Svetozar Dimitrov

CEU eTD Collection A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE MASTER EU: I NTEGRATING THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND EUROPEAN STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND EUROPEAN STUDIES C ROATIA AND THE PROFESSOR PÉTER BALÁZS, SUPERVISOR CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY BUDAPEST, HUNGARYBUDAPEST, Svetozar A. Dimitrov W 17,110 WORDS 4 JUNE2009 ESTERN R BY EPUBLIC OF B ALKANS INTO THE M ACEDONIA CEU eTD Collection legitimizes through partnership. legitimizes through criteria for accession, and not least, that it be more careful about the political figures it as prescriptions ofconcrete theimplementation monitors EU the that propose further case. I such as expanding the principle of Conditionality to include country-specific criteria in every of enlargement, which allow for muchtoo leeway andinterpretation, Iproposeimprovements methods Criticizing current the mustbeintegrated. region the that concludes thesis this reform, and theWestern Balkans could that occur if integration is delayed orhurried without qualitative hindered by easily resolvable obstacles. After examining the potential grave problems for the isEU only former the while on, isbased identity national country’s the that falsifications historical Republic of Macedonia, Ishow that many of the latter’s foreign policy problems are due to the conflicts or as national identities built on historical falsifications. Comparing Croatia and the manythat region’sthe of contemporary problems in arerooted history, either asunresolved Republicthe of Macedonia, for EUmembership. Taking ahistoricalit approach,demonstrates and Croatia specifically WesternBalkans, of the of preparedness degree the analyzes This thesis Abstract i CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX 4 APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX 1 CONCLUSION...... 68 CH. 4 – THE BENEFITS OF ENLARGEMENT AND METHODS 61 OF INTEGRATION...... CH. 3 – THE RISKS OF DELAYED OR PREMATURE 51 INTEGRATION...... THE 31 REPUBLIC ...... OF MACEDONIA. EU MEMBERSHIP CROATIA AND THELEVEL PREPAREDNESSFOR 2–COMPARING OF CH. OF CH. 1 – PROBLEMS OF THE PRESENT, ANSWERS ...... 5 FROM THE PAST. INTRODUCTION...... 1 TABLE ...... II OF CONTENTS I ABSTRACT...... 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.2 2.1 1.3– 1.2 1.1 – – – – – – – – – – – W A T T I R R I EU- A C R NTEGRATING NTERETHNIC HE CURRENT APPROACH AND ITS EFFECTS AND APPROACH HE CURRENT HE USSIAN ADICAL ROATIA EPUBLIC OF EPUBLIC HAT N E UROPEAN EW STYLE B ...... 75 ...... 74 ...... 71 ...... 70 ...... D ENEFITS OF ENEFITS A EGREEOF PPROACH AND ITS AND PPROACH I – I ...... 76 ...... SLAM NFLUENCE ANDNFLUENCE ITS R H EGIONAL /R ISTORY M U S OCIETY ELIGIOUS NREFORMED – ACEDONIA A E E E NLARGEMENT UROPEAN ...... 20 ...... UROPEAN F ? OREIGN POLICY ...... 31 ...... T – ENSIONS AND THE AND ENSIONS P H S OSSIBLE I MPLICATIONS ISTORY I TATES NTEGRATION HAS BEEN ACHIEVED UP TO UP ACHIEVED BEEN HAS NTEGRATION S Table ofContents OURCE OF ...... 61 ...... – ...... 6 E ? A FFECTS ...... 38 ...... L IABILITY FOR THE FOR IABILITY . . T ...... 62 ...... 56 ...... P ERRORISM OSSIBILITY OF . ii ...... 66 ...... ? ...... 54 ...... EU? N EW ...... 58 ...... W AR . M ...... 51 ...... AY , 2009? ...... 26 ...... CEU eTD Collection iii CEU eTD Collection East-West Problem: Bulgaria andthe Balkans, 1 the EU is ignoring, Furthermore, in implement reality. or to be unprepared appearto they that something willfor the at least not addressing,most thewill caseshavenotdemonstrated both sides for realchange.Therefore, have declared the conclusionsin butjoin EU, the to their desire havedeclared also states Balkan Western of The governments that most observers formulated with associated additional expenses. enlargement, of supportive more voters European make to unlikely is which crisis, economic the year – this and asof fatigue, problem, sticky the enlargement Turkish Lisbon Treaty dilemma, unresolved of the because process the TheEUisrushing not states. member bysome ratification awaiting arestill agreements these but SAA, the havesigned also states Balkan West other (SAA) Albania,Agreements with Republic Croatia, the and of Macedonia havebeen The taken. structures. Some initial steps, such and concluding as Stabilization ratifying Association and its Balkansinto Western the integrate it to wishes has declaredthat The Union European states. toexcludethese future to NATOin springthe havingnature,fluid may of term,2009, the a benear inthe redefined Yugoslavia, excluding Slovenia, butaddingAlbania. instability offormer pasttwentyyears. overthe forof Namely, Europe includethe states these sourceshave into that turned countriesEurope Eastern in to,those anattitude South demonstrate Balkans Westor Western Angel Dimitrov. “The Western Balkans: Terminological Projection of the European West-East Attitude.” West-East European of the Projection Terminological Balkans: Western “The Dimitrov. Angel is a term of convenience or neologism used to designate, and to Introduction ed. StoilovaTamara (Sofia:Asotsiatsia Klio-96, 2006), 312. 1 1 With the accession of Albania and Croatia in The CEU eTD Collection are successfully integrated, this will heal one of the enduring political wounds in the body this enduring inthebody the willheal wounds political integrated, of are successfully of one living in them, as well as for the image millions for of the maypeople havegrave consequences incorrectly,are dealtstates with this and power of the EU. On the other hand, if of The countries If and future indirectly the concerns six European topic all of these Europe. these states making, especially considering the currentinefficient decision-makingmechanism EU. the of the EU by allowing unreformed states who share distaste for one another equal accessdecision to ignoring the lessonsfrom enlargements,is previousthe two This also dangerous. would weaken On hand,integrating other the the Western Balkans hastily and formal using only criteria, while in region the state. remains a “frozen” if could resume, violence andinterethnic aredormant, for seeds Islamism the organized crime; foris a haven Balkans already Western un-integrated, An elite.by itsunreformed, political endorsed falsifications because of historical the of integration of Republic suffers the Macedonia Euro-Atlantic the that will I demonstrate for Europe. future region forthe and of the dangerous is for aclear reform andwithout direction and falsifications, myths historical some cases on in built identities, national questionable with countries, neighboring or groups internal against Allowing remain the Western Balkans to lingering ‘outside’, with nationalist tendencies directed than problematic legal convergence. governing, and from individuals compromised removing are positions of moreoften power, the lastafter – enlargements changingthat mentalities, changing and flawed modes old deeply of 2 CEU eTD Collection 2 of wider scope solution the problems to WestBalkansof the isquicker integration,butwith a fardeeper and the that namely change, a policy propose will thesis The tool. policy enough a strong not is model existing Conditionality enlargement thatthe and argue in principle, its currentapplication, the of theproblems it analyze Finally,inadequately.will isout carried ifintegration materialize allowed entry are states that these extent the if to ishastened itor stopped, or isdelayed integration if EU unprepared.large disparity when compared on their own. The thesis will ask what could happen to the regionIt a have but willneighbors, their of ahead most are they since chosen been have thencountries two These present Western focusingBalkans, a on Croatia and Republicthe ofMacedonia,case asits studies. two number of unfavorable standardsin political andsocial EU to of convergence degree analyze the will This thesis scenarios that pressure. political Russian for perimeter the andAsia, decrease may whichEurope, is adrain andon resources asource of willcrime. It up afasteralso open route to universalizing and scientific of pretensions some streams of political science.” “the the opposes who Muller, Z. Jerry of outlook theoretical the shares author The theory. single developments andlocal peculiarities can explain presentthe conditions more accurately than any its– idea subjectfrom the approaching a historicist history, historical standpointthe that in situation political and social unfavorable region’s causes forthe the of search will This thesis Jerry Z. Muller, “Muller Replies,” EU some they are inappropriate. This includes the effort to explainfor all experience–-although ofhuman realms all to sciences natural the of criteria and methods the apply to endeavor the to refers “Scientism” interference Foreign Affairs . 87, no. 4(July/August 2008): 146-147. 3 2 CEU eTD Collection 3 new way. a proposing on subject, the partin scholarly take debate methodsintegration the of will the EU concerning in thesections and sources assecondary andanalysts scholars other of work use the organizations, as well as printed news The by analyze issued andthesis publications, will andgovernments documents international publications and NGO reports as primary sources. It will in and back further first chapter. the began their journey,integration in 1990s the with breakupthe of Yugoslavia, till June 1, 2009, contemporary problems. The scope of my research will be from the time when the many their of to West isrelated directly history since Macedonia, Balkans of Republic the and Croatia of histories of with be thesis the thatdescription the a detailed opened This approach demands Muller, 146-147. scientific forms of explanation. the investigator. But itis oftensuperior to the alternative: apparently are influenced by the methodological and ideological predispositions of highly imperfect laboratory,where both the date and the interpretation whichto study the range and complexity of humanbehavior. It is a study political science. History provides a useful source of data with attempt to replicate the hard sciences by using laboratory conditions to phenomena withsimplified theories of human motivation and the 3 4 CEU eTD Collection Balkans, because, as Angel Dimitrov points out: in Western the development ethnic to themodels of connected is directly nationalism Serbian army.” the all above and administration the state, the of institutions critical the dominated new state was [of process cohesion Yugoslavia]of washindered bya widespread feeling outside Serbia thatthe little Wars,until Worldhad Second West the backingof and the very 20 endthe of more than anFirst and wason side intheBalkans, winning Serbia’sthe latter The cateringbutwishes. to extended of not resolvingin accordance problems thewishes with of national the and religious majorities, Serbia, as legacy because a now and are of historical the of The Western source Balkans tension instability, its dynasty wasOrigins oftheTerm “Western Balkans”andHistorical Overview Serbian and Serbs neighbors. its with problems manyof identity, national whichcause contemporary construction Macedonian country’s of the in the used falsifications the with case the is as ills, contemporary region’s the of many wishes to be able to see through the mythology and problems related to it, that are at the base of historicalas broad essential case studies. This who any is for knowledge overview observer countries used thatare two andthe Balkans, inpresent-day Western the problems background to The aim of is chapter this toprovide the readerwith a better understanding of historical the 4 R.J. Crampton. C H . The Balkans Since theSecond World War 1 political past of formerYugoslavia and directly influencesthe for the characteristic is failure Their Belgrade. by times different at launched were Balkans Western the in models ethnic problematic all […] circumstances, historical different under formed was which model, Croatian the case and Albanian specific the we exclude If – P ROBLEMS OFTHE P RESENT 5 (Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2002), 11. , A NSWERS FROM THE P th AST century. “The century. . 4 CEU eTD Collection 6 Angel Dimitrov, “Bulgaria, NATO, and the EU” (Report, Sofia, 2006), 23. 2006), Sofia, (Report, EU” the and NATO, “Bulgaria, Dimitrov, Angel 6 5 1.1 –Republic of Macedonia –History for this are partially hidden in historical Macedonia. the of circumstances reasons the and isevident success their between difference the However, structures. European joinformer the to advancedintheir most being countries West two Yugoslav quest Balkans, the As was mentioned earlier, Croatia and the Republic of Macedoniaan EU policy could be considerably.improved that form their own group in thebelonging to the West Balkans tofind solutions totheir disagreements, but also to The fact that it continues to be ‘undefused’ points Accords. However,to the Western Balkans remainedthe aregion of risk and political instability: failure Dayton ended thatthe with first conflict, inpart of the directly the not participate didwho of the Albanians, states the of as well as three, latter the of direction in the support its move to started slowly Montenegro) and Kosovo, After rump-Yugoslavia (consisting between with thebloody of Serbia, conflict and the Croats, Bosnian breakupthe of Yugoslavia, changed with warbetweenthe formerthe Yugoslav republics. Muslims, This of blindpattern for Serbianinterests support comingWest, from asit the until hasexisted and Slovenes, the international community Dimitrov, 317. Dimitrov, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. and Bosnia and Macedonia, of Republic the Montenegro, and of Serbia condition contemporary produce its ownpolitical quakes. crisis potential of the Western Balkans and its undefused ability to crises Macedonian and Kosovo the factor, Albanian – ofthe advance theseaggressive the nationalism, of Serb convulsions the are and breakdown Yugoslav The the events, which most warningly demonstrate the 6 6 5 CEU eTD Collection acquired, not firmly though fixed,longbefore the developmentmodern of nationalism.” that “among the South Slavs, the national identity of the Bulgars, Croats, and Serbs was 9 Ibid. 9 8 Banac, 23. 7 Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia (Ithaca: Cornel University Press, 1992), 309. formation.” of inprocess the still indeed are, and affinities national Slavic South in mutations twentieth-century of products the are “who Muslimidentities casethe and in Bosnian-Herzegovinian Montenegrin, Macedonian, the This isnot medieval statehood. memory of of maintenance a collective duetothe sense existed In his book EUintegration. toward haveblocked progress Greece,that country’s with dispute the as with foreign the as important they name such connected policy are closely problems, isparticularly Macedonia formation Republic of the ledof tothe that historical of processes the Havinga clearunderstanding well-informed andscholarship. basis the politics andisto therefore Knowinghistory region theof a country givesoneor farmoreinsight any than theory,political Introduction Ivo Banac historical, and culturalzone asthe Bulgarians. [T]here was any never serious doubt that the Slavic population of Macedonia belonged to the same linguistic, recognized RepublicMacedonia. inafter WorldWar of the historiography Yugoslavia, In II, was Bulgarian national identity with outside wasproduced that help the 20 during The NationalQuestion inYugoslavia, 9 The fact that Macedonian national identity is a mutation of is amutation identity national Macedonian Thefactthat 7 the renowned historian Ivo Banac points out points Banac Ivo historian renowned the th century isnot century 8 7 This CEU eTD Collection York: G.K.Hall & Co,1992), 238. 12 title of ofFounder the non-Bulgarianthe Macedonianfor nation.choice a difficult empire Bulgarian Samuil’s make this like Issues army. Samuil’s defeating after acquired 11 Ivan Vazov, 1993), 168. 10 beginning is complemented by a myth of Macedonia’s byhistoriansBulgarian outside of Republic the Macedonia. of to the Bulgarian empire of Samuil,In order to do this,as Macedonian the “theorists firstof national uniqueness”, “Macedonian” as Banac calls them, looked state. This empire is regarded aswhich justifywere needed to Yugoslavia. into inclusion Vardar Macedonia’s of serve a both identity, new to by “history” day,forging a the servethepolitics of to harnessed Hellenic kingdom of Philip of Macedonia and Alexander the Great[…].” the Alexander Macedonia and of of kingdom Hellenic Philip for of ancient name used the the misapplication “a controversial of name “Macedonia”, the by anddue totheir nature an abundance of artifacts. Bulgarian proven records obviouslyhistorical aretoo Macedonians lackingcredibility, arealthough these theories Slavs, historiography givenhas not theirup on empire claimsthis theidea over and dynasty, or that the Macedonian national identity. national Macedonian separate a of existence the with conflict have to not does truth historical the aware of Macedonian, population of Republic present-day Macedonia hadbeen of ethnically Bulgarian, not duringin theOttoman was fact,period theSlavic Macedonia. known Iwill as argue that, form the basis of an irredentistas exclusively Greek, or Bulgarian scholarship are non-political of perspective nationalism athe from which localities and events, figures, historical which claim they – in common thing one lays territorial claims over the territory that Vesna Garber. “Slav Macedonians.” “Slav Garber. Vesna One of them being the nickname the Byzantine emperorBasil II Steven Runciman, Steven and certainly not related to the Hellenic kingdom of Alexander the Great. Being Great. Alexanderthe of Hellenic kingdom the to related not andcertainly Ɍ he History of theFirst Bulgarian Empire in Encyclopedia of World Cultures, 8 , (London: G.Bell& Sons Ltd, 1930), trans. (Sofia: Ancient Bulgarochtonis Vol. IV, ed. Linda A. Bennett (New A.Bennett Linda ed. IV, Vol. roots, which is based onthe usage or Bulgarian-Slayer,which he 10 Official Macedonian Official 12 Both havetheories Macedonian 11 This Slav , and , CEU eTD Collection 14 (covering Moesia, Thrace, and Macedonia) in 9 the and Macedonia) Moesia, Thrace, (covering in Bulgaria.spoken Slavic the into dialect religious texts to translate Cyrillic the scriptlater Glagolithic and In this way,aided bytheadoption of Christianity, for acommon religion all Bulgarian subjects, used that the “the ethnic differences in the territory of the first Bulgarian state 13 of one first the collections folkof songsfrom Macedonia and hisbook entitled in Macedoniapublished whoOttoman worked Serbianized Croat, a In 1860,Stefan Verkovic, The National Revival Period andtheExarchate in until a Bulgarian of state reestablishment the 1878. institutions duringthe Revival in National which started period, 18 the isis of cultural Bulgarian nature What in theunified relevant rule relevant. arenor themselves Kingdom, the period of Byzantine rule, the Second Bulgarian Empire, and the period of Ottoman Since thefocus of thisBulgaria thesisis not ingeneral FirstbutMacedonia, the Bulgarian unified Slav namepeople retained whothenceforward the of Bulgarians.” Slavs, and Proto-Bulgarians. Gradually,“the proto-Bulgarians and Slavs consolidated intoa Thracians, between original inthree groups: A.D., state 679 Bulgarian of first establishmentthe Bulgarian The Formation oftheBulgarian Nation Ibid. Encyclopaedia Britannica ethnos , formed as a gradual amalgamation that occurred in the Balkans after the after intheBalkans occurred that amalgamation agradual formed as , . 15 th ed., s.v . “Balkan States: Bulgaria.” States: “Balkan 9 th and 10 th centuries” 14 were obliterated. were th century and went on 13 This process was This process The FolkSongs of CEU eTD Collection 17 disclaimers that the people living in Macedonia during the 19 the during inMacedonia living people the that disclaimers bookthe has been republished with the title changed to descendant, contemporary inits as well as Macedonia, of Republic Socialist Inthe Macedonia. Pirin and Aegean, 16 15 songs from Macedonia Macedonia, wasentitled native to brothers, Miladinov is language answer, Bulgarian.”the andmy ‘Iam a Bulgar you?’ he immediately are get would “should ‘What aMacedonian Slav, that somebody ask today Macedonian Bulgars. number of Bulgarians in ethnographic surveys, does not mention not does number in surveys, Bulgarians of ethnographic Balkan Peninsula, seeAppendix 1).Even Greek andSerbian propaganda, which the diminishes thanother is mentioned not Bulgarian, the anethnographical map inany (For census of the a Moreover, nation. Bulgarian with the identification aclear indicates which Macedonia, of Republic in and the are today Bulgaria what character ideological same andhadthe organizations, locally-based andother cultural organizations, demanding was aBulgarian church. This development byBulgarianschools, accompanied in most active the had among been population Bulgarian of the Macedonia In region the identified as Bulgarian (See Fig. 1). self- population Christian the where Ottoman territories the delineate to beit used can control, church. Bulgarian autocephalous reestablishan Ottoman the by throughout Empire to communities was carriedBulgarian out In this context, it should come as no surprise that during the 19 R.J. Crampton, Many Many of the songs have texts that additionally demonstrate Bulgarian the ofnature populationthe of Vardar, Stefan Verkovic, ed., Verkovic, Stefan A Short History of Modern Bulgaria, Folk Songs of the Macedonian Bulgars The introduction of The introduction bookexplainsVerkovic’sthe experience of title with the 16 . 17 Since this movement rejected Greekand movement Serbianreligious rejected Since this (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1993), 14-15. Macedonian Folk Songs 10 th century were confused about their national identity. (Belgrade, 1860), xiii. Bulgarian Folk Songs Macedonian 15 A similar collection written by the by written collection Asimilar th or simply century, apopular campaign century, Slav nation ethnicor group, Macedonians. FolkSongs and featured mainly andfeatured Furthermore, , and featuring CEU eTD Collection 18 an independent Bulgarian whichstate, finally happened in 1878.” during the same period Garber, 239. “ajoin begun inMacedonia movementby was Slavs the Macedonia to to 11 18 CEU eTD Collection where the majority of the Christian population self-identified asBulgarianslightbrown). (in the Christianpopulationself-identified where themajorityof Fig. 1–Mapof theBulgarianExarchate (1870-1913),showing the Ottoman thepartsof Empire 12 CEU eTD Collection 226. space.’” state withinonly notthe by theboundaries majority in - Macedonia, minorities andthe ‘native’ and Albanians, the Greeks,andSerbs, the the Powers, population, of its which ‘hadlanguage,’ only one ideal, one will: meaning to form one on the whole area of the ‘Bulgarian 20 19 separatism’ ‘national is why “That neighbor. their as Bulgaria states in both world wars. Of course, Bulgaria’s neighbors did not want to see a larger unified ‘Macedonian Question’ shapedBalkanpolitics and most determined alliances of the Balkan the Thereafter, Fig. 2). (See of Bulgaria out left was all of Macedonia being that results the of one with decreased, severely were boundaries and status Bulgaria’s Berlin, of Treaty the with fewmonths, a After only San Stefano. of terms the to Powers objected Great the restof the port, awarm-sea ploy acquire Russian andsecret a state Bulgarian in thegrateful influence Russian excessive Fearing kingdom. Bulgarian new the to majority Bulgarian a with territories all After Russo-Turkish the warofthe 1876-78, treaty of was signed,San Stefano which assigned San Stefano, Berlin,and the Balkan Warsof 1912-1913. Berlin, 1917. Map by inD. Rizoff, “The intheir Bulgarians and Ethnographic, Boundaries,” Historic, Political E. Kupfer, Bulgaria. joining than rather Macedonia, a separate for movement tothe refers here separatism’ ‘National 20 La Macedoine et lesBulgares, (Lausanne, 1918), 45.Dimitar in Dimitrov, 13 19 was wanted by all,and the Great The Name and the Mind, CEU eTD Collection Bulgaria by all of Bulgariaits byall in1913,Macedonia neighbors of was divided,Greece receiving aboutone With the defeat of the Ottoman Empire by the author. Balkan Alliance, and http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14644/14644-h/14644-h.htm,1870-1914,” addedby colors this the subsequent defeatMap by in London, John Stanford’s Holland Rose,“The of Development European the Nations, of Fig. 2–TreatySan ofStefano (red) andTreaty of Berlin (yellow). 14 CEU eTD Collection Macedonism Novakovi nation –Macedonians (1886). buta separate Serbian norBulgarian, neither Macedonian is population the of ideathat was topromote the react to way for Serbia Serbia’s defeat in the Serbo-Bulgarian war of in Novakovi warof 1885, Serbo-Bulgarian Serbia’s defeat the politician Novakovi Stojan and professor Serbian is the nation be aMacedonian should there that concept of the The father Macedonism and the Creation ofa Macedonian Nation. families), andmuch populationthe of forcedwas subjected laborto andintense propaganda. (i.e. Stankov (i.e. 24 23 22 International Peace, 1914), 162-207. Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct ofthe Balkan Wars, 21 an “anti-Bulgar began in campaign” of Macedonia under parts the GreekandSerb rule. According the Endowment’s fifths,Carnegie half, onetenth. to andBulgaria report, Serbia two the burningthe houses. 1,221 1,854 peopleincluding 23Exarchist priests, the disappearance of rapeof 285, the 20 women, and reported SerbianA 1915 resulted source from that Bulgarian in terror 1912 to murderof the Banac, 308, 320. Ibid. Banac, 317-319. International Commission toInquire into the Causes and Conduct of Balkanthe Wars, as an interim mechanism for Serbianizing of Bulgarians the Macedonia. Æ whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished. or ridiculed was detected, whenever Macedoniandialects) was prohibited,and surreptitious its use, the (including Bulgarian Drama. and of Serres much as well Greeksthe burned Kukuš, center the of politicsBulgar and culture, as where Macedonia, Aegean devastated from stream larger still a joining schools 761 and churches).Thousands of Macedonians left forBulgaria, Bulgar schoolsclosed and teachers and churchmen andExarchist churches expelled Serbians The (affecting the standing of as many as 641 Stankovi ü 23 ), internal from ), sentcolonists were (the planbeing for 50,000 Serbia ü . Worried by the ongoing consolidation of Worriedby nation,after . consolidation ongoing the of Bulgarian the The Serbianization of Bulgarian family names gained momentum gained names family Bulgarian of Serbianization The 15 22 (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for ü decided that the most effective the decidedthat Report of the International ü viewed 24 21 CEU eTD Collection the Macedonian nation exists.” nation Macedonian the hasleadership inner itsthe stand.itof alreadyreached In was concluded committee 1934 the that consultation, the of convening the “Before its committee: executive of of consultations one the Comintern the memoirs, his in recalls Wars, As Dimitar Vlahov, a former Bulgarian diplomat who changed nation. his viewsMacedonian the between of creation the Worldin the role instrumental an played Comintern the and Stalin Communist International (Comintern) revived the forgotten idea of Stojan revivedtheforgotten Novakovi International Communist(Comintern) World SerbizationWarVardar Macedonia the its after the During I, resistanceagainst of Serbs. infact are Macedonian Bulgarians idea the the that Between the two world wars, when Vardar Macedonia was in their possession, Serbia returned to Bulgarians only eastof Sofia, andthemasun-Slavic, described and generallyvile and inferior. true placed by itstheory This ofitrulers. made is become whatever can that identity clear devised atheory lookedatthe Macedonian which population as a and later Jovan andlater Cviji Novakovi 28 27 26 25 Dimitar Vlahov. The Communist International. Banac, 310-311. Klime Džambazovski, ü ’s idea was developed further by Jovan Hadži-Vasiljevi ’s ideawas Dr. developed and and linguistic separateness from Bulgaria. national Macedonian preached who Macedonists, so-called the finance Serbs the that counseled he 1866, after a result, As confrontation. deeply embeddedsentimentBulgar thatin region through direct believed Serbianpropagandathat little had chance of the uprooting Macedonia, in strategies Serbian developing in instrumental was StojanNovakovi Memoirs, Stojan Novakovi ü , a prominent Serb geographer, andtheSerblinguist Beli Serb geographer, Alexandar , aprominent (Skopje: Nova Makedonija, 1970), 357. ü , a prominent, a Serbian historian and politician, who 28 ü and Macedonism 27 decided to consider the Macedonian Questions at Questions Macedonian consider the decidedto 16 25 , (Skopje: Istoriski þ asopis, 1963), in Banac, 112. flotant mass flotant ü , aSerbethnographer, , a group lacking, agroup ü . Therefore ü , who 26 CEU eTD Collection 1992), 201. simultaneously after the Second World War, with the “new identity […] aided by the Communist implemented were nation, Bulgarian the from separate as nation, of a Macedonian 30 29 PRM The (PRM). Macedonia of Republic calledPeople’s republic, the Yugoslavia,into time asaconstituent this included onceagain was republic Macedonia, the in Fascist Republicof the toasBulgarian Occupation referred After national abrief unification, over Yugoslaviato by provisionsthe of treaty the of Neuilly (1919).” turned were which border, Bulgarian the along salients other in the and Caribrod, Bosilegrad, of theBulgarsindistricts Macedonia and between of population census madethe nodistinction (1921).“The census inYugoslav the first wasdenied Bulgarians of population. The existence the of Serbianization of acampaign began which (Yugoslavia), Slovenes and Croats, Serbs, losingAfterWar World territory Macedonia I,the Kingdom Vardar wasassignedtothe of of Vardar 1919-1991.Macedonia, are vilifiedas of foreign strivingactions a state achieve domination. to during 20 the regardingactions VardarMacedonia state’s Additionally, Bulgarian the Macedonian history still are that inofficial the Republic of Macedonia, see Appendix 2). facts pointing historical somewell-known regardless regarding of myths otherwise.the (For of region Macedonia, theterritory geographical the on or of occurred were born that organization Macedonian historiography lays justclaim over about every historical figure, and event, Novitsa Veljanovski, Banac, 50. The State and Legal Development of Macedonia 17 , (Skopje: Institut za natsionalna istorija, 29 30 along with the concept the with along th century CEU eTD Collection 34 33 32 31 Crampton puts it: R.J. historian British As the stable. relatively become it beforecould force, of amount significant As of butpolitically-motivated unnatural, needed a any top-down action product creation this reversed this policy after the split between Moscow and Belgrade. but3), Appendixin the1946 census(see asethnic register Macedonians Pirin Macedonia to MacedonizationCommunist tothe in Bulgarians and forcedconsented theethnic party policies line party Followingfor the aBalkanBulgarian and preparingFederation the with Yugoslavia, the Comintern, as it was one possibility to gain a warm-water port – a traditional Russian aim. new language is based on a Slavic dialect spoken in the areas of Prilep and Titov Veles.” WorldWarafter supervision IIunderthe This Communistthe of Marshal of government Tito. Greece,andYugoslavia.” parties inBulgaria, which feltwas mid-1970s the after andTito’s death, reminded people of their privately-held quo, inin downturn, restof economic The Yugoslavia. as maintained status the Macedonia, the from onward, improvement areas,and policies economic 1960s visible inother the the The undoubtedly harsh politics Yugoslaviaof regarding the national issues, mild coupled with Sea.” Aegean gain tothe include to and thus GreekMacedonia access to Macedonia’ creation ‘Greater the of a Slavs of Macedonia werethen as used by Tito tools inhis policy,expansionist which envisioned Crampton, 28. Crampton, Ibid. Ibid. Garber, 239. 33 growth of a sense of Macedonian national identity. to be born in terms of theMacedonia. Itwas PRM inthe that the creationmodernMacedonian wasnation of ofParty Communist a was a there national nation Macedonian no were there alphabet and the rapidIn 1945aMacedonian national consciousness hardly existed […]But if This forexplains Stalin’s theidea, support datingback tothe original by decision 31 18 The Macedonian Language “was createdsoon Language TheMacedonian 34 32 “The CEU eTD Collection 36 35 ashegemonists.” by a deviseSerbian saw thefirstYugoslav state created Macedonians, opinions within of Yugoslavia. groups “[L]arge including Yugoslavia, and the Croats country. creates problems foreign for Macedonian ispolicy,but maintained as officialthe position of the Ancient Macedonians beingof are descendants aside Macedonia.This, from untrue historically into mutates history, idea the of whichhas currentfalsification continuedthrough the that been has latter the prevent to ways main the of One Bulgaria. with ties close of reestablishment integration and Republic the speedy Euro-Atlantic Macedonia’s of preventing Macedonia, in developments political the influence to continue to trying of option the chose Serbia Instead, andits fear of neighbors. other Macedonia’s provoking maintain itshold Perhaps on Macedonia. wasthis by furthered in heavy its involvement westthe sizeable ethnicSerbian community of a an was absence there that Considering letgoMacedonia. of to made decision the latter because the rump-Yugoslavia, inwith conflict part the take not Macedonia did of The Republic Yugoslavia. resurgencethis of consciousness contributed to destabilization the and eventual collapse of Ibid. 294. Ibid. 141. 36 or vast economic benefits Serbia saw no need to try and 19 35 The CEU eTD Collection 39 38 independent first the became use allowed to their national language inchurchservices […]By 880 Branislav 879-892) (ruled Dalmatia. During same the century they converted to Christianity. 37 same the of part latter the during Zvonimir Dimitrije successor his of reign the under soon, very andits 11 a peak in reached Croatia became state the inthebeginningRoman 7 of fortress of the Salona the conquering After Adriatic coast. the toward andthen Danube, of valley river the lower 6 the as early as atribe of form in the existed having as texts historical in present are Croats The Formation oftheCroatian Nation Macedonia,exist which not did asan ethnicity, independent nation, or to1945. country prior and Medieval history of Croatia, this brief overview is meant to compare the situation to that of wanting dwell ancient on the to Without morehistoricalis appropriate. why overview a shorter as a nation the Medievalduring is there period, noargumentregarding which their nationhood, is Euro-Atlantic integration, Croatia does not have a comparable problem. Since the Croats existedhistory hasabout brought ascore of international and domestic problems, blocking the country’s Unlike the Republic of government’sMacedonia, whose and academic denialcommunity’s of 1.2 –Croatia –History th Ibid. Stephen Gazi, Stephen Encyclopaedia Britannica century AD. At that time they had begun their movement from present-day Ukraine to the to Ukraine present-day from movement their begun had they time that At AD. century A Historyof Croatia, . 15 th ed., s.v dux Croatorum. (New York: . “Balkan States: Croatia.” Barnes & Noble Books, 1993),8-9. ” 39 20 th century AD century th century under Petar Kresimir. However, Kresimir. Petar under century 37 38 , they , they settled in Pannonia and “Shortly afterward they were CEU eTD Collection 40 low.” time an all- country the to “[reducing]by of size the Ottomans, the independent taken over was and of a part became Croatia, hitherto Bosnia, when worse became for Croatia The situation Map by F. Handtke. Fig. 3– Map ofthe Croatian Frontier Military (Southernmost onmap). territory Croatia Hungary to laterand Habsburgto the Empire until endofWorldthe War I. connected long that beginningperiod a respect of This markedthe theiragreeing rights. to subdued by Hungarianthe Coloman,king whowas officially king elected by of Croats the Pannonian partof A last King country the KingLaszlo Croatian under in Dalmatia I. was the occupied Hungary and the of country the Byzantium parts reconquered state. of downfall the eventual the to led which war, a civil of victim the became kingdom Croatian the century, transformed into a military frontier zone (1578), known as the as known (1578), zone frontier a military into transformed was Croatia much was leftof what of Empire, Ottoman Bordering anexpanding centuries. Gazi, 97-98. 40 This turned Croatia into a border and war zone (see Fig. 3) for the next few 21 Vojna Krajina or Militärgrenze . CEU eTD Collection propelling the latter idea. Toward the end of the War, the declaration of Corfu signed declaration was of War,the theendof idea.latter Toward the propelling the World War. The Party headed byAnteStar War.The Party of World Rights Croatiansthe and Serbsinindependent and Austria-Hungary the Serbian by First kingdom the Most historians pointan to overall inclinationforming positive to aSouth-Slav union between Yugoslavia 43 42 41 furtherMoving 19 into the serfdom.” advance be had by compensated to to lowest peasantry, whichwas“leveled[…] form the the of Ottoman from the by aristocracy the incurred losses The Serbs. and Hungarians, Austrians, of settlement the and from region the Croats away migration of the led to These developments Croatian Peasant Party by Party Radi Ante andStjepan Croatian Peasant followed by the creationduring 19 the of a Croatian-Serbian counteredof Croats, the by advancepolicies to Hungarian the In element. this political climate, political coalition,Thereafter followed a period of nationalist aspiration formore freedom and autonomyas on the part well as the creation or compromise the even though part, of a Austrian in remained the while Dalmatia empire, of the inpart Hungarian and the were Slavonia Croatia Still, Hungary. within still although autonomy, more them gave which Hungary, with agreement asimilar produce managedto Croats the Dual Monarchy, the created Hungary that and Austria between compromise After the authority. Austrian central the against both crippled Gazi, 159-169. Ibid. Encyclopaedia Britannica 41 th century the Illyrian idea was born – the concept of South Slav unity. This was . 15 th ed., s.v th century, conflicts between the Croats and Hungarians effectively andHungarians Croats the between conflicts century, . “Balkan States: Croatia.” Nagodba 22 ü with Hungary recognized the three as a unit. . 43 þ evi ü was the main political force wasthemain political 42 CEU eTD Collection (by then) established position Serbian the of dynasty.” “had an unmistakable national hadshouldnoted orientation thisalsothat beand arepublican main party It opposition. political coloration and was therefore intended to be an alternative to the not given the right to self-determine, as in Macedonia (referred to as VardarBanovina between to Macedoniain (referred self-determine,given as to not right the Yugoslavia.into included not) or (voluntarily been had After that nations new the and Serbia between began the elections of 1920,successful at achieving theirfrom goal, inception very the of Yugoslavia, avehement opposition the Croatian Since “Serbianpolitical parties furtherused Peasants Serbiancentralism to preponderance” Party under Radi and opted in favor of a federal state. specifics toretain their wanted non-Serbs the andSlovenes, Serbs, Croats, between differences otherwise.” proved events agenda, political the from conflict nationality the remove would tutelage, external freedfrom state, of Yugoslav establishment hadthe the that presumed unification Yugoslavia’s butalso centralist of “Although showed the proponents only tendencies. strongest, the was not element Serbian the that evident became as it destroyed wasquickly accord The initial formation the of Yugoslavia. announced Alexander, regent, Serbianprince the Decemberon months1918, 1, than later, two Trumbi 46 45 44 Serbia’s resisted nationalities Paši Nikola Minister Prime Serbian the between Banac, 238. Banac, 214-215. Banac, 214. ü . On October 29, 1918, 29, Croatianbroke the . OnOctober off less with Austria-Hungary,Diet ties and 44 The national question became the primary issue of as the non-Serbian of issue became The Yugoslavia, the primary national question unitarist tendencies. As the latter were in favor of any of infavor erasing were latter Asthe tendencies. 23 ü , who had fled there during the war, and Ante and war, the during fledthere had , who 46 In other parts of Yugolavia, which were ü 45 became the and were CEU eTD Collection Fig. 4– Map ofYugoslavia (SFRJ), includingCroatia. included amuch larger(namely Bosnia Herzegovina) territory than and Croatia.present-day and state havebeen aGerman puppet to is considered generally This state was established. of by AntePavelic, headedGermany Fascist (Ustasa) in Independentthe State Croatia, the 1941, late wasinvadedby andafter came Yugoslavia this move too provisions.other However, 47 with the signature of the in 1939 improved situation the case, Croatian the In concept. Yugoslav the about enthusiastic had been Yugoslavia originally in of that apart – arevoltof CroatianRevolt Peasant1920 the heavens.” finger toward pointing a commissionersmilitary the asked “When peasants the populace. of the passions upthe stirred Croatian peasants who would toward attitude arrogant administration’s new Serb-dominated andthe arrest Radic’s over reimburse wasunknown This Croatianmaneuvers. procedure A mixture farmers.to of political resentment them transportation,be would brandedto mark inorder ones for the be usedinfuture couldthat theand equipment towing for military the by livestock,used time the at were that oxen, and horses as such animals, farm that meant This registration. draft-animal for campaign a these began Military Yugoslav the would reasons), political (for time second the for arrested was Radic Stjepan after soon answer them1929 and 1941)andrevolutionary Kosovo, took groups over this “responsibility.” InCroatia, by L. and M., “Seljacka buna u Hrvatskoj,” Sporazum, Nova Evropa which mandated that Croatia and Dalmatia unite, along with 47 It can be said that these were the two causes for the 1, no. 2(1920): 73. 24 CEU eTD Collection (provinces of Austria-Hungary before World War I) and the former Hungarian region Croatia- of region and Hungarian former World the War I) before Austria-Hungary of (provinces of Istria most and ofDalmatia oftheterritories consists It wasformed. federation Yugoslav “Theof Croatian the present configurationof State. Croatia hasexisted since1946,when the Croatianthe Leaguein and of Communists 1972, thisled purge the reestablishmenteventually to Federation. The nationalSocialist a time this – Yugoslavia of spirit part became again once Croatia never war, the of end the After died down, even after attempts to stifle it as in the case of (accessed May 29, 2009). Map by Internationalthe for Yugoslavia, Criminal Tribunal http://www.icty.org/sid/321 25 CEU eTD Collection 48 EUin the 2004 and Table 2007(See summary). 1for joined that countries the for membership EU to precondition unofficial, albeit essential, an been into NATOwill also beincluded, since past practice hasshown NATOmembershipthat has Integration briefly. be presented will it analysis, this of focus the than data background of matter integration hasdegree of been European that presentachieved uptothe day. is Since this more a establish the to is nownecessary experience It today. to continues and in 1990s, the experienced West Balkan states as a whole,The examination of the histories of Croatia and the Republichighlights Macedonia,of as well as that of the the historical causes to the problems1.3– What Degree of European Integration hasbeen achieved up to May, 2009? that the region independencedeclaring on June 25,1991.” both break from Yugoslavia away firstrepublics to were the andSlovenia Slavonia. Croatia Encyclopaedia Britannica . 15 th ed., s.v . “Balkan States: Croatia.” 48 26 CEU eTD Collection application issued /Status of Application foraccession force. / In Signed Association Agreement – Stabilization and status*** NATO membership Integration* Country http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/87642.pdf (accessed April 20, 2009). 49 However, no date has (SAP). Process been Association and Stabilization andthe Copenhagen Criteria, the Agreement, set for starting negotiations, 2005, and thecountry assessed in was positively implementationregard tothe Ohrid the of largely onDecember 17, state. Thiswas agreed to become acandidate Republic the recommended that due to the name dispute Commission European the followingNovember 9,2005, year, andon the response with The Republic of Macedonia, applying after for EUmembership in springthe of 2004, received a Peace (PFP). for members of Partnership NATOmembers not are that All West*** Using Balkan states are NATO terminology; ** Negotiations started in 2005 /planned tofinish in 2009. even if itis planned for future. the * Only signed documents are dated.Anything notsigned byMay1,2009ismarkeda with – DegreeTable 1 ofEuro-AtlanticIntegrationthe Western Balkans. Council of the European Union, “Presidency Conclusions, candidate official Not 2009 / 28 April 2006 /2009 Member Albania No 2008 /No Dialogue Intensified Herzegovina Bosnia and Negotiating** 2003 / 21 February 2001 /2005 Member Croatia 27 15/16 December, 2005,” No No Intent Undeclared Kosovo Not official Not 2008 / December 15 2007/No Dialogue Intensified Montenegro candidate Negotiating 2004 / 22 March 2001/ 2004 Action Plan Membership Macedonia Republic of No 49 No 2008 /No not agoal Membership Serbia CEU eTD Collection Treaty,” March 18, 53 (accessed 29April, 2009). 52 3, 2009). 2008. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:042:0051:01:EN:HTML.February, 12 (accessed May 2006/145/EC,” Decision repealing and Croatia with Partnership Accession inthe contained conditions 51 http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,545214,00.html (accessed April 3, 2009). candidacy. inCommission April in after, 2004 andsoon June of Council sameitsthe year,the confirmed by European the assessed positively bid was Macedonia, Croatia’s of Republic the casewith the wealthiest membership Yugoslav for CroatiaFebruary appliedEUAsrepublic, was on 21, 2003. finishthe line, a borderdispute with integration hasfrozenSlovenia its process.Once second the In comparison with the Republic of Macedonia, Croatia has been quite successful,but just before became members in 2009. 50 samereason, the due to membership Macedonia’s for invitation Republic the the Greece vetoed Atof inNATO’s Summit Bucharest reasons. 2008, Greece, the resolution of which is an official EU precondition for accession, among other 2009. was invitedjoin to BucharestNATO atthe in summit 2008 and became amemberin April Slovenia. It was feared that Slovenia will also veto Croatia’s NATO membership, but the country positive development" to halted has been "subject progress Croatia’s However being1/5 of closed. about them already 2005. Anumber have been with opened, 3, of October on chapters negotiations werelaunched accession (ICTY), formerfor Yugoslavia Tribunal Criminal enough International the with Government of the Republic of Croatia, “The Parliament accepted the Proposal for Ratifying the North-Atlantic BBC, “EU calls off withtalks Croatia,” 23 April, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8014840.stm European Council, Der Spiegel, “Jilted Macedonia Walks out of NATO Summit,” 53 51 After a relatively brief delay over doubts that the country was not cooperating not was country the that doubts over delay brief relatively a After “2008/119/EC: Council Decisionof 12 February 2008 on theprinciples, priorities and 52 in the border dispute over the bay of Piran that the country has with 28 50 whileinvited, AlbaniaandCroatia were and 3 April, 2008. CEU eTD Collection sjeveroatlantskog_ugovora (accessed May 3, 2009). 2009.http://www.vlada.hr/hr/naslovnica/novosti_i_najave/2009/ozujak/vlada_saboru_poslala_prijedlog_ratifikacije_ involvement on the part of the international community since the time of the Eastern Question, or simply based but and hatreds, selfish of onshort-sighted conflicts, a placeancient of unresolved full place a mysterious arenot Balkans the shown has that section This problems. contemporary understand causes the history, focusing of andare necessary on Croatian which to Macedonian of in background Balkans, conflicts theWestern the the presented historical This chapter State Member EU Fig. 5–Mapof EU integrationoftheWestern Balkans application membership State that has filed EU EU Candidate State ))) State (SAP) Process and Association Stabilization 29 membership in EU interest expressed State that has debate ongoing debate Membership CEU eTD Collection much better. understand the followingchapters,aswell theproblems as of Western the Balkans ingeneral, to beable readerwill the after chapter, reading this Ihopethat day Fig. 5). present(see to the bring the information up date,to I have shown a brief overview of the region’s EU integration up the period of the Ottoman Empire’s dissolution, as well as on falsification of history. In order to 30 CEU eTD Collection well well as media evidence. as (EC), Commission European the International, Transparency neutrality, theoretical its and such as its whichhasbeen wide to the useful Freedom House, scopeof reports especially due difficult measure,to this thesis willuse and rankings information from authoritative sources, governance, and also among the Copenhagen criteria for EUmembership. Since these criteria are make is European main the upademocraticwhich central components system,that to civil society freedom, and freedom degree media and theof perceived and of democracy – some levels, corruption and capabilities institutional of terms in disparity a significant have neighbors, effects on foreign and domestic of between beyond history extend andThe its and Macedonia Croatia Republic differences the policies. The two countries, albeit ahead2.1 –AEuropean Society? of their West Balkan falsifications. historical on built identities national and tensions interethnic to related issues West-Balkan peculiar on as well ethnic minorities.This many sheds chapter lighton usualthe of integration, of problems EU as order, while the second analyzes tofreedom issuesand focuses Thefirstis related internal in parts: on two This divided chapter state policies that have to do with neighboring countries and C H . 2 – C OMPARING THE LEVEL OF PREPAREDNESS FOR C ROATIA AND THE AND ROATIA R EPUBLIC OF 31 M ACEDONIA EU MEMBERSHIP OF . CEU eTD Collection http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2008&country=7437 (accessed 26, April 2009). 55 http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2008&country=7377 (accessed 25, April 2009). 54 thatitis asit demonstrated not employ being boycotts, in2006after willing parliamentary to did underground life in The Balkans. the BDI, during its brief relatively political existence has the connected to figures,possibly controversial are leader, like functionaries, their BDI other Many enjoyed. already it than minority Albanian the for rights more even demanded participants was Albanian commanderthe guerillasthe during the of 2000-2001 rebellion,armed whose Ali Ahmeti, leader, Its scene. political on the (BDI), for Integration Union Democratic the party, Albanian qualitythe since politicalnewestethnicthe process hasdeteriorated of entry the the of where areas, Albanian–majority the with do to have flaws serious aforementioned the of Many standards. international conformed to largely elections the although process”, flaws intheelectoral shouldthat befixed. though minorfeaturingfair,issues wereassessedCroatia, as“free,and elections transparent”, which is abasic forcriterion democracy,enough butnot in itself. In OSCE’sthe reporton ranksFreedom House both Croatia andtheRepublic of Macedonia as electoral democracies, – ElectionsDemocracy2.1.1 and and Civil Liberties scores of 3, and the country’s ranking as “partly free.” Political Macedonia’s of Republic the with favorably compares This “free.” as ranks thecountry Freedom In its Croatia 2008report, House scoresof2and gives CivilLiberties Political and Freedom House, “Freedom the in World: Macedonia (2008),” Freedom House, “Freedom in the World: Croatia (2008),” 55 54 Regarding the Republic of Macedonia, Freedom House talks of “serious of talks Freedom House Macedonia, of Republic the Regarding 32 CEU eTD Collection partiality among the country’s juridical officials, particularly disturbing as it often overlaps with overlaps often it as disturbing particularly officials, juridical country’s the among partiality level is therethat of an unacceptable This demonstrates return are reclaiming their property. and inthe particularly property casesconcerning like from Serbs of whowould expelled Croatia, to Croatia numberis inefficient, of recentespecially, with the judicial system of a country. The latter has shown itself as a weakest link in a EU member law and Corruption andinfluence debilitating its to are fightagainst the enforcement, connected trialsstates. According areLaw too 2.1.2 – Preparedness to of the Judicial System – the Primarylong, InstrumentFreedom Ensuring the Rule of andHouse, the the decisionsjudicialsomewhat pushed asideby newerAlbanianthe formation. system Democratic areof Prosperity often (PDP), who were Democratic the (DPA)and Party of for Party partiesan Albanians leaders, the responsible with integral notpart of the political implemented, process,community. it contextMacedoniathis should In be noted major that alreadyhadAlbanian two and who were of andmovements arewelcomeddubious nature onto political the by scene international the This is one of thelegitimization. their and starkest process political country’s the into rebels former examples the of inclusion the for of the damageresponsible held be is to that that EU, and States United the canincluding be community, doneinternational the to a country when people The Republic of Macedonia cannot be blamed forthe dysfunction caused by the BDI. Sadly, itis means, pursueits to goals. http://www.bbc.co.uk/macedonian/news/story/2006/08/060825_vlada.shtml (accessed 2June, 2009). 56 partner, for acoalition invited BBC, Assembly “The will votefor New the Government,” 25 August, 2006. http 56 and threats of renewal of hostilities, as well as other illegitimate 33 CEU eTD Collection independentNGOs. which has European enforced standardsfield, in and this operationthe evensupports of improved, the comparison with Croatia in this category is entirely to the benefit of the latter, persecuted in ways entirely incompatible with in incompatible ademocracy. with wayspersecuted entirely not hidewhen Macedonian self-identificationdid were theirBulgarianethnic citizens who should thatthis It however, hadnotbeen thecasebe andregistered before 1998, noted, operate. freedoms ofassembly and thousands of guaranteed and NGOs are constitutionally association, Freedom the generally the Macedonian government respects House, to As of2008,according 2.1.3 – Freedom of Assembly andAssociation later willillustrate. the judiciary political has beenassomeparty. Furthermore, casesmentioned used for purposes, fire tothe of comfort criminals judges, threatening thus allowed close the governmentto the avert a the havemembersa measurewhich of walked outtowould approval of parliament cites(the partof insurgents) Albanian a Freedom whenin House formerthe case 2007, BDI EU has demanded that the country independencestrengthens judges, the of among issues. other 1991- 1996,” http://members.tripod.com/~HR_Macedonia/hr_en.htm#veles (accessed 17,2009). April 58 57 and In theRepublic incompetent.” isas corrupt “thejudiciary seen of Macedonia, widely in lowering number the backlogged of cases. especially improvement, shown has Croatia Nevertheless, relations. neighborly good of issue the International Institute for Macedonia, “5 Years of Independence: Human Rights in the Republic of Macedonia of Republic inthe Rights Human ofIndependence: “5 Years Macedonia, for Institute International “Macedonia.” House, Freedom 34 58 While the situation has somewhat has Whilethesituation 57 The CEU eTD Collection 60 59 pressure. one in power). Reporting radioand from HRT topressure prone television stations arestill (logically, parties aboutpolitical the the Yugoslav Wars, libel longeris no punishablecritical by sentence.prison Freedom Yet, claimsHouse thatthe state-owned of the Croat side, by constitution,2006, Croatian asof areguaranteed and Freedom press the the expression of and is likely to face – FreedomMedia 2.1.4 accession. for EU as well criteria objective as to instancesAppendixcases, Croatia, compare 4).These see of arbitrary very power unfavorably to particularly Macedonians those regarding openly who declare their specific Bulgarian origin (For are respected, assembly and association of much freedom how the on doubts cast cases which mentionnumber to in of Macedonianauthorities the Freedom isa to omitting House generous butfurther,were ousted, country hasthe been democracy not democratized consolidated. VMRO-DPMNE won in parliamentary the elections 1998 andtheformer communists (SDSM) opposition rhetoric.the When apro-Western employed whoformer of Communists, attitude the economy. This power was used for political ends, but was tolerated by the West due to the savvy lost their controlnow restyled of theas Social security, Democrats, firstAftercabinet, initial independence the theformer expert euphoria andthe of Communists, returned defense, to the position and lawof political enforcement power. They had neveragencies, the media and the from 5.00 in3.75 from 1999-2000to 5.00 The smaller numbers are better. are numbers smaller The “Croatia.” House, Freedom 59 Freedom House’s independent media ratio demonstrates an improvement in animprovement Croatia, media ratiodemonstrates independent Freedom House’s 60 in 2008, the same as Romania, and almost as good as Bulgaria. 35 CEU eTD Collection Agentsiya Focus 64 63 Communists of Macedonia. 62 61 be than charges sustainednot in could court. Kanzurov,Viktor on who wasarrested 22 April,2008 andheld in jailfor onfarcical 24hours, government’s history and foreign such policy dogmas, as MacedonianBulgarianthe journalist, Macedonian the contradict whoopenly journalists been against hasalso applied Pressure auto-censorship. beaten,has Journalistshave beentapped, beenputon andpressure them. of degree some about brings typically which threatened, been also has journalists of safety The “provides for freedom In constitution Macedonian of theory, the press.” the West Balkans. Currently,3.75. have4.25, they fallen samethe to asBosnia andonlybetter Kosovothan in the was since score their 1999-2000when have media deteriorated Unfortunately, Macedonian the the previous SDSM favor to shaped reports firm that apublic for relations secretly worked several leading outlets at “closely are or own 3 linked” to of 5national the TV stations. One example:“In 2006,itwas journalistsrevealed that formally either parties political and information,” its obtains population of the themajority “from which media, instate-owned positions installed athigh are often later in Freedom anumber mentions illustrated this text. House of problems: Political appointees implications, ofdemocracy, policy implications, foreign affecting the degree and internal Macedonian mediaare by plagued legal a numberof both which have and practical problems, Viktor Kanzurov, “I am not under House arrest, since there are no Grounds to press Charges against me,” against Charges topress Grounds no are there since arrest, House under am not “I Kanzurov, Viktor “Macedonia.” House, Freedom of League formerly Macedonian); (in ofMacedonia Union Democratic ofSocial abbreviation the is SDSM “Macedonia.” House, Freedom , 23 April, 2008, http://www.focus-news.net/?id=f8928 (accessed16, March 2009). 62 -led government.” 63 64 36 On MacedonianMay 3,2009,the Journalists 61 However, the However, CEU eTD Collection (accessed April 18, 2009). Association calls members to attend protest,” for Office the of activity increased the for and framework legal its improving for it commended EC the inits 2007report, however inCroatia, forms arealsoaproblem Other corruption of Kirin thehowever, scandalemerged. after beshould out, againsthim. resigned pointed that It in progress are residein proceedings while Croatia for to allowed being conditions General’s the violated This together. hunting went who Kirin, Ivica Minister Interior and Markac Mladen example mentioned by them. toward One often has afriendly andattitude be government the than expected would Freedom House in their more tolerantly treated areoften war criminals war.Suspected Yugoslav the1990s of aftermath annual country reportapplicants. is the case of Ret.deserving Gen. In the issue an makes corruption Croatian mention, This a whole. EU as the of democracy and stability the to threat as case, indirect an as be classified itancan countries, these of democracies and theeconomies threatens indicator many of hasforCorruption been problems deemed among top the and of new member states, since it Freedom the degree Houses’ of preparedness 2.1.5 – Corruption criticism of thehave two toWest do withBalkan influence. political to the anyone opinion is with before or hesitation piece concerning published, any investigative access prison itissentences, byfines,punishable whichin countrya poor is likely cause considerableto off the fiveforair minutes,which they Additionally, did. libel iswhilelonger no punishable by 65 salaries” influences, political pressures, verdicts, court “against badAssociation protested the situation in journalism,including Macedonian the the Macedonian Journalists’ Association, “Statement,” MakFax, 3 April, 2009, under http://www.makfax.com.mk/en-us/Details.aspx?itemID=3710 37 65 by urging all electronic media to come to media electronic all urging by “ Macedonian Journalists' CEU eTD Collection 67 66 and hampertransparency.” political to growth economic continues “corruption that and states record” “disappointing reform its for Macedonia criticizes Fightthe Corruption.against UnlikeCroatia, reportfrom an by EU 2007, cited Freedom House, This leads to weaker states and a weaker EU. That is why the presence or lack of what may be lackof what or is presence and That why the aweaker EU. weaker states leadsThis to states, whose elites get entrenched along with theirflawed systems after membership is achieved. leads to assessment convergence and to approaches administrative, one-size-fits-all, clearly that One of mainideasthe thesisthis of isthe history that of hasEU enlargement demonstrated 2.2.1 – Inter-Ethnic Relations/Problems 2.2 –EU-style Regional Foreign policy? speed upaccession. help as place willnot andHerzegovina, asanumberwell with of countries Bosnia third world their corruption problems, Croatia’s score is notencouraging, and Macedonia’s, sharing the same membership, for despite year in andRomania has for the recommending past drawn Bulgaria 69 purpose of comparison, the twonewest EUmember states, Bulgaria and Romania are in 64 while 84. For 2007, exactly at R.Macedoniafollowed behindCroatia positions twenty the Croatia 64 ranked Transparency International image. government’s of several high-profile cases,the hasimproved has Nikola Gruevski which corruption dealt with Transparency International, “Annual Report, 2007.” Berlin: Transparency International, June 2008,27. “Macedonia.” House, Freedom th place respectively. If one considers the vigorous criticism that the European Commission 67 th of 180 in their Corruption Perceptions Index for Index Perceptions Corruption in their 180 of 38 66 At the same time, the administration the time, same the At th and CEU eTD Collection Macedonians and ethnic Albanians have had different views about the country’s future, with future, with the country’sthe about views haddifferent Albanians have andethnic Macedonians toAlbania. Kosovo, with touniteMacedonia, West along had aiming organization existed independence. Evenduringthe seemingly-stable Yugoslav anillegalperiod, Albanian consciousness among some of Albanians the thatthere they joinshould Albania orgain been a hasclear there into Yugoslavia, Vardar Macedonia inclusion of Since the divide. is most facingOne its serious Macedonia inter-ethnic of problems theRepublic of other the belonging. ethnic Serb with overlaps Orthodoxy Christian when cases in the present mostly is discrimination Religious areas. mixed in population Croat local the by harassed be may they that is possible it and employers most be hiredby to areunlikely Serbs ethnic war in recent the Yugoslavia, after relations strained to Due Croatia. in problem minority serious most the is perhaps Serbs the of situation The Orthodox. – Serbs the and Catholic 69 factbook/geos/hr.html (accessed 27, April 2009). 68 census).” Serb 89.6%, 4.5%, other5.9%(including Hungarian, Bosniak, Slovene, Czech,and Roma) (2001 follows: “Croat isas million citizens four more than breakdown the of ethnic the Factbook The percentage of ethnic Croatians in Croatia isvery high.According CIA tothe World Croatia Republicof Macedonia. and the both in matter they and Spirit European the of part major a are relations inter-ethnic Good also. a called Mariana Stamova, Central Intelligence Agency, “CIA World Factbook: Croatia,” https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- European Spirit 68 The religious composition follows that of the ethnic groups, with the Croats being The Albanian Question in the Balkans (1945-1981) should be assessed and the EU should insist on in beassessedandtheEUshouldon should convergence insist thisarea 39 (Sofia: Faber, 2005), 306-7. 69 The CEU eTD Collection 71 Albanians, who were the majority in Kosovo, felt marginalized by being given this lesserstatus in Yugoslavia.of majorconstitutional significance, making the former ‘minorities’ and the latter state-forming elements. The 70 “the land to referring Macedonian of been constitution’s the preamble have people” removed, of parts the the been have that Accords of the results the of majority. Some from the resistance facing albeit implemented, been have which of most year, same the of Accords Ohrid the with Macedonia was tocompromise encouraged with the Albanians. The2001insurgency ended was an issue from human Republic to the security conflict tonational athreat of interethnic of rights, its minority,most crudely thus Serb reducing ofits ethnic out which Unlike Croatia, drove majority. the among fear of separatism Albanian politicians and parties, the DPA and PDP,butalso caused a feeling ofindignation and As was mentioned before, thiswas notonly expense done atthe of previously-existingthe Republic. the life of thepolitical enter to them its allowed leadersand legitimized it that extent The international mistakeby madeAlbanian insurrection a tothe community the tolerating leadership incommunist has been sinceMacedonia rapidly eroded theelections 1990.” of they do not have full access of question the most prosperous threecompactthe Albanians territories on live.[…]True, which to the organs of arewithout theAlbanianshere[Macedonia] of “bythesummer As Mischa Glenny 1991, writes: power, but the harsh repression situation Albaniansinthe of theRepublic of Macedonia thatof in to their Kosovo. compatriots of the pro-Serbhelps tounderstand the motivation behind the 2001insurrection.compare could One not the like again,once in they were Yugoslavia. former wanting tohave a country Mischa Glenny, was terms two the between difference The a ‘nation’. than rather a‘nationality’, were Albanians the Yugoslavia In The Fall of Yugoslavia for (Suffolk:Penguin Group, 1992), 70. them, while the latter fearing that they be marginalized they will that fearing the latter them, while 70 Therefore, separatist feelings exist andthis partially 40 71 CEU eTD Collection 2002). to the myths and to a sense of Yugo-nostalgia, because they fear that a revision will lead tothe a revision will fear that they because a sense of mythsYugo-nostalgia, andto the to as a 1944, after politicalMacedonian identity is thelastgroup mostnecessity. attached Perhaps isroots. Afourth group composed whohadbeenof people Serbianizedandacceptedthe descendants of Ancient are Macedonians is present-day theory the that other Slavic The nation. is nation a separate Macedon. A third group is Macedonian thatthe theory its origin. One ideas about existenceof contradictory the about of Macedonians are aware of their Bulgarian 72 country the under influence,was heavy Serbian This nationalMacedonian identity,having during beenconstructed the Yugoslav when period in tomotivate identity Republic of existenceSFRY. of Macedoniawithin the order Socialistthe create aMacedonian needed hand,Communistethnic other the to Yugoslavia on (SFRY), Ages. Middle the identity has sincebefore national existed problem,because Croatian have notnational-historical a does toclarify, attempted Croatia of this text historical part As the 2.2.2 –A “State-Owned” Identity of parliament (MPs), not just amajority of all MPs. by bea majority has approved to legislation certain and dramatically, increasedhas organizations state other and various army, inthepolice, Albanians of percentage such leaders redrawn, andAlbanianinsurgents, as the BDI,wereamnestied. of the The 20% of the population Albanian isnow an languageinofficial themunicipalities more whereAlbaniansand constitute than the number of the latter increased as the municipal divisions were Novitsa Veljanovski, Macedonia1945-1991. Statehood and Independence 41 72 relies on historical myths and hasbrought (Skopje: Institute forNational History, also of minority members minority of CEU eTD Collection obvious. the than other something means really “Bulgarian” adjective the that “explains” that disclaimer “Bulgarian”word “Macedonian”containing with insome replaced word or the a editions, without knowledgethe its of leadership. Of course, falsifications can be foundinside also, the falsifications Communist-era of perpetuating a scheme into democratization and to openness involvinglocal like Fig. 6)This whichisdedicated employees of appears acase organization an presented by the website Bulgarianpublished word in is 1861(the is and circled) as on rightthe thecover book of the of thebook the of edition Archive original is the left the On falsification. this features of Institute, Society Open Macedonia, with the word hosted by branchwebsite serverthe Macedonia, of Archiveof the Macedonian the of the of Bulgarian cut out. in reprinted name Folk the under simply Macedonia Macedonian or Folk Songs The Songs. (See been has which brothers, Miladinovi bythe collection Songs Folk Bulgarian the is example One Pierre Nora refers toall museums,monuments, in and texts his workonnational identity. falsified. The falsification folk,so-called andby newly-composed Historical are media. the and olderbooks documents of history covers all school by history books aremanipulatedthat andcontain falsifications, bymonuments, by the loss of the nation’s raison d’être, in its current form. The identity-related myths at aretaught form. identity-related The in its current 42 sites of memory, of sites as the famous French historian French famous as the CEU eTD Collection 73 and ancient other Hellenic historical personages. AsMischa Glenny recalls: Great the Alexander to monuments constructing and infrastructure of renaming the by reinforced been has which Alexander, of Macedonia Hellenic the with identification practically-official The is weakness of themaintheory Slav-but-not-Bulgarian the motive Macedonia’s for http://www.soros.org.mk/archive/G04/01/A04_01/sa2004.ht, accessed April 22, 2009. Brothers. cover the “BulgarianFig. 6–TheFalsified of FolkSongs” CollectionbytheMiladinovi Glenny, 73-74. endemic passion for nonsense. for passion endemic Balkans’ the of worthy is performance Their skies. Macedonian summery bright, the to up Alexander to homage cacophonic their offer they as worse even childrenunholyof an between union Jethro Tool Deep and Purple. Andsound impossible not to giggle at these ridiculous ensembles who look like the mutant myths. Despite the significance which the musicians invest in their songs, it is important foundationstone uponwhich Macedonian an remains nationalistsbut buildMacedonia, theirin settled had Slavs the before lived Alexander 73 43 CEU eTD Collection Most Bulgarian military cemeteries and memorials were destroyed by authorities Yugoslav the weredestroyed andmemorials Bulgarian military cemeteries Most evidence that the population welcomed, cooperated andidentified with Bulgarianthe authorities. plentiful the despite Occupation”, Fascist as “Bulgarian to referred being case latter Wars,the Additionally, isvilified Bulgaria for its attempts liberate Macedoniato during the two World in relations. bilateral contention the instill feelingsnationalist among Macedonian students in history andclasses this is one cause of measures These territory. madeBulgarian on also are Claims territory. that on state or identity absence of the a separate dueto have Macedonian been not andcould wereBulgarian these ignoringexisted fact on the andinstitution that that the geographical territory Macedonia, of officials, lays claim justover aboutevery historicalBulgarian figure, event, historical monument, and history books other official publications, aswell through statementsthe as of prominent intoa stagefully neighborhood enter of relations.good TheRepublicofMacedonia through cannot country the Slavs, Macedonian of identity national unresolved the of problem the to Due 2.2.3 – Good Neighborly Relations. European path, while Croatia moves forward, as exemplified by its recent accession to NATO. lose their politicalparticularly with Greece. In this way the still-powerful andGreek history. Thisis cause the also many for of Macedonia’s foreign policy problems, forces from economicthe past, who do not wish to into totrespassing leads automatically history escape from Bulgarian attempt to the Therefore, relevance, keep the Republic of Macedonia frozen on its 44 CEU eTD Collection March 29,2009). Eparchy,” Prespa-Palagoniya 75 April 15, 2009). European military cemeteries in the Republic of military metwith officials, in Macedonia, and European cemeteries Republic the of government MEP of the Party erased from in temples his eparchy. of the European of hirerefusing to alumni Seminarythe inof Bulgaria and inordering signs be Bulgarian to Socialists, Agency, Focus Bulgarian deniedmade Bishop statement, along the havingthat with allegations Evgeny Kirilov, visited Bulgarian and other Macedonia, April 8, 2009,” 74 Petar’s, should not be left without a reaction from the government. suggestsuch like tothe MacedonianParliament government statements, Bishop to that ought Party (EPP), Nikolay Mladenov,and the remains sentBulgaria.back to InApril, 2009, Bulgarian MEP of European the People’s reacted in the Europeanas saying graves the inthat of Republic soldiers the Bulgarian be of Macedoniashould dugup Parliament, sayingfought inbattles during World there media WarOne,wasquoted Macedonian the and Bulgarian that the the to European due graves military Bulgarian many contains eparchy Bitola-Pelagoniya whose Church, Orthodox Macedonian unrecognized the of Petar Bishop when controversy recent a was There 1944. after Macedonians not yet changed to –ovski/oski or –evski/eski, as the Yugoslav regime did with most Macedonia, hadvolunteered tojoin army, Bulgarian the had and names in ending –ov and –ev; from werethemselves soldiers dead the of large share a that itworries because process, has allowed the government Bulgarian Macedonian The Bulgaria. for priority is a ones remaining statethe of renovation the and to renovate some of them, however attempts to slow down the Bishop Petar, “Bishop Petar will support the Restorationof BulgarianMilitary Memorials in Churches of the Nikolay Mladenov, “Member of the European Parliament from GERB visits Bulgarian Military Cemeteries in nmladenov.eu/blog/2009/04/08/ Agentsiya Focus 75 , 28March, 2009. http://www.focus-news.net/?id=f11631. (accessed Later the same month, Mladenov, accompanied by the by accompanied Mladenov, month, same the Later 45 ɟɜɪɨɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɨɬɝɟɪɛɩɨɫɟɳɚɜɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɫ 74 In an interview for the for interview an In / (accessed CEU eTD Collection 77 3, 2009). National Radio. forgiveness. Bulgaria is therefore a natural new isfor anatural the republic. ally therefore Bulgaria forgiveness. and patience of spiritis a there oneness, of feeling andthe inYugoslavia propaganda anti-Bulgarian of imposition harsh the of in Bulgaria awareness the of because Possibly is tocontinueits willing friendly policy and Republic European-style the toward Macedonia. of much of Macedonianthe media and often behaviorunfriendly of Macedonianauthorities,the it in itreceives treatment unfair the contrary to that has demonstrated Bulgaria Therefore, 2001. from Bulgaria in army1999, the may not have been containable to Albanianinsurgencythe in asagift Macedonian army the received and tanks that the guns Without economically. collapsed Bulgarianthe may the supplies andother state have during thegasoline Greekembargo, its times need, duringof the Greekembargo, Kosovoitswar, and own civil in war 2001. Without from in Bulgaria support political,and military economic, newreceived country Macedonia. The supportNevertheless, EUandintegration the continues to Bulgaria NATO Republic the of of inexcuse many cases. a valid not is press” the of “freedom therefore and independent fully not are earlier, mentioned was as which, of most media, Macedonian in the Bulgaria against campaign smear ongoing deprioritization of 8in Corridor partlinkingthe Bulgaria andtheRepublic of Macedonia, and the has requested. side Bulgarian the that the Bulgarian embassy stating letter to Affairssent a Foreign MacedonianMinistry of the 2009, however, On values. June 1, that it will not allow restorations of the two military memorials 76 “technical” problem was the that stated who Ibid. Martin Minkov, “Macedonia did not Allow the Restoration of the Bulgarian Military Memorials,” http://www.bnr.bg/Horizont/News/Cor_World/Postings/0603-Mace-voen-pamet.htm (accessed June 77 There are a number of other issues, such as the 76 46 and will be resolved in the spirit of European of inthespirit beresolved andwill Bulgarian CEU eTD Collection 78 ‘Alexander’, ‘Cleopatra’, and‘Bucephalus’, allpointing intheopposite direction. of Macedonia,choosingbetween ‘Europe’,andsignsthatread‘Philip’, asignthatreads representingin traditionaldress, Republic the aman Fig. 7–ABulgariancaricaturedepicting Yugoslavia. nevercomplained usage‘Macedonia’,before 1992,whenitby of aboutthe name the was used which state recognize ‘Macedonia’ any inits word used the title.” integrity of Greece, one of whose provinces bore the same name, and Athens therefore refused to to the athreat called posed Macedonia a state of existence thatthe believed “The Greeks Greece: is Macedonia of Republic the facing state) foreign of a (in terms difficulty themajor Crampton, was the first torecognize the Republic of Macedonia under its constitutional name, according to and Fig. it. with associated (See Unlike Bulgaria, which everything 7) state ancientMacedonian the namely legacy, historical Greek over claims lays also Macedonia of Republic the However, Crampton, 294. 47 78 Interestingly enough, Greece enough, Interestingly CEU eTD Collection http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,544167,00.html (accessed April 18, 2009). 79 andlater with Serbia haddispute, territorial one latter Whilethe Macedonia. of than Republic the When it goodneighborly comes to Croatia relations, has also much smaller although problems, fail demonstrate to their disapproval historically-unfoundedthese of theories. Great.” the “Alexander beingrenamed recently airport Skopje’s with culminating andpeople, names Macedonian place ancient after are named andinstitutions backing. Streets state and in media the forum given anextensive Greatare the Alexander of state the with contemporary-FYROM identify that journalists and organizations, is helpingRepublic not Politicians, surely itsits of own Macedonia cause conduct. with myths, the with nationalist its andhastodo own is exaggerated, While theGreekreaction Caricature by Kutuzov, publishedIvan in www.dnevnik.bgDnevnik. Der Spiegel, “Which Macedonia was Alexander the Great from?” 29 March, 2008. March, 29 from?” Great the Alexander was Macedonia “Which Spiegel, Der 79 48 Thegovernmentand institutions its educational CEU eTD Collection Montenegro returned the Prevlaka peninsula to Croatia (this applies to Montenegro). Croatia to applies returned (this Montenegro peninsulato the Prevlaka controlled by sinceSerbia minor the andother 1990s issues.war, In2002 Serbia and islands, river Croatian two concerning issue border unresolved an have also Croatia and Serbia to its exclave, butBosnia that protests this wouldits close only naval shipping route. buildAdriatic. Croatiawishes the to Pelješacit abridgethrough which would connectpeninsula, off from the restthat the southernmost strip of Croatianof territory along the Adriatic (borderingCroatia Montenegro), is cut by the Bosnian Neum municipality, Bosnia’s tiny access to the http://www.lawofthesea.net/protokol_o_prevlaci.htm (accessed 9January, 2009). 80 from waters both sides. Slovenia demands butCroatiaa corridor, is unwilling toagreethis, by the territorial waters watersinternational from is off cut perspective, from Croatian the but coast, a portion the of to of Croatia access has Slovenia Currently in Croatian. Savudrija and or in Slovenian Piran of Italy, Bay the over being enclosing the smallcountriesdisputes, plant,nuclearKrško thetwo mostborder the serious power haveunresolved pocket of Sloveneitsacquiesce to demands. lesser Among other problems, such as management jointthe of the territorial Slovenia,neighbor EU-member its is Croatia for challenge policy foreign difficult most the Perhaps who, some believe,has also inherited the problem of isproperty restitution for formerly exiled Italians. using its politically superior position to force Croatia to railway line Zagreb-Biha the cutting Una, river the zigzags over border current The border. their of delineation the over share have and Croatia, issues.border, who avery long disagreements andHerzegovina Bosnia border their resolved not have neighbors its and Croatia resolved, was which Kosovo, with Law of the Sea. “Protocol for the Temporary Regime of Prevlaka,” of Regime Temporary the for “Protocol Sea. of the Law ü -Spilt in-Spiltmany so itisthatparts Another unusable.rendered problem is 49 80 Croatia CEU eTD Collection identity-related issues,is easier toresolve provided thereis will. mutual good This the demonstrates complicatedstatement but technical nature of problem,the unlike which conflicts between the two states are arbitrated. One expert assessment of the argument is that: but only border condition the all Sloveniathat agreed, under andlater originally refused, high seas. accesstothe blocking Slovenia’s begancreate an in2004when Croatia announcedplans to Exclusive Zone, Economic thus 83 2009). November10, 2003.http://civilitasresearch.org/publications/view_article.cfm?article_id=50 (accessed February 9, 82 croatia/slovenia-seizes-piran-bay-with-a-new-map_226008. (accessed May 14, 2009). 81 because it it with deprive border its maritime of would Italy. Ibid. Biljana Radonjic, “Slovenia: Maritime dispute unlikely to obstruct Croatian EU membership ambitions,” Hina, “Slovenia Seizes Piran Bay With A New Map,” Javno, January 20, 2009. http://www.javno.com/en- not unilaterally […].” and parties interested all with cooperation in bemade should nature this of decision any that clear it make does convention the Although, shore. manage all natural resourcesband ina up to 200 nautical miles from its of the Sea states that acoastal state is able to assert its exclusive right to accordance with its rights. The United Nations Convention onthe Law unjustifiable. […]From a legal standpoint, Croatia is acting in legal positionSlovenia has strong moral rights in the case, Croatia has the stronger and moves to use EU accession as a stick would be 83 82 When Croatia suggested international arbitration international When suggested Croatia 50 81 It should be noted that the crisis CEU eTD Collection fall of Miloshevich, etc.), this author agrees that the concept still holds true. independence, Kosovo’s (i.e. occurred major changes of before anumber was written book the While forces. international presenceof the without standtheirweak own, on to and aretoo EU by NATO taken measures otherpacifying the and many of Dayton the Peace Accords argue that such as Misha Glenny, inhisbook Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804-1999, myths1990s hasnotbe allowed for to putaside.A numberand stereotypes of commentators, given country. The brief amount of time that has passed since the establishment borders of in the The Western Balkans is populated in a way providesthat for mixing the of ethnic in groups a 3.1 –Interethnic/Religious Tensions and the Possibility of New War. other extreme, the premature integration of unreformed states posing a threat to EU cohesion. Russian influence in is casea the openedby vacuum and,political the on slowed integration, Balkan Muslims as a security threat and an obstacle tomodern development, the among increase Islamism of of growth the conflict, armed into escalating tensions interreligious and/or interethnic include These state. WestBalkan for each possible are scenarios more of or these one negative scenarios. Whileto shaping theircurrent politicalitis toreview problems and successes, important some potential this thesis contributed have histories uses their how and democracies, of Croatiaa family into integrating for conditions and the Republic of MacedoniaMacedonia,much samples ofWestas Balkan politics, arecompatible with certain basic as its cases, of states, CroatiaandtheRepublic degree thetwo what it to has established that Now been C H . 3 – T HE R ISKS OF D ELAYED OR 51 P REMATURE I NTEGRATION . CEU eTD Collection the region have an ambiguous impact on Balkan nationalisms, since they subdue and transform and subdue they since nationalisms, Balkan on impact ambiguous an have region the in general, specific and asvarying EU plans projects, promises from andincentives Union the to in integration has region forjoiningthe processes peace:“European prospect of addedincentives the coupledinvolvement with andMacedonia. of EU the Republic Kosovo, Herzegovina, in likeBosnia and as is countries remain case frozen,the or were either resolved conflicts into 1989,ordescendedafter wars cleansing. of With ethnic European and UShelp,these that had remained mixed after 1945: the USSR, CSSR, and SFRY; they either peacefully divided holds particularlyincompatible. This true for multicultural as states, evidenced by fewstates the are democracy and nationalism that believe and assessment this share not do Bakalova looking at a national be complementary.” can they only compatible; not state or a state with a European history.” Furthermore, headds that“Liberal democracy dominantand ethnic homogeneity are majority. Other conflict both within between states […], and leading to mostthe stable territorial inconfiguration scholars, such of sources greatest the of some removed which its success, of butbecause nationalism ethnic as Maria could argue that Europe has been so harmonious since World War II notbecause of the failure of strength andstrength modern in pervasiveness nationalism of societies. ethnic definition weak andbound towither away. This is a mistake, ashistory has the demonstrated by be must it then believe, they as constructed, socially is nationalism of kind if this that assume and to Balkans, West tend asisEurope the in case than heritagethe rather citizenship, 85 (March/April 2008). 31. 84 Z. Muller makes entitled hisarticle In Likewise, the point that opponents of Ibid. Jerry Z. Muller, “Us and Them: The Enduring Powerof Ethnic Nationalism,” Foreign Affairs 87, no. 2 Us and Them: The Enduring Power of Ethnic Nationalism Enduring Power ofEthnic andThem:The Us 52 ethnonationalism 85 Muller is correct to the extent that one is one that extent the to is correct Muller , nationalism based on shared on based nationalism , 84 AccordingMuller to “one , Jerry CEU eTD Collection 87 2008), 8-9. Integrationand Disintegration, 86 take demographically are seenminorities,over country the fast-growing which to aswanting fear majorities that trend the has been itWest Balkans the In games. zero-sum as sides both of interethnicOften (usually overlapping with interreligious) relations are viewed by majoritiesthe capable of obstructing democratic consolidation and causing a renewal of hostilities. is societies inmulticultural assessment asethnic nationalism support that notdo I However, vocabulary thingswhich maybedue–amongfact the attention,official that –tothe European other refrains least the receives integration processes nationalism and European between “the relationship fromif not wishing to open Pandora’s Box by talking about the subject, Maria Bakalovausing notes that dominant majority states, the Westthe Balkans remains an area of ethnic and religiousterm diversity.importantly, which most of unlike Europe, with afewAs (unstable)exceptions is of composed ‘nationalism’recent past continue exist,to revanchism is often muted in the political discourse, but alive. Most West Balkans, memories poverty, where astill andbitter European from unclear the perspective, in the In demands. its radicalizes relation asweakness, seeing this other, the morebalanced, becomes side that majorities, itbeby for harnessed can destructivepoliticians powers and foreign purposes, often that and as one minorities toamong both exists it that EUagain and time enlargement.”demonstrated has History normativePutting merits andethnonationalism judgmentsaboutthe aside, shortcomings of others.” determining and same stimulating atthe time while nationalisms, of forms andappearances some Bakalova, 7. Processes.” Integration European the in Nationalism “Balkan Bakalova, Maria 86 ed. Leila Simona Talani (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Scholars Cambridge Tyne: upon (Newcastle Talani Simona Leila ed. 53 in EU and the Balkans: Policies of 87 CEU eTD Collection threat, the European Union, in its European Security Strategy (ESS) admits to several aspects of several admits to aspects Security (ESS) Strategy Union,in its European European the threat, as an external Nationalterrorism whose Strategy defines Security Unlike theUnitedStates, 3.2 –Radical Islam – aEuropean Source of Terrorism? in of threat ways. a number security anda be destabilizing effectwould This for EU. the instability source of long-term ita render which region, would inthe newtrouble starting of sparkiscapable problems, asmall with economic arepressed and dream, unattainable EUasan perceive the leaders and political also thatifWestin bloody It demonstrated Balkan the elsewhere WestBalkans. populations as nearly not as were evenconflicts in exists wherepast that cases lack confidence interethnic the of minority languagefrom moderate political coming leaderof the demonstrated party a somewhat 2009). http://www.dnevnik.com.mk/default.asp?ItemID=B4214804526D544E8B5C366882FC8094 88 face andmore inresponse. political amore radical will extreme politics country the destroy Albanian anyonewishesthat who to andAlbanians. Hewarned between Macedonians DPMNE has destroyed the OhridFramework Agreement and calledfor anew agreement VMRO- ruling the that claimed Albanians, the of Party Democratic the of leader the Tachi, minority, as well as in other West Balkan states, tensions run high. In a recentinterview, Menduh Albanian thewar,in its Macedonia, 25% disappeared after at-least with Republic of the largely issue this in Croatia, While worse. if not campaigns, assimilation out carry to willingness from within, and minorities fear their states’ patrons who have historically demonstrated a Mariela Trajkovska, “DPA ispreparing a Replacement for theOhrid Accords,” Skopje: Dnevnik, 11May, 2009. 54 (accessed May 2, May (accessed 88 This sort of CEU eTD Collection December,2003. http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf (accessed 1, June 2009). 89 areas Albanian the In extremists. Islamic Eastern Middle from support financial received have and fundamentalist, more become have clerics that also, in Skopje; mosques two over control have astaken reportingHouse thatextremists are and byFreedom cited Muslim officials local faith Islamic the to belongs minority Albanian the example, for Macedonia, of Republic the In attached, namely that radical Islam now has gained amodest following in the region. strings with came been, have may it as as real course, of help, This wars. respective their during governments tohelp the Muslims inBosniaanda smaller to in extent Kosovo and Macedonia, and organizations Islamist of Eastern Middle We eagerness religion. the witnessed different professes a oranethnic with that majority/minority poverty,confrontation political a neighbor are experiencing that for communities threat isan ever-present radicalization religious However, religious problems of the West Balkans. isfirst immigrants. This generation glance, from problem, at interethnic anddetached inter- the cells operate featuring large European inWest of firstsocieties, groups andMuslim later- As theabove theend, likeclarifiesAl terrorist quotation toward organizations IslamistQaeda and that it is found not only abroad, but unlike the United States, domestically: Europe, targets it that terrorism, of source a is Islam Radical that namely, problem; alarming an European Council. A SECURE EUROPE IN A BETTER WORLD: EUROPEAN SECURITY STRATEGY. 12 European action is indispensable. is action European Concerted Belgium. and Spain Germany, Italy, UK, the in uncovered been have cells Qaeda Al for bases Logistical attacked. been have and targets are countries European terrorism: such for base a and a target both is Europe own of our society. part a also is phenomenon This societies. foreign in living people of modernisation, cultural, social and political crises, pressures and thethe alienation include These of young causes. of complex out It arises extremism. religious The most recent wave of terrorism is global in its scope and is linked to violent 89 55 CEU eTD Collection influence in influence region. the is formed inthe WestBalkans, Russia could opportunity usethe expandto its own political the hope of EU integration as a motivating force for reformif that is risk weakened real very isit a and a political Balkans, the and vacuum Europe Eastern in South interested been traditionally ambitions which could beseen andas neo-imperialist, considering former that the has demonstrating is Russia when a time at multipolar, increasingly becoming is which world a In 3.3 –Russian Influence and its Implications. life. of quality the of improvement and reforms, of execution full region, the of integration Atlantic into asecurity maybecrisis swifter than we canpredict andis bythe Euro- quick preventable living an of in developmentincreased the to region.this security of the However, standard threat leading by help can integration EU poverty, with associated is often radicalism Since Muslims. Eastern counterpart, it will be difficult for extremists Middle its than tomodern impose more theirtraditionally is agendaBalkans inthe on native-European community Muslim the Since threat of Islamism and aninternal European source of terrorism will only increase. the funding aretolerated, of sources Eastern shady Middle to connected foundations and charity unreasonably delayed and for as long as the presence in the Balkans of religious, educational, espoused a form itif integrationof should betakenis a Islam, radical as that warning European has Balkans the in community predominantly-Muslim other any or Albanian the that mean not womeneducation proxy “subjectedWhileare often voting.”denied access andto are to this does 56 CEU eTD Collection leaders, which would in turn lead to a reversal of democratic reform a reversal consolidation, of in leadanddemocratic reform and to leaders, turn whichwould and parties authoritarian of advance the dependency, energy increased as: such implications Russia a to moretake advantageous position in West Balkans,the thiscouldhave anumber of If European the Union and NATOallow apolitical vacuum form in to Westthe Balkans, andfor the energy distribution systems of West Balkan states like Serbia. governmentin exchange for foreign policy favors. Recently, Russia has attempted to monopolize 2001 warin itis Macedonia,support of Republic the Russia demonstrated that the willingto out in Kosovo, and then scrambled toreach Prishtina airport before the NATO forces. During the Miloshevich’s he campaign carried Russia that ethnic cleansing of the supported during regime Wars. Finally, for during Serbia Yugoslav the support Russia the Bosnian Serbs and showed Aegean a friendlythrough Communist After state. breakupthe USSRandthe of Yugoslavia, the Aegean accessto Macedoniaandgaining with intention of Macedonia, perhaps acquitting the obtain mostthe for Russia.Russia Soviet continued this policy,helpingengineer to aYugoslav andto Balkanstates government, between parties, andconflicts intrigues international political Balkan peninsula from Ottomans,the andin negative ways – participating ininternal and much the liberated of havewould that anarrangement Stefano, San of treaty the endedwith manifestedbeen in a number of ways, some positive, War asthe Russo-Turkish of 1878, which had aspirations symbolism. sake These the of for Constantinople, as capturing aswell reasons, for strategic andtheBosphorus was in Dardanelles the controlling case, Russia’s interest Ottoman Empire the and Balkans West the for Austria-Hungary of forrival a been had Russia I, whatWar World Until we may retrospectively refer to as the “East” Balkans. In the latter 57 CEU eTD Collection the Warsthe during 1990s. the at suffered expenseforfrom the tool of victims power preservingandincreasingtheir the who nationalismconflicts, was used bymembers Yugoslavof the and Albanian as a establishments Western due totheunresolvedbetween thefirst 2007pairBalkans wasthat inter-ethnic and the 90 power.” careersof the whoold heldreformsstill colleagues many thatof threatened communist positions ‘Socialist’ with little change of leadership orpolicy […] [and] they blocked political or economic Poole writes about Bulgaria and Romania, “the former Communist parties […] called themselves Peter As has peculiarities. case Every country’s power. economic,oligarchic, into often power Nomenklatura democratic offunctioning. modes Inpractice, though, they preserved theconnection oldthe of names andadopted parties changedtheirof block, former former Eastern the the Communist every country almost In democracy. ofaWestern from perspective the understand to be difficult may which specifics, own its has accession EU for preparing states the of structure political The 3.4 –Integrating Unreformed States – ALiability for the EU? destabilized and by dominated makingRussia, ita long-term strategic liability for EU. the region could be important this strategically is down integration orslowed halted excessively, minoritydeterioration of andrights freedom press.the of In words,if other EU and NATO Peter Pool, 90 More or less, the Western Balkans followed the same pattern. The major difference EuropeUnites: The EU’s Eastern Enlargement with new political figures and often new figures andsucceeded with political in often political transforming their 58 (Westport:Praeger Publishers, 2003), 98. CEU eTD Collection Greece and the Republic of Macedonia, inor fact, many of theirWest Balkan neighbors, were to dysfunctional EUwouldthe become ifwith unresolved asexistcountries problems, between ineffectivesteering EUwith its current toimagine the decision-makinghow procedures, fully reformed, it is likely to weaken itself. One only needs to think of the immense difficulty before are they membernew states accepting of its 2007mistake repeats Union If the European of possessed byforces who will only from suffer transparency, democracy, andcooperation. criterion will not be not will criterion Copenhagen other law,real every of and rule market economy, functioning areal cooperation, attracta following. extremeNaturally, to nationalism espoused real regional and chauvinism also them, call may we as past”, the of “forces same the places, in other than so more Balkans, West the In money, etc. launder dirty and crime organized create to services security old duringmanaged Communism andwho tocling power, on through connections,through usingthe mimicry whohadheldkeypositions experiencedof people apost-Communist counterparts They justWestare onlythesymptoms likethough. Balkanstates, many of their EastEuropean these problems are difficult, they are solvable. While Union. the accedeto when tothe can“transfer” they EU, unreformed states thatproblems among are control border, the external of crime, organized poor accession. Corruption, after toperform worse likely accession to are prior full the setof reforms undergone not which have quickly andmake accession EUproblems.after their deficiencies meansthatcountries This lose reform haveincentive their countries shown,unreformed to As previous enlargements really implemented for as long as West Balkan societies continue to be 59 CEU eTD Collection squabbles. their with EU whole the weakening and ideas another’s one vetoing Council in the up end 60 CEU eTD Collection conflict will become practically impossible. The inclusion of the West Balkans into the Union the into Balkans West the of inclusion The impossible. practically become will conflict new armed image-wrecking and for adestabilizing chance influence there. The theirincreasing aregion,integrate and located, whichis preventRussiaandRadical strategically from Islam importantly more will It Balkans. Western in the originating activity criminal organized the The Union, governance,European ensuringbetter through have eliminate will theopportunity to in region. the actors new cooperation,which will benefit withinall andpolitical the pageof regional open EU, a past recent unstable breaktheir with to have chance will the states These prosperity. economic Western Balkans will have a unique chancetojoin aunion traditional of forward values,but and The benefits of timely and well-prepared enlargement are many and are found for both sides. The 4.1 –TheBenefits of Enlargement of canbeviewedthis apolicy chapter as proposal. andfuture ofintegrating improvements. membermethods Thelatter section will states proposed of currently-used the shortcomings discusswill the It rushedintegration. or delayed problems of This willchapter focus onthebenefits of as to enlargement, timely opposed potential the C H . 4 – T HE B ENEFITS OF E NLARGEMENT AND NLARGEMENT 61 M ETHODS OF I NTEGRATION CEU eTD Collection 92 (accessed March 17, 2009). berlin.org/en/produkte/swp_aktuell_detail.php?id=10175&PHPSESSID=4915d75141f129c08df0fb199fd1260a. http://www.swp- Leverage in the Western Balkans,” Western inthe Leverage 91 Western Balkan states, whichThe EUis in of process the repeating sameorperhapsamuch the bigger mistake with the “will display the same [corruption-related]well.)” problems as Bulgaria club, the EU loses most of its leverage over them. (Many say much the same of Cyprus as into the get soon, suchcountries once arguing too that Romania wereadmitted Bulgaria and that say in Brussels politicians and diplomats of “Plenty that: summarizes article Economist recent fix, A theEUlacksmechanism an of harderto issues as adequate coercion. become particularly impulse and lose unresolved membernew their states EU, reform after joining the that showed enlargement The of from far2004 and2007waves is is The perfect. currently accession way run 4.2 –The current approach and its effects. more security, prosperity, and stability for both sides. will prevent the materializing arereformed newmember states that which hasensured atimely words, enlargement In other of the negative scenarios discussedforce. image of EUasanstabilizing the effective earlier, and willland itwill Asiafaster the geopolitically, consolidate to consolidate and will up opening routes bring about The The Economist,“Bulgarian rhapsody,”May 16-20, 2009,38. Dušan Relji 92 ü andSolveig Richter, “The EU's CommonForeign and Security Policy (CFSP) Risks Forfeiting Its German Institute for International and Security Affairs, 62 91 (December2008), CEU eTD Collection aspirant states. aspirant leftit andjusticedevelopment, andsecurity.a large of However, initiative degree the in the work out issues Europe to Eastern from states South the encouraged (SPSEE) Europe Eastern for South Pact and In additionreform to the principle of Conditionality, a number of formats, such as the former Stability in three fields:havedifferentcountries.applicant beenappliedto human standards uneven times at micromanagement; see as what some into cross would these because rights and of ignorant them, the areeither its institutions because reforms democracy, necessary certain exact attimesto fails The EU of conditionality. application practical the economicsCopenhagen Criteria; annualmonitoring multi-speedthe is the approach, reflecting EU’s reports and generalizing approach even produced abacklash and the opposite result, as was the case with the Co-operation Process (SEECP),started by Bulgaria 1996.in 95 Politics and Societies adopting the adopting The principle is of mainConditionality applied asthe with tool enlargementof a focus on countries’ specific history, and development, problems. a technical and at timeshistory, and tense foreign relations. The main problem of the currentsuperficial approach is that the EU uses nationalism, fraud identity societies, with completed basedstate-supported extreme denial on of approach for all states, which does not always reflect the 94 93 and Romania in even more extreme form” SPSEE was replaced by Regionalthe Co-operation Council (RCC),which is related to Souththe East European Bernd Rechel, “What has Limited the EU’s Impact on Minority Rights in Accession Countries?” inAccession Rights on Minority Impact EU’s the Limited has “What Rechel, Bernd Ibid. Acquis communautaire (Acquis), 95 As Maria Bakalova points out, there have been times when EU action, with its with action, EU when times been have there out, points Bakalova Maria As 22, (2008), 176-177. 93 in addition to their dysfunctional, intolerant, and intolerant, dysfunctional, their to addition in 63 94 transposing EUdirectives, andfulfilling the Acquis does not cover them, or East European CEU eTD Collection Europe: The Myth of Conditionality 99 98 Europe,” Eastern and Union 97 96 tool a “myth.” Europeanization the “conditionalityshare this view, although they focus on other areas of reform, such as minority protection. Due to allows for muchtoo leeway lacks and enough country specificity. areother authorswho There effect on gap,”the present. issues very address ashistory have real a to such issues,failing of which “technical” denial, Thislevel the on scholars nevertheless are Bakalova by author given examples the extent, some to is true this While believes that thesuch application as agreementof 2001.” of theJohn conditionality major Ohridimplementation 2001EU-brokered between and the communities the of two Hughes principlewith neighboring countries; on handin other the Macedonia atthe is attention relations directed et relations the on and politics alminority country’s the on emphasis strong very a was there reports call conditionality Croatia –in Commission “e.g. evenissueslike nationalism. all into account taking specific, is monitoring country- in their general areframed terms, conditions while accession claims that leverage of politics member“unprecedented domestic aspiring over states.” an is Conditionality that asargue Vachudova, as such authors, some Conditionality, a to Returning conflict-prevention.” around “ended itStability which: was clearly nationalism, Pact up reinforcing even though oriented James Hughes, et al., Bakalova, 14. European The States: onDemocratizing Institutions ofInternational Leverage “The Vachudova, Anna Milada Bakalova, 14. Europeanization and Regionalization in the EU's Enlargement toCentraland Eastern 98 RSCAS Working Paper 96 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 172. 99 33, no.2001, 1-42, in Rechel,172. 64 97 Bakalova also CEU eTD Collection Society 102 101 100 contexts persist.” policy and national across divergences deep while proven, empirically than rather assumed that“thestudy. ‘Europeanizing’of far has effect EU conditionality Hewrites so generally been Bernd further elaborates Rechel inthis interesting point study uses that an Bulgaria asa case institution building are still problems, but sees the 2004 and 2007 enlargements as proof proof the of 2007 enlargementsas butsees the2004and institution building problems, arestill anddeny democratization not that O’Brennan does Of course, candidates. West Balkan the of movement free and independence the for allows process integration EU’s the that – point theirgovernments. thepeoplebetween link and destroying the and process hasbuilding democratic institution of which a“depoliticizing” effect these societies engaged in a neo-imperial inexercise Western the Balkans, is which compromising the approaching the issue from the opposite perspective of this thesis. Chandler argues that the EU is Chandler with not, or Balkans Western the integrating is properly EU the whether on Society) Balkans, JohnO’Brennan and Davidconductedadiscussion (partly on pages the of Global subject of EU enlargement, often in the context of conditionality inor the context of the Western the discuss Bakalova, who and Vachudova, suchasRechel,authors Hughes, to In addition areas in too. EUis part of the other valid the author specificallyand “when policy changes [are] triggered they [are] studiesoften of token nature.” minorities, only intergovernmental fororganizations of recommendations “political superficially reasons,” his conclusion follow often impact that governments the of EU pressure,” tooverstate and EUtend the government there is missing expertise on the David Chandler, “European Union Statebuilding: Securing the Liberal Peace through EU Enlargement,” EU through Peace Liberal the Securing Statebuilding: Union “European Chandler, David Ibid. Rechel, 172. 21, no.4, (2007),593-607. 100 Weaknesses of conditionality, according to Rechel, are that “both national “both that are Rechel, to according conditionality, of Weaknesses 65 102 O’Brennan argues opposite the 101 Additionally, while Global CEU eTD Collection the case in other new member states. In addition to problems, however, West Balkan states due Balkan states West problems,however, In addition to newmember casein states. the other The sufferWestern Balkan from states andcorruption lackchronic ofhealthy asis civil societies, usually not enough. If one is tobe healed, one needs toattack illnessthe causing the symptoms. similar toaninfection. Justlikein treating person, is an infected caseof symptoms the the have internal problems, grave healthy.not They are societies Western Balkans larger degree, isThis foundedlike but ontherealization an approach that allpost-Communistto even states, Balkans. Western in the be realized principle Conditionality the of application new a suggests (Routledge, 2009). 103 the of implementation and adoption the about It is not difficult to find examples of EU officials4.3 –A New Approach and its Possible Effects. speaking in general, vague, technical terms it more than micromanage currently does). inneeded, both its scope and ititsmore tocoverought depth(meaning subjectsand more that believes leeway, more be given WestBalkans the ideathat Chandler’s This stands closer positionsauthor from and tothe far of Hughes and Rechel, supporting December of 2009. isbe by publishedinis to expected on John O’Brennan subject an ongoingdebate,asabook this making is impossible useless. This Western or Balkan states withininternal the andconsensus discussions reforms in participation EU direct and conditionality of principle the that idea the address not in O’Brennan his Chandlerarguesthatsuccess of does EU’smethods. the response JohnO’Brennn, Theand EU theWestern Balkans: Stabilization andEuropeanization through Enlargement 103 66 Acquis and Copenhagen criteria. This This author criteria. and Copenhagen interference is CEU eTD Collection goes forgoes ensuring genuinemedia freedom and agenuine respect for human rights. same The relations. interethnic/interreligious and neighborly good strengthen and nationalism aggressive weaken will which catharsis, asocial cause will stereotypes nationalistmyths and employing international ifarbitration need be. Sparking a critical self-analysis of historical international thescholarship, are principlesaccording of major and to resolved, disagreements the until sciences, social and humanities in the materials educational all revise to scholars of jointcommissions for creating EUshould arrange in the Macedonia, of Republic Particularly the political partners theirtoavoid and actions, inorder legitimizing controversial figures. political of choice the toward be directed should more attention states, Balkan West all case of In the them for fruitful membership.EU together with the implementation of the more-general to strive will which measures, these of implementation of each state and the problems stemmingfrom it. The EUought toclosely monitor the historical the account legacy into basis, taking action on a country-to-country prescribe concrete members future setup EUneeds specificthe states, and successful to and constructive criteria be will they that ensure and fully Balkans West the reform to order In insufficient. is this societies, of “symptoms” these the to treating interaction its limits Union When European the neighborly andrelations genuinedemocratization, feed also aggressive nationalism. identities leftfrom from which over Yugoslavia, aside precludingof the development good national unsettled and falsifications historical maintain that elites have also They potential. destabilizing with conflicts minority frozen, unresolved, have circumstances historical their to 67 Acquis normalize and Copenhagen Criteria, prepare and Copenhagen West Balkan and societies West Balkan CEU eTD Collection Balkan situation will boost the image of the EU as a security-building actor on the international the on actor security-building a as EU the of image the boost will situation Balkan in the interestonly not is Balkans Western the of integration Euro-Atlantic the that ofconcludes also thesis theThis former, but also in the interest ofmaneuvering EUpolicy. the EU. A successfulUnion by allowing dysfunctional handling states access to the already-difficultmechanisms for of the the destabilize andmentality will reform key ofsocial only has areas overlooked that integration a rushed However, region. the of prosperity and stability the ensure will integration hurried demonstrate thatnot only butriskto Union. attempted thesis European timely for the This Balkan politicians in profit, is arekeepingan these existence,countries asecurity unstable which from many organized West nationalism, The frozen which crime, andaggressive conflicts, and Serbia. Montenegro, brings it levelcloser tothe itsof less neighbors –Bosniareformed and Herzegovina, steps it be hasmade,continues to pulled back byinter-ethnic and identity which problems, Croatia is finishat the line membership,of EU Repubic the of Macedonia, despite thepositive studies. Theanswer tothis question with corresponds assessmentthe of EU institutions: while Western Balkans are forfindingsolutions for political problems. Onthisbasis, thesis this askedhow preparedthe EU accession,in analysis historical detailed of significance the also but problems, using political of cause a as history Croatia and the RepublicThis thesis of attempted Macedonia to achieve severalas case objectives. One was to demonstrate the significance of C ONCLUSION 68 CEU eTD Collection their full implementation, in addition to the to addition in implementation, full their conditionality Itoughttoinvolveprinciple. prescriptionsconcrete more must and EU the ensure of the of application the requiresan overhaul member states, admitted recently of the more thanany TheWest problematic being Balkans, incertain pursue hollowareas. convergence to has allowed states prescriptions, concrete without but criteria, of Copenhagen the concept and that political andlegitimacy. donotreceive with leaders that toorganized crime ties beinvolved more in governanceensuring that good and the rule oflaw are being implemented, become obvious that the mechanical transfer of EU law, EU the of transfer mechanical the that become obvious inhas overlookingwhich hasled enlargements major the caseof It to previous problems. hasThe Union beenEuropean flexible not in addressingthe enough of specifics each state, integration. wayforthe more-than-technical with Only that. willgenuinely freethis these from societies theirfrozen conflicts and will open in(except Albania) left them as inheritance,an andthe identity issuesand nationalist associated social reexaminingcatharsis, theirhistorical myths andYugo-communism that stereotypes However, in order to achieve a qualitative integration, West Balkan societies Europe. of is part a strategic inwhat willoccur extremism need to undergo a Islamic Russia or to related scenarios, geopolitical negative no that ensure will also arena. It Acquis 69 and Copenhagen criteria. The EU should also Acquis, and the insistence on and on the insistence the CEU eTD Collection Map byWilliam R. Shepherd, HistoricalAtlas, 1911. An Ethnographicalmapof theBalkans 1911. from A PPENDIX 70 1 CEU eTD Collection 107 106 “Arhivi” RB,na 2008). 105 104 Delchev. suchasGotse revolutionaries nationalproof of separate the feeling of within the Ottoman Empire,is often cited as andAegean seekautonomy should Macedonia Autonomist state. Macedonian first as Empire the Bulgarian Macedonian historiography claims Samuil’s nation. Macedonian of the patriarch Macedonia today, Misirkov is regarded as the consciousness. having national a Macedonian as Ristovski Blazhe historian Macedonian the Krustyo Misirkov (Krste) is misrepresented by Falsification/Myth be can which infound historiography contemporary and textbooks in state, and Republicthe Macedonia.of nation Bulgarian the with relations and identity national of Macedonian formation the concerning mystifications and falsifications historical major of Examples Banac, 314-315. Runciman, 168. Ʉ Blazhe Ristovski. .P.Misirkov. ideology, or the idea that Vardar 104 Diary. 5.V In Republicof the Krste P. Misirkov ȱȱ – 30. V ȱȱȱ (1874 – 1920) .1913 , (Sofia– Skopie: Drzhaven arhiv na RM/Durzhavna agentsiya A PPENDIX , (Skopje:, Kultura, 1966). 71 separation from from separation proper.” Bulgaria Macedonia’s Christian population despite the of Bulgar the would character preserve whole and that it was “a prophylactic that autonomy Macedonia that preserve would thought they Therefore, country. the partition ambitions in Macedonia”, which were to and Greek “awareSerbian of were (BMORK) Committee Revolutionary Adrianopolitan other leaders of the Bulgarian Macedoni- Banac clarifies that Gotse Delchev and the Empire. considers it apart of the First Bulgarian historian Steven Runciman,like many others, Republic of Macedonia; the prominent British the of outside accepted isnot theory This direction. right in the step in and Sofia Skopje in 2008, which is a first A bilingual edition of diarythe was published in a differentlight –as a Bulgarian patriot. well as Misirkov’s diaryfrom 1913 show him as material, of The largearchival collection Clarification 2 106 107 105 CEU eTD Collection 307, 347. 110 nacionalna istorija, vol.I, book I,1968), 158-187. 109 korespondent Georgi Markov istoricheskloto mislene.” in 108 by accompanied a myth of many ethnic of Bulgarian isoccupation (1941-1944) The myth massof during resistance period the been created. and amyth occupation” has mass resistance of fascist asthe“Bulgarian to referred Bulgarian Kingdom Worldduring WarII,is into The inclusion of Vardar Macedonian the Mihailo Apostolski. Angel Dimitrov. “Bulgarskata vlast vuv Vardarska Makedonia ili za efektite ot politicheskata inertsiya v Todor Chepreganov, ed., Chepreganov, Todor Izvori Za Osloboditelnata Vojna I Revolucija Vo Makedonija 1941-1945 Istoriyata Britanski voeni misii vo Makedonija 1942-1945 (Sofia: Tangra TanNakRa,2008), 421. – Profesiya i sudba 72 . Sbornik v chest na 60-godishninata na chlen- Bulgar elements.” the reason for this was the “multitude of YCPstated the of instructor-commissars Serb not amicably disposed.” burdened by propaganda andanti-partisan was was ofMacedonia (Eastern) of this part Captain “the population to Lambie According and movements” our of army Bulgarian partisans… they informedconstantly the the toward hostile are majority their 1944 Clarke “thethat wrote local in villagers with the partisans held the same opinion. In German military and other civilians that died (approximately) Jewsby deported 7,000 the This figure apparently includes the Bulgarianaccording to intelligence data. Macedonian historiography and 1100-1200 was around 3000people according to Macedonia of Vardar part Bulgarian-controlled 1944, the numbertotal of partisans in the movementuntil 1943, anduntil July-August Even then, there was practically no partisan him with help from Moscow. to Shatarov as “the old Bulgar” and removed referred Tito Macedoniaconsidered liberated. population the because armed resistance, mass for conditions not are there that thought and Party, Communist theBulgarian YCP to the from allegiance Communists’ Macedonian Metodi Shatarov, aspired to switch the of Macedonianthe Communists, headedby Macedonia. During this leadership period, the in Vardar (YCP) Party Communist Yugoslav of 1941, therewere 300members of the The facts show otherwise. During the summer (Skopje:Matica Makedonska, 2000), 109 British officers embedded 110 (Skopje: Institut za 108 The CEU eTD Collection 113 112 111 partisans. Communist claiming that it was the work of the contribution of the Bulgarian army, and Germany is also mythologized, denying the The liberation from of Vardar Macedonia they are between 14,000and 20,000people. Macedonian army.According to propaganda killedby Macedonian casualties Bulgarian the Nikolay Kotev. Nikolay 434. Dimitrov, 432. Dimitrov, Voyna bez pravila: Britanskoto razuznavane vBulgaria 73 happened in 1944. October-December (includingKosovo and South Serbia.) This out the Wehrmachtfrom the Vardar Valley Wehrmachtin the region. He adds that it drove force practically capable of challenging the only was the military Bulgarian that writes Oxley, head of the Allied Control Commission, to the British War Office, Gen. Walter Hayes In one of his subsequently reports declassified partisans. army. After being denied, he joined the tojoin Bulgarian Bulgarian requested the after being released from Italian captivity as a Apostolski, who had been a Yugoslav officer, Mihaylo “general” partisan the Similarly, 1944,Lazarafter (Lazo) Kulishevski. Macedonia of minister prime first the with case as wasthe their for actions, they repented Usually they declared to be Bulgarians and that reduced. othersentences waivedsentences or had fighters their resistance convicted death 353. archive, number the of partisans killed is According to data from the Bulgarian military September 1944. Germany waragainstduring the after 111 The vast majority of arrested and 112 (Sofia, 1994)189. 113 CEU eTD Collection of Pirin Macedonia,1944-1949, Angelov, Vesselin State Archive fund– Blagoevgrad, 242,index.1,archival unit25, sheet 50. Original, December Typed, Nevrokop, 27,1946. without taking into their account. opinion Bulgarians from both sides of the river Mesta, ought to be registered as ethnic Macedonians, andTurks, Bulgarians originatingin parts other of country,the including but theMuslim mayorsthe in his region duringordering that the 1946census all people exceptJews, Gypsies, Telephonogram from the Regional Director of the Nevrokop region (Gotse Delchev, Bulgaria) to Chronicle of a ChronicleNational of Treason. The Attempts Violent Denationalizationfor (Sofia,15-56. 2004), A PPENDIX 74 3 CEU eTD Collection position,” Argumenti, 20 May, 2008. http://www.argumenti.net/?p=23 (accessedMay on 7, 2009). 116 115 (accessed April 24, 2009). http://www.dnevnik.bg/bulgaria/2007/01/14/304597_incident_obtiaga_otnosheniiata_sus_skopie/. 14 January, 2007 114 flagthe of in ruling the party Republic of the Macedonia. Revolutionary Organization)flags on his property. day, chargeswere raised Karov foragainst having Bulgarian and IMRO (Internal Macedonian monuments of Albanian national heroes and eveninsurgents from 2000-2001. The following known as illegal construction, large topics which could divide the Macedonian nation.” he had notasked for permission and because this monument, in the mayor’s own words, “opens town’s The mayor, Atse Kotsevski, perpetrators. condemned unknown Karov for installing supposedly by the bust on hisvandalized privatethen property and because authorities local the which Dragi Karov from town the of Veles had erectedin his house’sgarden, wasdestroyed by On March 2,2008,abust of Alexandrov,Todor Macedonian another Bulgarian revolutionary, during against protests NATO’s campaign in in Yugoslavia 1999. USembassy wasattacked way Thebehavedinasimilar thugs. Macedonian the the police when idle, remained police the while men, by armed thirty assaulted about were elderly, and intellectuals including commemoration, the attending people The in shot bytheSerbian 1928. authorities fighter, MaraBuneva, resistance Macedonian Bulgarian caseOne from recent of 2007 wasthedestruction a plaquein commemoratingSkopje the Viktor Kanzurov, “The Contemporary Problems of the Bulgarians in the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria’s and Macedonia of Republic inthe Bulgarians the of Problems Contemporary “The Kanzurov, Viktor Petar Pechkov, “A Bust of Todor Aleksandrov Sprung up in a Veles Yard,” Skopje: Dnevnik, 3 March, 2008. Dnevnik, “An Incident causes Tensions of Relations with Skopie,” 14 January, 2007. divogradbi A , is, omnipresent and tolerated in Macedonia, and so are PPENDIX 75 116 Ironically, the IMRO flags are the same as 4 114 115 which some for see ascovertsupport This appears as a double standard, as CEU eTD Collection a_integrirani_ili_suverenni/ (accessed January 7, 2009). January (accessed a_integrirani_ili_suverenni/ http://www.dnevnik.bg/evropa/novini_ot_es/2009/01/06/609461_balkanite_prez_2009- Cherneva, Vessela. “The Balkans in 2009: Integrated or Sovereign.” Makedonska, 2000. ed. Todor, Chepreganov, Guardian Chandler, David.“The high representative for Bosnia still itruns like afeudal fiefdom,” Cambridge:December,2007. 17-19 and the Simulation of Power,” Chandler, David. “The EU’s Promotion of Democracy in the Balkans: The Power of Simulation 519-529. Chandler, David. “Normative Power and the Liberal Liberal andthe Peace,” “Normative Power David. Chandler, Enlargement,” David. “European Union Chandler, Liberal the Securing Statebuilding: EU Peace through 2009). https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hr.html April (accessed 27, Central Intelligence Agency. “CIA World Factbook: Croatia.” (accessed March 29, 2009). http://www.focus-news.net/?id=f11631. Churches of Prespa-Palagoniyathe Eparchy.” Bishop Petar. “Bishop Petar will support the Restoration of Bulgarian Military Memorials in Banac, Ivo. Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008). Balkans: Policies ofIntegrationand Disintegration, Processes.” in theEuropeanIntegration Nationalism “Balkan Maria. Bakalova, 2009). 2June,(accessed http://www.bbc.co.uk/macedonian/news/story/2006/08/060825_vlada.shtml BBC. “The Assembly for vote the will New Government.” 25August, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8014840.stm. (accessed 29April, 2009). BBC. “EU calls off talks with Croatia.” 23 April, 2009. Skopje: Institut za nacionalna istorija, vol. I,book I, 1968. Apostolski, Mihailo. , November 20,2007. The NationalQuestion in Yugoslavia. Global Society Izvori ZaOsloboditelnata Vojna IRevolucijaVo Makedonija 1941-1945 Britanski voeni misiivo Makedonija 1942-1945. 21, no.4,(2007), 593-607. British International StudiesAssociation AnnualConference B IBLIOGRAPHY Agentsiya Focus 76 CornelIthaca: University Press, 1992. ed. Leila Simona Talani (Newcastle upon Global Society , 28March, 2009. Dnevnik, Skopje: Matica 22, no. 22, 4,(2008), January 6, 2009. in EU andthe , . CEU eTD Collection May 3, 2009). (accessed lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:042:0051:01:EN:HTML. Decision 12 2006/145/EC. February,http://eur- 2008. priorities and conditions contained in the Accession Partnership with Croatia and repealing European Council. 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