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S; of the EED-FACEB Loffibeee C.Gfara.Ellina Rubrifrons) The breeding biology of the red- faced warbler (Cardellina rubrifrons) Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Bulmer, Walter, 1942- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 24/09/2021 20:27:35 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318500 THE BEEKDIHGT BXQLGG-'S; OF THE EED-FACEB lOffiBEEE C.Gfara.ellina rubrifrons) 'Dy. Walter J2r» A. Thesis Stibmiii'fted to: the Faculty of the BEFAETMBHT OF 2Q01QSF In lantial Fulfillment of the Eegulnements For the Segrec of HAS1EE OF SQIEIGE: jDi the (graduate College THE WliEESITY OF AEIgOEA. ' ACZF(TOEDGMEHEB I wish to thank hr. Stephen M« Russell? of the University of Arizona for his helpful suggestions during the field study, and. for his assistance in all phases of the preparation of this manuscript. My deepest apprecia­ tion/must also go to my wife for her patience and co-oper­ ation during the field work, and for the many hours of work she contributed to the final preparation of this thesis = finally, I wish to thank all those people who aided in the completion of this manuscript. s T A m m m be euthqe This thesis has "been submitted in partial ful­ fillment. of requirements for an advanced degree at: The University of i’rizona and is deposited in the University MThrary to be made available to borrowers under rules of the library Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission? provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is'madee. Requests for permiss­ ion for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the'major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in.his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship,. In all other instances? however? permission must be obtained from the author» - SIGHED g ADEBQMr BE THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis, has been approved on the date shown belowr Yv\ • k L.s -S;s-|( r. hVvQ^-| .1.^66 STEPHEH 1U EUSSEUh Date Assistant, Professor of Zoology $ 1 #$' OF- ^ * «y ^ ^ «,*,* *, ^ ^ vi *% ^3E wiE. O jJ jl^L-.ii^rjJli^l *9 a e ©• ,e •©. • © @ ©> e t it ' * . ©-' »»- e e 0 ». 9 e © 9. 9 e ©, ,6 9 & © © b © 0 0 © ©; * V > iL 2. 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Page UISGUSSIO'JMS' ANE- QOSCKTSIOm .. ......... 4 8 -jji.Jl. ■l-'Hi i:\A. L Cj ~Pl Hj C/- JC .1?. 33. s ^ 6 lilST 01s lEEiJSTEATlONS Figure Page lo- South facing slope in Marshall Gulch, ,..<,«=»<, = . 8 2. North facing slope in MarshaIX Gulch.'o-........ 8 3. Nest sites . of Bed-faced Jfarblers, 1965«39 4-. Bed-faced Warhlers feeding young at nest... „.». S7 vi, IXST: OF OL&BISS Table Page; 1, Intervals in seconds between songs of three different Red^-faced Warblers 14 2. Rest site locations of Red-faced Warbler«„® 2-9 5-' Egg-'laying and hatching dates in three nests of GT. rubrif rons o 35 vii ABSTRACT The Red-faced Warbler (Gardellina rubifrons) is a conunon summer resident in the. mountains of southern Arizona, The breeding biology, habitat, and behavior are described and discussed. The female Bed-faced Warbler builds the nest and incubates the eggs unaided by the male. The incuba­ tion period is. 15 to 17 .days, The young remain in the nest, for 15 days„ The total time from egg laying to fledgling is 7 to IQ. days longer than the corresponding period of warblers breeding north of Arizona,, The longer incubation and nesting periods of the Bed-faced Warbler are;considered, a major factor in limiting northward expansion of its range, Qn the basis of the morphological and behavioral features I have studied, I feel that G'ardelliria is relat-. ed to the genera Wilsonia, Hasileuterus and Ergaticus, The shape of the bill is intermediate between Wilsonia and Basileuterus,- gardellina,' Ergaticus, and Easileuterus have long, incubation and nestling periods, lack sexual dimorphism, and seasonal plumage variation, and obtain the adult plumage shortly after the young leave the nest. Both Gardellina and Wilsonia build an open cup nest on viii ■ ix the ground? lay usually four eggs in' a clutch, fly- catch in the air, flick their tail sidewards and utter similar calls« Male Bed-faced Warblers often move up to 200 yards away from their nest site. In doing so they move through areas occupied "by several other pairs of warblers and do. so without conflicts,®. iraiQOT'e.TTQH Jacob lost SoLraud? described the first specimen of the Sed-faced Warbler known to science» He called it the Eed*"*frented Slycatcher (Musicapa rubifrons.) . This and 1-5 other birds were described in his publication of ^Sixteen Hew Birds from f?exas‘!% in the annals of the New York lyceum of Natural History in 1841 (Stone, 1919)• The birds were supposedly collected in Texas in 1858, however, neither the collector nor the locality is definitely known* Several of the 16 species have never been recorded in the United States, but all are common in the mountains, of western Mexico = The actual, locality is probably in southern Chihuahua. Siraud*s holotype is presently located in the United States National Museum (Beignam, 1 9 ^ 1 $-54.8) , Eidgway (.,1902.y721) provides a synonomy of the Red-faced W a r b l e r V a r i o u s investigators between 1850 and 1860 placed the bird in Oardellina, Basileuterus, or Setophaga. Bh Bus (Eidgway, 1902) in 1850 described the bird as new to science and called it Gardellina amicta. The bird is now properly recognized as Gardellina rubifrons GGiraud)B 1 • ■ . • 2 ' Henshaw (1875) was the first person to definitely take Cardellina ruhrifro,ns^ north of Mexico». Mr, Henshaw collected birds, in Arizona* at Gamp Apache and on Mount Graham. At- Gamp Apache in‘July 1873? he first found the birds by identifying, the call of the female feeding her young,. In .August he found the Bed-faced Warbler to be common on Mount Graham, • ' Mearns. (1890) recorded the first nest and eggs of Gardellina, This nest .was located below the San Francisco Mountains, on the 19th of June, in 1.886, Price (1888) found a set of eggs on May 31? 1.888* in the Huachuca Mountains and was the first to describe them, : ■ .
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