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Fact Sheet 2.6 Wildlife

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Fact Sheet 2.6 Wildlife Fact Sheet 2.6 Wildlife Wildlife provides aesthetic, economic, social, can be both an important amenity and a nui- spiritual, ecological, and educational benefits to sance to human communities. Striking a bal- interface residents and visitors. Approximately ance between the needs and wants of interface 87 million people participate in wildlife-asso- landowners and what is required to sustain ciated activities each year, and from those 87 wildlife populations becomes critical. People million people, roughly $108 billion is spent to have conflicts with wildlife, but they also might support their activities (U.S. Fish & Wildlife have conflicting wildlife management objec- Service and U.S. Department of Commerce tives (Duryea and Hermansen 2002). This sec- 2002). Purchases of equipment (e.g., binocu- tion highlights key issues and provides back- lars for bird viewing, fishing gear for fishing, ground information on potential conflicts. safety clothing for hunting, etc.) and land for P h o t wildlife-associated activities represent 1.1 per- o c o u r cent of the Gross Domestic Product (Faulkner t e s y o et al. 1998; U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and f V i r g i U.S. Department of Commerce 2002; Duryea n i a T e and Hermansen 2002). In 2001, 66.1 million c h people participated in some type of wildlife- watching activity such as observing, photo- graphing, or feeding. Of those, 75 percent live in metropolitan areas (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and U.S. Department of Commerce 2002). Bird watching, compared to other wildlife-watching activities, attracted the most participants in 2001 (46 million people). While a typical wildland-urban interface backyard may provide Roughly 88 percent of them observed wild birds diverse habitat and species, that habitat and species diversity is within a mile of their homes (U.S. Fish & distinctly different from the original forest. Wildlife Service and U.S. Department of Commerce 2002). A recent report on the Southern Forest Resource Assessment addressed the question, Managing wildlife in interface forests presents “What are the likely effects of expanding human unique challenges for landowners and natural populations, urbanization, and infrastructure resource professionals. The effects from urban- on wildlife and their habitats?” (Wear and Greis ization of contiguous rural forests, especially 2002). Following are some key results: fragmentation and development, significantly change wildlife habitat. Fragmentation • Non-native plants and animals have had a degrades, and in some cases, destroys critical documented influence on forest wildlife wildlife habitat (Duryea and Hermansen 2002; and wildlife habitat. Non-native species Cordell and Macie 2002). Wildlife management threaten the survival of some sensitive in the interface is also complex because wildlife wildlife species. Written by Jim Parkhurst, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Changing Roles: WUI Professional Development Program 1 Fact Sheet 2.6 • Approximately 42 percent of species that white-tailed deer and rabbits consume orna- are listed as threatened or endangered mental shrubbery, woodpeckers damage trees, under the Endangered Species Act are at and raccoons and opossums scavenge for risk because of competition with or preda- human trash and pet food. Population control tion by non-native species. strategies for species like white-tailed deer include permitting hunting in neighborhood • Urban and agricultural land uses have areas, extending hunting seasons, and imple- interrupted the continuity of southern menting capture programs and contraception forests and created forest islands. Wildlife programs. Such management programs can species differ in their response to the generate controversy and concern from the resulting fragmentation. public and further complicate management • Urbanization excludes some sensitive for- decisions. est wildlife species but increases the pres- ence of other more tolerant species. Urban Species Diversity habitats vary in their ability to support a diversity of forest wildlife. Figure 1 shows species frequency distribution by state. At any one location only a small fraction • For species with area sensitivities—those of these species will be seen. For many rare and that require forest interior, those that endangered species, habitat loss is the single require specialized habitats, and those greatest threat to survival (Duryea and intolerant of human disturbance—special Hermansen 2002). Unfortunately, urbanization management considerations will be need- decreases the contiguous forest area on which ed as urbanization increases in areas of many of these species depend, while increasing the South. forest edges upon which other species depend, • Roadsides and power-line corridors facil- creating difficult and conflicting management itate the spread of non-native invasive challenges. For example, studies have found plants and animals. Many non-natives that urbanization decreases the number of bird have been slower to gain a foothold in pre- species while increasing the total number of dominately intact forested landscapes. individual birds, thus favoring dominance by a few species. Forest insectivores, neotropical migrants, and forest interior specialist popula- Human-Wildlife Conflicts tions tend to decline with urbanization (Dowd Several species of wildlife, such as white-tailed Figure 1: Wildlife in the South deer, thrive in fragmented habitats where win- ter food is often more abundant than in sur- rounding forests. In many interface areas, wildlife populations have grown so rapidly that managers must control them. Wildlife can be vectors for diseases such as Lyme disease (by way of white-tailed deer and deer mice) and West Nile virus (by way of birds). They can also lead to car accidents, property damage, and other human-wildlife conflicts. Groundhogs and armadillos burrow in people’s yards, Total number of species, by taxonomic grouping, by state within the South. Source: NatureServe 2000. 2 Managing Interface Forests Fact Sheet 2.6 1992; Graham 2002). For mammals, interface the problem. Large mammals can be excluded forests also tend to support more habitat gener- with woven wire fences, electric fences, and alists rather than specialists, as well as high plastic fences. populations of non-native species. Habitat modification. Habitat modification can provide lasting and cost-effective relief Managing Nuisance Wildlife from damage by limiting access to one or more of the requirements for life–food, water, or Human-wildlife conflicts often arise in inter- shelter. Rodent- or bat-proofing buildings by face forests due to several factors: 1) the avail- sealing cracks and holes prevents these animals ability of a relatively predator-free environ- from gaining access to suitable habitats. Storing ment, 2) an abundant and diverse food resource seed and pet food in tightly closed containers, (including that directly provided by humans), controlling weeds and garden debris around and 3) available cover and space. The highly homes and buildings, and storing firewood and altered habitats characteristic of the interface building supplies on racks or pallets above provide an abundance of niches that often are ground level can limit or remove the animals’ occupied by species that display the greatest sources of food, water, or shelter. However, resilience and adaptability to existence in habitat modification, while limiting nuisance human-modified systems (Conover 2002). wildlife, may also limit desirable species such Successful management of interface wildlife as songbirds as well. must start with the realization that regardless of Repellents. Objectionable-tasting coatings or what is driving habitat change, the modifica- odor repellents may deter wildlife from feeding tions will prove beneficial for some species and on plants. Other repellents such as sticky, tacky detrimental to others. Although management substances placed on or near windows, trees, or activities may aim to promote or enhance a par- buildings may deter many birds and small ticular species or group of species, they likely mammals. Unfortunately, most wildlife soon will benefit other species as well, many of discover that repellents are not actually harmful which become labeled as “nuisances” or “prob- and may soon become accustomed to the smell, lem species.” Careful planning can help miti- taste, or feel of these deterrents. In order to be gate conflicts. Because wildlife may roam across effective, repellents applied outdoors must to large areas comprised of many individually be reapplied due to rain or heavy dew or applied owned parcels, management efforts are most often to new plant growth. successful when implemented on a community or regional level (Decker, Brown, and Siemer Toxic baits and pesticides. Toxic baits and 2001). pesticides can harm pets, humans, and animals other than the targeted pest. Experience and Techniques for managing nuisance wildlife are training are required to protect safety and get many and varied 2005 (Cummings 1999). the desired effect. Please consult a licensed Exclusion. Damage by birds or rabbits to orna- expert. mental shrubs or garden plants can be reduced Glue boards and traps. Glue boards trap fairly inexpensively by simply placing netting small mammals and snakes. Applying vegetable over the plant(s) to keep the pests away. On the oil to the caught animal will dissolve the glue other hand, fencing out deer from a lawn or allowing for release of the animal. Using traps garden can be
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