Embargo Militare Contro Israele

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Embargo Militare Contro Israele Embargo Militare contro Israele Dossier a cura di BDS Italia Con il sostegno di PeaceLink e la collaborazione del Collettivo A Foras Postfazione di Giorgio Beretta Elaborazione grafica copertina: Rachele Streccioni Girolimetti Hanno collaborato alla redazione: Angelo Baracca, Filippo Bianchetti, Rossana De Simone, Olivia Ferguglia, Ester Garau, Ugo Giannangeli, Flavia Lepre, Antonio Mazzeo, Loretta Mussi, Charlotte Napoli, Raffaele Spiga, Angelo Stefanini Coordinatore del progetto: Raffaele Spiga Qui, su pendii di colline davanti al tramonto E alla bocca del tempo Accanto ai giardini di ombre spezzate, Facciamo come fanno i prigionieri, facciamo come fanno i disoccupati, coltiviamo la speranza ***** Un paese si prepara all’alba. Intontiti A spiare l’ora della vittoria: senza notte nella notte illuminata di bombe. I nemici vegliano E accendono le luci per noi Fino al buio dei sotterranei. ***** Quest’assedio si prolungherà fino a quando non avremo insegnato ai nemici passi della nostra poesia antica Da “Stato d’assedio” di Mahmoud Darwish Sommario Introduzione Per un embargo militare di Israele ............................. 3 Gruppo di lavoro Embargo Militare BDS Italia 1. Ruolo del complesso militare-industriale israeliano nel contesto globale della guerra al terrorismo e nel settore della sicurezza ................................................... 17 Angelo Stefanini 2. Relazioni militari Italia - Israele .......................... 51 Rossana De Simone 3. Collaborazioni militari Italia – Israele nello sviluppo di startup .............................................................. 95 Loretta Mussi 4. Un paese perennemente in guerra, un paese per la guer- ra .................................................................... 99 Antonio Mazzeo 5. Horizon 2020 e le università italiane .................... 123 Olivia Ferguglia 6. Il segreto di Pulcinella: l’incredibile arsenale nucleare di Israele .......................................................... 127 Angelo Baracca 7. L’Unione Europea e i droni MADE IN ISRAEL ..... 141 Traduzione e adattamento di Raffaele Spiga 8. Le complicità occulte: il caso di AXA .................. 149 Filippo Bianchetti e Ugo Giannangeli 9. Caccia italiani a Israele..................................... 155 Filippo Bianchetti e Ugo Giannangeli 10. L’occupazione militare della Sardegna ................ 165 A Foras Postfazione Il salto di qualità del commesso viaggiatore .............. 185 Giorgio Beretta Appendice Collaborazioni Italia, UE e Israele – Le schede .......... 193 Antonio Mazzeo Nota del curatore Il movimento BDS si basa su fatti ben documentati, per questo motivo abbiamo chiesto a tutti coloro che hanno contribuito alla redazione di fornire sempre riferimenti e citazioni di fon- ti verificabili relativamente ai dati e alle informazioni pubblicati. A costo di appesantire la lettura, già non agevole dato l'argomen- to, sono state inserite quasi 350 note a piè pagina con richiami al- le fonti, tutte verificabili. Ringrazio personalmente tutti gli autori ed autrici per la generosi- tà, la competenza e lo spirito di collaborazione. Le posizioni po- litiche e le idee espresse non sono ascrivibili a BDS Italia ma at- tengono alla sensibilità di ciascuno di cui abbiamo voluto rispet- tare le esperienze e le sensibilità. Il nostro obiettivo consiste nel sollevare la questione di un embar- go militare bidirezionale nei confronti di Israele, documentando lo stretto legame che intercorre fra la politica e gli armamenti. Abbiamo voluto indagare ed approfondire le relazioni tra Israele, le istituzioni ed i governi europei, le collaborazioni tra istituti di ricerca ed accademie nello sviluppo di armi e tecnologie securita- rie di ogni sorta e così denunciarne la pericolosità e l’impunità, sottolineando come il diritto internazionale sia troppo spesso ignorato e calpestato dagli interessi economici e strategici. Seppur consci di esserci posti un obiettivo ambizioso, speriamo vivamente di essere riusciti a raggiungerlo. Ringrazio tutte e tutti coloro che hanno creduto nel progetto e hanno contribuito a realizzarlo. Infine, un sentito ringraziamento al Centro Studi Sereno Regis, per la preziosa collaborazione e di- sponibilità nell'agevolare la pubblicazione del presente volume. Il Coordinatore del Progetto Raffaele Spiga 2 Introduzione Per un embargo militare di Israele Gruppo di lavoro Embargo Militare BDS Italia La preminenza e la dimensione del sistema militare, l’uso spro- porzionato della forza militare e la spregiudicatezza nel fomenta- re guerre non caratterizzano solo lo stato di Israele. Solo Israele tuttavia presenta alcune caratteristiche peculiari che giustificano ampiamente la richiesta di embargo militare nei suoi confronti, così come l’unicità e la gravità dell’Apartheid in Sud Africa com- pattarono la Comunità internazionale nel chiederne il boicottag- gio. Esistono almeno tre motivi per cui chiediamo l’embargo mi- litare contro Israele: Israele pratica l’apartheid contro il popolo palestinese in modo quasi scientifico, grazie alla sua forza e alla tecnologia militare, accompagnando questo crimine con una pulizia etnica continua e costante che perdura da oltre cento anni, con il fine di realizzare uno stato ebraico “puro”. Israele, grazie alle sue pratiche e strategie aggressive e sofisticate, applicate e testate sulla popolazione palestinese, ha un ruolo cen- trale nella proliferazione di armamenti e sistemi di sicurezza e proprio in virtù di ciò è riconosciuto come modello da imitare. Israele gode, nonostante i crimini perpetrati, della più totale im- punità e dell’appoggio della comunità internazionale. La stessa Italia figura tra i primi partner nelle collaborazioni. Di seguito tratteremo ciascuno di questi aspetti. 3 Forza e tecnologia militare consentono ad Israele di proseguire la pulizia etnica del popolo palestinese e di mantenere l’apartheid Pulizia etnica1. Sebbene i primi coloni armati fossero giunti in Palestina tempo prima, il 1897 è la data che convenzionalmente segna l’inizio della colonizzazione e della pulizia etnica in Pale- stina, la cui popolazione a quel tempo, ammontava a circa 600.000 unità tra musulmani e cristiani e 20.000 ebrei autoctoni. Proprio in quell’anno infatti, Theodor Herzl fondò al Congresso di Basilea l’Organizzazione Sionista Mondiale allo scopo di crea- re uno Stato per gli ebrei in Palestina; da quel momento, la colo- nizzazione e l’espulsione violenta della popolazione palestinese non si sono più fermate. Negli anni successivi furono costruite le prime officine militari per produrre armi e munizioni per i gruppi paramilitari sionisti e nel giro di solo qualche decennio si svilup- pò quella supremazia militare che consentì loro di contrastare il 1 Il termine "pulizia etnica" usato da Ilan Pappe nel suo celebre saggio si riferisce ai fatti del 1948, ed è stato mediato dal termine utilizzato per la prima volta relativamente ai massacri in ex-Jugoslavia. L’adozione di questo termine fu contestata da storici re- visionisti israeliani, come Benny Morris. Pappe lo usò in modo provocatorio, ma illumi- nante. E anche noi lo utilizziamo allo stesso modo. Nei registri ottomani, nel 1882, si parla di coloni sionisti che si apprestano a conquistare la Palestina. I primi coloni sono quasi tutti russi e armati, scampati ai pogrom scatenati in seguito all'uccisione dello zar Alessandro II, quando oltre 1 milione di ebrei russi abbandonano la Russia zarista. Tanto che i palestinesi inviano nel 1891 al governo centrale di Istanbul una protesta firmata da 500 personalità. Quando poi nel 1897 si crea l'Organizzazione Sionista mondiale, si dice che lo scopo è creare uno Stato per gli ebrei in Palestina. E Theodor Herzl, quindi 22 anni prima della dichiarazione di Balfour, scrive nei suoi diari: "tente- remo di trasferire oltre confine la popolazione priva di denaro offrendo un impiego nel- le nazioni in transito e al contempo impedendo qualsiasi possibilità di occupazione nel nostro territorio [...] Le espropriazioni e il trasferimento dei meno abbienti devono es- sere effettuati con discrezione e circospezione" The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl, I, p.88. Poi ripreso da altri sionisti per tutta la prima metà del '900. Sempre con la connivenza piena del Regno unito, la cui politica, dal 1917 è tesa a conseguire l'obiettivo di sosti- tuire la popolazione palestinese con coloni provenienti dall'Europa. Da Il lungo cammino della Palestina, 1917 - 2017, Ed Q - A cura di A. Mecozzi con prefazione di Wasim Dahmash (p.11, 12, 19). 4 mandato britannico e la resistenza palestinese. L’intero ‘900 fu punteggiato da attacchi e guerre rovinose, che raggiunsero il cul- mine nel 1948, per proseguire nel 1956, 1967, 1973. A queste si aggiunsero almeno sette guerre ibride2, in cui Israele acquisì una grande esperienza: la prima guerra in Libano (1982), a cui conse- guì un’occupazione durata fino al 2000, la prima intifada (1987- 93), la seconda intifada (2000-05), la seconda guerra del Libano (2006) e i tre assalti contro Gaza (2008-09, 2012, 2014), oltre alle innumerevoli operazioni all’interno di Israele e nei Territori oc- cupati. La pulizia etnica non si è fermata all’uccisione ed espul- sione di oltre un milione di palestinesi nel ’48, la metà della popo- lazione palestinese, ma è continuata fino ai nostri giorni. Lo sto- rico israeliano Ilan Pappe ne parla in modo dettagliato nel suo li- bro “La pulizia etnica della Palestina”, riportandone una definizione all’incipit del primo capitolo3 Apartheid. Israele mantiene tutto il popolo palestinese - in Israe- le, Cisgiordania
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