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Troubled Transitions >\\- ^>*»« W$'3j AMERICA'S LEADING MAGAZINE ON AFRICA MAY/JUNE 1993 $5.50 >\\- ^ >*»« "it OUT troubled transitions 05 c 74470 81632 4 GET THE BIG PICTURE! Six times a year, AFRICA REPORT brings you authoritative, in-depth features on political and economic developments in Africa and on American policy toward the continent by on-the-scene correspondents and by the newsmakers themselves. AFRICA REPORT goes beyond the coverage you get from the evening news and daily papers to give you the BIG PICTURE— analyses, opinions, and predictions on events in an ever-changing continent Please enter my subscription as indicated below (six issues per year): J INDIVIDUAL _i INSTITUTION (Add $7 per year) J $30 /1 year Regular Mail to Canada/Overseas: Add $6 year. _l $51 12 years Air Rate Overseas: Add $24 per year. _) $72 /3 years First-class within U.S.A.: Add $7 per year Name Organization City/State/Zip Country <flHUCfl Total amount of my order is : $_ My check is enclosed. (REPORT Make check payable to: Africa Report and send to: Africa Report Subscription Services / P.O. Box 3000, Dept. AR / Denville, NJ 07834 MAY-JUNE 1993 AMERICA'S VOLUME 38, NUMBER 3 LEADING MAGAZINE cflFRICflON AFRICA A Publication of the (REPORT African-American Institute The African-American Institute Update Editor: Russell Geekie Chairman Maurice Tempelsman Zambia History Repeats Itself 13 President By Melinda Ham Vivian Lowery Derryck Malawi Banda's Last Waltz 17 Publisher By Melinda Ham Steve McDonald Mozambique Editor-in-Chief Life After Landmines 22 Margaret A. Novicki State of Emergency By Dan Isaacs Guest Editor Page 13 South Africa Michael Maren Finding Common Ground 25 Associate Editor By Patrick Laurence Joseph Margolis Problem Child 28 Assistant Editor By Anne Shepherd Russell Geekie Editorial Assistant Egypt Marks Chabedi Terror on the Nile 32 By Sarah Gauch Contributing Editors Alana Lee Sudan Andrew Meldrum While the People Starve 36 Art Director By Mark Huband Kenneth Jay Ross Tough Talks Western Sahara Advertising Office Page 25 The Forgotten Front 40 212 350-2958 By Alfred Hermida Interns Somalia Timothy L. Bishop 44 Ted Hannon The Best Chance for Peace Zwelinzima Manzini MTimkulu By Rakiya Omaar Leopold Yetongnon Senegal Diouf's Tarnished Victory 49 Africa Report (ISSN 0001-9836), a By Peter da Costa non-profit magazine of African affairs, is published bimonthly and is sched- uled to appear at the beginning of Zaire each date period at 833 United Permanent Anarchy? 52 Nations Plaza. New York, NY. 10017. By Makau wa Mutua Editorial correspondence and adver- tising inquiries should be addressed to Africa Report, at the above ad- Elder Statesmen Liberia dress. Subscription inquiries should be 56 addressed to: Subscription Services, Page 44 An Uncivil War P.O. Box 3000, Dept. AR, Denville N.J. By Janet h'leischman 07834. Subscription rates: individuals. USA S30, Canada S36, air rate over- seas S54. Institutions. USA $37. Media Canada $43. air rate overseas S61 The Measure of Freedom 60 Second-class postage paid at New By Barry Shelby York, N.Y. and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER If this maga- zine is undeiivcable, please send Democracy address changes to Africa Report at Officers and Politicians 64 833 UN Plaza, NY, NY 10017. Tele- phone. (212) 350-2959 Copyright •> By William J.Fottz 1993 by The African-American Insti- tute. Inc. Culture A Celebration of Cinema 68 Photo Credit: By David Turecamo The cover photograph of a rally in Mozambique was taken by Democracy's Gauge The Back Page 70 Alfredo Mueche/AIM. Page 60 By Steve McDonald Tunis CEUTA MAURITANIA Nouakcnoir SENEGAL Bamako ^ I Niamey BURKINA FASO GUINEA ~) • Ouagadougou GUINEA-BISSA BEN| Bissau Conakry J—^\ ^[ -\X N Pono Novo Free low n IVORY SIERRA LEONE COAST /GHANA! Monrovia "V^ ^Abidjan CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC LIBERIA 1 ——^i —^ TOGO Lome EQUATORIAL GUINEA Malabo .-"Kampala/ KENYA ^ Brazzaville • Kinshasa L SEYCHELLES IS ( Victoria o^ i V * •; I ilongwe MALAWI I COMORO IS MAURITIUS MADAGASCAR „ ^ Por1 Louis REUNION Gaborone v Pretoria SWAZILAND Mbabane Copyright © 1984 by the Afncan-Amefican Inslituie. Inc. N THE NEWS The ANC's Most Popular Militant Assassinated On Saturday morning, April 10, South Africans, Hani's credentials as a of discipline is trampling on the values Chris Hani, the South African Commu- militant were never challenged by the that Chris Hani stood for," Mandela nist Party chief and ANC national exec- "young lions," who regularly accuse said. utive committee member, was gunned other leaders of selling out. In comments directed at the group down in the driveway of his home by a For the ANC, the challenge in the most incensed by the loss of Hani, he white extremist, Janusz Walus. The wake of the assassination was to chan- said, "To the youth of South Africa we assassination of the ANC's most popu- nel the fury of the militants into peace- have a special message: You have lost lar leader after Neison Mandela was a ful mass action protests, and it frequent- a great hero. You have repeatedly major blow to the organization, which ly recalled the slain leader to achieve shown that your love of freedom is had relied on Hani to sell its negotiating this. "Chris Hani was a soldier," Man- greater than that most precious gift, life stance to South Africa's militant youth. dela said in a second nationally tele- itself. But you are the leaders of tomor- Against a backdrop of fears that the vised speech on the eve of a day of row. Your country, your people, your murder would trigger an unprecedented national mourning on April 14. "He organization needs you to act with wis- escalation in the violence plaguing believed in iron discipline. He carried dom." South Africa, hard-liners in the out instructions to the letter. Any lack The ANC's calls for disciplined mass Congress called for the suspension of , protest are widely credited with having recently resumed multi-parly negotia- defused tensions in the wake of Hani's tions on South Africa's future. Instead, assassination. Nonetheless, success for the ANC leadership quickly reaf- the ANC meant that it was able to keep firmed its commitment to the process disorder to a minimum, and bloody and called for peace. incidents took place all over South Suddenly, the Congress seemed Africa. closer to power than ever. It was ANC Among the episodes that made the President Nelson Mandela—and not headlines in the first few days of the State President F.W. de Klerk—who crisis was the killing of three whites on appeared on South African television April 11. The men were burnt to death calling for calm the day of the assassi- by angry blacks after attending an ille- nation, an implicit acknowledgement gal bar in a township near Cape Town, by the government that it needed the fueling fears of a race war. Congress to govern. Then on April 14. during a national But the ANC strategy to channel protest strike and on the day of mourn- black anger to hasten the demise of ing for Hani, riots broke out across white rule—without breaking off South Africa, leaving at least eight negotiations—also exposes a potential dead and millions of dollars in dam- vulnerability of the organization: It age, in Cape Town, where ANC mar- risks attaining power without the sup- CHRIS HANI - shals were unable to control protesters, port of the militants it is now largely 1942-1993 a senior Congress leader, Trevor using to get there. And it no longer has Manuel, was punched in the face when Chris Hani to bring the youth back he confronted an unruly demonstrator. into the fold. ANC Secretary-General Cyril For the ANC, there is simply no Ramaphosa called the actions of the substitute for the charismatic Hani. protesters "measured," considering the There is probably no national leader FOUGHT WYD DIED anger Hani's assassination generated with his militant credentials and popu- FOR PEACE and the scope of the mass strike, which larity, let alone one who is willing to the Congress said brought over 1.5 urge support for peaceful negotiations. million people into the streets. As former commander of the ANC's But the violence aside, protesters military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe. made known their displeasure with the and head of the South African Com- ANC's "soft line" toward the govern- munist Party since December 1991, as ment. At a rally in Soweto, Mandela's well as being feared and hated as a assertion that the National Party had "communist demon" by many white For the ANC. there is no substitute for the charismatic Hani expressed its sympathy over Hani's May/June 19 9 3 UP'TM death was met by jeers. At the same since police arrested Walus, a 40-year- In the meantime, the ANC contin- rally, hard-line black leaders, including old Polish immigrant and member of ues to push de Klerk to speed up the the Pan Africanist Congress head, the neo-fascist Afrikaner Weerstands- transition to majority rule. And while Clarence Makwetu, received thunder- beweging (AWB), half an hour after it battles to keep the left-leaning ous applause. he committed the crime. By April 21, youth in its ranks, it must also con- The worst incident of the day took police had arrested six figures in con- tend with the conservative Inkatha place when demonstrators, who had nection with the case, including Freedom Party which threatens to been at the rally, marched on a nearby prominent members of the Conserva- sabotage any agreements made police station. Security forces opened tive Party, the official opposition in between the Congress and the govern- fire on the protesters, leaving four dead Parliament.
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