

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of streams and water courses. The similar nature of the The second way trails improve air quality is through two provides added benefi t in the protection of personal the trees they preserve and protect. Trees can help reduce property within fl oodplains. The National Flood Insurance air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, Program states that the average annual costs of losses, due ozone particulates, and sulfur dioxide through gas intake to fl oods over the last 10 years within the U.S., equals $2.7 in leaves. Tree surfaces can intercept pollution particulates billion. The cost of damage to homes and structures can in the air. Preserving trees along trails within urban areas be dramatically reduced by protecting fl oodplains through can have a signifi cant impact on reducing the amount of the implementation of development restrictions and the localized air pollution. acquisition of lands for trails. Provide wildlife habitats and wildlife corridors Improve air quality Natural, undeveloped lands provide habitats for numerous Trails can help improve air pollution in two distinct ways. varieties of fl ora and fauna. Trails help to preserve these First, trails provide alternative transportation routes. An natural areas, protecting habitats for birds, mammals, and EPA study in 2006 revealed that pollution from automobiles plants. Trails also provide connectivity between fragmented causes over half of the carbon monoxide, over a third of the natural areas within urban environments. Signage can be nitrogen oxides, and almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons in added to trails to educate trail users on the types of local our atmosphere. When properly planned, trails can be used plants and animals that benefi t from the preservation of by cyclists and pedestrians to commute to and from work, land on which these facilities exist. visit a park, or run errands. The reduced use of automobiles for such trips decreases the amount of pollution being delivered to the atmosphere.

Centennial Natural Trail - Granite Quarry, NC

24 chapter 3. existing conditions geography of the study area/land cover German and Scotch-Irish settlers who arrived in Rowan County is located in central North Carolina, the area via what is known as “The Great Wagon just north of Charlotte along the I-85 corridor. It Road”, a trail used by settlers moving south from is in the heart of North Carolina’s Piedmont region Philidelphia . The area evolved and developed into and is approximately two hours from the state’s the northern part of Anson County. Later, Rowan mountains and four hours from the beach. Rural County was established in 1753 with the assistance in character, agricultural lands dominate the area. of 350 residents petitioning the North Carolina The county is bordered by Davie County to the legislature. The county is named in honor of north, Davidson County to the east, Cabarrus and Matthew Rowan, acting governor of North Carolina Stanly to the south, and Iredell to the west. from 1753-1754. Rowan County is approximately 524 square Gold was discovered in North Carolina in 1799 miles in size with 511 sq. miles in land and about in Cabarrus County and in a community known as 13 sq. miles in water. Water bodies define the Gold Hill in Rowan County later in 1824. The mines County’s borders on the north and east with the at Gold Hill produced more than six million dollars South Yadkin River, Yadkin River, High Rock Lake in gold, some of which can be seen today within and the Tuckertown Reservoir. High Rock Lake the Mint Museum in Charlotte. The construction is one of four Yadkin Project dams that generate of the North Carolina Railroad was the largest hydroelectric power for surrounding communities; internal improvement effort in the state during it is fairly large with a water surface that covers the antebellum era. It was chartered in 1849 and approximately 15,180 acres and 365 miles of originally ran 223 miles – beginning in Goldsboro, shoreline. The landscape of Rowan County consists leading to Salisbury, and then turning south and primarily of agricultural lands, with the majority ending in Charlotte. The NC Transportation of the County’s growth occurring along the I-85 Museum in Spencer was once Southern Railway corridor and parallel railroad corridor. Rowan County is home to Salisbury, the county seat, and nine other municipalities – Town of China Grove, Town of Cleveland, Town of East Spencer, Town of Faith, Town of Granite Quarry, Town of Landis, Town of Rockwell, Town of Spencer, and the City of Kannapolis. history The first Native Americans to reside in the Rockwell Town Park - Rockwell, NC area were the Sponi and Catawba, followed by

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Company’s largest steam locomotive servicing highways, rail and both international and regional facility as it was midway between Washington airports including the Rowan County Airport. DC and Atlanta. The state continued to reinvent Historic Industry in Rowan itself and the site was transformed into a museum. The current distribution of employment within (Source: NCtrans.org) Rowan County is led by health care and social Before the war, Catawba College was founded assistance, followed by manufacturing, then retail based on religious purposes and continues to trade (Source: AccessNC). The top ten employers operate today. When North Carolina joined the and industries in Rowan County today include Food Confederacy (1861-1865), the then Governor was Lion (3206 employees), Rowan Salisbury Schools, instructed to construct a prison for incoming Union Daimler Trucks North America, W.G. Hefner VA prisoners of war. This was done by utilizing an Medical Center, Rowan Regional Medical Center, empty textile mill in Salisbury. This site can also Rowan Cabarrus Community College, Rowan be visited today, as it is an important component of County, Magna Composites (Manufacturing), Rowan County’s history. After the war, Livingstone Piedmont Correctional Institute, and the City of College was established (1879) and operates today Salisbury (464 employees). (Source: Rowanworks. as a private historically black institution with com) Major attractions include historic downtown academic and spiritual education programs. Salisbury, Dan Nicholas Park, NC Transportation (Source: North Carolina History Website) Museum, Lazy 5 Ranch, Patterson Farm, Yadkin Valley Wine Region, High Rock Lake and the population Kannapolis Intimidators. According to the 2010 US Census, Rowan County has a population of 138,428, approximately 1.5% of Education North Carolina’s residents. This is an increase of The Rowan-Salisbury School System (RSS) is a 0.6% since the 2000 census with a total of 130,340. consolidated city-county system serving the entire AccessNC further breaks down these numbers into county except for the City of Kannapolis. County urban and rural – 61.2% and 38.8% respectively. schools include twenty elementary schools, seven 80% of those residents label themselves as White middle schools, and eight high schools. Total and 16.5% African American. Rowan County has public school enrollment in Rowan County was a total of 53,140 housing units – 13.3% of which 20,082 in the 2010-2011 school year. Colleges are labeled vacant. 60,211 households occupy the in the area include Catawba College, Livingstone county as of 2010. College, Rowan-Cabarrus Community College, and Hood Theological Seminary. development economy Rowan County has direct access to interstate

26 Chapter 3. Existing Conditions, continued

located along these lakes, owned by Alcoa Power, Income are designated as Game Lands by the North Carolina According to the US Census Bureau, the median Wildlife Resources Commission. Each of the income of Rowan County residents is $41,561, just communities within the County also operate and below the statewide average in North Carolina. maintain local parks as described below. The unemployment rate is 6.8%, slightly higher than that of North Carolina at 6.6%. When taking NCDOT has established bicycle routes that allow a look at commuting to and from work, 84% of users to navigate the area, including most of the people drove a vehicle alone, followed by 10% who area’s major communities. carpooled. The average travel time is slightly less than 20 minutes (Source: AccessNC). China Grove Area Cannon Park: includes three lighted little league development trends baseball fields, concessions/restroom building, Population projections for Rowan County indicate and small water tower. There are no established continued growth. In managing this growth, the trails at this facility. county has divided its Land Use Plan into two separate documents – one for areas west of the I-85 corridor and one for areas east of the I-85 corridor. These two documents state that 2030 projections expect an additional 26,000 residents to enter the area, an average yearly growth rate of 0.2%. This appears to be driven by continued development along the I-85 corridor due to the area’s close proximity to both Charlotte and Greensboro. Historically, areas east of I-85 have been growing at a higher pace than the west, but current statistics suggest that the growth rate of the two is about equal. existing park facilities and trails In the eastern portion of the County, High Rock Lake and Tuckertown Lake offer a variety of recreational opportunities, such as fishing, boating, hunting and camping. Many of the undeveloped properties Grants Creek - China Grove, NC

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Hannah Park: is a small community pocket park Spencer Area located downtown. It is a more formal park with 8th Street Park: also known as Spencer Ballpark a single gazebo in the center, a water feature, open includes 2 baseball fields, a restroom building, lawn space and surrounding plantings. Other than picnic pavilion with 4 picnic tables underneath, the short brick walkway leading up to the gazebo, concessions stand, press box with storage unit, and there are no established trails at this facility. amphitheater seating overlooking one of the main ball fields. There are no established trails at this Village Grove Park: is located next to the China Grove facility. Community Center Building. The park includes a playground area provided for kids approximately Library Park: is a formal park square adjacent to 3 to 6 years of age, a covered picnic shelter with the town’s library, as the name suggests. A gazebo 3 picnic tables and a grill, one covered gazebo, 2 is located in its center with concrete sidewalks tennis courts, and benches scattered throughout located around the perimeter and brick walkways the park for users. The park has an asphalt section navigating to the center, creating an “X” when of trail that connects with the existing sidewalk, viewed from above. There are no established trails creating approximately a 0.5 mile loop around the at this facility. block. Spencer Woods: is a 46 acre hardwood forest park Westhaven Park: consists of a storage building, protected through a partnership with the LandTrust gazebo, playground play sets for younger children for Central NC and the Town of Spencer. It currently (up to age 6), two picnic tables and a grill. There has a 0.7 mile hiking loop with a view overlooking are no established trails at this facility. a small lake. According to the Spencer Woods Master Plan, completed in January 2012, the name Westside Park: is a fenced-in community park with a few small playground sets, swings and a 0.1 mile sidewalk track. The park is geared towards young children, ages 3 and under.

Cleveland Area Cleveland Town Park: includes a fenced in playground area, a concessions/restroom building, a 0.5 mile walking path around a baseball field, and an open grassy meadow. Library Park - Spencer, NC

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is in the process of transitioning to The Fred and Alice Stanback Educational Forest. Future plans include an Urban Forestry Education Center, two overlook decks, picnic shelter, and covered outdoor classroom and connects with a proposed 2 mile loop trail within the surrounding neighborhoods.

Rowan Park: contains playground equipment for children ages 3 to 6, swings, picnic tables, swinging benches and a covered picnic shelter. Other than a 100 foot walkway to the picnic shelter, there are no established trails at this facility. Royal Giants Park - East Spencer, NC tables. There is a small walking area, but no East Spencer Area established trails at this facility. Royal Giants Park: includes 2 full size basketball courts, a playground for kids up to 6 years of age, Centennial Park: is a 1 acre community park with a a swing set, a baseball field, an open grassy area, playground set and walking trails. and a building/shelter for storage, restrooms and covering for picnic tables. There are no established Fairview Heights Park: is a 1 acre park with a trails at this facility. children’s play area and a picnic table.

Salisbury Area Foil Tatum Park: is a 1.5 acre park with a gazebo, Bell Tower Park: is a 0.25 acre park located in playground structure and a 0.25 mile walking loop. historic downtown Salisbury. The park includes one large gazebo, benches, and a small fountain. Forest Hills Park: is a 9.4 acre park conveniently There are no established trails at this facility. located and provides a greenway connector between Memorial Park and Knox Middle and Overton Boxwood Park: A boxwood shrub was planted on Elementary Schools. The connector features an this site in 1826 and nurtured for 175. The property attractive bridge with inviting walking and sitting and the specimen plant were donated to the City of areas, a play structure and a basketball court. Salisbury in 2001. Elm Street Pocket Park: is an open triangular green Cannon Park: is a 3.5 acre park featuring a gazebo, space with a concrete sidewalk running the length play structure, bankshot basketball game, and of one of its edges.

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Gordon P. Hurley Soccer Complex: is located at 1510 Majolica Road and consists of three soccer fields and a restroom/storage building. Hurley Park; is a 14 acre public park composed of woodlands, streams, gardens and walkways. Finely crafted benches and tables, specially designed bridges and distinctive gazebos enhance the gardens. There is an approximately 0.25 mile concrete walkway that runs the length of the park and connects with the adjacent Salisbury City Park. gets changed out periodically. Sidewalks runs along two of the park’s four sides. Jersey City Park: consists of a play structure, a multipurpose court with basketball goals, and Memorial Park: consists of a 0.5 mile vehicular loop picnic tables. The park is approximately 1 acre in around the park. It navigates through the historic size. cemetery, as well as a woodland forest.

Kelsey Scott Park; is 21.7 acres and includes a play Miller Park: is located behind the Miller Recreation structure, picnic shelter with tables and grills, one Center and consists of several playground softball field, two basketball courts and a 9-hole structures, one half basketball court, and one large disc golf course. open grassy field, available for a wide range of activities to take place. Lincoln Park / Pool: is a 3.2 acre park with a basketball court, play structure, picnic area with Morlan Park: is a 1 acre park with picnic tables, tables and grills, and a swimming pool. grills and a play structure.

Long Street Park: is a 2 acre park and includes two Oakland Heights Park: is a 2.9 acre park that consists half basketball courts, a playground set for children of a multipurpose court with four basketball goals, age 3 to 6, and a grassy open field. a picnic shelter with tables, and a play structure.

Magnolia Park: is located at 324 W. Innes Street Robertson Eastern Gateway Park: is a small park and consists of an open grassy lawn approximately located at the corner of Depot and E. Innes Street. 1 acre in size. Along the corner at the intersection It features a fountain that replicates the figure of Innes Street and Fulton Street, there are some Rebecca which stood in the Square in downtown ornamental plantings with a sculpture piece that Salisbury in the early 1900’s. It serves as a great

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photo location for wedding and graduation pictures. West End Community Park and Garden: is a 1.5 acre garden which includes various aspects of Sports Complex (Jaycee-Optimist): is a 17.8 acre urban gardening including: composting, raised park and has three lighted baseball/softball fields, bed gardening, butterfly gardening, bog gardening, a restroom facility, play structure, two basketball small fruit trees, enabling gardening, and goals and picnic tables. There is one walkway that traditional vegetable gardening. runs across the park and fragments of sidewalks that navigate along the perimeter of the park. Thurston Property: is a 30 acre property next to Knox Middle School and Overton Elementary Salisbury City Park; is a 41 acre park with a School that was donated to the City of Salisbury by community center, two play structures, six tennis Dr. Thomas G. Thurston II. The Catawba College courts, two picnic shelters with tables, grills and a Environmental Nature Preserve and a portion of scenic lake. the Salisbury Greenway are located on this site.

Salisbury Community Park: is 300 acres and offers active and passive areas including four soccer fields, open grassy fields, walking trails, five ball fields, a concession and bathroom area, a well- stocked fishing lake with picnic decks, a picnic area and playground. There is also a 1.5 mile walking trail available to park users.

Tar Branch Park: is located at 505 E. Liberty Street and consists of approximately 1.5 acres. It includes a grassy amphitheater and a small creek covered with tree canopy. There are no established walking Boxwood Park - Salisbury, NC trails at this facility.

Town Creek Park/Civic Center: is an 18 acre linear park with a basketball court, a play structure, four clay tennis courts, walking trails and a picnic shelter with picnic tables. There are no established walking trails at this facility.

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Kannapolis Area landscaping, and paved entrances. It is located Bakers Creek Park; is 40 acres designed as an at 100 Cedar Avenue, adjacent to Village Park and active community park. It consists of a baseball/ Bakers Creek Greenway. There are no established softball field, three large covered shelters, one trails within the park, only paved vehicular paths. small covered shelter, grills, picnic sites, a large playground, a miniature golf course, four lighted Mountain Street Park: is an extension of Bakers tennis courts, horseshoe pits, sand volleyball Creek Park, located at the intersection of West courts, one half basketball court, a concessions/ 8th Street and Mountain Street. The area offers restroom building, and connects with the existing four picnic tables, a grill, playground, two sand 8th Street Greenway. volleyball courts, horseshoe pits and restrooms. Dale Earnhardt Plaza: is a one acre plaza home There are no established trails within the park to a 900 foot bronze statue honoring Kannapolis other than the adjacent Bakers Creek Greenway. hometown hero and racing legend, Dale Earnhardt. The plaza consists of formal brick walkways and Village Park: offers an amphitheater, walking trail, benches surrounding the memorial, as well as the Rotary Express train, a rentable building/ several patches of open lawn space. multipurpose room, a splash pad, playground, Kannapolis Cemetery: is a registered historic picnic shelters and open space. There are no landmark that dates back to 1746. The City established trails within the park other than the completed a major upgrade to the cemetery, Bakers Creek Greenway that navigates through it. including brick gateways, black steel fencing, Veterans Park: is formerly named Town Park and was renamed Veterans Park in honor of those who have served to protect our country. It was recently renovated in May 2013 into a regional historic landmark with its focus being the Ring of Honor – a display of memorial plaques and water feature with 1,700 names of the individuals from Rowan and Cabarrus Counties. It consists of brick walkways and green spaces, and also serves the community as a concert and special events venue. There are no established trails within the park.

Walter M. Safrit Park: is a 17 acre athletic facility

Bakers Creek Greenway - Kannapolis, NC Source:City of Kannapolis located at 1314 Bethpage Road. It includes two

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lighted softball fields, one lighted soccer field, wilderness area and around Lake Corriher and a playground, a small covered picnic shelter Lake Landis. Fishing passes, as well as campsite concessions/restroom building, and a 0.5 mile rentals are available for a small fee. Picnic areas paved walking trail around the park. are scattered throughout the area, within this passive section and the more active area of the Landis Area park; this includes five soccer fields, one baseball Landis Pavilion: is located at 353 South Beaver field, concessions/restroom building and a ½ mile Street and includes one large picnic pavilion, paved walking track. Additional elements include a playground, two tennis courts and an open grassy playground and shelter; future components include area. There are no established trails at this facility. kayaking and disc golf. Every year, this facility is home of the Down and Dirty Adventure Mud Run, a Linn Field Park: includes one baseball field, one 4 +/- trail run with obstacles meandering through peewee field, and a concessions/restroom building. the woods, creeks, marshes, hills and mud. There are no established trails at this facility. Faith Area Landis Pool: is located next to Corriher-Lipe Middle Faith Legion Park: includes one baseball field and a School. The pool is open to the public during the concessions/restroom building. summer months and can also be rented for special events. Jaycee Ball Field: consists of one baseball field and a concessions/restroom building.

Granite Quarry Area Centennial Park: can be described as a heavily wooded landscape with walking paths meandering throughout and alongside a stream. The paths eventually connect to Granite Lake Park, the length is unknown. The park also includes a gazebo, grills, and picnic tables. Centennial Nature Trail connects this park with Granite Lake Park, running Landis Pool - Landis, NC approximately 0.25 miles.

Lake Corriher Wilderness Area Park: is located Granite Civic Park: is a 5.25 acre recreation across from the South Rowan YMCA. The area memorial to the people of Granite Quarry. It serves includes over five miles of trails through the as a passive park for youth and family activities.

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Components include a large picnic shelter with an enclosed kitchen and restrooms, a smaller shelter, a baseball field, a large playground set, three tennis courts, two full size basketball courts, a sand volleyball court, and an obstacle/aerobic course with eight stations. An asphalt walkway connects the different components for a total length of approximately 0.25 miles, but other than this there are no major established trails at this facility.

Granite Lake Park: consists of a shelter with Rockwell Town Park - Rockwell,NC bathrooms, a playground area, a one acre lake with fountain, and two piers available for fishing. Gold Hill Area Walking trails – part of Centennial Nature Trail Gold Hill Mines Historic Park: can be described as – connect to Centennial Park, approximately both a pastoral and wooded landscape with a variety 0.25 miles south. This trail is described under of elements that have either been historically on Centennial Park. the property or have been relocated from property in the area to allow users to experience and learn about the historic past of the community. Some of the site offerings include a modern facility with a conference room, a rustic log barn, a small plantation office, stage, miner’s field, powder house, picnic areas and a pond. The Gold Hill Rail Trail/Greenway navigates around this facility, running approximately one mile.

Rowan County Parks Granite Lake Park - Granite Quarry, NC Dan Nicholas Park: 330 acres, 17 covered shelters, recreational vehicle campground, large lake, paddle Rockwell Area boats, concession stand, camping, soccer fields, Rockwell Park: includes a 0.25 mile asphalt walking baseball fields, open passive fields, golf course, track around two picnic shelters, a restroom playground with handicap access, carousel, nature building, a playground area, a sand volleyball court, center, petting barn, outdoor theater, and several a basketball court, and an open grassy field. miles of trails.

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Sloan Park and Kerr Mill: 100 acres of passive green space, 3 miles of trails, five picnic shelters, volleyball courts, a softball diamond, playground, and historic gristmill.

Davie County Park Cooleemee River Park “The Bullhole”: features a stone dam on the South Yadkin River that creates a scenic waterfall, a natural beach area placed there by a flood, and natural surface trails. This park is a popular swimming, fishing, and picnicking destination in the northern area of Rowan County. Gold Hill Historic Park - Gold Hill, NC

Dunn’s Mountain Park: 83 acres of land protected under a conservation easement, trails, and overlook area.

Eagle Point Nature Preserve: 200 acres, natural habitat for fauna and flora native to the area, 3 miles of trails, observation overlooks, interpretive tree and plant identification loop, and high water canoe access to High Rock Lake.

Ellis Park: is composed of 26 acres located just north of Salisbury. It includes two baseball fields, Cooleemee River Park - Cooleemee, NC concession stand, two lighted tennis courts, volleyball court, horseshoe pits, bocce courts, game room, two shelters, children’s playground, 1.5 mile walking trail, event center with a riding arena, judge’s tower, restrooms, game room, ceramics workshop, and a large dining room with fully equipped kitchen.

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Trails that connect with the adjacent Hurley Park. In Rowan County, existing trails are limited to the boundaries of several county and state facilities, • Salisbury Community Park: A 1.5 mile creating isolated patches of trails. The Carolina walking trail is available to park users. Thread Trail Greenway Master Plan aims to link together a network of existing and proposed trails • Dan Nicholas Park: There are several throughout the County. The existing trails currently miles of trails at this park that connect within Rowan County as part of local, city and users with the various site amenities. county parks are as follows: Dunn’s Mountain Park: There are approximately 0.5 miles of hiking trails that take the • Village Grove Park: The park has an asphalt trail user to the top of Dunn’s Mountain. section of trail that connects with the Eagle Point Nature Preserve: There are existing sidewalk, creating approximately three miles of trails within this natural a 0.5 mile loop around the block – along habitat, great for both walking and hiking. Cedar St, 1st St, Myrtle Ave, and Stevens St. • Ellis Park: This park consists • Westside Park: This facility has of a 1.5 mile walking trail. a 0.1 mile mini sidewalk track. • Sloan Park and Kerr Mill: There are three miles of • Cleveland Town Park: The park includes trails navigating through this passive green space. a 0.5 mile walking path around a baseball field and an open grassy meadow. • Walter M. Safrit Park: This park includes a 0.5 mile paved walking trail around the park. • Spencer Woods: The Spencer Woods Trail is a 0.7 mile loop trail with a lake overlook. • Lake Corriher Wilderness Area Park: (5 miles total) The area is broken up into the Yellow- • Hurley Park: This park includes a DC Linn Trail, which navigates behind the 0.25 mile concrete walkway that runs soccer fields and leads to the spillway, the Red- the length of the park and connects Raider Trail, about a one mile loop around the with the adjacent Salisbury City Park. small lake, the Blue-Blue Ridge Trail, a trail with both rough and steep terrain for users • Sports Complex (Jaycee-Optimist): This located on the left side of Lake Corriher, the park includes one 400 foot walkway and Mt. Moriah Trail, which branches off the Blue fragments of sidewalk around the perimeter Ridge Trail and offers a one mile loop behind

36 Chapter 3. Existing Conditions, continued

Mt. Moriah Church, and Green-Swamp Trail, • Gold Hill Rail Trail/Greenway: This greenway which navigates along the left side of Lake is located within the Gold Hill Mines Historic Corriher and over a mile of relatively flat Park. It navigates around the amenities within terrain. Additionally, a ½ mile paved walking the park for about 1 mile in length. It winds track circles one of the large soccer fields. through untouched forest and artifacts left The Down and Dirty Adventure Mud Run over from the days when Gold Hill was the takes place by utilizing the above mentioned premier mining town in the entire nation. trails, as well as creating temporary new ones. The trail is mixed terrain; part is a well laid gravel path and other areas are worn dirt paths. • Centennial Park: Centennial Nature Trail connects Centennial Park with Granite Lake • Salisbury Greenway: This greenway is broken Park, running approximately 0.25 miles. up into 5 sections. (1) The Prescott Connector measures 2,820 feet beginning near the Overton • Rockwell Park: There is a 0.25 mile asphalt Elementary School and includes a covered walking track around the park amenities.” bridge. This is the site of several community events, including the Earth Day Celebration, • The existing trails/blueways currently Greenway Growlers, 5K Run/Walk for the within Rowan County as part of local, Greenway and the Land Trust Tree Lighting. (2) city and county greenways are as follows: The Forest Hills section is approximately 1,700 feet and includes a bridge and a playground • 8th Street Greenway: This is a 10 foot wide area. (3) The Memorial Park Loop section of paved trail and pedestrian walkway in the runs 2,463 feet, contains a bridge, and Kannapolis. It connects Loop Road to 8th encircles a scenic lake. (4) The fourth section Street, crosses 8th Street and continues to is approximately 1,890 feet in length and West A Street, then ties into the existing Bakers crosses a disc golf course, playground, picnic Creek Park Greenway. 8th Street Greenway and area and a ball field. (5) The final section Bakers Creek Greenway create a 2 mile loop. runs along Brenner Avenue and encompasses 3,900 feet beginning at the Harris Teeter • Bakers Creek Greenway: This Kannapolis Shopping Center and continuing to the Union greenway runs through Bakers Creek Park and Hill / Oakdale Cemetery. Combined, the connects the 8th Street Greenway with Bakers Salisbury Greenway spans nearly 2.5 miles. Creek Park and then Village Park. Bakers Creek Greenway and 8th Street Greenway create a 2 • Yadkin River Pee Dee River Trail: This blueway mile loop. is a 125 mile long paddling trail which includes

37 Chapter 3. Existing Conditions, continued

multiple put-in and take-out areas for easy This plan identifies the Rowan County bicycle access to the river. The River Trail is mostly route system, a 226 mile network that links the flat, with Class I ripples and a few Class II spots. cities, towns, points of interest and recreational The trail may be paddled by kayak or canoe areas. According to the plan, the routes encompass beginning east of W. Kerr Scott Reservoir in “rolling hills, interspersed with occasional short Wilkes County, meandering east through Elkin steep climbs.” There are 5 different routes, all of and over towards Winston-Salem and then which are illustrated on the Master Plan in Chapter turning south along the boundaries of Davie, 5. Rowan and Davidson counties to the entrance to Route 1: Ellis Park, Sailsbury, Granite Quarry, High Rock Lake. Public access along the Yadkin Rockwell, Gold Hill River is limited to four improved boating launch Route 2: China Grove, Faith, Dan Nicholas Park points located in the area at Tamarac Marina, Route 3: Ellis Park, China Grove, Landis, Cabarrus Bringle Ferry Road (Davidson), River Road and County Line NC8/49 Highway (Stanley). A fifth primitive Route 4: Ellis Park, Cleveland, China Grove site is located on Providence Church Road. Route 5: Salisbury, Spencer, East Spencer, Gold Hill Known proposed trail networks currently within Rowan County Land Use Plan: Areas West of I-85 • Stanback Loop: According to the Master Plan This document was adopted in April 2009 and for Spencer Woods, the Stanback Loop would provides a general overview of the western part of be a walking and biking connection from the the county in terms of population, housing, regional adjacent neighborhood and the Spencer Woods growth impacts/geography, history, economic Park, marking historical landmarks along the development, land use, community/recreation way. Discussions involve integrating signage facilities, schools, transportation and the natural and marketing to NC Transportation Museum as environment. The document suggests the following another fun thing to do while in Spencer. recommendations, in terms of land use: • Encourage conservation subdivision community plans development where appropriate. Various community plans have been developed for • Minimize the clearing of vegetation and preserve Rowan County, all of which include information important natural features. Retain stone walls, pertaining to greenways and trails that was utilized hedgerows and other rural landscape elements. in The Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan • Allow common uses for protected open County Communities. space, including agriculture and community NCDOT Bike Routes in Rowan County gardens, pastures, meadows and wildlife habitat

38 Chapter 3. Existing Conditions, continued

preservation, recreational fields and trails, visual minimum fifty foot buffer for all new development or sound barriers, and forest management. outside of watershed protection areas. • Encourage connectivity through open space networks with surrounding development to Downtown Salisbury History and Art Trail: This promote walking and biking, without mandating trail is part of a long range plan that can be broken them over private property. into two parts. First, a series of markers that incorporate both history and art will be installed Land Use Plan Areas East of I-85 on downtown sidewalks and buildings in locations This plan was issued January 2012 and consists of appropriate to the events. Then, over a period of information/statistics about the eastern half of time, a series of larger public art installations will Rowan County, such as geography and environment, interpret key historic sites or events. population, housing, public facilities, schools, recreational facilities, transportation, destinations infrastructure, historic places and agriculture. Rowan County has a number of unique destinations The document goes on to provide future land use that showcase the area’s natural amenities, historic recommendations, some of which are outlined landmarks, and cultural experiences that attract below as they pertain to the Carolina Thread Trail: local, regional, and statewide visitors. • The rural character of the area can be better preserved by promoting the clustering of smaller Downtown Salisbury: The city’s long history can residential tracts, while preserving open space be seen throughout the downtown area with its and/or farmland. Opportunities for conservation History and Art Trail, scary ghost walk tours, and subdivision design may offer more efficient and flexible lot design in order to preserve rural character. • A mix of uses is encouraged in or near the community nodes. • Connectivity should be promoted between adjacent developments and commercial nodes through open space networks that promote walking and biking, without mandating them over private property. • Consider the establishment of a one- hundred foot minimum stream buffer for all new development in watershed protection areas and a Dan Nicholas Park - Salisbury, NC

39 Chapter 3. Existing Conditions, continued

fascinating cemetery markers. Downtown boasts several miles of trails. a wide variety of beautiful architecture throughout the downtown area. Dunn’s Mountain Park: This 83 acre park opened in 2006 and was developed using funds from Friends Dan Nicholas Park: This 330 acre park attracts users of the Mountain and a Parks & Recreation Trust from all over the county, as well as surrounding Fund Grant (PARTF). The park land is protected communities. It consists of 17 covered shelters, through a conservation easement with the Land a recreational vehicle campground, large lake, Trust for Central North Carolina. On a clear day, paddle boats, concession stand, camping, soccer the skylines of Charlotte and Winston-Salem can be fields, baseball fields, and open passive fields, golf seen from the top of this mountain along with the course, playground with handicap access, carousel, quarries at the foot of the mountain. On weekends nature center, petting barn, outdoor theater, and there is a shuttle to take visitors who chose not to hike to the top on the trail. Gold Hill Historic Park: This park pays homage to the discovery of gold at this site in 1824. The area grew into a bustling mining town and became known as Gold Hill. The 70 acre park provides picnic areas, playground, rental facilities, historic homes and relics of the mining operation.

Kannapolis Intimidators: This baseball team plays at the CMC-NorthEast Stadium in Kannapolis and is the Class A affiliate in the Chicago White Sox minor league system. The team attracts families and sports teams from all over the region.

NC Transportation Museum: Allows users to discover the people and machines that have navigated industry and trade throughout North Carolina. It is located on the site of Southern Railway’s former steam locomotive repair facility. Up to 3,000 people once worked here, but today visitors can see an authentic train depot, antique automobiles, North Carolina Transportation Museum, Spencer, NC and a roundhouse with about 25 locomotives.

40 chapter 4. proposed trail networks planning process October 2013 A steering committee consisting of community stakeholders Public involvement is critical to any successful public was formed to assist in the development of the Carolina planning process and was integral to the identifi cation of the Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan County Communities. routes for the Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan Representatives from the Town of Landis, Town of China County Communities. The steering committee reviewed Grove, Town of Cleveland, Town of East Spencer, Town of and approved the community engagement session open Faith, Town of Granite Quarry, City of Kannapolis, Town of house format and began planning the forums for January Rockwell, City of Salisbury, Town of Spencer, community 2014. Trail survey questions were drafted by the consultant of Gold Hill, and other local advisory groups and and reviewed and revised by the steering committee. The organizations were appointed to the steering committee. survey questions were designed to gather information To provide countywide insight to the steering committee, from residents on general trail information, current trail representatives from the Piedmont-Triad Regional Council use, recreation habits, potential or desired trail use, and of Governments, Catawba Center for Environment, Land demographic information. The committee shared methods Trust for Central NC, Duke Energy, Catawba College, of community outreach that would promote the engagement Trust for Public Land and Carolina Thread Trail were also sessions. included. The steering committee and consultants for The Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan County January 2014 Communities followed the planning process summarized Community engagement sessions were held at the Saleeby- below. Fisher YMCA in Rockwell, the NC Research Campus in Kannapolis, the NC Transportation Museum in Spencer, September 2013 and the Cleveland Town Hall in Cleveland. Each community A project kick-off meeting was conducted to begin the engagement session was formatted as an informal drop-in planning process. The steering committee, consultants, and open house. At each session residents were introduced to representatives from the Carolina Thread Trail discussed the Carolina Thread Trail through an informational video, the trail planning process, the scope of The Carolina Thread asked to provide input regarding their current trail use, Trail Master Plan for Rowan County Communities, and and to identify destinations around the ten Rowan County reviewed the project schedule. The committee agreed to host communities that they would like to access using future four community engagement sessions and began to explore trails. Maps of the entire county and of each municipality meeting locations and dates. Each committee member were provided at each session on which citizens could write received a project base map to identify existing parks, trails, and draw trail ideas. Attendees fi lled out the committee schools, cultural sites, and potential destinations within approved survey at each session, and an online survey was their respective communities. available for residents unable to attend one of the four community engagement sessions.

41 Chapter 4. Proposed Trail Networks, continued

January-March 2014 March 2014 The input gathered through the four community engagement The Wil-Cox Bridge, a bridge built in 1922, was the fi rst sessions and the online surveys were compiled, analyzed, free bridge over the Yadkin River that connected Rowan and shared with the Steering Committee. The results served and Davidson Counties. The bridge previously carried as the basis for locating potential trail corridors throughout traffi c travelling along US 29/70 across the river, but was the Rowan County communities. recently decommissioned from vehicular traffi c and a Though the counties to the north and east lie outside new bridge was built alongside the Wil-Cox Bridge. As of of the Carolina Thread Trail footprint, connecting to the May 2014, North Carolina Department of Transportation adjacent counties ensures The Carolina Thread Trail Master (NCDOT) turned the ownership of the bridge over to Plan for Rowan County Communities will provide regional Davidson County for use as a bicycle and pedestrian bridge connectivity. An inter-jurisdictional meeting was held only. Alongside the eff orts to create this master plan for the with representatives from the adjacent counties, Davie and Carolina Thread Trail, the Tourism-Recreation Investment Davidson, to review the current master planning eff ort in Partnership for Davidson County Foundation (TRIP) the Rowan County communities and the greenway planning requested the assistance of the North Carolina Chapter of eff orts in Davie and Davidson and key cross-county the American Society of Landscape Architects (NC ASLA) to connection points were identifi ed. hold a charette to look at the planning and programming for

Public Open House at the NC Transportation Museum

42 Chapter 4. Proposed Trail Networks, continued

the Wil-Cox Bridge and surrounding area. Representatives July 2014 from Davidson County, the Town of Spencer, the City of Draft master plan review forums were held at Granite Quarry Salisbury, Stewart, the Carolina Thread Trail, NCDOT Safe Town Hall in Granite Quarry, Salisbury Community Park in Routes to School, Alcoa, the Deputy Secretary of Cultural Salisbury, 8th Street Park in Spencer, and at a Kannapolis Resources, NC Transportation Museum, Piedmont Triad Intimidators Baseball Game in Kannapolis. Participants Council of Governments, Land Trust for Central NC, and provided input on the draft trail routes, which were members of the NC ASLA attended a Preview Day with a developed using the input from the fi rst round of forums. site visit in March and the Charette in April. A document The draft metrics for the trail were provided at these events summarizing the ideas and plans from the charette is being as well, delineating the trail lengths, type of trail (on-road compiled. The fi nal document had not been released at the or off -road), connections to the community, and walking time of this report. distances to the top destinations.

April-June 2014 August - October 2014 The Steering Committee, which also served as the project’s The input received from the draft master plan review technical advisory team, met regularly over the course forums was used by the steering committee/technical of several months to identify an interconnected network advisory team to refi ne the potential trail routes to create the of potential trail routes throughout the Rowan County fi nal Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan County communities. This process took into account all of the Communities. The consultant created the draft master input from the public meetings and the survey responses. plan report, summarizing the entire planning process, for The resulting draft greenway master plan identifi ed review and comment from the steering committee. approximately 107.8 miles of trails and 69.7 miles of blueways.

June 2014 The preliminary trail routes identifi ed by the technical advisory team were reviewed in the fi eld through a two- day “ground-truthing” excursion. The consultants led the team members on a driving and walking tour of each potential route to review existing topography, character, and potential obstacles and to assess the feasibility and ease of trail construction. Routes with signifi cant obstacles or conditions not conducive to safe, enjoyable trail environment were eliminated or relocated. Several routes were also added in order to include all ten communities and to existing trails discovered during the fi eld trip. Plan Review Forum at 8th Street Park, Spencer, NC

43 Chapter 4. Proposed Trail Networks, continued

Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan Rowan County Communities links to two adjacent counties for Rowan County Communities located within the Thread Trail region, Iredell and Cabarrus The fi nal trail routes of the Carolina Thread Trail through Counties, and two outside the region, Davie and Davidson the Rowan County communities consists of 107.8 miles of Counties. trails located along stream/river corridors, road right-of- All ten municipalities and one community in the ways, abandoned rail lines, utility easements, undeveloped county are linked by the recommended Carolina Thread land, and bike routes. Almost half of the recommended Trail segments. Almost half, 47.1%, of all Rowan County trails are located along existing road right-of-ways (51.3 Communities’ residents live within 0.5 mile of the miles), while the next highest trail type is along stream/ proposed routes. This includes 49.3% of Rowan County river corridors (19.0 miles), mostly along Grant’s Creek, Communities’ children, 44.7% of the county’s seniors, and with the third largest trail type being along Rowan County 61.7% of low income households. Bike Routes (14.3 miles). A total of 69.7 miles of blueways The steering committee also identifi ed 15.0 miles of have also been identifi ed along the Yadkin and South Yadkin additional trails called “Other Connection Opportunities”. Rivers and their tributaries. These trail segments did not meet the criteria for population The pink lines on the Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan service, regional connectivity, or destinations served set for Rowan County Communities map represent the fi nal during the planning process to be considered Carolina Carolina Thread Trail segments within the communities. Thread Trail routes or were parallel to other proposed Potential routes within the county proper will require routes. However, these trail segments provide important further study. The Carolina Thread Trail designated routes connections within Rowan County Communities that could are shown as ¼-mile wide corridors. The mapped routes be included in future trail plans within their respective represent the intended location of the Carolina Thread Trail, municipalities. but do not represent the actual location of trails. Final trail rowan county communities carolina locations will be determined as each Carolina Thread Trail thread trail segments segment is designed in more detail by the municipalities. The Carolina Thread Trail in the Rowan County The maps on the following pages show the entire Rowan communities will provide connectivity to many unique County Communities Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan, destinations within the communities. The most desired each of the communities, and several additional maps of destinations, as indicated by residents were Downtown the trail. Salisbury, Dan Nicholas Park, High Rock Lake, Rowan County Libraries, and Catawba College. All of these places, along with thirteen schools (36.1% of schools in Rowan County), and all four Rowan County Libraries are located within walking distance (0.25 mile) of a proposed Carolina Thread Trail route. The proposed Carolina Thread Trail for

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60 chapter 5. recommended actions for implementation

The completion of the Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan entity is encouraged to revisit existing zoning and land for Rowan County Communities by the steering committee development ordinances to make revisions and additions signifi es the beginning of the implementation process of to those ordinances to create trail supporting initiatives. trails in Rowan County. The process of trail development Floodplain development restrictions and regulations, land can be diffi cult at times and requires a strong commitment development regulations, zoning ordinance requirements, to continuing the process through to completion. The and open space dedication requirements should be revised following goals detailed within this section simplify the trail or created for the protection of the county’s environmental development process and provide a step by step process for resources and development of trails. transforming a planned route into a built trail. Master Plan Adoption Checklist adopt master plan Incorporate revisions and additions to the master plan Once the Rowan Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan upon completion of steering committee review and comment County Communities has been reviewed and approved by the of draft master plan. steering committee, the next step in the trail development Provide fi nal draft master plan to municipal agencies process is adoption of the master plan by Salisbury, China and advisory groups for review and comment. Grove, East Spencer, Cleveland, Faith, Gold Hill, Granite Present the fi nal Carolina Thread Trail Greenway Master Quarry, Kannapolis, Landis, Rockwell, and Spencer. Adoption Plan to municipal entities for master plan adoption. of the greenway master plan may include revisions to the Develop amendments to fl oodplain, land use, zoning, master plan based on comments from municipal entities and open space regulations. and advisory groups. By adopting the fi nal master plan, the municipalities underscore their support for the development build public support of trail segments within their communities. Each municipal The Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan County Communities is a product of the residents of the communities within Rowan County. This plan was developed by a dedicated group of county residents who served on the steering committee and technical advisory team. The location of the Carolina Thread Trail within the Rowan County communities was based primarily on feedback received from county residents through the public master planning process. This master plan should be championed forward by the residents. The second step of the trail development process involves continued public involvement and support for the Carolina Thread Trail in the communities within Rowan County. Downtown Landis

61 Chapter 5. Recommended Actions for Implementation, continued

It is the recommendation of this master plan that the with the county. Coordination between these agencies, municipalities create a Greenways and Trails Advisory boards, and commissions with ensure planning eff orts are Commission. This commission will provide input on all not duplicated, and that municipal, state, and federal funds greenway issues, provide feedback on greenway related are being utilized as effi ciently and eff ectively as possible. planning and acquisition decisions, build support for Partnerships with recreation providers and greenway implementation, and help coordinate the organizations involved with land preservation can be construction and maintenance of trails. It is recommended benefi cial in the development of trails. Both groups share that the commission provide municipal offi cials with common goals with trail supporters. Relationships with an annual report detailing trail development eff orts and such organizations enable municipal entities to off set trail progress. This group may host special events on completed land acquisition, development, and maintenance costs by segments of trails to showcase ongoing implementation pooling available funds. Expertise off ered by recreation and eff orts and engage county residents regarding future trail conservation partners can provide valuable insight for trail development plans. construction, trailhead development, and land or easement This commission should be comprised of residents, acquisition. government offi cials and staff , regional entities, local utility providers, and state transportation agencies. Each of the Checklist municipal entities should appoint one advisory commission Create the Rowan County Communities Greenways and member to serve as a liaison to their respective council. Trail Advisory Commission Representation from regional planning and tourism Appoint resident representatives to advisory commission organizations will provide a broader perspective and Identify municipal, regional, state, and utility share the greenway plans beyond the county boundaries. representatives for advisory commission Representatives from local utility providers like Duke Develop method for communication between county Energy and Piedmont Gas will help reduce confl icts agencies, boards and commissions between trails and utilities during trail planning, design, Develop partnerships for trail development and construction. Representation from roadway and rail transportation agencies can stay informed of current and future trail development plans, renovate or construct appropriate infrastructure for trail facilities, and assist in eliminating trail confl icts within rights-of-way. It is important that the Greenways and Trails Advisory Commission communicate with other municipal agencies, boards, and commissions, in particular any public works, recreation boards, development commissions and chambers of commerce in the communities and associated Wil-Cox Bridge across Yadkin River

62 Chapter 5. Recommended Actions for Implementation, continued

plan and develop priority greenways Functional Connection It is unrealistic to expect Rowan County Communities to The most popular, well-used, and eff ective trails link develop all 107.8 miles of Carolina Thread Trail within a two or more destinations and have distinct termination short period of time. A phased implementation plan for land points. Priority trail segments within the communities acquisition, design, construction, and maintenance of trails must provide connections between multiple destinations is necessary. Initial greenway development eff orts should (cultural facilities, parks, schools, colleges, neighborhoods, focus on Carolina Thread Trail priority greenway segments. commercial areas, etc.). Responses from the community The following criteria have been developed to identify the engagement sessions, draft master plan review forums, priority trail segments within the communities of Rowan and online surveys illustrate which destinations within the County. communities are considered most important. Trail sections that provide access to the most popular and/or multiple Public Support destinations should be considered priority trail segments. It is important that the residents of each community embrace the initial Carolina Thread Trail facilities. Input received Population Served from residents through the draft master plan review forums Trails benefi t communities as recreation resources and online survey should be utilized. Trail segments which and transportation amenities. These benefi ts increase garnered a high response through public involvement process exponentially when trails are located within populated areas. should be included on the initial trail prioritization list. Input The connections created by trails in populated and easily from the Greenways and Trails Advisory Commission (once accessible areas provide communities and their residents established) will also be valuable in identifying priority trail with alternatives for commuting to work, attending events, segments which county residents will support. running errands, exercising, or visiting friends. Carolina Thread Trail segments located within populated areas should Availability of Land/Right-of-Way be considered priority segments. A crucial step in the trail development process is the acquisition of land for trail construction. The ownership and Partnership Potential availability of lands along Carolina Thread Trail segments Trails developed through partnerships positively benefi t must be identifi ed. It is important to begin to acquire two or more parties and allow each to extend their funds by land and/or easements from willing land owners for trail sharing the costs of the development. The state, National development along all trail segments, but most importantly Park Service, local municipalities, non-profi t organizations, along priority segments. Carolina Thread Trail corridors local businesses, and individual land owners are all potential where land is currently owned, under conservation easement, partners in the development of the Carolina Thread Trail. or within trail friendly easements should be considered Partnerships can include shared construction costs, land priority segments. or labor swaps, or other fi nancial considerations. Carolina Thread Trail segments within the communities of Rowan

63 Chapter 5. Recommended Actions for Implementation, continued

County that may be developed through partnerships should priority trail routes: be considered priority segments. The following Carolina Thread Trail segments in the Rowan County Communities have been identifi ed as regional priority, Funding Availability priority, and secondary trail segments as recommended by No trail project can be developed and completed without the steering committee. These trail segments, presented fi rst identifying the appropriate resources to fund the in no particular order, represent the Carolina Thread Trail project. Potential funding sources for each of the Carolina segments that meet the selection criteria developed and Thread Trail routes should be identifi ed. NCDOT should presented within this master plan. be contacted and funding allocated for planned trails along state roads and highways during new construction Regional Priority Trail Segments: and existing roadway improvement projects. Partnerships between two or more entities may be necessary or preferred for trail development. Priority segments of the Carolina Thread Trail within the communities of Rowan County should have available funding for the development, completion, and maintenance of the project.

Checklist Identify the three to fi ve most popular trail routes per input gathered through the Carolina Thread Trail master planning process Determine which Carolina Thread Trail routes are along or within property under public or non-profi t ownership Identify the three to fi ve trail routes located within more heavily populated areas Identify the three to fi ve trail routes that connect the most popular county destinations per input gathered through the Carolina Thread Trail master planning process Identify and develop partnerships with organizations who share the vision of and interest in development of the Carolina Thread Trail with in the communities of Rowan County Determine the availability for funding Carolina Thread Trail trail development in each community.

64 Chapter 5. Recommended Actions for Implementation, continued

identify funding and financing State Funding Options: The completion of the Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Most state funding available to counties within North Carolina Rowan County Communities signals the end of the fi rst step for trail development is managed through NCDOT and the in trail development and the beginning of the crucial second North Carolina State Parks System. Most state appropriated step: funding and fi nancing. Rowan County communities funding is limited to specifi c types of projects and requires must begin to identify funding sources for land acquisition, matching funds of varying percentages of the grant request. design, construction, and maintenance of the Carolina Rowan County Communities will need to carefully review all Thread Trail. Many government entities are unable to fully state grant programs and plan appropriately for providing fund the development of every mile of trail within a network matching funds when required. Appendix 4 of the Carolina using in-house funds. It is recommended that Rowan County Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan County Communities communities develop a multi-tiered approach for funding report provides specifi c state funding programs that may be trail development using a variety of fi nancing options. The used for trail development. following summarizes several trail funding opportunities. Local Funding Options: Public Funding Traditionally local governments, like the municipalities There are several options available to assist Rowan County located within Rowan County, have utilized three sources for Communities in funding the development of the Carolina funding trail development. Thread Trail using public funding. • Discretionary annual spending, called the General Fund, refers to spending that must be agreed upon on an Federal Funding Options: annual basis. Trail development funds would need to be Federal funding programs for trail development are typically appropriated within each communities’ annual budget provided through two methods. The fi rst federal funding to a specifi c department’s annual operating budget and method involves federal appropriations of funds to specifi c would range in value annually. state agencies. These state agencies are charged with • Dedicated funding for trail development would require distributing, managing, and overseeing the expenditure of Rowan County communities to identify permanent the funds. The second federal funding method provides local funding sources specifi cally for trail development or or county agencies direct funding for trail development. for capital improvements, which could include trail Congressional earmarks have been used in the past to fund development. certain trail projects, but recent scrutiny of this practice • Debt fi nancing refers to the government agency may limit or cease such funding. Appendix 4 of the Carolina borrowing funds for the development of trail facilities Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan County Communities through loans or bonds. Such funding sources require report provides specifi c federal funding programs that may repayment of funds over a specifi ed period of time. be used for trail development.

65 Chapter 5. Recommended Actions for Implementation, continued

The sources used to fund trail development in Rowan County be used for trail development. communities will be tied to each communities’ budgetary resources, taxing capacity, political will, and voter preference. Checklist: The communities located within Rowan County have shown Identify federal funding opportunities for trail an interest and dedication to trail development with their development and determine which sources to pursue. support of the Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan Identify state funding opportunities for trail development County Communities. and determine which sources to pursue. Identify local funding opportunities for trail development Private Funding and determine which sources to pursue. Trail development in the communities of Rowan County may Identify private funding opportunities for trail be funded by private sources that support the Carolina Thread development and determine which sources to pursue. Trail, understand the benefi ts of trails, and understand the Develop programs to encourage private local funding for need for additional transportation and recreation facilities. trail development. Private funding sources may include individual donors, Allocate funds for matching grants which Rowan County non-profi t organizations, foundations, philanthropic communities plan to pursue for trail development. organizations, and businesses. The Carolina Thread Trail is leading eff orts to gather private funds for trail development evaluate land acquisition options grants. These grants may be used by communities to fund The acquisition of land for trail development is an important the planning, land acquisition, design, and construction and necessary step of the trail development process. Land of trails. It is recommended that the Greenways and Trails acquisition provides the land resources necessary for Advisory Commission (once established) develop additional development of trails, protects sensitive environmental fund raising programs. Funds gathered through donations and natural resources, and preserves historic and cultural of personalized bricks to be displayed at greenway trailheads treasures. Rowan County communities should utilize a or within prominent trail plazas can fund portions of trail variety of land acquisition methods, working with willing construction. “Buy a Foot” programs allow local businesses landowners, for the protection and preservation of land for and citizens to provide private funding for the construction trail development. of trail facilities. Adopt-a-trail programs can be used to help maintain trails through volunteer labor. Purchase The most eff ective method for funding the Carolina Rowan County communities may choose to acquire land Thread Trail and other local trails within Rowan County by fee-simple purchase. Such acquisitions are common communities will involve a combination of public and for government entities and ensure control over the level private funding sources. Appendix 4 of the Carolina Thread of development and protection of the land. Land that Trail Master Plan for Rowan County Communities report could serve a dual purpose by accommodating both trail provides specifi c funding sources and programs that may development and other public facilities or services would

66 Chapter 5. Recommended Actions for Implementation, continued

be ideal. This scenario justifi es the purchase of the land by and/or incentivize developers to contribute land, build using public funds more eff ectively. Organizations, such as trail facilities, or both as part of their development project. land trusts, can assist government entities in the purchase of Most government entities create a GIS database of the fi nal land for less than market value by off ering tax deductions to adopted Carolina Thread Trail routes for reference. Future the selling landowner. developments located along segments of the adopted trail would be asked or required to incorporate the Carolina Donations Thread Trail into their design plans. A review of the Landowners may wish to donate their property to a local incorporation of the trail segments into design plans should government or land trust. Donations of land may occur if be conducted during the development plan review process. the landowner has no more use for the property, no heirs are Most developers are open to accommodating regional trails present to receive the land, or tax and estate deductions are within their developments for two reasons: most people sought by the landowner. Landowners may prefer to donate view trails as a wonderful community amenity and most an easement on the property. Such easements allow for developers can place a premium on lots or housing units certain agreed upon uses of the property, but the landowner located within close proximity to the trail. retains ownership of the property. Rail Corridors Zoning and Development Regulations Typically abandoned rail corridors make great locations for Government entities across the United States have developed trail development. The gradual slopes and narrow, cleared restrictions and regulations along major rivers, streams, nature of rail corridors reduce clearing and construction and creeks. These regulations have been developed to costs for trails. Rowan County communities should work with protect water quality, limit development activity within underlying landowners and NCDOT to determine the current close proximity to streams, and preserve habitats along status of rail corridors within their communities. Owners water courses. River, stream, and creek regulations often and operators of active railroads are traditionally unwilling require buff ers of varying widths to be located on either side to allow trail development within rail rights-of-way due to of a waterway. Uses within the buff ers are often restricted safety concerns. to passive recreation, public boating and utility uses, and in some cases, preservation, conservation, or agriculture. Checklist: Other zoning and development regulations that have proven Identify land for fee simple purchase that may house helpful in the acquisition of land include setbacks along multiple county or municipal facilities. streams, fl oodplain development restrictions, and required Discuss property and/or easement donations with local dedication of open space. landowners along Carolina Thread Trail segments. Develop regulations for the protection of natural Developer Contributions resources and allowance for passive recreation uses along Government entities have the option to require, request, rivers, streams, and creeks.

67 Chapter 5. Recommended Actions for Implementation, continued

Work with developers to incorporate trails in trail development may not be known until competitive bids developments along the adopted Carolina Thread Trail for trail construction are opened. Trail tread materials vary segments in Rowan County. in construction and maintenance costs. Typically, trail tread Understand the current status of abandoned rail lines materials with higher construction costs, like asphalt and with NCDOT. concrete, have lower maintenance costs. The topography of Discuss trail development along and across active rail a site, the presence of fl oodplains, required creek crossings, corridors with owners/operators. and the amount of existing vegetation are typical existing site conditions that may aff ect trail development costs. design, construct, and maintain trails Trail planning should include those maintaining and As the municipalities within Rowan County, and their partners securing the trail. It is fi nancially irresponsible to build select a segment(s) of the Carolina Thread Trail and acquire a trail that is impossible or too costly to maintain. Rowan necessary land and/or easements for the trail, the design and County communities must identify the entity(ies) that will construction of the trail can begin. Each municipality and its be responsible for the trail maintenance during the initial trail partners will need to determine the desired use or uses phase of trail design. Interaction during the design process for the trail. The trail width and trail tread material will be will allow the county to be mindful of both construction and determined by the desired use(s), existing site conditions, maintenance costs. cost of construction, and required level of maintenance. Rowan County communities should also include Trails within fl oodplains or those located in heavy use areas emergency service personnel and representatives from local may need to be paved with asphalt or concrete. Both surfaces police and sheriff departments during the trail planning are more costly to construct, but will reduce maintenance process. These personnel will assist in developing safe costs after fl ooding and under heavy foot traffi c. Boardwalks trails that utilize principles of Crime Prevention through may be necessary within environmentally sensitive areas Environmental Design (CPTED). These principles allow to reduce the impact of the trail. Natural surface, mulch, or designers, governmental offi cials, and other personnel to stone trails may be best suited for historically signifi cant develop safe facilities that are inviting and reduce perceived sites where site impacts should be minimized. Public input criminal activity. Designing visible open spaces along trails received during the Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for improves visibility and encourages natural surveillance. Rowan County Communities process revealed that residents Clear and accessible entrances to the trail, like trailheads, preferred to use trails for walking, hiking, and cycling. provide access control by defi ning spaces and creating The costs to develop and maintain trails will vary designated points of entry or exit. Proper maintenance and depending on trail tread material, existing site conditions, community programs held along trails show that the trail culverts, bridges, and additional safety measures. Budget is cared for, creating a sense of ownership. Regular patrols estimates for trail construction may be developed during along trails provide a safe trail environment. Signage, the design phase of a trail, using recent fi gures from similar kiosks, trail brochures, and informational programs can projects to estimate construction costs. The actual costs of reinforce tips on staying safe and enjoying the trail.

68 Chapter 5. Recommended Actions for Implementation, continued

Checklist: Determine the preferred use or uses for the trail. Design trail to accommodate preferred use(s), respond to existing site conditions, and create an enjoyable trail environment. Include maintenance and security entities in the planning of the trail. Develop a maintenance and operations plan for trail upkeep.

69

chapter 6. conclusion

The Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan County Granite Quarry, Salisbury, East Spencer, Spencer, Faith, Communities represents a citizen led collaborative Kannapolis and Gold Hill to transform this plan from pink planning process for the provision of trails throughout the lines on a map to physical trails on the ground. The Carolina communities within Rowan County. Now that the master Thread Trail will provide important connections throughout planning process is complete, it is the responsibility of the Rowan County Communities, linking residents to the local citizens within Cleveland, China Grove, Landis, Rockwell, destinations that make each community unique.

China Grove Roller Mills, Inc - China Grove

71 High ground north of Cleveland, North Carolina

72 appendix 1: community engagement sessions

Summary Spencer Cleveland Public involvement is an important aspect of any public NC Transportation Museum Cleveland Town Hall planning eff ort. Four community engagement sessions 411 South Salisbury Avenue 100 North Depot Street were held in January 2014 in various locations around Spencer, NC 28159 Cleveland, NC 27013 Rowan County. Each session was designed to educate Tuesday, January 21 Thursday, January 23 residents on the benefi ts of trails, introduce residents to 4:30 pm to 6:30 pm 4:30 pm to 6:30 pm the greenway master planning process, identify the types Attendance: 19 Attendance: 5 of uses residents prefer trails to accommodate, and begin Community engagement session participants were asked to to defi ne trail corridors. Participants were also asked to answer four questions while referring to large maps of each identify their fi ve top destinations within Rowan County and community within Rowan County. Those questions and the its communities. Destinations are defi ned as the places that responses are below: people want to be able to access using trails. Schools, parks, natural resources, cultural amenities, and downtown areas are some examples of destinations. The input received from the community engagement sessions was used to directly infl uence the locations of potential Carolina Thread Trail routes within the Rowan County communities. A total of 62 residents participated in the fi rst round of community engagement sessions. The location and attendance for each session is included below:

Rockwell Kannapolis Saleeby-Fisher YMCA NC Research Campus 950 Kimball Road 201 North Main Street China Grove, NC 28023 Kannapolis, NC 28081 Tuesday, January 14 Thursday, January 16 4:30 pm to 6:30 pm 4:30 pm to 6:30 pm Attendance: 21 Attendance: 17

73 Chapter 3. Existing Conditions, continued

1. What trails have you visited and where are they located? 3. Where do you live in Rowan County? Overall (Top 10 selections shown): All answers shown: • Appalachian Trail • Kannapolis – 10 • Dan Nicholas Park Trails • Salisbury – 7 • Raleigh Greenway • Rockwell – 5 • Salisbury Greenway • China Grove – 4 • Lake Norman State Park • Cleveland – 3 • Charlotte Greenway • Granite Quarry – 3 • Swamp Rabbit Trail • East Spencer – 2 • Virginia Creeper Trail • Cabarrus County – 2 • Kannapolis Greenway • Mt. Ulla – 1 • Boone Greenway • Woodleaf – 1 • Rowan County – 1 Reasons why people liked the trails: • Gold Hill – 1 • Aesthetically pleasing experience, scenic, quiet. • Wide trails with markers to measure distance. 4. What activity would you most often like to participate in • Surface: packed gravel for road bikes or natural on trails or blueways? mulched, also interest in having more challenging All answers shown: trails for bikers. • Bicycling – 20 • Well-maintained. • Walking – 15 • Included destinations such as downtown, • Hiking – 13 restaurants, parks, water features, etc. • Canoeing / Kayaking – 9 • Serves most areas of the city. • Running / Jogging – 9 • Includes rest areas, water fountains and restrooms. • Mountain Biking – 6 • Horseback Riding – 3 2. What important places or destinations should be part of • Fishing – 3 a trail system or connected by trails or blueways within the • Camping – 3 communities of Rowan County? Overall (Top 5 destinations shown): In addition to the above questions, participants were • Downtown Salisbury - 16 asked to fi ll out a survey. The survey included questions • Dan Nicholas Park - 15 regarding current trail related activities, opinions of the • High Rock Lake - 12 importance of trails, the importance of trail benefi ts, • Rowan County Public Libraries - 12 factors that discourage trail use, and several demographic • Catawba College – 12 questions. The paragraphs below summarize the 30 survey

74 Chapter 3. Existing Conditions, continued

results from each of the four community engagement followed by current taxes, fundraising/donations, and sessions. government bonds. The fi nal survey items asked participants who were Rockwell Meeting: ( 7 surveys collected) interested in volunteering to participate in future trail and Ninety percent of participants who attended the Community blueway related activities to provide contact information, Engagement Session held at Saleeby-Fisher YMCA agree the majority of which did. Another question asked that trails in their communities are very important and respondents to share any additional comments or concerns that they currently use trails on a weekly basis. All of the they have regarding the Carolina Thread Trail. The only participants indicated that they would use trails more often comment received at this open house was, “Lack of County and at least monthly if they were more easily accessible. participation might aff ect progress.” Walking, running/jogging and mountain biking were the highest ranked trail related activities that participants Kannapolis Meeting: (8 surveys collected) currently engage in, followed by hiking (distance) and Two-thirds of participants at the Community Engagement bicycling tying for second. Bicycling was the highest Session held at the NC Research Campus felt that trails are ranked preference when asked what activity they would very important in their community. Half of participants most often like to participate in on trails and blueways, use trails or blueways on a monthly basis, compared to 38% followed by walking and hiking (distance). When asked who use trails on a weekly basis. When asked how often they which important places or destinations should be part of would use trails if they were more easily accessible, 88% a trail system or connected by trails and blueways within of participants indicated they would use trails weekly and the Rowan County communities, respondents ranked the the remaining percentage would use them monthly. This following as their top 4: existing greenways/trails, parks/ illustrates a desire for more easily accessible trails among nature preserves, Yadkin River, and High Rock Lake. participants. It is important to understand how residents view When asked what trail related activities they currently trails, both positively and negatively. Participants were participate in regularly, three-fourths of participants asked to rank the most important benefi ts provided by indicated they walk on a regular basis, followed closely by trails. Recreation/exercise ranked fi rst, followed by bicycling, hiking (distance), and running/jogging. Bicycling connecting neighborhoods/destinations, and protecting was the highest ranked preference when asked what activity the environment. Participants were then asked to list the they would most often like to participate in on trails and biggest factors that discourage trail use. Lack of information blueways, followed by running/jogging. When asked which about local trails ranked the highest, followed by lack important places or destinations should be part of a trail of accessible trails. Lack of off road trails, unsafe road system or connected by trails and blueways within the Rowan crossings, and aggressive motorist behavior, ranked third. County communities, respondents ranked the following as Regarding funding of the trails within the communities, their top 4: parks/nature preserves, downtowns, existing the majority of respondents prefer matching funds/grants, greenways/trails, and the Yadkin River.

75 Chapter 3. Existing Conditions, continued

Like in Rockwell, recreation/exercise was the most concern about the political climate in the county, and one important trail benefi t to participants, followed closely that discussed the need to connect to bikeable roads. by protecting the environment/land conservation and connecting neighborhoods and destinations. The biggest Spencer Meeting: (13 surveys collected) factors that discourage trail use are tied between high traffi c Ninety percent of participants who attended the volumes and defi cient sidewalks. Regarding funding of Community Engagement Session held at the North Carolina the trails within the communities, respondents tended to Transportation Museum agree that trails in their community select multiple answer choices (similar to Rockwell). The are very important. Half of respondents currently use most popular selections included current taxes (57%), and trails on a monthly basis and thirty-six percent use them fundraising/donations (28%). on a weekly basis. Three-fourths of participants indicated Those interested in volunteering for future trail and that they would use trails weekly if they were more easily blueway related activities provided their contact information, accessible. only 20% of which did so. Additional comments included Walking was by far the highest ranked trail related two respondents that expressed excitement about the activity that participants currently engage in, followed by trails in Kannapolis, two more respondents that expressed bicycling and hiking (distance). There was one write in

76 Chapter 3. Existing Conditions, continued

answer that came up several times – camping – which came in and academic types. It would help the economy and also 4th. When asked what activity they would most often like to people would be eager to move to this area!” (4) “It should participate in on trails and blueways, bicycling and walking be family friendly.” (5) “This is a wonderful idea! I am were the highest ranked. When asked which important nearing retirement and once I do, I would love to help make places or destinations should be part of a trail system or this a reality and participate in its upkeep.” (6) “I think we connected by trails and blueways within the Rowan County should be part of it.” communities, respondents ranked the following as their top 5: parks/nature preserves, High Rock Lake, existing Cleveland Meeting: (2 surveys collected) greenways/trails, Yadkin River, and historical destinations. Attendance at the Cleveland Town Hall was low in Participants were asked to rank the most important comparison to the other locations and a total of two surveys benefi ts provided by trails and blueways. Recreation/ were completed at this location. The following is a brief exercise ranked fi rst, followed closely by protecting the summary of those results, but keep in mind that this is environment/land conservation. Participants were then not a complete picture of how residents living in the area asked to list the biggest factors that discourage trail use. feel about the Carolina Thread Trail. On a scale of one to Lack of information about local trails ranked the highest, ten, the importance for more trails and blueways within followed by a tie between narrow road widths/right of ways, Rowan County communities is very important – nine. One personal safety concerns and aggressive motorist behavior. respondent currently uses trails on a yearly basis and the One response written in was “political”. Regarding other on a weekly basis. When asked how often they would funding of the trails within Rowan County, the majority of use a trail or blueway if it were more easily accessible, respondents prefer a combination of resources, the highest responses were monthly and weekly. ranked which are current taxes, fundraising/donations, and The highest ranked trail related activities that usage fees/charges. participants currently engage in are walking, followed by The fi nal survey items asked participants who were a tie between bicycling and running/jogging. When asked interested in volunteering to participate in future trail and what activity they would most often like to participate in on blueway related activities to provide contact information, trails and blueways, bicycling and walking were the highest eighty percent of which did. Another question asked ranked. When asked which important places or destinations respondents to share any additional comments or concerns should be part of a trail system or connected by trails and they have regarding the Carolina Thread Trail. The following blueways within the Rowan County communities, there was comments were collected: (1) “Keep up the good work.” a three way tie between parks/nature preserves, existing (2) “Would like more access available for canoeing and/or greenways/trails and historical destinations, followed by kayaking. [I] love greenspace and [am] looking forward to the Yadkin River. seeing all the great things you’re going to do for our county!” Participants were asked to rank the most important (3) “This is an exciting project – it would attract new people benefi ts provided by trails and blueways. Providing to the area. It would be especially attractive to sports minded environmental education opportunities and providing

77 historical education opportunities came in at the top of Regarding funding of the trails within Rowan County, there the list, followed by recreation/exercise and protecting the was a split between matching funds/grants and government environment/land conservation. Participants were then bonds. The fi nal survey items asked participants who were asked to list the biggest factors that discourage trail use. interested in volunteering to participate in future trail and There was a six-way tie between unsafe road crossings, blueway related activities to provide contact information, lack of accessible facilities, lack of interest, lack of time, both respondents of which did. personal safety concerns and lack of nearby destinations.

78 appendix 2: survey summary - winter 2013/spring 2014

An online survey was created to accommodate and include 2. Participants were asked to rank the importance of trails residents that could not attend any of the community within the communities of Rowan County. The majority of engagement sessions. The results analyzed within this respondents (78%) feel that trails are very important, while section include both online responses and hand written 13% believe trails are important, and only 7% feel that trails surveys. It is important to the master planning process to are not important. gather as much information as possible from residents of the communities within Rowan County about their vision for the Carolina Thread Trail. The survey included questions regarding current trail related activities, opinions of the importance of trails, the importance of trail benefi ts, factors that discourage trail use, and several demographic questions. 100 residents completed the online survey and 30 surveys were collected from the four community engagement sessions discussed in Appendix 1, for a total of 130 responses. The input received from this online survey was used to directly infl uence the locations of potential Carolina Thread Trail routes within Rowan County. The survey results are summarized below: 3. Participants were asked how often they visit a park or 1. The fi rst question asked respondents if they have heard natural area to use trails or blueways. 44% of participants of the Carolina Thread Trail, 80% of which stated “yes”. indicated that they use trails on a weekly basis, 28% on a monthly basis, and a tie between daily, yearly and seldom/ rarely at 9.3% each.                 

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79 4. Next, participants were asked to indicate how often 5. Participants were asked to indicate which trail related they would use a trail or blueway if they were more easily activities they currently participate in on a regular basis. accessible. Almost half (48%) stated that they would use 69% of participants selected walking as the trail related more easily accessible trails weekly, 34% indicated they activity they currently participate in regularly. Bicycling would use trails daily/almost daily, followed by 16% who ranked second with 55%, followed by hiking (41%), and would use trails monthly. running/jogging (33%). Additional write-in responses  included: skateboarding (1), meditation (1), dog walking   ! "#  $%&&# (3), camping (4), nature study (1).


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80 6. Next, participants were asked what activity they would 7. It is important to understand how residents view trails, most often like to participate in on trails and blueways. both positively and negatively. Participants were asked to 38% of participants indicated they would like to use trails rank the most important benefi ts provided by trails and for bicycling, followed by walking (30%), running/jogging blueways. Recreation/exercise was the highest ranked (12%), and distance hiking (9%). Write in activities choice by far, followed by protecting the environment/land included meditation (1), and nature study (1). conservation, and connecting neighborhoods/destinations.  !  "#"   # $ %   !! "#$%&%'()*+, &'())*+),+- (*-.%/%01($2

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83 10. Participants were asked to list trails they have visited 11. Survey participants were asked to indicate where they and enjoyed. The responses varied between trails located live. The top 5 ranked responses: 44% of participants live within Rowan County, trails located within the region, and in the Salisbury area, followed by 12% in Kannapolis, 11% trails located in other parts of North Carolina and beyond. outside Rowan County (some of which indicated that they Trails noted included the following: work in Rowan), 10% in China Grove, and 5.6% in Rowan • Salisbury Greenways/Parks (13) County. • Rowan Greenways Overall (7)           !"  #$"

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84 12. Next, participants were asked how they heard about 13. Regarding funding of trails and blueways within the the Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan County Rowan County communities, the majority of respondents Communities survey. Social media came in on top at 34%, selected a variety of responses. The breakdown is as follows: followed by friend referral at 28% and newspaper at 29%. • Matching Funds/Grants: 49 respondents • Fundraising/Donations: 45 respondents 
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 85 14/15. The majority of respondents stated that they were 16. Those participants that were interested in volunteering within the 46-65 age group (40%), followed by the 26-45 to participate in future trail and blueway related activities age group (38%). Gender of those participants was slightly within Rowan County Communities were asked to provide more male (59%) than female (41%). contact information, about half of which did so. Note:      This private information was given directly to the Carolina   !"



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86 17. The fi nal survey items asked participants to share any plans from coming to fruition. The trail system only works additional comments or concerns they have regarding the as designed if all communities are connected!” Carolina Thread Trail in the Rowan County Communities. An overwhelming majority of comments were positive “We here at Skinny Wheels Bike Shop would be/are glad and in favor of the development of trails within the to be advocates for the Carolina Thread Trail and any future communities. Participants see trails as a network for the support that we can give, Thanks.” biking community especially, as a mode of transportation and recreation/exercise. A handful of comments also “Riding a bike in Rowan Co is very dangerous. There is came up regarding the political climate in Rowan County no room beside the road and cars drive very fast.” and respondents were hopeful that these issues would get resolved and trail networks would begin to get established “After reading the Salisbury Post article about how for the benefi t of local residents. Below are a few comments the Rowan County Commissioners rejected the Thread, provided by survey participants: I am concerned about the Thread’s construction. Without Rowan County’s support, the Thread may not be connected “This is an exciting project - it would attract new from one municipality’s boundary to another municipality’s people to the area. It would be especially attractive to sports boundary. I want the Thread to be connected throughout minded and academic types. It would help the economy and Rowan County and into Iredell and Cabarrus Counties.” also people would be eager to move to this area!” “Please help put sidewalks to the schools. Children “I am very excited about this. I am a huge advocate.” walk on unsafe roads every day to school. It’s just not right.”

“I’d ride local trails far more if we had longer routes “I believe this would be a monumental step in the away from road traffi c. My main concern while riding my modernization of rowan county, and surrounding areas as a bike is my safety around motor vehicles, so bike routes progression towards the economy, tourism, infrastructure, sharing paved road surfaces with auto/truck traffi c are less ect.” attractive than dedicated trails.”

“I work with a client base in which these facilities are very important. I hear from customers on a daily basis about how they have nowhere to ride their bikes and that the roads are just not safe-enough.”

“I am concerned that the Rowan County commissioners are going to stonewall and preventing all of these great

87 88 appendix 3: draft master plan review forums summary

The locations of potential Carolina Thread Trail Routes plan review forums for Rowan County Communities. The throughout Rowan County communities were generated location and attendance for each session is included below: directly from the input received from county residents during the community engagement sessions and online Granite Quarry survey in Winter 2013 through Spring 2014. A series of trail Granite Quarry Town Hall routes was identifi ed by the Steering Committee based on 143 N. Salisbury Avenue resident feedback. Each potential trail route was ground Granite Quarry, NC truthed to ensure accuracy and adjusted if fi eld conditions Tuesday, July 22 were not easily adaptable or probable costs were too great 5:00 to 7:00pm for trail construction. Attendance: 13 A Draft Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan map for Rowan County Communities was created and revised after Salisbury several review forums were held in July 2014. Each forum Salisbury Community Park was designed to share feedback gathered through the 935 Hurley School Road community engagement sessions and online survey, review Salisbury, NC the steps used by the Steering Committee to identify and Thursday, July 24 verify potential trail routes, and review each of the potential 5:00 to 7:00pm trail routes with county residents. Attendance: 7 A total of 102 individuals participated in the draft master

89 Spencer weekend hikers seeking new trails. There was a large 8th Street Park turnout of bicycle advocates, stressing the importance of 705 8th Street safe routes separate from vehicular traffi c, a diversity of Spencer, NC terrain types and clearly marked routes. A second group Tuesday, July 29 could be categorized into canoe/kayak advocates, as they 5:00 to 7:00pm all tended to stress the need for more public access points Attendance: 41 along the blueways and a clear map illustrating these points and routes. Kannapolis Kannapolis Intimidators Baseball Game CMC – NorthEast Stadium 2888 Moose Road Kannapolis, NC Thursday, July 31 6:00 to 8:00pm Attendance: 41+

Review forum participants were educated about the purpose of the Carolina Thread Trail Master Plan for Rowan County Communities and then channeled to their specifi c community within the county to provide detailed feedback. This valuable resident input allowed additional information to be gathered, such as key destinations not marked on the map, existing popular corridors for hikers/bikers, vehicular heavy corridors to potentially avoid, and local organizations that the Thread Trail could potentially partner with for trail installation and maintenance. The majority of participants were excited about the addition of new trails throughout their individual communities, as well as a county-wide master plan. Many people described themselves as daily/weekly walkers and

90 appendix 4: alternative funding sources

federal funding sources state funding sources State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP) NC Clean Water Management Trust Fund The North Carolina Department of Transportation has The North Carolina Clean Water Management Trust Fund established a multi-year schedule for all its transportation (CWMTF) provides grant assistance to conservation projects – including bicycle and pedestrian related projects non-profi ts, local governments and state agencies for the – called the STIP. Once projects have been adopted by the protection of surface waters in North Carolina. Specifi cally, Division of Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation (DBPT) CWMTF funds projects that contribute toward a network and the North Carolina Board of Transportation, they are of riparian buff ers and greenways for environmental, incorporated into the STIP. In its eff orts to increase the educational, and recreational benefi ts. This funding agency safety of bicyclists in North Carolina, the department has provides four grants that can be utilized for greenways: undertaken many types of bicycle and pedestrian projects Land Acquisition Grant, Donation MiniGrant, Greenway including: Planning, and a Pre-Acquisition Costs MiniGrant. • Construction of shared-use facilities and on-road More information can be found at: highway improvements www.cwmtf.net • Safety and education programs Clean Water Management Trust Fund • Bicycle route designation and signing 217 W. Jones Street • Other projects to facilitate bicycle and pedestrian Raleigh, NC 27604 transportation Tel: 919/707-9120

According to the NCDOT website, DBPT utilizes a project NC Parks and Recreation Trust Fund Grant prioritization methodology to rank all projects. Projects The North Carolina Parks and Recreation Trust Fund Grant are evaluated based on local prioritization, estimated cost, (PARTF) is the primary source of funding to build and right-of-way availability, connectivity, inclusion in a bike/ renovate facilities in the state parks as well as to buy land for pedestrian plan, population of region served, and statewide new and existing parks. The PARTF program also provides equality. Bicycle and pedestrian projects are divided into dollar-for-dollar matching grants to local governments for two categories, which determine the types of funds that may parks and recreational projects to serve the public, up to be available. a maximum grant of $500,000. Recipients use the grants 1. Independent Projects are those which are not related to acquire land and/or to develop parks and recreational to a scheduled highway project. projects that serve the general public. 2. Incidental Projects are those related to a scheduled More information can be found at: highway project. http://www.ncparks.gov/About/grants/partf_grant.php NC Parks and Recreation Trust Fund (PARTF) 1615 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699 Tel: 919/707-9303

91 NC Department of Parks and Recreation Grants Pedestrian Planning Grant (NCDOT Division of Bicycle & The North Carolina Department of Parks and Recreation Pedestrian Transportation) was established to conserve and protect representative More information can be found at: examples of the natural beauty, ecological features and http://www.ncdot.gov/bikeped/funding/ recreational resources of statewide signifi cance; to provide outdoor recreational opportunities in a safe and healthy local funding options environment; and to provide environmental education Bond Referendums opportunities that promote stewardship of the state’s A bond referendum can be placed on a county or municipal natural heritage. This funding agency provides three grants ballot to fi nance land acquisition and site development costs for greenways: Land and Water Conservation Fund Grant for greenways and trails. Bonds come in many forms such (LWCF), NC Recreational Trails Grant, and NC Adopt-a- as revenue bonds, general obligation bonds, and special Trail Grant. assessment bonds. Since voters must approve bonds, it is More information can be found at: critical to educate the public on the mission and intent of http://www.ncparks.gov/About/trails_grants.php the bond in order to gain support and approval. State Trails Program 1615 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699 Impact Fees Tel: 919/707-9315 Impact fees are one-time charges levied by a local government on new development. Unlike dedication fees NCDOT Grants that might be required through the development process, The North Carolina General Assembly authorized NCDOT to one time impact fees can be applied to fi nance nearby public spend available federal, state, local and/or private funding services such as parks, recreation facilities, and greenways/ designated for the promotion and facilitation of the safe trails made necessary by the introduction of new residents and effi cient use of bicycles. It also states that facilities for in an area. the purpose of bicycle use are a “bona fi de highway purpose, subject to the same rights and responsibilities, and eligible Payment in Lieu of Fees for the same considerations” as other highways. NCDOT Where land dedication does not occur through the off ers the following grant programs that can be utilized development process, a municipality could require a for trail projects: Transportation Enhancement Grant payment in lieu of dedication. These fees can be applied (NCDOT Transportation Enhancement Division), Safe to fi nance acquisition of land or development of nearby Routes to School (SRTS*) Infrastructure Reimbursement greenways and trails. Text adding payment in lieu of fees Grant (NCDOT Division of Bicycle & Pedestrian needs to be incorporated into a zoning ordinance before it Transportation) F, Safe Routes to School (SFTS*) Non- can be implemented. Infrastructure Reimbursement Grant (NCDOT Division of Bicycle & Pedestrian Transportation), Bicycle and

92 Foundations and Friends Groups private funding sources Foundations and/or Friends Groups serve a useful purpose Carolina Thread Trail as these support groups fi ll a void that cannot be fi lled by Carolina Thread Trail off ers implementation grants for government entities. Due to the nature of government, segments of the Carolina Thread Trail on system-wide many potential donors who may be supportive of greenways Carolina Thread Trail master plans that have been adopted. and trails are more likely to donate to a non-governmental There are three types of implementation grants awarded on entity rather than the government itself. Therefore, a quarterly cycle with deadlines in January, April, August, interested citizens often recognize this void and organize and October. themselves as either a Friends Group or a Foundation. Some • Corridor Planning Grants: up to $20,000 towards Friends Groups or Foundations will even seek a 501(c)3 identifi cation of trail alignment(s) on a specifi c status allowing for further grant opportunities. Examples of parcel(s) along the Carolina Thread Trail. successful trails Friends Groups can be viewed at: • Land Acquisition Grants: up to $150,000 towards land • Kings Mountain Gateway Trails, Inc.: or easement acquisition for trail segments and open www.kmgatewaytrails.org/ space for viewsheds, riparian buff ers, wildlife habitats • Little Tennessee River Greenway: or recreation along the trail segments of the Carolina www.littletennessee.org/ Thread Trail. • Mecklenburg County, NC: • Construction Grants: up to $150,000 towards www.partnersforparks.org/ completion of construction design and building of trail • Friends of the High Line: segments of the Carolina Thread Trail. www.thehighline.org/ More information can be found at: Sponsorships www.carolinathreadtrail.org/resources/funding-sources/ “Adopt-A” Series: Rowan County or one of the municipalities Carolina Thread Trail can promote greenways and trails while generating interest 4530 Park Rd, Suite 420 by developing a local Adopt-A-Stream, Adopt- A-Greenway, Charlotte, NC 28209 Adopt- A-Blueway or Adopt- A-Trail program that identifi es Tel: 704/376.2556 the organization for providing walk through clean up, litter Fax: 704/342.3340 removal and environmental awareness programs, two to four times a year. This helps off set maintenance costs in American Hiking Society National Trails Fund municipal budgets. Organizations are recognized with The American Hiking Society National Trails Fund, created markers or signs. in 1998, is the only privately supported national grants program providing funding to grassroots organizations working toward establishing, protecting and maintaining foot trails in America.

93 The National Trails Fund grants (ranging from $500 - Conservation Alliance $5,000) help give local organizations (must be registered The Conservation Alliance is a group of outdoor businesses as a 501(c)3) the resources they need to secure access, that supports eff orts to protect specifi c wild lands and volunteers, tools, and materials to protect America’s waterways for their habitat and recreation values. Applicants cherished hiking trails. (must be registered as a 501(c)3) must be nominated by More information can be found at: a member of the Alliance. There are two funding cycles www.americanhiking.org/our-work/national-trails-fund/ annually in the summer and winter with a maximum grant American Hiking Society request of $35,000. 1422 Fenwick Lane Silver Spring, MD 20910 More information can be found at: Tel: 800/972-8608 www.conservationalliance.com/grants Fax: 301/565-6714 The Conservation Alliance Email: [email protected] PO Box 1275 Bend, OR 97709 Bikes Belong Tel: 541/389-2424 The Bikes Belong Coalition was formed in 1999 as the Email: [email protected] national coalition of bicycle retailers and suppliers working to put more people on bikes more often. Bike Belong Kodak American Greenways Awards Program provides funding from helping create safe places to ride Eastman Kodak Company, The Conservation Fund and to promoting bicycling. They carefully select projects and the National Geographic Society team up each year to partnerships that have the capacity to make a diff erence. present the Kodak American Greenways Awards Program. Grant applications are accepted on-line, 2-3 times per year One major element of the Program involves “seed” grant (February, August, October) for up to $10,000 to assist local awards to organizations (must registered as a 501(c)3s organizations in bicycle facility and policy development. get preference)that are growing the nation’s network More information can be found at: of greenways, blueways, trails and natural areas that www.bikesbelong.org demonstrate the convergence of economic prosperity and Bikes Belong Coalition the environment. Boulder CO Eligible projects can include elements such as Tel: 303/449-4893 greenway, blueway or trail mapping, ecological assessments, Email: [email protected] surveying, conferences, and design; developing brochures, interpretative displays, audio-visual productions or public opinion surveys; building a foot bridge, signage or other physical improvement or addition to a greenway, blueway; planning a bike path; and many other creative projects. In

94 general, grants can be used for any appropriate expense Economic Development: needed to complete, expand or improve a greenway • Initiatives that support the company’s economic including planning, technical assistance, legal and other development strategies (may vary by region). costs. Grant applications are accepted on-line, annually in • Skills and workforce development. June for up to $2,500. Education: • Pre K-12 education focused on science, technology, More information can be found at: engineering and math (STEM). www.conservationfund.org/kodak_awards • Higher education, focused on (STEM) and The Conservation Fund National Offi ce environment related programs. 1655 N. Fort Myer Drive, Suite 1300 Community Vitality: Arlington VA 22209-3199 • Human services, arts, cultural, and community Tel: 703/525-6300 safety. Fax: 703/525-4610 • Community leadership development. Email: [email protected] Grant applications are accepted on-line through their Duke Energy Foundation webpage at: The Duke Energy Foundation is the core of Duke Energy’s www.duke-energy.com/community/foundation.asp support and development of sustainable communities and actively works to improve the quality of life in our communities, lending expertise in the form of leadership and fi nancial support through grants to charitable organizations. At the core of The Duke Energy Foundation is its commitment to the community, with a focus in four areas: Environment: • Programs that support conservation, training and research around environmental initiatives. • Initiatives that support the effi cient use of energy, but that also do not create a confl ict with the programs approved in the regulated jurisdictions (reducing cost of utility service).

95 Rockwell Park

96 appendix 5: design guidelines

The following design guidelines have been established to Accessible Trail Design assist municipalities and other stakeholders in constructing It is important to consider accessibility when designing trails and amenities that will provide safe and sustainable trails, not only relating to alternate transportation, but trail corridors for the communities within Rowan County. from a recreation standpoint as well. Standards for These guidelines allow trail construction and character to accessibility have been established by the U.S. Department be developed uniformly throughout the county regardless of of Justice through the Americans with Disabilities Act, which entities are constructing trail segments. The design U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway guidelines are to be used as a toolkit with the understanding Administration, AASHTO, and the U.S. Access Board with that actual site conditions may dictate adjustments in fi nal Accessibility Guidelines for Outdoor Developed Areas. This trail design. These design guidelines have been organized section will address trail design to meet the needs of users into the following categories: with varied mobility requirements.

Types of Greenways/Trails Blueway (Paddle) Trails Greenways can mean many diff erent trail facility types. Nearly 70 miles of blueways are planned in Rowan County The trail types that may be constructed in Rowan County communities to be developed from the Tuckertown communities may include natural surface trails, paved or Reservoir to High Rock Lake and continuing along the unpaved multi-use trails, sidewalks, side paths, bike lanes, South Yadkin River. Blueway facilities have increased in shared roadways, equestrian trails, or multi-use trails with popularity over recent years. While the waterways serve equestrian use. as ready-made trails, a few support facilities are needed for blueway development. These facilities include access Trail Environments points, parking, portages, and signage. The trail corridors designated for the communities within Rowan County occur in many diff erent environments, each Trail Structures providing a unique experience. When constructing trails, Development of trails within certain environments will it is important to be mindful of the environment for that create the need for additional facilities or structures specifi c trail corridor, so that those environments are not including boardwalks, pedestrian/bicycle bridges, railings, damaged during construction or as a result of future trail and drainage and erosion control measures. These use. Likewise, the long term sustainability of trails should structural elements support trail use, help provide a safe be considered based on the environments in which they trail experience, reduce a trail’s impact on the environment, are being constructed. Trail environments to be discussed and reduce trail maintenance. include creekside trails, trails within fl oodways or fl oodplains, underpasses, utility easements, rail crossings, and rails with trails.

97 Trail Amenities Types of Greenways/Trails Trail users will need accommodations or support facilities Natural Surface Trails along the trail corridors. Inclusion of these support facilities Most users will associate natural surface trails with hiking will provide points of access to trails, encourage continued trails often found in natural park settings. These types of trail use, and create local character for trails. Typical trails typically serve hikers more so than cyclists. Minimal amenities within a trail environment include trailheads site preparation or construction is needed. Recommended and parking, seating, overlooks, signage/wayfi nding, guidelines include: tables, trash receptacles, pet waste stations, opportunities - Maintain a trail width of 2 to 5 feet. for public art, and in some areas, restroom facilities. - Maintain a vertical clearance of at least 9 feet. - Trail surface is typically native materials such as Trail Character in Rowan County Communities dirt, rock, soil, forest litter, or mulch. Each county within the Carolina Thread Trail network has - Be mindful of grade change; trail should follow its own unique character that should be maintained. While contours to avoid steeper slopes. uniformity of trail construction will occur throughout the - Route trail around trees and other site features network, it is important to promote the character of unique wherever possible. areas in each community. - Provide positive drainage for trail surface, but minimize extensive removal of existing vegetation or adjacent surfaces.

98 Multi-Use Trails – Paved Multi-use trails are the most common type of greenways (or greenbelts) within municipal park systems and trail networks. These trails can be used by hikers, walkers, joggers, cyclists, users in wheelchairs, and parents with strollers accommodating all levels and abilities of users. Recommended guidelines include: • Maintain a paved trail width of 8 to 12 feet; 10 feet is the most common • Maintain a vertical clearance of at least 10 feet • Provide a two foot graded (gravel) shoulder on each side of the trail Asphalt • Use asphalt or concrete pavement • Consider pervious pavement in less clay-like soils • Provide an aggregate base course (ABC) under the asphalt • Consider using geotextile fabric under the ABC in softer soil conditions • Specify concrete for use in highly fl oodprone areas • Provide centerline stripes on trails with high volumes of users and around curves

Concrete

99 Multi-Use Trails – Unpaved Unpaved multi-use trails are often found in upland areas. With proper compaction, these trails can also be used by hikers, walkers, cyclists, users in wheelchairs, and parents with strollers accommodating all levels and abilities of users. Unpaved trails are often less expensive to construct, but can cost more to maintain depending on trail location, soil compaction, topography, and weather patterns. Joggers, runners, and some cyclists prefer unpaved trails. Recommended guidelines include: • Maintain a paved trail width of 8 to 12 feet; 10 feet is the

most common Screenings • Maintain a vertical clearance of at least 10 feet • Soft surface trail materials may include graded aggregate stone (crusher run, decomposed granite, soil cement ) • May require an aggregate base course (ABC) under the surface course • In softer soil conditions, consider using geotextile fabric under the surface course or ABC (if using) • Consider providing edging along both sides of the trail to maintain trail surface materials • Monitor trail surfacing after rain events to minimize Pit gravel ruts and drainage channels

100 Sidewalks This greenway trail plan makes use of existing sidewalks through the downtown areas. Sidewalks often become overland connectors between trails. In some instances, greenway master plans have encouraged the completion of sidewalk systems to help fi nish trail corridor connections. Sidewalks typically serve pedestrians and do not accommodate cyclists. For new sidewalks, recommended guidelines include: • Minimum sidewalk width of 6 feet; 8 to 10 feet preferred, especially if an extension is allowed • Provide a fi ve to eight foot landscaped buff er between the roadway and the sidewalk if room is available • Use a light broom fi nish perpendicular to the direction of travel • Provide accessible ramps and crosswalks at all intersections or street crossings • Install pedestrian signaling at intersections, especially those with heavy traffi c volumes and/or rapid traffi c speeds.

101 Bike Lanes and Shared Roadways On roadways where vehicle traffi c volumes are less than 3,000 cars per day or where travel lanes are 14 to 18 feet wide, it may be possible to create shared roadway usage for cyclists either as a signed use or a wide outside lane. Bicycle lanes are also an option, especially if the traffi c volume is greater than 3,000 cars per day. These types of facilities are generally provided for more skilled cyclists and not for most families or children. Recommended guidelines for bike lanes include: • Bike lanes should be a minimum of four feet wide; fi ve feet six inches preferred • Drain grate openings should be perpendicular to the direction of travel • Maintain clean paved surfaces • Regulatory signage should be used in conjunction with painted signage on the surface (see signage section)

102 Sidepaths When the primary trail is street based and has limited driveway/intersection crossings, a sidepath is recommended along one side of the roadway. This might occur along some of the more rural two lane roads. Recommended guidelines for sidepaths include; • Sidepaths should be 10 to 12 feet wide • Sidepaths should be set back at least fi ve feet from the edge of the roadway with a vegetated buff er wherever possible • Provide concrete or asphalt surfacing • Provide accessible ramps from sidepaths to roadway • Install bollards at intersections/roadways to prevent vehicles on the sidepath

103 Equestrian Trails • Trail width for single track ranges from one-and-a- Equestrians prefer separate trails for their use not only half to two feet for low development; three to six feet for the types of rides they do, but for safety concerns of the for moderate development; eight to 12 feet for high riders and their horses. Horses can be easily startled by development hikers and cyclists. Equestrians can use a wide area of space • Horizontal clearing width which is equal to the trail depending on whether they ride individually or in groups. width, plus 3 feet each side ranges from fi ve-and- Horses can be hard on trails, making trails more diffi cult a-half to eight feet for low development; nine to 12 to use for hikers and cyclists after rain events or during feet for moderate development; 14 to 18 feet for high continued wet conditions. development Equestrian facilities need to provide enough space for • Trail width for double track ranges from fi ve to six feet horses and their riders to feel at ease, allow horses to ride for low development; eight to 12 feet for moderate and away from trail edges, off er good visibility, avoid natural high development hazards, and provide safe interaction with other trail users. • Horizontal clearing width, which is equal to the trail Dirt or stabilized dirt is the preferred trail surface, though width, plus three feet each side ranges from 10 to 12 crushed stone like granite screenings is also acceptable. feet for low development; 14 to 18 feet for moderate and Water crossings are preferred over bridge or boardwalk high development crossings which would require hoof mats on the treads. • Vertical clearance should be 10 to 12 feet Based on USDA/FHWA guidelines there are suggested widths and clearance tolerances for standard single and double track (side by side riding/passing) equestrian trails as follows:

104 Multi-use Trails with Equestrian Use There are many multi-use trails across the country that also include equestrian use. It is important to install appropriate signage indicating trail protocol, especially noting that hikers and cyclists yield to equestrians at all times. Trail sub-base and sub-grade need to be fi rm and prepared properly. Maintenance of shared trails should be a priority due to the multiple uses during wet conditions and the need for more constant manure removal.

105 Trail Environments Creekside Trails Creekside trails occur more often in more populated or developed areas. Road ROWs and density may warrant a shift in trail development to the rear of lots if stream channels are present and can provide a connectivity link. Trails are located immediately adjacent to the stream channel, thus fl ooding frequency needs to be considered. Retaining walls and gabion walls may be required due to the potential tightness of this type of trail corridor. Walls also help to protect the trail from erosion and fl ooding. Recommended guidelines for creekside trails include: • Minimum trail width should be ten feet with no shoulders • Provide concrete surfacing to withstand prolonged fl ooding and high-velocity stream fl ow • Trail amenities should be minimized along creekside trails; retaining walls could also serve as seatwalls

Trails within Floodways These trails are similar to creekside trails, but the trail is not located immediately adjacent to the stream channel. A vegetative buff er or streamside zone is established between the stream channel and trail. Potential fl ooding is infrequent and more periodic. Recommended guidelines for trails within fl oodways include; • Minimum trail width should be ten feet with no shoulders • Provide asphalt or concrete surfacing to withstand fl ooding and stream fl ow dependant on frequency of fl ooding • Provide a proper sub-base to increase longevity and sustainability of trail • Minimum trail width should be ten feet with two foot graded shoulders on each side Trails within Floodplains • Provide asphalt surfacing; aggregate stone or natural This type of trail is located outside of the fl oodways. A surface can be used in upland situations vegetative buff er between the stream channel and trail is • Provide a proper sub-base to increase longevity and left intact. Occasional fl ooding may occur during major sustainability of trail; a geotextile fabric may need to be rain events. Recommended guidelines for trails within installed in softer soils fl oodplains include;

106 Underpasses Opportunities may arise when trail corridors can be routed under existing bridges or through culverts to avoid on road crossings. This will typically occur when the trail follows a stream channel or river. Recommended guidelines for underpasses include: • Underpass width should be at least 12 feet. • Vertical clearance of the underpass should be at least 8 feet; 10 feet preferred. • Ensure proper drainage is designed to avoid pooling of water. • Lighting is recommended for safety within the underpass.

Utility Easements Utility easements can often be used for trail construction as long as joint-use easements are created with the utility company and property owner(s). Most common use of easements involves sewer and electric utilities where trails can be developed along edges of the ROWs. Gas easements are more stringent and typically only allow trail crossings within their ROWs. Utility companies should be notifi ed early in the planning and design process, so that easements and agreements can be completed in a timely manner and all parties are well informed. All utility ROW guidelines and restrictions should be reviewed and adhered to. Recommended guidelines for utility easements include: • Trails within utility easements shall meander as necessary to accommodate elevation change and provide positive drainage • For electric transmission ROWs, the trail width shall not exceed 5 feet in width, not including graded shoulders; trail surfacing shall be soft surface • Trails should be located at least 25 feet away from transmission tower pads • Trails may cross under power transmission lines at an angle not less than 30° from the center line • In most sewer ROWs, the trail can parallel the ROW as long as the trail is not located over the actual sewer line (except for trails that cross the ROW)

107 Rail Crossings or the Federal Railroad Administration have guidelines and Where trails may have to cross rail lines at-grade, eff orts policies that trail designs must adhere to before approvals should be made to ensure visibility and safety for all users. can be gained. Recommended guidelines for rails with Ideally, at-grade rail crossings should occur in conjunction trails* include: with existing sidewalk or vehicular crossings, but this is not • Trail width should be at least 12 feet with a two foot always the case. Recommended guidelines for rail crossings graded shoulder each side include: • Setbacks will vary with train type, speed, frequency • Trails should cross rail lines as close to a 90 degree and separation technique; edge of trail should be no angle as possible closer than 15 feet from centerline of nearest rail line • Proper rail warning signage and pavement markings for rails that see minimal use or commuter use; trails shall be installed along the trail on both sides of the rail should be set back a minimum of 25 feet or more from crossing the centerline of the nearest rail on more active lines • Crossing materials should be skid resistant; concrete • Fencing at 5-6 feet high should be installed between and rubber crossing materials should be used to the trail and the rail at least 3 feet off the trail shoulder provide longevity and less maintenance • The trail should be graded to drain away from the rail • If trail crossing is not in conjunction with an existing line vehicular crossing additional vegetative clearing should • *More information can be found at: www.railswithtrails. occur to increase visibility for both the trail user and com and www.railstotrails.org the rail line • Railroads should be included in planning and design discussions early in the trail process which in turn could help reduce time needed for approvals from railroads.

Rails with Trails Some railroads will allow trails to be constructed within their ROWs or within an easement within the ROWs. Railroads should be included in planning and design discussions early in the trail process which in turn could help reduce time needed for approvals from railroads. Most railroads or regulators such as Public Utility Commissions

108 accessible trail design All attempts should be made to design trails for accessibility for all users. Guidelines have been created in response to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) for trail accessibility. However, meeting ADA guidelines may be diffi cult in some outdoor situations. Meeting ADA guidelines might cause confl ict with trail sites having signifi cant cultural or natural resources such as tree canopies or stream channels causing a signifi cant grade change in the intended purpose of the trail or steep topography/terrain characteristics may prevent compliance. The following standards are to be used in accessible trail design: • Surface materials should be fi rm and stable through the use of asphalt, concrete, wood, or compacted gravel • Trail gradient should be less than 5% without landings; trail gradient can be less than 8.33% with landings • Trail cross slope should be 2% maximum to provide positive drainage • Trail width should be 8 feet minimum to allow the variety of users and the passage of 2 wheelchairs • Resting areas or widened areas should be provided about every 300 feet • Detectable pavement changes should be placed at curb ramps and top of ramp locations before entering roadways • Concrete pads should be provided adjacent to one side of each bench location for wheelchairs • Should bollards be used at trailheads and access points, spacing should be at least 32”.

109 blueway (paddle) trails and well in advance of the obstruction directing paddlers Access Points to landing sites. Recommended guidelines for portages Blueway access points are trailheads for canoeing, kayaking, include: and other paddling activities. All access points should • Trail width should be 6 feet minimum. have some level of parking (3-6 spaces) and regulatory/ • Provide vertical clearance of 14 feet minimum. wayfi nding signage. Major access points should off er larger • Position a permanent canoe/kayak stand every 1,000 parking areas (20 spaces +), picnic tables, information feet. kiosks, and restrooms. General recommendations for access points should include: Signage • Trail width should be 6 feet minimum Signage is critical for blueway trails. Directional signage • Provide vertical clearance of 14 feet minimum; if using is needed on roadways to direct paddlers to parking, access grass as the surfacing, maintain cover at no more than points, and to the river/stream. Signage is also needed 5 inches height on the river/stream to inform paddlers of landing sites, • Provide a fi rm compacted surface for the access trail camping and picnicking facilities, portages, hazards, and • Space access points every 3-4 miles along larger water level of experience for more diffi cult segments of the trail. bodies; every 1-2 miles along smaller creeks It’s also helpful to paddlers to incorporate mileage markers, • Locate access points no more than 1,500 feet from the road identifi cation (on bridges), and points of interest, so launch/take out point; if more than 1,500 feet position a that paddlers have reference markers along the blueway permanent canoe/kayak stand every 1,000 feet trail. • Allow enough room for unloading and loading of canoes/kayaks from vehicles • Trail gradient from parking area to launch point should not exceed 20%, fl atter at the parking areas • Erosion mats or blankets should be used for slope stabilization at heavily used access/launch points • Do not locate access points on the inside curves of waterways due to frequency of sand/silt deposits in these locations

Portages Portages are overland connectors for paddlers when an obstruction occurs in the blueway trail such as a dam, set of rapids, waterfall, etc. The need for portages should be minimized along blueways. If needed, landings should be placed above and below obstruction. Signage should be clearly visible upstream and downstream of the obstruction

110 trail structures Boardwalks Pedestrian/Bicycle Bridges In general, trail routing should avoid wetlands if at all Bridges should be used where trails cross streams or rivers, possible. If unavoidable, boardwalks should be used where steeper drainage channels or roadways. There are many good trails need to be constructed through wetlands, areas where options available for prefabricated wood or steel bridges grading must be minimized or fi ll dirt is not an option that can be manufactured off site, delivered to the site, and (fl oodplain), or other environmentally sensitive areas. easily installed with a crane. There may be opportunities to Recommended guidelines for boardwalks include: re-use abandoned railroad bridges that are either existing • Clear width of boardwalks should be 10 feet minimum on site or can be relocated to the trail crossing location. The on main trails structural integrity should be assessed before reusing these • If the height of the boardwalk exceeds 30 inches, types of bridges. A trail bridge should support a minimum railings are required; toe rails should be used where H-5 loading (10,000 Lbs./5 tons). Other recommended rails are not required guidelines for pedestrian/bicycle bridges include: • Pressure treated wood posts, concrete footers or auger • Clear width of bridges should be 10 feet minimum piers should be used for foundation materials • Provide a reinforced concrete abutment on each side of • Decking should be pressure treated (non-toxic) wood the bridge or recycled plastic • Top of bridge rail should be 54 inches with a rub rail set • Thickness of deck planking should be 2 inches at 36 inches maximum minimum • Decking should be pressure treated (non-toxic) wood • Boardwalks with a length more than 300 feet should • Thickness of deck planking should be 2 inches have a seating/resting area every 150 feet minimum

111 Railings problems, minimize maintenance (and costs), and extend As mentioned in both the boardwalks and bridges the longevity of the trail. Overall, trails should be designed sections, railings are needed when the deck height is over with rolling grades using a series of dips, crests, climbs, 30 inches from fi nished grade of trail to existing grade and drainage crossings to respond to the existing terrain. In below. Local, state, and/or federal regulations and codes fl atter situations, grade reversals may need to be constructed should be consulted for fi nal rail design, but in general to create drainage fl ow. Both design methods lead to a more recommendations for railings include: sustainable trail. In addition, recommended guidelines for • Railings should consist of a horizontal top, bottom, and drainage and erosion control measures include: middle rail • Provide a maximum 2% cross slope on paved trail • The top rail should be 54 inches from the bridge or surfaces and graded shoulders boardwalk deck • Provide a drainage pipe under the trail where uphill • The middle rail should be set between 33 and 36 inches water is collected in swales and/or directed to inlets/ and serve as a rub rail for cyclists basins, so concentrated fl ow is directed under the trail • Pickets should be placed no further than 4 inches on through a properly sized culvert center • Trail treads on natural surface or soft surface trails should be sloped away from high side of trail, so water Drainage and Erosion Control Measures sheets across the trail, not down the trail Erosion control measures need to be incorporated into • Refer to local and state sedimentation and erosion drainage design along trail corridors to reduce erosion control regulations and practices when designing trails

112 trail amenities • Benches should be 16-20 inches high; seating depth Trailheads and Parking should be 18-20 inches Access points for the trails can occur in a variety of • Benches should have backrests locations. Major trailheads should be developed where • Locate benches every quarter mile along the trail, trails can be accessed from prominent heavily used nodes at trail intersections, at trailheads, and at overlook such as commercial developments, transportation nodes, opportunities or regional parks. Minor trailheads or neighborhood access • Length of bench should not exceed 5 feet points should be developed within parks and residential • Provide wheelchair access (30 x 48 inch area) adjacent developments. Recommended amenities to be located at to benches trailheads include: • When locating more then one bench in a seating area allow a minimum 4 feet separation between benches Minor Trailhead • Information kiosk/signage Tables • Benches As with seating, tables can vary from a standard wooden • Trash receptacles picnic table to a concrete or recycled plastic table. Tables • Pet waste stations should be located primarily at trailheads, but there may be • Designated parking spaces, four to fi ve minimum opportunities to place tables in shaded settings along a trail, especially in areas that aff ord nice views. Tables should be Major Trailhead, all of the above, plus located within view of a trail and be easily accessible for • Picnic facilities trail users or picnickers. • Bicycle racks • Shelters • Restrooms with drinking fountain • Landscape improvements • Public art • Informal gathering space • Parking area for 25-35 cars

Seating Benches/seating comes in a wide variety of styles and materials. Bench selection should be based on design theme and cost. Seating opportunities should be created at regular intervals along the trail ensuring there are places to rest. Ideally, these seating areas should be located in shade. Recommended guidelines for seating include:

113 Trash Receptacles Overlooks Trash receptacles should be located in close proximity to There may be opportunities along a trail for users to enjoy seating and table areas both at the trailheads and along the a distant view or vista. These locations become favorable trail. Receptacle materials should be durable and be able for the creation of an overlook. Overlooks can be designed to withstand the exterior conditions and constant use. It is as resting areas along a trail or as a destination point. important that the receptacles are secured or contained in Overlooks should contain the following elements: such a manner that trash does not spill easily. All receptacles • Benches should have tight fi tting lids to keep rain out. Lids with • Picnic Table (at destination points only) latching mechanisms are good in keeping wildlife out of • Trash Receptacles the receptacles. Some communities have started installing • Railings, if signifi cant elevation change occurs at the recycling receptacles next to trash receptacles for cans and overlook area bottles. Trash receptacles are to be used for trash only. Pet • Informational signage waste should be disposed of at pet waste stations (see next section). Signage/Wayfi nding Signage is a very important element of any greenway trail Pet Waste Stations system. It is important to locate signs along the roadways To keep pet waste out of trash receptacles it is recommended to direct trail users to trailheads and access points. Signage that separate pet waste stations be installed at trail heads materials and lettering styles should be consistent. and regular intervals along a trail. The best type of station Carolina Thread Trail signage will be provided for some should have 3 components installed on one steel post. initial segments when trails are offi cially designated as a Identifi cation signage should be located at the top of the part of the Carolina Thread Trail network. The Thread Trail post. A bag dispenser should be located below the sign. logo can be displayed on all trail signage associated with the A ventilated mesh aluminum can should be located at the Thread Trail network. For the trail system, signage can be bottom of the post. The can should be 10 gallon and have a grouped as follows: secure lid. Green is a uniformly recognized color.

114 Trailhead/Vehicular Identifi cation Signage Trail Information/Directional/Trail Rules Signage The trailhead/vehicular identifi cation signage is designed Trail information/directional and trail rules signs will be to mark all major trailheads/access points or trail crossings frequently located at trailheads and along trail corridors. along the Thread Trail. These signs are designed for easy This particular signage serves three distinct purposes. First, recognition from a distance to aid trail users who drive to the signage provides users with the rules and regulations of a major trailhead area. The signs are to be placed within the trail. Second, the signage serves to provide trail users the immediate vicinity of each major trailhead, preferably with any helpful information related to the trail. Lastly, this at the driveway or access road for the trailhead parking lot. signage provides directional guidance. Directional signage These signs have a low, wide stance to the ground allowing can be placed at many roadway and trail intersections and easy identifi cation with as little obtrusiveness as possible. will serve to direct trail users to areas and destinations away from the immediate trail corridor. These signs should Secondary Entrance/Secondary Trail Identifi cation stand tall for ease of visibility, but be thin in order to reduce Signage intrusion of the surroundings. Secondary Entrance/Secondary Trail Identifi cation Signage serves to mark entrances from non-trailhead areas and Informational Kiosks other area trails. The signs identify other trails that can be Kiosks will be located primarily at trailheads and/or parking accessed from the Thread Trail. The signage is similar to areas to provide trail maps, mileage and other important trailhead/vehicular identifi cation signage, but smaller in information to trail users. scale. Interpretive Signage Interpretive signage serves to locate specifi c sites or areas along the trail that warrant attention from a historic aspect. The signs may also describe environmental education features. Signage should stand tall and clearly mark a trail user’s arrival to the specifi ed destination.

115 Mileage/Boundary Markers Regulatory/Warning Signage Mileage and boundary markers should be provided Regulatory or warning signage may be warranted along throughout the Thread Trail network to aid the trail user some areas where trails are in close proximity to roadways in identifying destination points and allow users to track or populated areas. These types of signs may warn trail users their mileage. These markers should be located a minimum of upcoming roadway crossings, changes in trail direction of every mile along the trail. Quarter mile markers can be (if the trail is using a sidewalk system), speed limits, identifi ed as a painted designation directly on the trail underpasses, or rail crossings. NCDOT, MUTCD, FHA, and surface. Boundary markers enable trail users to remain AASHTO can provide more information on guidelines and on the trail and reduces the risk of a trail user getting lost standards for regulatory and warning signage. or wandering onto private property. All boundary markers should display the Thread Trail logo. Due to the frequency of mileage and boundary markers, they should be visible while blending in with the surroundings.

116 Public Art Restrooms Trails and trailheads provide good opportunities to add Restrooms are nice amenities to provide if feasible. There interest and character to the trail corridor through public are many types of facilities that can be constructed from art. Art can help to depict local history or unique events. pre-fabricated units that can be delivered to a site and Art can be functional or aesthetic. Public art can occur connected to public utilities to small pump and haul or vault along the trail in the form of seating or other furnishings. toilet systems. There are also a variety of composting toilet There are many opportunities to involve artists or the local systems available. Restroom facilities should be located community in providing ways to refl ect the fl avor of the at major trailheads. This allows for easy maintenance and Rowan community into the Thread Trail corridors. service of the restrooms. All restrooms should be visible from parking and access points, easily accessible and ADA compliant.

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footnotes

1. U.S. Department of Transportation, the Federal Highway 11. The Urban Conservancy, Greenway Businesses. December 2007. Administration, and the Bicycle and Pedestrian Information http://www.urbanconservancy.org/projects/greenway-businesses Center, The National Bicycling and Walking Study: 15-Year Status Report, May 2010. http://www.walkinginfo.org/15_year_report/ 12. Associate Press, Hikers, bikers boost business along Maryland trail. November 16, 2010. http://thedailyrecord.com/2010/11/16/hikers- 2. Louv, Richard. Last Child in the Woods. Revised and Updated bikers-boost-business-along-maryland-trail/ Edition. New York, New York. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2008. 13. Iowa Department of Transportation, Implementing Trail-Based Economic Development Programs. 2000. http://atfi les.org/fi les/ 3. Landscape Architecture Magazine, January 2011, Immunity Boost: pdf/IowaHANDBOOK.pdf Find Woods, Breathe Deeply, Nicole Neder, Associate ASLA 14. William F. Hunt, III, Urban Waterways: Urban Stormwater 4. The Mayo Clinic, Exercise: 7 benefi ts of regular physical activity. Structural Best Management Practices (BMPs). June 1999. http:// Not dated. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/exercise/HQ01676. www.neuse.ncsu.edu/ag588-15.pdf

5. Jennifer C. Panning, Mental Health Benefi ts of Exercise, published 15. Federal Emergency Management Agency, National Flood Insurance in the Find Counseling.com (formerly TherapistFinder.net) Mental Program Flood Facts. http://www.fl oodsmart.gov/fl oodsmart/ Health Journal in November, 2000. http://www.fi ndcounseling. pages/fl ood_facts.jsp com/journal/health-fi tness. 16. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emissions Inventory 6. Kim Painter, Exercise Helps Fight Anxiety, Depression. USA (NEI) Trends Report: Average annual emissions, all criteria Today, April 26, 2010. http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/ pollutants. 2006. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/ painter/2010-04-26-yourhealth26_ST_N.htm. 17. David J. Nowak, Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs 7. Ulm, G. (2007). The key fi ndings from a national survey of 1,000 in the United States. 2006. http://www.fs.fed.us/ccrc/topics/ adults conducted October 5, 7, 9-10, 2007. Washington: National urban-forests/docs/Air%20pollution%20removal%20by%20 Association of Realtors. urban%20trees%20in%20the%20US.pdf

8. Rails to Trails Conservancy. Economic Benefi ts of Trails and 18. National Park Service, Overmountain Victory. http://www.nps.gov/ Greenways. 2005. http://www.railstotrails.org/resources/ ovvi/index.htm documents/resource_docs/tgc_economic.pdf 19. National Park Service, Cowpens. http://www.nps.gov/kimo/index. 9. Graham, Renee, Columbia Convention and Visitors Bureau. Trail htm Tourism: Promotion of the KATY Trail in Missouri. 2003. http:// www.americantrails.org/resources/economics/KatyTourism.html 20. National Park Service, Kings Mountain. http://www.nps.gov/ cowp/index.htm 10. Rails to Trails Conservancy, Trail User Surveys and Economic Impact: A Comparison of Trail User Expenditures. 2009. http:// www.railstotrails.org/resources/documents/resource_docs/ Comparison_of_Trail_Users_Surveys_FINAL.pdf. Virginia Department of Conservation, The Virginia Creeper Trail: An Assessment of User Demographics, Preferences, and Economics. 2004.

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