The Egyptians and the Jews Is Brought Do Wn to the Age O F the Roman

T H E E GYP T

O F T H E H E B R EW S

A N D H E RO D OT OS

O BY V

T H E R E V A . H Y . ! S A C E

P ROF E SSOR OF A SSYR I OLOGY A T OXF OR D

S E CON D E D I TION

L O N D O N

R V T P VA L N G O N E R C I C O. I I ,

K IN G T D S TRE E T, c o VE N GAR E N

1 8 9 6

A ll r ights r eser ved

P R E F A C E

A FEW wo rds of preface are needful to j u stify the addi tion of ano th e r c o nt rib uti on to the o v e r - abu ndant mass of lite ratu re of which

I is nt nd d u Egypt is the subj ect . t i e e to s ppl e ment the books already i n the h ands of tou ri sts and stu de nts and to u t efo e t em ust , p b r h j th at i nfo rmati on whi c h e ith e r i s no t readily access ibl e or el se fo rms pa rt of l arge r and

u s wo ks The a s of H r d cu mbro r . t r v el e o otos i n Egypt are foll owed for the ﬁrst time i n the

t o f ec ent d scove es and the sto o f ligh r i ri , hi ry the i nte rcou rse between the Egyptians and the Jews is brought do wn to the age o f the Roman

E e A s the o d na sto es of E mpir . r i ry hi ri gypt used b y t ra v e ll e rs e nd with the e xti nction of the nat e a ao s I ave fu t e en a iv Ph r h , h r h r giv

f ma d I a mo sketc h o the P tol e ic pe ri o . h v e re o v e r spec ially note d the resu lts of the r ecent e xcavati ons and di sc o v e ri e s made b y the Egypt ’ viii TIze Egypt of the H ebrews and H erod otos

E xpl o ration F u nd and b y Profe sso r Fli nde rs

et e at all e e nts w e e t e ea u on the P ri , v h r h y b r p

- k T ose wh a subj e ct matte r of the boo . h o h v e not the pu bli cati o ns of the F und or of Pro fessor e t e o r who do not ca e to ca t em P ri , r rry h

' nto E t w I e e e b e ad to a e the i gyp , ill , b li v , gl h v esse nce of th em t h us extracted i n a conveni e nt

Last i n the nd c I a ut s a e . e es e h p ly, App i h v p togeth e r i nfo rmation w hi c h the v is ito r to the

N ft n w s es to o ta n b u w h can il e o e i h b i , t hich e

i n no n of his u d - ooks The A ﬁnd e g i e b . p pendix on the nomes e mbodies the resu lts of

h atest e sea es and the l st w t e e t e l r rch , i ill h r fo re b e found to diffe r h e re and the re from the

sts w c ave een u s e d els w e e li hi h h b p bli h e h r . T h ose who desire the ass i stance of maps sh ou ld proc u re the ve ry h andy and c ompl e te

A tlas o A nci ent E t u s ed b the f gyp , p bli h y

E t E x o at on F u nd I gyp pl r i (pri c e 3 5 . t makes the additio n of maps to this or any futu e wo k o n nc e nt E t su e ﬂuous r r A i gyp p r . Di s cove ri es follow so t hi ckly one upon the oth e r in th ese days of activ e e xpl o ratio n th at P ref aee i x i t is imposs ibl e for an au th o r to keep pace

nce m manusc was ad for wi th th e m. S i y ript re y

h s N ill o n e a f h E t t e es . av e o t e pr D r , b h lf gyp

E x o at o n F und has a t ca ea e d the pl r i , pr c i lly cl r magniﬁce nt te mpl e of Q ueen H atshepsu at Der

- a ari and has d sco e ed eneat it the e l B h , i v r b h u nﬁ ni sh ed s epu l c h re in whi c h the queen fo ndly h oped t hat her body wo uld b e l aid ; Professo r

P e trie has excavated i n the dese rt be hi nd

Z awédeh and opp os i te Q oft the tombs of

a a ous t es o a of L an o n b rb r rib , pr b bly iby rigi , who settled i n the v all ey of the N ile betwee n the fall of the s i xth and the rise of the

e ve nt d nast de o an has di s e l h y y ; M r . M rg i nte rred mo re j ewell e ry of exqu i s ite wo rkm an s hip from the tombs of the pri ncesses o f the twe t d nas t at a s u nd B o tt lf h y y D h h r ; a Dr . i has di scov e red the s ite of the S e rapeu m at

exand a t us o ta n n for the st t e a Al ri , h b i i g ﬁr im p oint o f impo rtance for dete rmi n i ng the topo

a of the anc e n c t gr phy i t i y .

T he peopl e wh ose re mai ns h a v e been found b y Pro fes so r P e tri e bu ri e d t h e ir dead i n ope n The Egypt of we H ebrews a nd H er odotos

w t o ut mumm n t em and made grav es i h ifyi g h , use of impl e m e nts and w e apo ns of poli s h ed

T e o tte w i s e ue nt s . to ne h ir p ry, hich fr q ly o rna m ente d wi th conc e ntric ri ngs of re d o n a w t s ou nd has een a ead fou nd at hi i h gr , b lr y

Kho z am no t of a nak and e sew e e and , r h K r , l h r , the u es of affes ost e s and ot e ﬁg r gir , rich , h r c reatu res sc ratch ed on the sandstone rocks of

Silsilis and its ne ighbou rh ood see m to h av e

ee n i n eat measu e t e wo k In the b gr r h ir r . midst o f th e ir c e m e te ry are the ru i ns of a l d temple bu ilt b y Thothmes III. to S et the o r

’ of N ub ti the m os n a n o w c , O b e r D e de rah t hi h

u n j ve al re fe rs . A s for the j e w e ll e ry dis

cove e d i n the s n of t s ea b de r pri g hi y r y M r .

o an it i s ev en mo e ma o us M rg , r rv e ll than t h at

w he found a e a a o hich y r g . Am ong it are two

owns of de ate - wo ked o d o ne of w c cr lic ly r g l , hi h

i s o rna m e nte d with s tars o r fo rge t - me -no ts fo rme d o f prec i o us s tone s i nlaid so exqu i si te ly

as to ook ke e name w l li l , hile be twe e n the

s prays are gold o r nam e nts i n the s h ape of wh at

’ we s ou d a S t. C u t e t s s h l c ll hb r cros es . P ref ace x i

The Se a eu m at exand a w e e the r p Al ri , h r

ast of i ts eat a es was e s ta s e d i s l gr libr ri bli h ,

now marked b y the l o fty co l umn ‘ known as

’ o m s a T h o n h P pey Pill r . e c l umn stood i t e

m ddle of a e at ce nt a cou t on o ne s de o f i gr r l r , i whi c h w e re po r ti coes ope ni ng i nto the s hri nes

of S e a s and hi s fel ow de t e s w e to the r pi l i i , hil

east it led nto a a w t a cu o a w c a a n i h ll i h p l , hi h g i

o ned nto a o aeum F om t s t e e pe i pr pyl . r hi h r was a de sce nt of a h u ndred steps i nto the lowe r gro und at the foot o f the rock on w hich

the u d n sto d T e e was no o t e ac ss b il i g o . h r h r ce

to the e d ce w c ke the ot e te m e s of iﬁ , hi h , li h r pl

E t was u se d as a fo t e ss as we l as a gyp , r r l

sanctu a and is acco d n a ed the c o ry, r i gly c ll A r

o s of lexand a b A htho nio s a G e ek p li A ri y p , r

s u A D 1 and ave o rato r who v i i ted it abo t . . 3 5 g

i t B o tt has found a mi nu te desc riptio n o f . Dr . i re mai ns of the gild i ng and s c u lptu res w ith

w c acco d n to A htho ni os the eat hi h , r i g p , gr

ou t w as ado ned as we as nsc t o ns c r r , ll i rip i

d ed ated to S e a s and the as n o f a sa e d ic r pi , b i cr

fo u ntai n w hich the G re ek o rato r te lls u s was x 11 T/ze Eg ypt of Me H eérews and H erodotos

c u t Bu t his most s ituate d i n the c e nt ral o r .

i nte res ti ng di sc o v e ry i s t hat of l o ng sub ter

amean assa e s once face d w t ason and r p g , i h m ry,

n s e d w t n c es for am s w e e the fu r i h i h i h l p , h r

a s w a d mys te rie s of S e r pi e re ce l e br te . At

the e nt rance o f one of th e m pi ous v is ito rs to the s hri ne have s cratc h ed the ir vows o n the

o k T ose who are nte este d i n the w all f roc . h i r

’ d s o e s ou d c onsult Bott s me mo o n i c v ry h l Dr . i ir

’ ’ ’ ’ L A er o ole d A Zex ana r ze et le Ser a eum re p p , p sented to the Arc haeol ogical So ci e ty of Ale x

h u and a 1 t u st 1 8 . ri , 7 A g 9 5 Two o r three ot he r rec ent di sco v e rie s may

so ﬁnd me n n e A Ba on an l al ti o h e r . byl i sea

cyli nde r now i n the M e tropo li tan M u se um of

A rt at N ew Yo rk has at last giv en me a c l ue to

the nat ve ome o f the ksos eade s T s i h H y l r . hi

was i n the ounta ns o f E am m i l , on the e aste rn

f o nt e o f C ld a It w as o r i r ha ae . fr m t h ese moun

tai ns that the K ass i d e s c e nde d upon Babyl oni a

and fou nded a dynas ty t h e re which laste d fo r

nea 6 00 e a s and the s a e m rly y r , m o v e me nt

which bro ugh t t he m i nto B abyl o n ia may h a v e P ref eree

se nt oth e r bands of th e m across W e ste rn “ A s i a A l nto E t . t a l e ents the nsc t on u on i gyp v , i rip i p the seal s h ows t hat it be l o nge d to a ce rtai n

‘ ’ ‘ Uz i - S u takh the so n of the ass te and the , K i ,

’ se ant of Bu na-b u r as who was the ass te rv r y , K i ki ng o f Babylonia i n the age o f the T el el

ma na c es nde nc A s th name of A r o rr po e . e Su takh i s pre ceded b y the d etermi native of

d n t it i s c e a t at we ave in it the name ivi i y, l r h h f k t h o the Hy sos de i y Sutek . In a hie roglyphi c ste l a l ate ly di scov e red at

Sa a a and now i n the G z e useu m we qq r h , i h M , re ad of an earli e r pa ralle l to the Tyrian C a mp

a em s se n b H e rodotos e n t M phi e y . W l ear

f om the ste la t at i n the t me of n i n r h , i K i g Ai ,

the clos n da s o f the e te e nt d nast i g y igh h y y , t he re was already a s im il ar C amp o r qu arte r i s as ass ne d to the tt te s at M emphi w hich w ig H i i .

The i ns cripti on is fu rth e r i nte resti ng as s how i ng t hat the au th o rity of Ai was acknowl edged

at e m s the c a tal of o t e n E t as M phi , pi N r h r gyp ,

w e as i n the T e a d ll h b i .

L as t o e s so o e se e m s to a e ly , Pr f r H m m l h v x i v T/ze Egyp t of tb e H ebrews a nd H erodotos

' u nd the nam of the Z akkur o r Z akkal the fo e , k nsfo k and assoc ate s o f the st ne s i n a i l i Phili i , broke n c une ifo rm text whic h re l ates to o ne o f the K ass ite ki ngs of B abylon ia no t l ong befo re

- - e me nt on is the e poc h of K hu n Ate n . H e r i made not o n o f the t of ka i n oen a ly ci y Ar Ph ici ,

f th t Z lﬁ In Z a alﬁ b ut also o e c i y of aqqa . qq we must re cognise the Z akkur of E gypt ian

s I ma add t at a or a the to . hi ry y h K h r Kh l , na m e gi ve n b y the Egyptians to the s ou the rn

o t on of a est ne is dent e d b ofesso p r i P l i , i iﬁ y Pr r M aspe ro w ith the H o rites of the Old Testa men t .

B wa of co n lus o n I ave on to sa y y c i , h ly y t hat th ose who wi s h to read a d etail e d account of the m anne r i n whi c h the great c ol ossus o f

Ra a m ses n . t M e mphis was raised and i ts co mpanion s tatue d i s i nte rre d must re fe r to the

a e u s ed b a o t u Ba n P p r p bli h y M j r Ar h r H . g old

ms n hi elf i the P r oceedi ng s o f the Soc ie ty o f

B a ae o o fo r u n iblic l Arch l gy J e 1 888 .

A . H . SAYCE . C O N T E N T S

C H A P T E R I

TH E PATR IARCHAL AGE

C H A P T E R II

TH E AGE OF M OSES

C H A P T E R III

THE E XOD US AN D TH E H E B REW SETTLE M E NT IN CANAAN

C H A P T E R IV

TH E AGE OF THE ISRAE LIT ISH M ONARC H IES

C H A P T E R V

TH E AGE OF TH E PTOLE M IES

C H A P T E R VI

H ERODOTOS IN E GYPT

C H A P T E R VII

IN T H E STEPS OF H E RODOTOS

C H A P T E R VIII

M E M P H IS AN D TH E FAYYOM x vi The Egypt of the H eb rews a nd H erodotos

A P P E N D IC E S

I IES CCORDIN G TO A O . T H E EGY PTIAN DYNAST A M NETII

AS UOTED B Y UL IUS RIC N US A . D . ( Q J AF A ,

11. TH E PTOLEM IES

m IBLIC L DATES . B A

xv. THE N OME S ( H ESE P U )

v TH E GREE TERS P N E P T . K WRI U O GY

V RCHE L GIC L EXC RSION S T I. A O O A U IN H E DE LTA

INDEX T H E E GYP T OF T H E H E B R EW S

A N D H E RODOTOS

C H A P T E R I

T H E PATR IAR CH AL AGE

‘ ’ A BR M ent wn nt E t to s n t e e A w do i o gy p ojour h r . When he e ntered the cou ntry the civilisation and

na E Th mo rchy of gy pt were already ve ry old . e

a s had een t n e s ea s e e py r mid b buil hu dr d of y r b for , and the ri i n th nx was a ea a s o g of e Sphi lr dy my te ry .

E en the reat e s H e s w i s st v g ob li k of liopoli , hich ill the obj ect of an afte rnoon drive to the touri st at

a had n een stan n i n nt the te e C iro , lo g b di g fro of mpl

- of the Su n god . The monum ents of B aby lonia e nabl e u s to ﬁx the a e to A a a e n s A g which br h m b lo g . rioch of E ll asar has left m e mori als of him self on the bricks

C a aea and we now n en he and hi s of h ld , k ow wh

E l amite allies were d riven o ut of B aby lo ni a and the

A 2 The Egyp t qf the H ebrews a nd H er odotos

B abylon ian states were u nited i nto a single monarchy .

Thi s was 2 350 B . C . The unite d monarchy of Egy pt went back to a

ate e nes its n e had een n far earlie r d . M , fou d r, b ki g

T s Gi r eh i n e E t and sta t n of hi (or g ) Upp r gyp , r i g from hi s ancestral dominions had s ucceed ed i n bri ng

B ut the e an i ng all E gypt un der hi s rule . m mory of e a e t e en the a e the N e was e rli r im , wh v ll y of il divid d

nt two se a ate s e e nt es s e to the atest i o p r ov r ig i , urviv d l

the na to the ast the P a a s age of mo rchy . Up l h r oh

’ E t a e t e se es n s the two an s of gyp c ll d h m lv ki g of l d , and wore on their head s the crowns of Uppe r and

L Th n ower Egy pt . e crow of Uppe r E gy pt was a t a a te ne n t at L e E t a t ne i r of whi li , h of ow r gy p hro

e ea - ess red The e n was a lik h d dr of . doubl crow s the e a e y mbol of imp ri l pow r.

To e nes i s as r e the n e s M c ib d buildi g of M mphi , the a ta the n te n H e i s sa to c pi l of u i d ki gdom . id have raised the great dy ke which L inant de Belle fonds identiﬁes with that of K oshe ish near K afr el

A at and t e e to a e e te the N e i ts yy , h r by h v div r d il from an e nt anne n e the L an a n n the ci ch l u d r iby pl i . O grou nd that he thus added to th e weste rn bank of the e r h is new a ta was e e te riv c pi l r c d .

M e mphis is the Gree k form of the old Egyptian ’ M n -ne fe r P a h e or Good l ce . T e ﬁ nal r was dropped i n E t an n n at n at an ear ate and gy p i pro u ci io ly d ,

4 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

It the ﬁrst com er who ne ede d a quarry of stone . was no t until afte r th e E ngli sh occupation of Egy pt that it was lifted out of i ts ignoble position b y M ajor

B agnold and pl aced secure ly i n a wooden shed . While it was being raised another colossus of the

P a a s a e s e b ut ette same h r oh, of m ll r iz of b r work

ns was s e e and te e n the ea m a hip, di cov r d , lif d b y o d r ch of the i nund ation . The two statu es on ce stood be fore the te mpl e of th P ta the G ee s ent e t t e e god h , whom r k id iﬁ d wi h h ir o n e t H e h aesto s no ette e as n t an the w d i y p , for b r r o h

e The te e P ta was similarity of nam . mpl of h coeval

th t e s ts e n with e ci y of M mphi i elf. Wh Me nes

n e e s he n e the te e at the sa e fou d d M mphi , fou d d mpl m

It was the e nt e and the t e . t im c r glory of ci y , which

s a e n e r the te t n i ts P a wa pl c d u d pro c io of god . h raoh a ter P a a a rne and en a e i t and its f h r oh do d l rg d , prie sts form ed o ne of the most powerful organisations i n the kingdom .

The te e P ta the Creat a e to mpl of h, or, g v M e mphis

‘ s n a T s - - its a e e . was H é ka P ta the cr d m hi h, hou se

’ the e o r s t a a ea an e P ta i n of doubl ( piri u l pp r c ) of h,

D r s see s h r which . Brug ch t e o iginal of the Gree k

i to s A gy p .

B ut the glo rie s of the te mpl e of P tah have long s n e asse a a The rs s i c p d w y . wo hip of i t god ce ase d

e e r e n T e s s the R an E e for v wh h odo iu , om mp ror, The P a tr i archa l Ag e 5

se its ate s and r a e an t er e n sa e clo d g , fo b d y o h r ligio v the Christian to b e he nce forth publicly profe sse d i n

the e mpire . Soo n afte rwards cam e the Mohamme dan

n E s as ese te and the co que st of gy pt. M e mphi w d r d sculptured stones of the an cie nt shri ne se rve d to build the pal aces and mosqu e s of the n ew lords of the

n stat and a e e t o ut the cou try . Fo C iro w r buil of

s s th e P h B ut the de poil of e te mpl of ta . work of st t n t n A s ate as the ruc io ook lo g to accomplish. l

’ t e t ent the A a te Ab d e l- L atif w lf h c ury , r bic wri r de scribes the marve llou s re lics of the past which still

e x ste on the s te s ssa stat es e . C i d i of M mphi olo l u ,

the ases ant n s a a e e a b of gig ic colum , ch p l form d of

‘ single block of stone and call e d the green chamber such were som e of the wonde rs of an cient art which the t a e e was e to a r r v ll r forc d dmi e.

The st E t as we a e seen e ns hi ory of gy p , h v , b gi with the re cord of an e ngi neeri ng fe at of the highest

a n t e It i s a tt n e n e ent the m g i ud . ﬁ i g comm c m for history of a cou ntry which h as been wre sted b y man

r the ate s th e N e and se ex ste n e e e n f om w r of il , who i c v no w i s d ependent on the successful e fforts of the

e n nee . e n t s s n e e the st gi r B y o d hi i gl r cord , hi ory of M enes and hi s immediate succe ssors i s virtu ally a

an N o ate n n s h st nast bl k. d d mo ume t of t e ﬁr dy y

a e as e t een s e e It ma b e as an h v y b di cov r d . y , m y

E t sts th n t at th e S nx i s e than gyp ologi i k, h phi old r 6 The Egypt of the H ebr ews a nd H erodotos

e nes se b ut so th at st an e a e a e M him lf ; if , r g im g , c rv d o ut of a rock which may once have jutted i nto the st e a the N e st ee s the ste its n r m of il , ill k p my ry of origi

e in i ts east W e n t at i t was a rea lock d up br . k ow h l dy the re i n the d ay s of Khephrén of the fourth dy nasty b ut bey ond that we know nothing . Of the se cond dy nasty a dated re cord still sur

A st he st t e e e b the A sh vive s . lmo t ﬁr gif r c iv d y molean Mu se um at O x ford was the linte l - stone of an an ent E t an t t Sa a a the ci gy p i omb, brough from qq r h , n the e nd e s e s b . G ea es at cropoli of M mphi , y Dr r v of the se e nte e nt ent en e t an a ent v h c ury . Wh , mor h c ury

ate the e s n it a e to b e ea i t l r, hi roglyphic upo c m r d , was found th at it had be longe d to the se pulchre of a certain Sheri who had bee n the prophet of the two

P ara s en and P er-ab - se n Of P e r-ah -sen n o h oh S d .

t e e e a ns b ut the na e e n had o h r r cord r m i , m of S d long bee n known as that of a king of the second

nas dy ty .

’ The est S e s t so far as i t h as e e n r of h ri omb , b

re se e i s no w i n th e G e se e a s a te p rv d , iz h Mu um . Y r f r the i nscription on the fragme nt at O x ford had bee n

e e re the n er n h d ciph d , hi d portio of t e tomb was di s

e e b ar e te L h - cov r d y M i t . ike t e linte l stone i n the

A s e an se i t i s a ne t s hmol Mu um , dor d wi h culptures and e s . A ea we ea n i t the hi roglyphic lr dy , l r from ,

e s ste t n was ete the hi rogly phic y m of wri i g compl , The P a tr i archal Ag e 7 characters be ing u se d not only to denote id eas and

The e x ess s a es b ut a a e t a as e . pr y ll bl , lph b ic lly w ll name of Send him se lf i s spelt i n the l ette rs of the a a et The art the n ent t not e a lph b . of mo um , hough qu l to t at a e a fe w ene at ns ate i s h which prev il d g r io l r, a ea a an e e the tex ts s t at the lr dy dv c d , whil how h re ligion an d organ isation of the e mpire we re already

In the a e the se n nast at all e e nts old . g of co d dy y , v , we are far re moved from the beginn i ngs of E gy ptian

s n civili atio .

t Sne the st n the t nast Wi h fru , ﬁr ki g of four h dy y ,

ac cordi n / to an t e e n n the ast n or, g o h r r cko i g, l ki g of the t r we e nte n the n e nta st hi d , r upo mo um l hi ory of

’ E ne s n o b e n no t . S ents are t t gyp fru mo um fou d , i n n E t b ut a s i n the ese ts S na . o ly gy p , l o d r of i i There the mines of copper and m al achite we re

e and an E t an a s n e t a work d for him , gy p i g rri o k p gu rd

n h t s n a has now een t e e n e . I E t s upo B doui rib gy p , b

’ e n te e b P ess P e t e s e x a at ns d ﬁ i ly prov d y rof or ri c v io , he t t he a M ed ﬁm o ne the a e st buil py r mid of , of l rg and st st n the a s A n i t e re mo riki g of py r mid . rou d w

an e the t s hi s n es and e sts r g d omb of obl pri , from which h ave come som e of the most beautiful works h of art i n t e Gizeh Mu seum .

The painte d limestone statues of R a-nefer and hi s

e N efe rt nstan e are a n the ne st wif , for i c , mo g ﬁ e x isti ng specimens of ancient Egy ptian workm an ’ 8 The Egypt of the H eb r ews a na H erod otos s T e are ea e - e t a ts e x e te hip. h y cl rly lif lik por r i , cu d with a delicacy and ﬁ nish which might we ll e x cite

Th a and e e n the e n a de rn a t st . e a te vy of mo r i ch r c r, v

h nte e ents the s an and w e eat e t e a c d of hu b d if , br h

a s e i n the one we c an see through the ir fe ture . Whil the strong will and solid common -se nse of the se lf

a e man i n the t e c an b e tra e the t re m d , o h r c d cul u

nt a n e ss and re ﬁ ne me of a roy l pri c . The py ramids of Gizeh are the impe ri shabl e

h t nast - Ra t e . a re cord of four h dy y Khufu , Kh f

nd M e n -k a- R a the K he o s K he hrén and M a , p , p y kerinos H e ro dotos e e the e s the t ee of , w r build r of hr

ast se es b t e s e and nea ne ss to v pulchr which , y h ir iz r

a a e so n een an e t a e to C iro, h v lo g b obj c of pilgrim g

a e e The e ran te s the e at the tr v ll r. hug g i block of Gr Py ramid of Khufu have been c ut and ﬁtted togethe r

a a e s e x a t t e P fess P e tr e n with m rv llou c i ud . ro or i fou d t at the nts the as n -st nes t an a ea h joi of c i g o , wi h r of s e t t -ﬁve s a e ee t e a e e not n om hir y qu r f ch , w r o ly worked with an accuracy e qu al to that of the

e n O t an b ut e e e en e ente t mod r p ici , w r v c m d hrough

‘ o ut T the st ne s e e as s . hough o w r brought clo e as n i n a t nt nta t and the e an 3 i ch , or, f c , i o co c , m

1 e n n the nt was - n e t the e s op i g of joi 3 1, i ch , y build r

ana e to the nt t e ent es te the m g d ﬁll joi wi h c m , d pi great area of it and the we ight of the stone to b e

—s e s x tee n t ns T moved om i o . o me re ly pl ace such The P a tri a rchal Ag e 9

stones i n e xact co ntact at the side s would b e care ful work ; b ut to do so with ce ment in th e joints seem s ’ 1 a s ss e lmo t impo ibl . P rofe ssor P etrie believes that the stones were c ut — with tubul ar drill s ﬁtted with j ewe l points a mode of cutting stone which i t was le ft to the n i netee nth

ent to r - s The nes a n the c ury e di cove r. li m rked upo st ne b the s c an st b e se e and t e e i s o y drill ill ob rv d , h r evide nce that not only the tool b ut the stone also

was tate The e at e ss e nee e n ro d . gr pr ur d d for drivi g the drills and saws with the re quisite rapidity through

the blocks of granite and diorite i s i nd ee d surprising . It brings be fore us the high mechan ic al knowledge attai ned b y the E gy ptians i n the fourth millenn ium be fore our era e ven more forcibly than the heights to

Th a ne the s e a s . e which block w re r i ed m chi ry , how

e e w t t i s atte was e ffe te i s st v r, i h which h l r work c d ill

n n n u k ow . The sculpture d and pai nte d wall s of the tombs which surrou nd the py ramid s of Gize h tell u s some

e thing about the life and civilisation of the p riod .

The e n ent was a an se e a a gov r m highly org i d bur ucr cy , u nd e r a king who was already regarded as the re presentative of the Sun -god upon earth The l and

was n a te b an n st s e e a n i h bi d y i du riou p opl , m i ly

a A s t a in ea e and ent . t gricul ur l , who lived p c pl y r

1 P r amid s and Tem les o Gi z eh ﬁrst edi ti on . . y p f ( ) , p 44 ’ 10 The Egyp t of the H eb rews a na H erodotos

n s e e t ate n n t at and crafts of all ki d w r cul iv d , i cludi g h

a n ss The art the s t had e a e of m ki g gla . of culp or r ch d a e e t n One the st st n stat e s high p rf c io . of mo riki g u i n the world i s that of Khaf- R a seated on hi s impe ri al

t ne i s now i n the se G e . The hro , which Mu um of iz h ﬁgure of the king i s more th an life -size above hi s

es t its n s and head the imperial hawk stretch for h wi g ,

’ on the n s a e t the eat es ea the ki g f c , hough f ur b r

n sta a e ess a t a t t e e ests an u mi k bl impr of por r i , h r r as e t ne a A nd et t s stat e t i ts p c of divi c lm . y hi u , wi h

n t a t e an ex s te n s i s a e out livi g por r i ur d qui i ﬁ i h, c rv d

a t the a est a st ne . of diori ic rock, h rd of h rd o The fourth dy nasty was pe aceably s uccee de d b y the t and the s xt C t e an d t at on a e ﬁf h i h . ul ur cul iv i m d

e t the ess and the art the a nte and y fur r progr , of p i r s t ea e its ax T se se n e e culp or r ch d clim . ho who k owl dg of Egy pti an art i s de rive d from th e mu seum s of E urope have little ide a of the perfection which it atta ne at th s e e The a and s i d i r mot period . h rd cry tal lised art of l ate r ages diffe red e ssenti ally from that

the e a nas e s The e n of rly dy ti . wood ﬁgure of ‘ ’— the She ikh e l-B e l ed the sleek and we ll -to - do

a e r a es a e nt o n hi s e t e e s f rm , who g z compl c ly f r il ﬁ ld

- — and we ll stocked farm is one of the noble st works

an en s A nd t it n s t he a of hum g iu . y e belo g o t ge of the t the s x t nast e the t e s i n ﬁf h or i h dy y , lik pic ur

e e ese n e x s te e e o n st ne low r li f, r mbli g qui i mbroid ry o ,

' 1 2 The Egypt of the H ebr ew s a h a H erodotos of the Middl e E mpire was n o longe r the E gy pt of

Th a e the e at a the Old Empire . e g of gr py r mid

e s was ast and th e t a e i n the build r p , omb c rv d rock begins to take the pl ace of the py ramid of the e arlier

e s has ease to b e the a ta the age . M mphi c d c pi l of cou ntry ; th e ce ntre of power h as been trans fe rre d to

T e s an d the s The art s e at h be outh . which ﬂouri h d M e mphis has been supe rsede d b y the art with which

e s a u s a a t the our mus um have m de f mili r. Wi h t ans e the ern e nt e e n t to r f r of gov m , mor ov r, from or h

E an e n has n e n a an s t t e e . ou h, gyp i r ligio u d rgo ch g P tah of Me mphis and R a of H e liopolis have had to

e to A n the T e es The the y i ld mo , god of h b . god of house of the new P haraohs now takes his pl ace at th e

e a the ant e n and the e r s the n t h d of p h o , old god of or h fall more and more into the backgrou nd . The E gy pt of the Middle E mpire was divide d a n a n e eat n e s h ad e e e mo g umb r of gr pri c , who r c iv d t e e and ert b n er tan e and re h ir pow r prop y y i h i c , s e at s the e a a e The e mbl d the gre lord of f ud l g . Pharaoh at ﬁrst was little more than the chie f among hi s ee s B ut n h h p r . whe t e sceptre passed into t e

s an s the n s the t e t nast vigorou h d of ki g of w lf h dy y , the i nﬂue nce and authority of the feud al prince s was

e and e e n a e n A e n mor mor cro ch d upo . ﬁrm gov r me nt at home and successful campaigns abroad re stored the supre me rule of the Ph araoh and m ade The P a tri a rchal Ag e I3

e a s e t an h ad e e een the ase e e him , p rh p mor h v r b c b for ,

- a a divi ne ly instituted autocr t. The wars of the twe lfth dy nasty e x tende d the

E gy ptian domi nation far to the south . The military organ isation of the Middle E mpire was indeed its

n n t nt ast to the E most striki g poi of co r Old mpire . The Egy pt of the ﬁrst si x dy nasties h ad been se lf

f w a s contained and paciﬁc . A e r id we re m ade from time to tim e agai nst the negroes south of the First

b ut n the sa e ta n n s a es Cata a t . r c , o ly for k of ob i i g l v The idea of e x tending Egy pti an powe r bey ond the natural bou nd aries of E gy pt had as y e t ne ve r p re

tse The P a a s the E e sented i lf. h r oh of Old mpir did no t nee an a and a n not ssess d rmy , ccordi gly did po

B ut t the e E e all t s wa one . wi h Middl mpir hi s

E t ease s to b e s ate : its s changed . gyp c i ol d hi tory

b e en e t a t the st th will h c for h p r of hi ory of e world .

e n a s e e a nd the an sat n a For ig w r , how v r, org i io of st n e n ent at e not a s the e ro g gov r m hom , did b orb whol

T e e s e nergies of the court . mpl and obelisks we re e e te art w as at n se an d the eat n the r c d , p ro i d , cr io of

Fa ﬁm e e a a e t a t e t e an was yy , wh r by l rg r c of f r il l d

on E t no t n e the e n nee n w for gy p , o ly prov d high gi ri g s the a e the t e t nast b ut nst t te kill of g of w lf h dy y , co i u d a s a at t e to its eat A n -em olid cl im for gr i ud cr or, mo

h art all s ee n hat III. on t e ene at ns. , p of ucc di g g r io The thirteenth dy nasty followed i n the footste ps of ’ I4 The Egypt of the H ebrews a na H erodotos

s W e ssess the na es e t an its pre dece sor. po m of mor h

n n e and t n s e n e to it and o e hu dr d ﬁf y ki g who b lo g d , their monuments we re scattere d from o ne e nd of

h t e The teent nast en e E gy pt to t e o h r. four h dy y d d

E t was n a e b A s at es i n saste . di r gy p i v d d y i ic hord ,

n s s and the line of ative P haraoh wa for a time e x tinct .

The n a e s e e a e b an et the i v d r w r c ll d y M ho,

E t an st an the H sos S e e P n es gyp i hi ori , y k or h ph rd ri c o n the monuments they are known as the A amu or

’ ‘ At st we are t s at s. t e e ss w A i ic ﬁr , old , h ir progr as

b assa e and est t n The te e s marke d y m cr d ruc io . mpl

ane and e t n the t es ne t were prof d ov r hrow , ci i bur d wi h

B ut a te a e the e t e the con ﬁre . f r whil high r cul ur of

a he n s quered people ove rc me t co queror . A king arose among the i nvaders who soon adopted the

e at e s and state the P a a s . The tee nt pr rog iv of h r oh ﬁf h, s xteent and se e nteent nast e s e e H s s i h, v h dy i w r y k o .

R e cent discove ries have prove d that at o ne time

n n the H s s e x ten e not to the domi io of y k o d d , if the

st ata a t at all e ents fa r to the s t T e es ﬁr c r c , v ou h of h b . The ir monume nts have be en found at Geb e lén and

l-K ab G a a e e the n at e n es E . r du lly , how v r, iv pri c recove red the ir powe r i n Uppe r E gy pt While the se e nteent H s s nast was e n n at an v h y k o dy y r ig i g Zo ,

T an s i n the n t a se e nte e nt E t a or i , or h , v h gy p i n

n ast was n at T es B ut the n s dy y ruli g he b . pri ce of Thebes did not as y e t venture to cl aim the impe ri al The P atri archal Ag e I5

e T e st a n e e the s e a titl . h y ill ck owl dg d upr m cy of the

foreign P haraoh . The war of independence broke out i n the re ign

h s n i A n of t e Hy kso ki g Apop . ccordi g to the

E t an e en A o i h ad sent essen e s to the gyp i l g d , p p m g r

n e T e es n s n ne t e pri c of h b , biddi g him wor hip o o h r

t an aal- Sutekh the H s s n t Bu god h B , y k o divi i y . t Amon-R a of Thebes avenged th e di shonour that

h ad ee n ne and st e his a e s to b do him , irr d up dor r

ss t For ﬁve ene at ns the war en succe ful revol . g r io w t

on and en e t the ete ex s n th e , d d wi h compl pul io of

s n e t e n E t st e e e its i n tra g r. Sou h r gy p ﬁr r cov r d

e en e n e t en e s e and na the d p d c , h M mphi f ll , ﬁ lly

H s s n e s e e e n out an t e y k o co qu ror w r driv of Zo , h ir

a ta and n ne to the t ess A a s on c pi l , co ﬁ d for r of v ri ,

s a B u en e e th e e e n the conﬁ nes of A i . t ev h r y w r ot

s f th a n n an the E n a e from e ve gi g h d of gyptia .

he n the e t nt nas Ahmes I. t e ee t , fou d r of igh h dy y , drove the m from the ir l ast re fuge and pursue d the m

nt P a st ne i o le i .

The l and which had sent forth its horde s to con quer E gypt was now i n turn to b e conquered b y

the E t ans. The war was a e nt A s a and gyp i c rri d i o i , the struggle for i ndependence be came a struggle for e e n mpir . U der the P haraohs of the e ightee nth

nast E t the st t e i n i ts st dy y , gy p , for ﬁr im hi ory ,

e a a b c m e great military state . A rmy afte r army ’ 16 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a h a H er odotos

out the ate s T e es and t poured of g of h b , brough

n n E back to it the spoils of the k ow world . thiopia and a a e e t the t ea the E t an a e s Sy ri lik f l r d of gy p i rmi ,

h n o and had alike to bow t e eck t E gy ptian rule.

naan e a e an E t an n e E t an Ca b c m gy p i provi c , gyp i garrisons were establishe d i n the far north o n the

nt e s of the H tt te t es and the n a e s fro i r i i rib , bou d ri

’ of the Pharaoh s e mpire were pu she d to the ban ks

he at s of t E uphr e . It i s probable that Abrah am did not ente r Egy pt until after the Hy ksos conquest . B ut be fore the rise of the e ighteenth dy nasty Egy ptian chronology

s n e ta n W e a e to e n i t b nast es i u c r i . h v r cko y dy i

at e t an b ea s . A n to anet the r h r h y y r ccordi g M ho,

E e aste 1 8 ea s and a ns Old mpir l d 47 y r , co iderable inte rval must b e allowe d for the troublous times which i nte rvened betwee n i ts fall and the beginni ng of the Middle E mpire . W e l earn from the Turi n — papy ru s a list of the E gy ptian kings and dy nasties

e i n the t e Ra ses II b u n . t ow a as compil d im of m , , l ! — i n tatte re d fragme nts that the te nth dy nasty lasted

e a s and 10 a s the e e ent nas 355 y r d y , l v h dy ty 24 3 The a n y e ars . dur tio of the twelfth dy nasty i s known

the n ents 16 e a s 2 n t s t a from mo um ( 5 y r mo h ) , h t of the t teent t its e t a hir h, wi h mor h n o ne hu ndred and

t n s ann t a e ee n s t ﬁf y ki g , c o h v b hor . H ow long the

H s s e en re it i s fﬁ t to sa y k o rul du d di cul . Africanu s y , The P a tri a rchal Ag e 1 7

t n anet as P fe ss E an has quo i g from M ho, ro or rm s n a es i t ea s t the a e nt how , m k 9 53 y r , wi h which fr gm quote d b y Josephu s from the E gy ptian histori an al so a e s In t s ase the H s s n est E t gr e . hi c y k o co qu of gyp

a t 2 C . would h ve aken pl ace about 550 B . : ‘' Un fortunately the origi néi l work of M anetho i s

st and we are e en e nt n e e i t lo , d p d for our k owl dg of on ate te s st s t to a n se l r wri r , mo of whom ough h rmo i its n a nt e n chro ology with th at of the Septu gi . Wh we furthe r re me mber the corruptions unde rgone b y num erical ﬁgures i n passing through the hands of the sts i t i s ea t at we ann t a e t copy i , cl r h c o pl c implici co nﬁd ence i n the M ane thoni an n umbers as they have

e us n th w te s a e n to . ee e com dow I d d , ri r who h v

e e t e not a a s a ee t et e and r cord d h m do lw y gr og h r, we ﬁnd the n ames of ki ngs arbitrarily omitted or the l ength of the ir reigns shortened i n orde r to force the chronology i nto agree m ent with that of the a t The t e t nast e ne 1 e a s u hor. w lf h dy y r ig d 34 y r a n to E se s 1 60 ea s a n to ccordi g u biu , y r ccordi g

A an s i ts ea at n was 16 e a s 2 nt s fric u r l dur io 5 y r , mo h , and 1 2 a s d y .

With the help of ce rtai n astronomic al d ata fur ni shed b h h ennese t e n ents . a e t e y mo um , Dr M hl r, Vi astr n e has s ee e i n e te n n h e e x a t o om r, ucc d d d rmi i g t c d ate of the reigns of the two most famou s mon a s the e teen and n neteent nast e s rch of igh th i h dy i , B 1 8 The Egyp t of the H ebrews and H erodotos

Th othmes III an d R a s s II Th othm s II e ne e e I . . m . r ig d h the 20th a B C . 1 0 to the 1 t from of M rch . 5 3 4 of

e a B C 1 e the e n R a ses II. F bru ry . . 449 , whil r ig of m

ast 8 to B 1 2 8 1 The ate e B C 1 C. . l d from . . 34 . d of

Thothm es III ena e s us to ﬁx the e nn n . bl b gi i g of

the e t nt nast a t B . C. 1 igh ee h dy y bou 57 0. The dy nasties of M anetho we re successive and not nte ne s T s a t was o ne e a n co mpora ou . hi f c of th m i re sults of the e x cavations and discoverie s of Marie tte

P s a The atte ts to a t a s e e s a h . old mp form r iﬁci l ch m

r n — e e sat s e no one b ut of ch o olo which , how v r, i ﬁ d gy— their authors upon the supposition that s om e of the dy nasties re igne d togethe r are now discre dited for

a i n E t e e . E e es s e e v r v ry fr h di cov ry m d gyp , which

a s to n w e e an ent E t an st dd our k o l dg of ci gy p i hi ory ,

T e e a e s the a t st e e ta n . e e e s m k f c ill mor c r i h r w r poch ,

n ee en e t an one ne n s a e i d d , wh mor h li of ki g cl im d

s a i n the a e the N e b ut w e n s was w y v ll y of il , h uch

the ase anet se e te at he his a t t e s c , M ho l c d wh or u hori i

ns e e the s e e t ate nast and s e a e co id r d ol l gi im dy y , di r g rd d e e t e the two ri val t e nt -ﬁrst nast es v ry o h r. Of w y dy i

the n ents a e t to t the sts which mo um h v brough ligh , li

anet e n se b ut o ne and the A ss r an e of M ho r cog i , y i rul i n E gy pt at a subsequent d ate i s ignored i n favour of th e prince s of Sai s who were reigni ng at the sam e

t e im .

t e n an re an e i s to b e a e o n the e n t If, h , y li c pl c d l g h

20 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos t e eet are s t san a s and t e e a the h ir f hod wi h d l , h y w r vari -coloured garme nts for which the people of

Phoenicia we re afte rwards famed . A fter the Hy ksos conquest A si atic migration

s a s et ee n mu t naturally have l rge ly increa ed . B w northern Egy pt and P alestine there mu st have been a nstant assa e to and The e s the co p g fro . rul r of l and of the N ile we re now the m selves of A si atic ex tra t n and it ma b e t at the an a e c io , y h l gu g of

a P alestine was spoken i n the court of the Ph raoh .

At all e e nts the e ant Canaan n o n e r v , migr from lo g

‘ fou nd him self an alie n and a strange r i n the l and

’ H am Hi s wn ki n n ow s e e t e e . o e e of w r upr m h r , and a welcome was assured to him whe ne ve r he

h s The s e t at n t e mig t choo e to come . ubj c popul io ill d t e e s the e ne t t e e n s an d h ir fi ld for b fi of h ir for ig lord , th n e be efi t was sh ared b y the i nh abitants of Canaan .

In ase a ne P a est ne now to the c of f mi , l i could look ne e - n s v r faili g oil of Egy pt for i ts supply of corn .

t e e e A a a e i n the a e en If, h r for , br h m liv d g wh northe rn E gy pt was subj ect to the rule of the Hy k sos

P a a s n t n was e nat a t an h r oh , o hi g mor ur l h for him , an A s at e rant nt Canaan to an e nt i ic mig i o , w d r i o

E t he n the n P a est ne had a e H e gy p w cor of l i f il d . would b ut b e followi ng i n the wake of that l arge r Asiatic migration which le d to the ri se of the H y ksos

nast es t e s dy i h m e lves . The P a tri archal Ag e 2 1

T e e i s e e a state ent nne te t h r , how v r, m co c d wi h his residence at th e court of the Pharaoh which does not see m compatibl e with the evide nce of the mn ents W e are t t at a n the ts o um . old h mo g gif showered upon him b y the king we re not only sheep and x en and asses b ut a e s as e The a e o , c m l w ll . c m l

n an n n h s a was the co st t compa io of t e A i tic nomad . A s far back as we c an trace the hi story of the

i e n he h as een accom an ied b the an a B doui , b p y im l which the old Sumerian popul ation of B aby loni a

a the P e s an called the be st which came from r i Gulf.

n ee i t a ea t at to the e n e n s I d d , would pp r h B doui b lo g the re t ta n the a e i n so far as i t has c di of mi g c m l ,

e n l B ut to the E t ans i t b e tamed at a l. gyp i was

a t a n n n N e t e i n the e s pr c ic lly u k ow . i h r hi rogly phic , nor on the sculptured and pai nted walls of the te es and t s we an e e ﬁnd i t re re mpl omb , do y wh r p sente The e a est ent n i t et met t d . rli m io of y wi h i n an E gyptian docum e nt i s i n a papy rus of the age

the E x s an d th e e i t ea s the Se t na e of odu , r b r mi ic m of l ha ma i l the H e e amal N at ra i sts a e s n , br w g u l h v how that it was not i ntroduce d i nto the northern coast of

r an ra A frica u ntil after the beginni ng of the Ch isti e . N everthe less it does not follow that be cau se the c amel was neve r u sed i n E gy pt b y the natives of the nt i t was n ot at t e s t t e e b cou ry , im brough h r y

1 P a A nastasi i. . 2 i ne p . , p 3, l ’ 2 2 The Egypt of the H ebrews ana H erodotos

a d a s n I i s n om ad vi sitors from A r bi a an P le ti e . t difﬁ cult to conce ive of an Arab family on the m arch

A nd s a without a train of camels . that camel actu lly found the ir w ay into the vall ey of the Nile has b eeﬁ

i n e b ex a at n . en H ekek an B e prov d y c v io Wh y y ,

1 8 1 - was s n n s a ts i n the N e at 5 54 , i ki g h f il mud

s the Ge a S e t L n n he M e mphi for ologic l oci y of o do ,

n a n t e an a e a ns the nes o f fou d , mo g o h r im l r m i , bo 1 e a es drom d ri . The name of the P haraoh vi sited b y Abrah am

i s not t to us . A s e se e e i n Genes s the n old l wh r i , ki g

E t i s e e e to n b hi s f a of gyp r f rr d o ly y o ﬁci l title .

‘ ’ This title of P haraoh was one which went back

h a s the na It e e sents to t e e arly d y of mo rchy . r pr

‘ ’ the E t an P er-aa G eat H se and i s gyp i , or r ou , of

a e e n e i n the ns t ns All e repe t d occurr c i crip io . pow r and e n e nt e anate the a a a e gov r m m d from roy l p l c ,

‘ and a n st as we s e a the S ccordi gly , ju p k of ublime

’ ‘ ’ Porte or Lofty Gate when we m e an the Sultan

T r e so the E t ans S e t e own of u k y , gy p i pok of h ir

‘ ’ s s h a G eat H se To ove reign a t e Phar oh or r ou . t s d a the n a an i s a e the - a hi y ki g of J p c ll d Mi k do,

’ L t a e or of y G t . T hat the Hy ksos prin ces should have assume d the title of their pre dece ssors on the throne of E gypt

1 H omer i n the P hi loso hi cal Tr ansacti ons o the Ro al Soci et , p f y y , - 1855 58 . The P a tr i a rchal Ag e 2 3 i s not su s n The nu ents a e s n u s rpri i g. mo m h v how

t E t an se t e s n e a e how horoughly gy p i i d h y oo b c m .

The t the H s s P a a ffe e b ut tt e cour of y k o h r oh di r d li l ,

at all h nat e P a a The t at t e . if , from h of iv h r oh invaders rapidly adopted the culture of the c on

e e e e and t it t e anne s st s qu r d p opl , wi h h ir m r , cu om ,

nd n n The st a s a a a eve l a guage . mo f mou m the m tical treatise which E gy pt has bequeathed to u s was

s s n It m a written for a Hy k o ki g . y b e that the

an a e A s a was e ta ne at all e ents old l gu g of i r i d , v for a t e b the side the an a e the s im , y of l gu g of ubj ect _

at n b ut so i ts s t n st a e ee n popul io ; if , po i io mu h v b like that of Turki sh b y the side of A rabic i n Egy pt

h n a e Ali se era duri ng t e reig of Moh mm d . For v l

e nt es the H s s b e es e as E t ans c uri y k o could d crib d gyp i , and the dy nasties of the Hy ksos Pharaohs are counted b y the E gy ptian histori an a mong the l egitim ate

nast es his nt dy i of cou ry . It was only i n th e m atte r of rel i gi on that the Hy ksos court kept itself disti n ct from i ts native

The s e h subj e cts. upr me god of t e H y ksos princes was Sutekh i n we st see a , whom mu form of the

Se t aa . As has a e a e en state E t an mi ic B l lr dy b d , gy p i legend ascribed the o rigin of the war of i ndepen dence to a demand on th e part of the Hy ksos Pharaoh Apopi that the pri nce and the god of Thebe s should acknowledge th e supre m acy of the ’ 24 The Egyp t of the H ebrews ah a H er odotos

s s e t B ut e en i n the atte e n Hy k o d i y . v m r of r ligio the Hy k sos pri nces could not help submitting to

he E t an s n R a the n en e t at . i ﬂu c of old gy p i civili io , the sun— H e s was e nt e t u tekh god of liopoli , id iﬁ d wi h S , and e en A 0 a e to hi s n a e the t t e R a v p pi dd d m i l of , and so cl ai med to b e an i ncarnation of the E gy ptian sun- e the nat e P a a s who h ad ne god , lik iv h r oh go

e b fore him . When next we hear of Egy pt i n th e Old Testa

i s ent i t i s en s ae a t to e e a nat n . m , wh I r l bou b com io Joseph was sold b y hi s bre thren to m e rch ants from

A a a a e nt E t. T e e he r bi , who c rri d him i o gy p h r

e a e the s a e P t a the e n P a a b c m l v of o iph r, u uch of h r oh

’ h e ex e t ne s a - and e t a . chi f of cu io r , or roy l body gu rd

The na e P t a e t at P t e ra the m of o iph r, lik h of o iph h,

r est On es n s t the E t an P a-tu- a p i of , corr po d wi h gyp i p

’ ‘ - R a the G t the Sun . It has ee n asse te , if of god b r d b y Egy ptologists that names of this description are not e t an the a e th e t ent -se n nast old r h g of w y co d dy y , to S s a th e nte a R e a which hi h k, co mpor ry of hobo m , belonged ; b ut be c au se no simil ar nam e of an earlie r

ate has the t ee n n i t es not t d hi r o b fou d , do follow hat

as ate a s such do not e x ist . A s long our m ri l are

e r e t we ann t aw s t e n s ns e e imp f c , c o dr po i iv co clu io m r ly

n a e n from a bs ce of evid ence . That P otiph ar should have been an e unuch and y et been married see m s a greate r obstacle to our The P a tri a rchal Ag e 2 5

n h T s it n a e ta e t e st . e e ee no t cc p c of ory hi , how v r, d b e E n s i n the e n E ast a e sen . u uch mod r , who h v ri to s t ns e and tan e h a e ssesse po i io of pow r impor c , v po d t e a e s e en In an ent a ni a h ir h r m like oth r m . ci B by lo i t was on ly th e service of religion which the eunuch was en o ente S was t ess the ase forbidd t r. uch doub l c i n E t a s gyp l o . E gypti an rese arch h as brought to light a curiou s

’ a a e to the st r se an d P t a s e p r ll l hi o y of Jo ph o iph r wif .

It i s n i n one the an ta es the e a ents fou d of m y l , quiv l

the e n n e i n the an ent E t ans of mod r ov l , which ci gy p i

e te The ta e i s us a n n as t at d ligh d . l , which u lly k ow h

‘ ’ The Two t e s was tte n b the s e of Bro h r , wri y crib

E n na e t II th e n neteent nast en h for S i . of i h dy y wh e was st n- n e and i t e es the - e ill crow pri c , mbodi folk lor

his na n E n n en t e a . n a e e e ta of iv l d liv d u d r M p h, the a e P a a the E x s and hi s prob bl h r oh of odu , work was thu s contemporaneou s with the even ts which brought about the rel e ase of the I s rae lite s from their

‘ ’ h s n a H o the st e s ma b e ou e of bo d ge . w old ori y

s u s e upon which it i s based i t i s impos ible for to t ll .

’ H e re i s P rofe ssor E rman s transl ation of the com mence ment of th e tale

n e n a t e t e e e e two t e s n O c upo im h r w r bro h r , bor of o ne mother and of one fathe r ; the e ld er was

a e a Now A n os A n the n e at . c ll d up, y ou g r B up p sesse a se and had a e st hi s n e r d hou wif , whil you g ' 2 6 The Eg /pt of the H ebrews a h a H erodotos

n H i as brother lived with him as a so . e t w who w e P for and o e his att e to the e s ov ( ) him , dr v c l ﬁ ld , who ploughe d and reaped ; he i t was who directed all he s ness h fa for Th e n e t bu i of t e rm him . y ou g r brother was a good (farmer) ; the like of whom was

’ not to b e f un t o t the nt ne da o d hr ughou cou ry . O y Anup sent B ata fro m the ﬁ eld to the house to fetch

‘ - 1 see n . A nd he sent hi s n e t e and d cor y ou g r bro h r, said to him : H asten and bri ng me seed -corn from

A n his n the vill age . d y ou ge r brother fou nd the wife of hi s e lde r brothe r occupied i n combing her hai nd he sa o h r s me see - n . A t e : R e u e r id i p, giv d cor t at ma et n to the e t us has m e e h I y r ur ﬁ ld , for h y ld r

e n n m to n t e a n ot e e e etu t . br h r joi d , r r wi hou d l y i g

The w an sa to Go i n en the est t at om id him , op ch , h t u a st ta e at t ne ea t es e s t e ho m y k wh hi h r d ir , for o h r

s m o s wi a to the n A nd th e wi e y l ck ll f ll grou d .

t ent t n nt th e sta e and t t e e ut y ou h w wi hi i o bl , ook h r o a a e esse it was hi s to a out l rg v l , for will c rry much s e - n A nd he oa e se w t eat and e d cor . l d d him lf i h wh

a and ent out t i t T en she sa to : dhurr w wi h . h id him H ow great i s the burden i n thy arm s ? H e said to he r : Two measures of dhurra and three measure s of wheat m ake together ﬁve measures which res t on my

s T s he s a e to he r. B ut she s a e to arm . hu p k p k

’ B ru sch s trans ati on E t u nder the P har aohs En . trans. g l , gyp , g

ﬁrst e i t i n i . . 2 66. d o , p

’ 2 8 The Egypt of the H ebr ews a na H erodotos and was like to one to whom an evil -doer had offe re d

en e s n e she s e to sa to her s an : Th viol c , i c wi h d y hu b d y

r m en e A n d he r y ou nger brother has offe e d e viol c .

s an et rne e at e e n n a n to hi s hu b d r u d hom v i g, ccordi g

a st and n hi s e n st et e o ut d ily cu om , fou d wif ly i g r ch d and s fe n n he e no ate e uf ri g from i jury . S pour d w r ov r hi s an s as was her st she had not te h d , cu om ; ligh d the ts so t at hi s se was i n a ness ligh for him , h hou d rk , an she la t e e A nd h er s an sa to d y h r ill . hu b d id her : Who h as had to do with thee ? L ift thy se lf up ! Sh e said to him : N o o ne h as had to do with me e x e t th n e t e s n e en he a e c p y y ou g r bro h r, i c wh c m to ta e see - n t ee he n me s tt n a ne k d cor for h , fou d i i g lo “ and sa to me C e let us a e e an id , om , m k m rry hour

! and re pose : let down thy hair ! Thus he spake to “ me b ut not sten to b ut sa See ! ; I did li him ( id), am not th t e and i s no t th e e t e I y mo h r, y ld r bro h r

! e a at e to t ee ? T s s e to b ut lik f h r h hu I pok him , he not e a en t o m s ee b u t se e t did h rk y p ch , u d forc wi h

Now t a me th at I might n ot tell thee . if hou llow him to se live I will kill my lf.

‘ The n the e lde r brothe r began to rage like a panthe r : he sharpe ne d hi s kn ife and took it i n hi s

an A nd the e e t e s h d . ld r bro h r tood behind the door of the stabl e i n orde r to kill the y outh whe n he cam e

a i n the e en n to n the xe n nt the sta e b ck v i g bri g o i o bl . N ow whe n the sun was se tti ng and he had laden The P a tri a rchal Ag e 29

t all the t n s the e a him self wi h good hi g of ﬁ ld , ccord

h s A nd i n to hi s st he et ne to t e e . g cu om , r ur d ( hou ) hi s cow that ﬁrst e ntered the stable said to him : Beware ! the re stands thy e lde r brothe r be fore thee with hi s knife i n orde r to kill thee ; run away from

sa T en him ! So he he ard what the ﬁrst cow id . h

s H e the se cond e ntered and spake likewi e . e look d

e the the sta e and saw the eet u nd r door of bl , f of hi s r t e was stan n e n the t b o h r, who di g b hi d door wi h his n e i n hi s an H e t e hi s en o n the k if h d . hr w burd

n and e an to run a a H i s e e r grou d b g w y quickly . ld

’ r ran a te t hi s n e i n hi s an b othe r f r him wi h k if h d .

R a the su n - e e a e to the e the , god , how v r, c m h lp of

nn ent t and nte se a e i oc y ou h, i rpo d riv r full of croco

s n an his s e All n t n dile be twee him d pur u r. igh lo g the two brothers stood on e ither side of the wate r ; i n the morn i ng B ata convin ce d his brother that he had ne no n and re a e a n do wro g, pro ch d him for h vi g

e th at he T e n a believ d could b e guilty . h he dded :

‘ Go e n ow an d see a te t ne x en t se hom f r hi o hy lf,

no n e sta t t ee b u t to for I will lo g r y wi h h , will go

’ the a a a a e . So A n et ne to his se c ci v ll y up r ur d hou ,

ut hi s e to eat and sat t e e i n s t a n p wif d h, h r oli ude d s ness ad .

se e rt nate t an ata se hi s Jo ph , mor fo u h B , ro from h r s n to t e e st e state . The e a s p i o high ofﬁc of dr m , th t s was a s e e e i n rough which hi ccompli h d , w r full 30 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

e n h e e the a e ea s e en ke pi g with t e b li f of g . Dr m v to -d ay pl ay an i mportant part i n the popul ar faith of

E In the a s the P a a s i t was the sa e . gy pt . d y of h r oh m

Th h s V e a e a a the san t at h ad e ot me I . cl r d w y d h ov r

e e the nx and t a te e et een i ts wh lm d Sphi , buil mpl b w

a s i n nse e n e a ea i n R a p w , co qu c of dr m which

H a a s - had a e a e to e n ea e t rm khi pp r d him wh , w ri d wi h

nt n he had a n n to s ee n e the s a hu i g, l i dow l p u d r h dow

n t san ea s ate of the ancie nt monume t. A hou d y r l r N ut-Amon of E thiopia was summone d b y a dream to a n In G ee a s en he t E t. t m rch i o gy p r k d y , wh te e A s h ad a en nt n an ra e was mpl of by do f ll i o rui , o cl esta s e i n one i ts ese te a e s and bli h d of d r d ch mb r , those who consulted it re ce ived the ir answers i n the

‘ ’ t e ea s t at a e to t e n e h ru dr m h c m h m duri g th nig t.

The e a s e e nee e at t es an nte e dr m , how v r, d d im i rpr te r to e x a n the and s an nte pl i m , of uch i rprete r me ntion i s m ade i n a Gree k i nscription from the Se rapeum a t M e mphis. At othe r times the dreamer him self

could i nte rpret his vi sion b y the he lp of the books i n which the signiﬁcation of dre am s had been reduce d to a s en e ci c .

‘ ’ The ea s P a a and hi s two eun s dr m of h r oh uch ,

’ e e the e t er and the e a e how v r, chi f bu l chi f b k r, we re

a st an e and n e n and of r g ov l ki d , there we re no books t at e x a n t e n h could pl i h m . Eve the magicians and

‘ wise men of Egy pt failed to u nderstand the dream The P a tr i a rchal Ag e 3 I

A nd e t he n the H e e a t e h ad P a a . of h r oh y , w br w c p iv

nt out its ean n no t e a ne i n the poi ed m i g, doub r m i d

i se ants t at he was t mind of Pharaoh and h s rv h righ . From time imme morial the Nile h ad been likened to a - and the e t s n wate w it s ea milch cow, f r ili i g r hich pr d

ns an e ove r the soil to the milk that su stai hum lif . The cow-headed goddess H athor or I s is watched

It was sa he r t at ove r the fe rtility of E gy pt. id of h

’ she a se the N e to e w at his d ue t e and c u d il ov rﬂo im ,

‘ ’ the seven great H athors we re the seve n form s

n e she was s e . In the se en ne u d r which wor hipp d v ki ,

‘ a n w st n the an the ccordi gly , hich ood upo b k of

’ rive r the E gy ptian readily saw the life -givi ng powers

the Ni e of l .

It neede d b ut the word of t he Pharaoh to change the H e e s a e nt an E t an e se n br w l v i o gy p i rul r, co d

H i s o nly to the monarch itse lf. ve ry nam e ceased to b e Se t and en e t e a e Z a hnath mi ic, h c for h b c m p

aan ah H e e en a e s p e . v lli d him elf with the e x clusive

r est H e s On a n A se na p i hood of liopoli or , m rry i g th , the a te th s B na d ugh r of e prie t of R a. y m e and

a a e as e as b s t n he was t s a te m rri g , w ll y po i io , hu dop d

nt the an s the n at a s i o r k of ive ri tocracy .

Such changes of nam e are not u nk nown to the

ns t ns t e to t e we i crip io . From im im m eet with the re cord s of fore igne rs who h ad settled down i n the valley of the N ile and there re ce ived ne w names of ' 3 2 The Egypt of the H ebrews a h a H er odotos

E t an n T s a n e n gy p i origi . hu mo um nt fou d at Aby dos te ll s us of a Canaanite from B ashan called

Yu- a-a se son B en -A an e e e i n E t the p , who z r c iv d gyp new name of R am ses -e m-per-Ra and was a vizier of

e ne ta the P a a the E x s The H tt te M p h , h r oh of odu . i i

R a ses II s a a te an t an wife of m . imil rly dop d Egy p i na e and the t st nes two K ari ans are re m , omb o of p se e i n the a an n a es the e a are rv d , which K ri m of d d

r tten i n the e tte s the a an a a e t w e w i l r of K ri lph b , hil a hie rogly phic te xt i s attache d which gives the

n na es t e had ne i n E t E gy pti a m h y bor gy p . The e x act transcription i n hierogly phics of the

n n s Egyptia am e of Jose ph i still doubtful . B ut it i s

a n t at it nta ns the E tai n r s a -ci h hh pl i h co i gyp wo d p ,

‘ ’ ‘ ’ the e the n one see to b e re lif , or livi g , which m p

‘ ’ - ah h e e b the a t e nti of. The te a h i s c d d y p r icl , rm p s e t es a e to the P a a and s n e K a om im ppli d h r oh , i c mes the ast n the se e nteent nast , l ki g of v h dy y ass e the t t e Z af-n -to n s e the an um d i l of , ouri h r of l d , it is possible that i n Z aphnath - paaneah we may see

‘ an E t an Z af- nti - a- an n s e the gy p i p kh, ouri h r of

’ B ut the na s t n the s Pharaoh . ﬁ l olu io of que tion

es mu st b e l e ft to future r earch . It i s now more e asy to ex pl ai n the c ry which was raised before Joseph when he we nt forth from the pre sence of the Ph araoh with the golden chai n a n hi s ne and the a s ne t n hi s n rou d ck roy l ig upo ﬁ ger. t e s te e e and an e x ana h y hou d b for him , pl tion of the word h as been vain ly sought i n the

E t an an a e It ea i s a n an gy p i l gu g . r lly of B by lo i

In h t e no n - e t an a e origin. t e primi iv S mi ic l gu g of

’ C a aea a br ih s n e a see s t sa e and h ld ig iﬁ d r or oo h y r, the te rm was borrowed b y the Se mitic B aby lon ians

n e he o s a bri hha and aba r ahha se u d r t tw form of . Jo ph was t s a e a se e and hi s e x a tat n was hu procl im d r, l io d ue to his e e se n the t e It was as pow r of for ei g fu ur . a divine ly -inspire d seer that the subj ects of the

P a a h r oh we re to reverence him . H ow a B aby lon ian word like a breh came to b e

se i n E t i t i s e us to n e T se u d gyp idl for i quir . ho who believe i n the l ate origin and ﬁctitiou s characte r of the story of Joseph would ﬁnd an e asy ex pl ana t n i t B ut e as e x anat ns are not ne essari io of . y pl io c ly t e e t e i n a ae i n an t n e se A nd ru , i h r rch ology or y hi g l .

s n e we no w n t at Canaan lon . b e fore the i c k ow h , g t e se had a e n n e a n an im of Jo ph , f ll u d r B by lo i

n en e t at the a n an an a e and t n i ﬂu c , h B by lo i l gu g wri i g we re e mploy e d there :and th at B aby lonian words had

a e t e wa nt the n at e it es no m d h ir y i o iv idiom , do t require much stretch of the im agin ation to suppose that such words may h ave al so penetrate d to the

h s at e s n t e n E t court of t e A i ic rul r of or h r gy p . Up to the era the E x s E t and Canaan e e of odu , gyp w r for seve ral centu rie s as closely connected with each C ’ 34 The Egypt of the H ebrews a h a H erodotos othe r as were E ngl and and the n orth of France i n

an P n a n s the age of the N orm ans d l a t ge et .

E e en s n the N e The prosperity of gy pt d p d upo il . If the rive r rises to too great a height duri ng the

e n n at n the a t n s are a a e p riod of i u d io , u um crop d m g d or

If on the t e h an i s s ns f ent e st e . t e i s d roy d , o h r d , ri i u ﬁci to the ana s and as ns to ea the e ﬁll c l b i , or r ch high r

n the an e a ns n ate e and n t n grou d , l d r m i u w r d , o hi g will

E t i n t i s the h N e let the w. a t t e gro gy p , f c , gif of il ;

anne the eat e b e e te e se e e and ch l of gr riv r div r d l wh r , the whole country would at once become an unin habited desert . A lo w Nile consequ ently brings with it a scarcity

en s ns ann t b e te of food . Wh provi io c o impor d from a a a ne i s the ne essa es t and the o u bro d , f mi c ry r ul , p p

n s e s i n t s n s s the ase i n l atio peri h hou a d . Such wa c the e e ent and t e t ent r e s era e n l v h w lf h c u i of our , wh the i nund ation was d eﬁcie nt for several successive

h A a - - l ea s. T e w te s E l M akri z i and Ab d e y r r bic ri r ,

L ati es e the a nes t at ens e i n te e f, d crib f mi h u d rribl

s Ab d -el-L ati was a tn ss a w term . f wi e of th t hich

aste A . D . 1 200 to 1 202 and the s h l d from , of horror whic

i t a se . A te e at n ass ses and e en e x c re c u d f r i g gr , corp , v

ent the et e n a tants he nt e an m , wr ch d i h bi of t cou ry b g

e one an t e t e s to d vour o h r. Mo h r we re arreste d i n the act n t e own e n and it was nsa e to of cooki g h ir childr , u f

a i n the st eets ea e n m f w lk r for f r of b i g urdered for ood .

’ 36 The Egyp t of the H ebrews ah a H erodotos

s ns b ut nstea ntents t e e i s ai r provi io , i d of co h r .

’ s Th x Eve ry thing i s e xhau ted . e te t then goes on to de cl are how Khnum the Creator cam e to the help of the P a ao and a se the N e n e e to h r h, c u d il o c mor

n h an s In et n for s i nu d ate t e l d . r ur thi the king gave the priests of: Khnum at E lephantine twe nty

es of e an on e t e s e the s an mil riv r b k i h r id of i l d , togethe r with tithes of all the produce of the

n cou try .

s has t to t e t an t e Dr. Brug ch brough ligh y o h r re cord of a fami ne i n Uppe r E gy pt which be longs

o n e e A n the -cu t s t a old r p riod . mo g rock t omb of

E l- K ab e e the r n es T e es e t e t , wh r p i c of h b h ld h ir cour i n the a s the H s s i s one c o mme mo d y of y k o , which

n a n a The na s rates the am e of a cert i Bab . me occur e se he e at E l-K ab and was t at the at e l w r , h of f h r of

’ ‘ a t n Ahmes se t i s one the st C p ai , who omb of mo

’ t é re stin t e re and i n his th a s i g h , who, y ou ful d y , assiste d Ahmes of the e ighteenth dy nasty i n drivi ng

s t st t ss E a a the Hy kso from heir l a for re i n gypt . B b e n e ates hi s ea th and an ee s and um r w l m y good d d ,

‘ a s : en a a ne a se ast n an e a s dd Wh f mi ro , l i g m y y r , I

’ ss ou n to the t i ue d t cor ci y . It may b e that the famine here referred to i s the

se All e n he ate famine of Jo ph . w k ow about t d of

s a he e i n h a s s h e Baba i th t liv d t e ge of the Hy k o . If ﬂourished be fore the war of i nd ependence and i n The P a tr i a rchal Ag e 37 d ay s whe n the authority of the Hy ksos Ph araoh was

a a nt i n e E t we s a e still p r mou Upp r gyp , hould h v good reason for believi ng that the fami ne of which he

s r e i n Genes s speaks was the same as that d e c ib d i . One of the re sults of the l atte r was that the Egy ptians

arte t t e an s and st to se so t at p d wi h h ir l d ock Jo ph, h

en e t t e e a e the te nants the P a a h c for h h y b c m of h r oh , ll to whom they paid a ﬁfth of a the ir produce . If t s state ent i s st a the a n st at n hi m hi oric l , dmi i r io of Joseph mu st have exte nded from o ne e nd of Egy pt

h t e H i s H s s aste st a e een to t e o h r. y k o m r mu h v b

e A o i o f the Sa e P a s te s us t at lik p p , whom lli r py ru ll h

the e nt e nt a t te t e t e t its ir cou ry p id him ribu , og h r wi h

an a t e ts and so a e t all m uf c ur d produc , lo d d him wi h

’ the n s E good thi g of gy pt.

’ The a nt se s a ne e e e tra s ccou of Jo ph f mi , how v r, b y i n one e s e t a s n ate ate T r p c ig of l r d . he fami ne i s sa to a e e x te n e to aanan B ut a a ne ih id h v d d C . f mi Egy pt and a fa mi ne i n Caanan we re not d ue to the sa e a se and the a e the ate s the N e m c u , f ilur of w r of il

f n the s a est ne In would have no ef ect upo crop of P l i .

anaan i t was the ant a n not the n n at n C w of r i , of i u d io

the N e e a a e n W e of il , which produc d f ilur of cor . hear r t e to t e i n the ns t ns n f om im im , i crip io , of cor be ing sent from E gy pt to Sy ria, b ut it was when there was pl enty on the bank s of the N ile and a

s a t h H e ew c rci y of rai n o n the Syrian coast . T e br ’ 38 The Egypt of the H ebrews a h a H erodotos write r h as regarded the history of the past from a purely A siatic rathe r than an Egy ptian poi nt of View . Joseph mu st have e ntered E gy pt whe n it was s n e H s s nat n The se a e till u d r y k o domi io . promi m d

i ‘ n a e n x v. 1 s e x t to Abrah m ( G . 3) v ry e plici : K ow of a surety that thy seed shall b e a stranger i n a

an t at i s not t e s and s a se e t e and l d h h ir , h ll rv h m ;

’ rs E a they shall afﬂict the m four hundred y e a . qu lly ex plicit i s the state ment of the book of E xodus

‘ x ii 0 The s n n the e n ( . 4 , ojour i g of childr of I srael who dwelt i n E gy pt was four hundre d and

t a s A nd it a e o ss a he e nd the thir y y e r . c m t pa t t of

n e and t t ea s e en the se -sa e d a four hu dr d hir y y r , v lf m y it a e to ass t at all the sts the L e nt c m p , h ho of ord w

’ h n H e e t t e a s out from t e l a d of Egy pt . r hir y y r — the l ength of a generation are added to the four hun dred duri ng which the I srae lites were to b e afﬂicted i n the an the e ne the E x s t l d of for ig r. If odu ook pl ace i n the l atte r y ears of the nineteenth dy nasty and as we s a see the E t an n ents , h ll , gy p i mo um forbid — our pl aci ng it e l sewhere the four hundred and thirty y ears of the Biblical narrative bring us to the begin n n h ast H s nast i g of t e l y kso dy y . It i s a curious fact that Egypti an history al so k nows of an epoch of four hu ndred y e ars which cove rs almost th e same pe ri od as the four hu ndred

ea s e n s s P as a en e x a at n G e . a ette y r of i M ri h , wh c v i g The P a tr i a rc/azl Ag e 39 at an the an ent an n a ste a w h ad S , ci Zo , fou d l hich

n i n h n R a ses II b one hi s bee erected t e reig of m . y of

h n The e s the e n t e A s at t e . ofﬁc r , gov r or of i ic fro i r stel a commemorates a vi sit to San m ade b y the

e n o n the t d a the ont M e sori gov r or, four h y of m h ,

‘ i n the four hu ndredth y ear of the ki ng of Uppe r and e E t S et- aa- ehti the son th e Low r gy p , p , of

’ a s na e -N b ti S n e un e Se t u . S who lov d him , l o m d i c

et utekh was the the H s s e San S or S god of y k o , whil was the H s s a ta it i s e a t at Set-aa- e hti y k o c pi l , cl r h p or Set-N ub ti was a Hy ksos pri nce who cl aim e d rule

e he e E t and t a H s s ov r t whol of gy p , wi h whom y k o

P ss as an n e e d . d e e ra comme ced . rof or M p ro Dr Cara consider the pri nce i n question to h ave been

ea the S utekh se t s e e i s not r lly god him lf hi , how v r, the n atural interpretation of the titles assigne d to

and it i s not a e t at P ess e e him , improb bl h rof or Wi d m ann i s right i n ide ntify i ng him with a certai n

H s s P a a Se t- N ub ? ti ent ne on a y k o h r oh, [ ] , m io d

n ent s e e b a ette at T e l- M okd am mo um di cov r d y M ri .

‘ T s atte P a a i s e nt t e the the hi l r h r oh i l d good god , sta e and L e E t the son the S un r of Upp r ow r gy p , of ,

’ e e b utekh the A a s S . b lov d y , lord of v ri But whe ther or n ot the Hy ksos P haraoh of Tel

M okd am i s the sa e as Set- N ub ti San i t m of , would see m probabl e that the e ra connected with hi s nam e

ar e the se the ast H s s nast A m k d ri of l y k o dy y . ccord ’ 40 The Egyp t of the H ebr ews a h a H erodotos

’ i n to E se s the ea e r t s nast was Sai tés g u biu , l d of hi dy y , a n am e which re mind s u s of S et-aa Eu sebiu s

a es the en t the nast 10 e a s b ut m k l g h of dy y 3 y r ,

A r an s a e tr st t a t r t e s it as f ic u , mor u wor hy u ho i y , giv

1 ss h 51 y ears . Thi s would a ign t e rise of the seve n teenth nast the ast H s s e to a t dy y , l of y k o rul , bou

B . C 1 20 a ate a ees e e t t at . 7 , d which gr v ry w ll wi h h 1 the n nt an The E x s the of mo ume of S . odu of

s ae tes it t a e i n the e n ene ta I r li , if ook pl c r ig of M p h ,

w a e a e ne a t B 1 2 0 B . C . 1 2 0 C. ould h v h pp d bou . 7 (or 5 ,

II as P ess it o e i n the e n e t . if ccurr d r ig of S i , rof or M aspero m ai ntains) ; i n thi s case the 4 30 y e ars of

n i h an E t n s us o B s n n t e t . C ojour i g l d of gy p bri g . 1 700 (or This would b e about twe nty y ears afte r the e stablishm e nt of the l ast H y ksos li ne of

P a a s and one n e and t t ea s e re h r oh , hu dr d hir y y r b fo th n n the e teent nast se e fou d atio of igh h dy y . Jo ph would thu s have been vizie r of the cou ntry long

e e the war n e e n en e . e out and t e e b for of i d p d c brok , h r would have been time i n abund ance for him to have lived and die d be fore hi s friend s and prote ctors were

en the an t e had so n e driv from l d h y lo g occupi d .

C n a t ere e the a na at e hro ologic lly , h for , Biblic l rr iv

1 m es 1. r i n fr m 1 f R C . 8 o 1 28 i h a s 1 e g ed o B . 34 t 1 ; t e ste l a o f had b een erected i n the twent -ei hth ear of his rei n four h y g y g , und red d B ears wou ta e us b ack to . C 1 20 . The S ri an y l k . 7 y wars were con c l uded b y the treaty wi th the H i tti tes i n the twen ty -ﬁrst year o f hi s rei gn. The P a tr i a r cha l Ag e 4 1

ﬁts in t the re e e nts E t an i st r wi h quir m of gy p i h o y , and allows u s to see i n the H ebrew captive the

e n ste a ra e i n s e pow rful mi i r of c of k g who , lik him s B ut it e had e the an s A s a. lf, com from highl d of i mu st b e re m e mbere d that i t was o nly i n the north of E gy pt that Hy ks os rul e m ade itse lf actu ally

s he e t e n E t vi ible to the ey e s of t pe opl . Sou h r gyp was n na erne b i ts n at e n es t h omi lly gov d y iv pri c , houg t e h n P a a h y did not assum e t e title of ki g or h r oh .

‘ ’ The e e hi a e e ta e ta ns the ast re y w r y , h r di ry chi f i , l presentatives of the roy al families of earlier d ay s . They acknowledge d the s uprem acy of the Hy ksos

Phara and t te was se nt to T e es oh, ribu him from h b and El- K ab .

T e s the an e nt a ta the hough M mphi , ci c pi l of

nt was i n the an s the stran e s an cou ry , h d of g r , Zo , the Tan s ass a e ra was at e the i of cl ic l g og phy , r h r s a P te te b the a s es e t of Hy ksos powe r. ro c d y m r h

s r n e it an the e n San la o n which ur ou d d , Zo , mod r , y the e aste rn side of th e D e lta at no gre at distance from the frontier of A si a and the gre at Hy ksos

‘ f t ess A a s an the r a the or r of v ri . From Zo , o d of

’ P st nes as it i s a e i n the P entate ran hili i , c ll d uch, almost i n a straight line to P elusi um and the s outh

P a e st ne s t n o n o ne s e the e te anean of l i , kir i g id M di rr

Se a an d e a n to the i t the t rt ess - , l vi g r gh lof y fo r rock

‘ ’ E l-A i s on th of r h e wate rl e ss rive r of Egy pt. 4 2 The Egyp t of the H ebrew s a nd H erodotos

Tan s h ad e s i n he a s the E e i x i ted t d y of Old mpir , b ut e ithe r the Hy k sos conquest or e arlie r i nvas ions

had a se i t to e a and w en the H s s t c u d d c y , h y k o cour was establi sh ed there i ts ancient templ e was alre ady

i n n Th h was d ue to rui s. e restoration of t e city

the H s s n s a e e t i n it e a s y k o ki g , who h v l f m mori l of

' t e se h H s s s nx s i n the se h m lves . T e y k o plu e Mu um

G e on o ne the n a e A 0 i s of iz h, of which m of p pi

en a e e e n t e e b a e tte as e as gr v d , w r fou d h r y M ri , w ll a curiou s group of two persons with enormous wigs

n ﬁsh nd - s e n hold g a water fowl i n their lap . Wh i‘ ' i t i 2 2 t at s stated i n the book of Numbers ( x iii . ) h

‘ ’ H e n was t se en e a s e e an i t i s bro buil v y r b for Zo , probabl e that the buildi ng of Zoan by the Shepherd

n s i s eant ki g m .

In ne n f s t e n P a est ne to an jour y i g rom ou h r l i Zo , J acob and hi s sons had no very long distance to

t a e s N ss hi ou h a n r v r e . or had they to pa t g lo g

E n t t t a t t a te t . the e se r c of gyp i rri ory From d r , wi h

’ i ts n an s n e e n to the P a a s rovi g b d of ki dr d B doui , h r oh

’ t at an was a a s ne e t an . cour Zo , h rdly mor h a d y jour y The re was little fear that the Se mitic travelle r would mee t with i nsult or opposition from the E gy ptian

ellahi n on the wa The ellahi n t e se es e e f y . f h m lv w r

t ess t e n as now xe t e t e e ents doub l h , , mi d wi h S mi ic l m ; i t was needful to go we stward of Zoan i n orde r to

ﬁn an d Egypti s of pure blood .

’ 44 The Egypt of the H ebr ews a h a H er odotos

P a-Tu m ene ta - hote - - ma i n the st t of M p h p hir , di ric

’ Thukut of .

In 1 88 N ill e x a ate a a t e l- H e n ne . av e t S 4 Dr c v d , f h,

‘ an ancient mou nd close to the railway be twee n

a a and T e l l- H i s e x a at ns es te Z g zig e Ke bi r. c v io r ul d — i n the discove ry that Saft el H e nneh m arks the s ite ‘

! of the ancie nt Q ese m or Q os ( Pha - kussa i n the

G ee e a e s the a ta the n e the r k g ogr ph r ) , c pi l of om of

E t an A a a ese es n s ex a t t gyp i r bi . Q m corr po d c ly wi h

Ges e e esents i n the Se t a nt the h m , which r pr p u gi

H e ew G s en and nts to the a t t at the br o h , poi f c h

E t an e s to the G ee t ans at n gyp i J w , whom r k r l io of the Testa e nt was d ue e n se i n the a Old m , r cog i d Biblic l

a a Goshen the Q e she m of Egy pti n geogr phy . The district imm edi ately around Saft el- H e n neh i s e t e b ut the na e the E t an A a a f r il , m of gy p i r bi which i t once bore shows un mi stakably who its cultivators

st a e een T e e the e t n a s mu h v b . hey w r S mi ic om d

the E ast e t e es e n ants to - da from who, lik h ir d c d y ,

as na se tt e o n the nt e - an s E t occ io lly l d fro i r l d of gyp, and e a e e ess n n a t sts b c m mor or l u willi g gricul uri .

B ut the a e a t t e e a ne s e e s l rg r p r of h m r m i d h ph rd ,

ea n a n a e t t e s and a e s l di g om d lif wi h h ir ﬂock c m l , and pitching the ir tents whereve r the monotony of

s the de ert was broken b y water and vege tation.

The a T umilat nt the st t Sa t W di , i o which di ric of f

l- H enne O e ne was t s e nent s te e h p d , hu mi ly ui d for h H e n H e e t e the residence of t e brew B edoui . r h y had t e s ent s a e t e food for h ir ﬂock , pl y of p c for h ir

a n - n s and ee nte e en e on c mpi g grou d , fr dom from i rf r c

‘ th a the E t ans e i n the a n e p rt of gyp i , whil b ckgrou d was a e t e st t i n se nne t n t th e f r il di ric , clo co c io wi h

a ta he e t se t e a e to e x an e c pi l , w r ho of h m who c r d ch g a pastoral for an agricultural life could ﬁnd rich soil

n a to sow a d cultiv te . H ard b y Zagazig are the mound s of the ancient

B ub asti s and e e the e x a at ns a e on b , h r c v io c rri d y the Egy pt E x ploration Fund have brought to light

e a ns the H s s P a a s n n one r m i of y k o h r oh , i cludi g of

o i B b as i s t e e e st a e ee n a H s s A . u t p p , h r for , mu h v b y k o

e s e n e and i ts te e was a ne b the H s s r id c , mpl dor d y y k o

' n s e t ee n B ub asti s and H e s s P a ki g . B w liopoli tood

‘

B ailo s and t s t n ene ta 11. sa s at T e es , of hi ow M p h y h b

‘ that the n tr a n was not t ate b ut e t cou y rou d cul iv d , l f as ast e att e e a se the st an e s a n p ur for c l b c u of r g r , h vi g

’ een a an ne s n e the t es a b b do d i c im of old . Wh t bette r proof c an we h ave th at the A rabian nome was i n truth what the l and of Go she n i s represented to b e ?

B a s n en e the a T umilat the y curiou coi cid c , W di ,

an G s en has i n the esent ent a a n old l d of o h , , pr c ury , g i

een h an e e to e n and S ans and a b d d ov r B doui y ri , gain

he s ene an E x s a e Ali been t c of odu . Moh mm d was anx ious to e stablish the culture of the silk -worm i n

E t and a n ante e - t ees gy p , ccordi gly pl d mulb rry r i n ’ 46 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a h a H erodotos th e a Tu mi lat and sett e t e e a a e n W di , l d h r l rg colo y

ans and e n The e n e e i n of Sy ri B doui . B doui w r d uced to e a n t e e a t b the ast a e ro r m i h r , p r ly y p ur g p vided t e s a t b a se ex em for h ir ﬂock , p r ly y promi of p t n r taxes and ta ns t n en io f om mili ry co crip io . Wh

A as P as a e a e e e e e the se bb h b c m Kh div , how v r, promi was forgotten ; orde rs we re i ssued that the free B edouin of the Wadi Tu milat should b e treated

e the ens a e ellahi n e e to a the tax lik l v d f , comp ll d p y

at e e and to see t e en en i n an fs g h r r, h ir childr driv h dcuf

the as to se e i n h a . B ut and with courb h rv t e rmy .

s we e ne e a ou S en i n a the e e t . ord r r v r c rri d udd ly ,

‘ s n e n t t t n se a n n the e i gl igh , wi hou oi or w r i g, whol

n u at n ese te t e ts and t Be doui pop l io d r d h ir hu , wi h the ir ﬂocks and o thet possessions di sappeared i nto

the easte n ese t. The P as a st his s a es the r d r h lo l v ,

t e the s -w ease and w en the e s cul ur of ilk orm c d , h Fr h water Canal was c ut not a si ngle mulberry -tree re m ained .

In the an G s en the s ae t s sett e s l d of o h , I r li i h l r

B ut a t e a e n throve and multiplied . im c m whe a

‘ ’ n a se ne not se and en ne w ki g ro which k w Jo ph, wh the desce n dants of J acob see m ed to the E gy ptians

an e L e A as P as a i n a source of d g r. ik bb h a l ater

ent the P ara ete ne to e e the c ury , h oh d rmi d r duc free-born I sraelites i nto t he condition of public s a es and b e e eans i n hi s e to n s l v , y v ry m pow r dimi i h The P a tr i archal Ag e 47 t e n er The a e en e e est o e h ir umb . m l childr w r d r y d , the adults compelled to l abour at the cities the Egyptian monarch was buildi ng i n the ir neighbour

and the an i n w t e e was sur hood , l d hich h y liv d rounde d b y E gy ptian garrisons and controlled b y

E n f s gyptia o ﬁcer .

The s a es e e s ee e i n es a n l v , how v r, ucc d d c pi g from

‘ ’ t s n a n e the e a e s heir hou e of bo d ge . U d r l d r hip of

ses t e a e t e wa nt the e aste n ese t Mo h y m d h ir y i o r d r , and e e e at S na and a es - a nea th e a s r c iv d , i i K d h B r , l w

n Th which were hence forth to gover them . e army sent to pursue the m was swallowed up i n the waters

the sea and the st t t e had e was e t of , di ric h y occupi d l f

es e d ol at . A variety of reasons had led Egy ptologists to the belief that i n th e P haraoh of the Oppression we we re

R a s s h s probably to see R am ses II. m e t e Seso tris and Os mand as G e e st was the t n y y of r k ory , hird ki g

the n neteent nast and one the st str of i h dy y , of mo ik i n t n st Hi s n n g ﬁgures of E gyp ia hi ory . lo g reig of sixty - seven y ears was the eve ning of E gypti an great n ss t hi s eat th e a e E t an e . Wi h d h g of gy p i conquests

asse awa and the e e a set i n L e p d y , p riod of d c y . ik

L s XIV an e the ra nd mona r ue oui . of Fr c , g q of ancient Egypt e xhau sted i n hi s wars the resources and n at n hi s nt ﬁghti g popul io of cou ry . B ut i t was as a builder rathe r than as a conque ror 4 8 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H er odotos

a R a ses II was a s Go e th t m . f mou . wh re we will i n

E t N a we ﬁnd t a es hi s a te t a gyp or ubi , r c of rchi c ur l a t t T e e i s a a a e ere he has no t c ivi y . h r h rdly pl c wh

v e t hi s na H i s e e n st a e een l f me . whol r ig mu h v b

e w t the nst t n t es and te es occupi d i h co ruc io of ci i mpl , or the restoration and enlarge m ent of previou sly ex ist i n nes and i n s te its en t i t i s fﬁ t to g o , , pi of l g h, di cul understand how so vast an amou nt of work could have been accomplishe d i n the time . Much of the

e e i s and s a e i t ea s i n work, how v r, poor c mp d ; b r ,

a t a s the e e s aste t it was f c , m rk of f v ri h h wi h which

a i e t . i t on th e t e an i s c rr d hrough Much of , o h r h d , grandiose and striking i n its colossal proportions and

s n The s atte e ran te boldness of de ig . h r d g i colossus at the R amesse u m n e nea s x t ee t i n e t , o c rly i y f h igh , the fragment of a standing ﬁgure of granite foun d b y

P ss n e s P e tr e at San st n rofe or Fli d r i , which mu origi a a e een e a n e e et the eat a lly h v b ov r hu dr d f high, gr h ll

n s at a na the te e Ab u - of colum K r k , mpl of Simbe l i n

a are all so an tnesses ast n e t ns Nubi , m y wi of v co c p io

s A b u- e n ee s ess ea e . S e e a ucc fully r li d imb l , i d d , wh r

nta n has een e nt a te e and a mou i b hollow d i o mpl , cliff

e nt the e ne ss s tt n es ea carv d i o lik of four i i g ﬁgur , ch with an u nrivalled e x pre ssion of divi ne calm upon i ntenan e st a s to b e one the n e s ts cou c , ju ly cl im of wo d r of the world . A part from the colossal proportions of so m any of The P a tr i archal Ag e 49

b e the n s R a ses II. are st n s e th m , buildi g of m di i gui h d y an a e e te to th e the other tr it. They we re r c d glory of

P a a at e t an the s It i s the na e and h r oh r h r h of god . m titles of Ram ses that eve ry where force the m selve s

n n t e and te n nst t te the e e a upo our o ic , of co i u chi f d cor t n the n ent H e st a e een a n io of mo um . mu h v b v i

s a e all t e n s E t e t gloriou bov o h r ki g of gy p , ﬁll d wi h the pride of his own powe r and the dete rmi nation that th hi s name should neve r b e forgotte n upon the e ar .

It i s no t st an e t e e e t at R a ses 11. s r g , h r for , h m hould b e th e most prominent ﬁgure i n ancient E gy ptian

st H i s n a e and the s atte e e s hi s hi ory . m h r d r lic of archite ctural triumphs force the m selve s upon the

attent n h a e e e e he es . H i s n io of t e tr vell r wh r v r go . lo g

e n e e w as a e eat te a a t t r ig , mor ov r, p riod of gr li r ry c ivi y , and a conside rabl e portion of the literary papy ri which have survive d to us was writte n duri ng hi s

fe t e H e s he st the c on . wa t e e t a li im , fur h rmor , l of quering Pharaohs ; the l ast of th e Theban monarchs whose rule was obey e d from th e mountai ns of L ebanon and the pl ateau of the H auran to the s t e n nt e s E t a t hi s eat th ou h r fro i r of hiopi . Wi h d h e e e h ad een n e b the ta s mpir , which b fou d d y mili ry kill and ene the n s the e tee nt nast rgy of ki g of igh h dy y ,

e an to ass a a H i s son and s ess ene ta b g p w y . ucc or, M p h, had to struggle for bare exi stence against an invasion

a ar an es and the s e t e e of b rb i hord , c p r dropp d from

D . 50 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

h t e ee e an s S et II. nex t e nt f bl h d of i , who follow d , i o t s The n n n n ho e of rival ki ngs . i etee th dy nasty e ded in the mid st of civil war and foreign attack : for a while Egy pt submitte d to the rule of a Sy ri an st an e and en etnekht the n e the r g r, wh S , fou d r of t e nt et nast est e n e e the nat e ne w i h dy y , r or d o c mor iv li

n s he n a ne and e s e nt of ki g , fou d rui d impov ri h d cou ry ,

a a o sc rcely bl e t prote ct itse lf from hostil e assault . B ut th e age of the twentie th dy nasty was still di stant when J acob and hi s sons journey e d i nto

E t e en en hi s es en ants n e the gy p , or v wh d c d , u d r

ea e s ses s ee e i n es a n the l d r hip of Mo , ucc d d c pi g from

n t e s a e a e m e l a d of h ir l ve ry . B fore th t age arriv d or than one revolution was destined to pass ove r the

a e the N e had e nt s nse en es v ll y of il , which mom ou co qu c

n s s n s The H s s e e for the fore ig e ttl er i Go he n. y k o w r

en a nt A s a and a n te E t n e driv b ck i o i , u i d gy p o c

e more obey ed th rul e of a native P haraoh . B ut the centre of power had been shifte d from the

h e s an n had to a e n orth to t e south . M mphi d Zoa m k wa T e es and it i s a e t at the na s y for h b , prob bl h mo rch

the e tee nt nast n e E t re of igh h dy y , u d r whom gyp

e e its n e en en e had N an i n t e cov r d i d p d c , ubi blood h ir

A new e as eat e n the an en ve ins . lif w br h d i to ci t

n e nes and the st t e i n i ts ki gdom of M , for ﬁr im

E e e The hi sto ry gy pt b cam a great military powe r. war was transfe rred from the D elta to A sia itself ;

C H A P T E R I I

T H E A G E O F M O S E S

ON the easte n an the N e a t a r b k of il , bou midw y

etwe en n e and A ss t the t a e e a b Mi i h iou , r v ll r from C iro to A ssouan passes a line of mound s which are k nown b the na e T e l el-A a na Tel is the na e y m of m r . m give n to the artiﬁcial mounds which cove r the

e a ns an ent t es e cl-A marna en tes r m i of ci ci i , whil d o the Bedouin tribe of B en i - A mran whose de scend ants i nhabit the district i n which the line of mounds i s

n e t een the n s and the N e i s a e t e fou d . B w mou d il f r il st of an een t n i n the w nte and rip . b k , gr wi h cor i r

nd s a e t s a s s n a e t . On pri g, h d d wi h grov of lof y p lm

he t e s e t e i s a tawn ese t a n s ut i n t o h r id of h m y d r pl i , h

an a t eat e s The est ne fs b y mphi h r of hill . lim o clif of the atte are en i n t ee a es e e a nes l r brok hr pl c , wh r r vi

t t e to the A a an atea e n le ad hrough h m r bi pl u b y o d . Th e central ravine i s short and rugge d that to the n t h e e t o i ts t wa s see at or h, ow v r, h ugh lof y ll of rock m

e s a st to eet e ent a a es the e x e tim lmo m , v u lly c rri plor r b y a slow ascent i nto the heart of the Arabian 52 The Ag e of M oses 53

t A o t t ee es its t and i n a deser . b u hr mil from mou h, s e - a e the t has ate een s o e e id v ll y , omb l ly b di c v r d of the n e the t the n s Tel fou d r of ci y , of which mou d of

l- na re now the so e e esenta es The e Am ar a l r pr tiv . tomb i s worthy of the monarch for whom it was i n

In he stant s t e o f h e s t e i t ten e . t t e e d d di oli ud d r gorg ,

n h s Ste s s n e the i s cut deep i to t e olid rock . p ﬁr t co v y

s t n a s to the dO r of th e se e vi i or dow w rd huge p pulchr .

t n i s a oa S o n a ssa e t ‘ t e t Wi hi br d l pi g p g , o h righ of which are the sculpture d chambers in which the body

’ one of the P a a s a te s n e e ste e of h r oh d ugh r o c r d , whil at the end it i s a ast ne a t n of v colum d h ll , wi hi which

h a s the P a a se was t e sarcoph gu of h r oh him lf pl aced .

The P a ao had een na e b hi s at e h r h b m d y f h r,

n s I se b u A e n s IV A e o II . a te t o m phi , f r him lf, m phi . had not long mounted the throne before he gave

se a ne w na e and was en e t n n him lf m , h c for h k ow

‘ ’ - - as n Aten the the a s . Khu , Glory of Sol r Di k The change of name was the outwar d sign and t en a e s e t n The n ok of r ligiou r volu io . ki g publicly

en n e the an en e n of E t w r ou c d ci t r ligio gy p , of hich he was the f a e esentat e and e a e o ﬁci l r pr iv , d cl r d

se a n e t to an A s at a t The him lf co v r i ic form of f i h .

e n a e A n the s e e T e es and v ry m of mo , upr m god of h b

the a a to -n -Aten e n e of roy l f mily which Khu b lo g d , was os e and e ase the n ents pr crib d , r d from mo um

e e e t r In he te es and to s and wh r v r i occur ed . t mpl mb 54 The Egyp t of the H ebr ews a nd H erodotos quarries alike it was d e face d ; even the name of

’ the n s own at e nta ne it was no ki g f h r, which co i d , t s n e rm h s pared . Whe th a of t e per e cutor was thu s ex ten e to the tte n and s t e n ent d d wri culp ur d mo um , we cannot suppose that the adhe rents of the ancient

t b e t eate t a ent e an cul would r d wi h g l h d . It was no t long be fore the Pharaoh and the power

e a T e es e e at e n war B ut the ful hi r rchy of h b w r op .

s n h prie thood proved too stro g for t e king . H e quitted the capital of hi s fathers and built himself a new t art e n t It i s the s te t s ci y f h r or h . i of hi city

i s n ow e e b the n s T e l el- A a na which cov r d y mou d of m r . Towards the northe rn s ide of it rose the pal ace

the P a a w se n s a e een ex e b of h r oh , ho rui h v b plor d y

ss n e s P t i e It was one the s Profe or Fli d r e r . of mo t

man Th e gorgeou s ediﬁces ever e re cted b y . wall s and columns we re i nl aid with gold and bronze and st ne s a s s and a ne w th stat a o of v riou colour , dor d i u ry

E e n the s e e es e and a n n . and p i ti g v ﬂoor w r fr co d , if we may judge from the o ne di scove re d b y P rofessor

P e t e the art was the h est e . The ants ri , of igh ord r pl and anim al s and ﬁsh de picted o n it are drawn with a perfection and a truthful ness to nature which see m to belong to the ni ne teenth century of our e ra rathe r

s than to the ﬁfte e nth century before Chri t. T he public ofﬁ ces of the government adjoined the

a e and a n it e e the ses the n es pal c , rou d w r hou of obl The Ag e of M oses 55

T e too e e te the and o ﬂi cers of the court. h y r ﬂ c d

ant a n ent th e a a a e and gay and brilli dor m of roy l p l c ,

n ene b es es re re their walls were e liv d y fr co , which p

- a fe A n the sente d the scene s of eve ry d y li . mo g ‘ e s as he a h e - a e to h the public oﬂi c w t rc iv ch mb r, w ich

state had een t ans e e T e es documents of b r f rr d from h b ,

as the e n fﬁ e e e s e s e e s as we ll for ig o c , wh r crib w r bu ily engaged i n correspondence with the gove rn ors of the A si atic province s of the e mpire and the princes of

s fore ign state . In the centre of the city rose the great te mpl e of

’ Aten the s a s the ne w e t the P a a s , ol r di k , obj c of h r oh

a at n T the na e was E t an the dor io . hough m gy p i ,

nd hi s e e a e A s at n The d e ity a cult w r lik of i ic origi .

A ten i n a t to the te e had een ea e , f c , whom mpl b r r d ,

was the A s at aa H e was the S un - se i ic B l . god , who

s h s a s s visibl e m anifestation wa t e ol r di k . B ut it wa

a Sun - god who was not only supre me ove r all othe r

s t e e e a so e nt and e x ste n god h y w r b rb d i o him , i d o ly

i n so far as he en e the t ne fe It dow d m wi h divi li .

i s t s t at A te n-R a the s a s the Sun- hu h , ol r di k of god ,

’ ‘ i s addressed b y the Pharaoh s queen : Thou disk

the Sun t o n od t e e i s n ne of , h u livi g g , h r o other beside thee ! Thou givest health to the ey e s through

’ th ea s C eat all t n s ! ne -n y b m , r or of hi g O of Khu

’ A ten s f e s on the a s hi s t s ea s i n o ﬁc r , w ll of omb , p k

‘ s a te r s : T i n t t art the imil r m hou , O god , who ru h 56 The Egyp t of the H ebrews and H erodotos

n one stan est e e the two e s T r e . a livi g , d b for y hou t h e c re atest at ne e was fo rmest which wh v r , which e e t n art i n all t n s : we a s a e v ry hi g, which hi g l o h v

’ e nt e n t the th com i o b i g hrough word of y mouth . The new faith of E gy pt was a combination of the worship of B aal with the philosophic concep tions which had gathe red round the worship of the

E an un - R at H e s Th t S a . e s gy p i god , , liopoli wor hip

aa h ad st i ts ssness and ee n e ne nt of B l lo gro , b r ﬁ d i o

B th n t s a form of monotheis m . ut e mo o hei m was essent a ant e st t e e was n ee b ut one i lly p h i ic ; h r , i d d ,

to a at n was a b ut he was u ni god whom dor io p id ,

The e s na ve rsally diffu sed throughout nature . p r o l character of the A si atic Baal see m s to have di s appeare d i n the Aten worship of Egy pt. A long with the new religion came a new sty l e

r A s at a t sts and w e n an fa t of a t. i ic r i orkm m u c ured the variegated gl ass and bright-coloure d porcel ain

T e l el- A a na s a e the n e nt na s of m r , or di c rd d co v io li m of E gy ptian art i n the ir de lineation of anim al and

e e ta e e e a te t e an e out i n v g bl lif , whil rchi c ur br ch d new e t ns and the s t exa e ate the dir c io , culp or gg r d

’ a t es the n s e s na a ea an e pe culi ri i of ki g p r o l pp r c .

E er e f t i n a t was a e to ea a a r v y f or , f c , m d br k w y f om the ast and th e anne s s and t a t ns p , from m ri m r di io

a art T at art had een se ass of E gy pti n . h b clo ly oci

t the an e nt e n the nt and ated wi h ci r ligio of cou ry , The Ag e of M oses 57 with the change of religion cam e a change i n all

n s s thi g e l e . The cau ses of the change can no w i n great

e T o s e e x t n i was d m asure b e traced . om e t t ue to the e the n se A aste ast charact r of ki g him lf. pl r c

hi s a e ta en e ate a te e at h as een of f c , k imm di ly f r d h , b

n b P ess P e t e and i s an e ent tness fou d y rof or ri , loqu wi I i of what the man him self was like . t s the face

a h s e and a st one se nte est of p ilo oph r my ic, of who i r lay rather i n the proble m s of religiou s be lie f than i n h ff s s a In st n i t we ee th at t e a air of t te . udy i g f l the man to whom i t belonge d was destine d to b e a religious re form e r. B ut this destiny was assiste d b y the training and

-n - en had e Hi s education which Khu A t rece iv d .

t e Te e re a e st a t i n the i ntroduc mo h r, i , bo for mo p r t n th Aten he st a e een a io of e cult of . S mu h v b

an st n a a te and her n en e e wom of ro g ch r c r, i ﬂu c ov r her s n s i s o st a s a e een eat . a a e mu l o h v b gr If, prob bl , Khu - n - A ten was ve ry y oung when he as cende d the t ne the e s e he en ea e to hro , r ligiou r form d vour d

’ effe ct must have been i n great measure his mother s

T at she had a se ee ee n s at e work . h rou d d p f li g of h r d among the adherents of the olde r creed may b e

’ at e e he n n -n-Aten s t g h r d from t co ditio of Khu omb .

T the the P a a was es e and hough body of h r oh d poil d , the sarcophagu s i n which i t reste d shattered i nto 58 The Egypt of the H ebr ews and H erodotos

a ents t e had ne e t e ess een e s te i n fr gm , h y v r h l b d po i d the se pulchre that h ad been constructe d to rece ive

’ t e B ut no t a e the een - t e s h m . r c of qu mo h r mummy has een met t and the i n the a b wi h, corridor roy l t see s to a e ee n ex a ate her omb, which m h v b c v d for , has ne e ee n n s e an e t an the two v r b ﬁ i h d, y mor h or three tombs which we re c ut i n the immediate neigh b ourhood A te th e eat her 5011 een Te e . f r d h of , Qu i see m s to have found no protector from the vengeance

her ene es of mi .

It i s a e t at Te e was of A s at t prob bl h i i ic bir h, t no e ta n i t h as et een n hough c r i proof of y b fou d .

H r s an A eno s III w s n e . a onne n hu b d, m phi , fo d of c cti g

se b a a e w t the a ouses A s a him lf y m rri g i h roy l h of i , and more than one of the wives who occupie d a

’ secondary ran k i n the Pharaoh s hou sehold we re of

x Hi s own t h A siatic e traction . mo he r ad been an

A s at n e ss the a te the n tann i ic pri c , d ugh r of ki g of Mi i , the A a -N aharaim th e Testa ent r m of Old m . From

tann as had e two hi s own es as e Mi i l o com of wiv , w ll as the e hi s son and s ess A en s IV wif of ucc or, m ophi .

-n-A ten (Khu ) .

T e e i s tt e o n e t at t t e h r li l r om for wo d r h , wi h h ir

A s at t es and a -A s at es e nt the ate i ic proclivi i h lf i ic d c , l r P haraoh s of the e ighteenth dy nasty should have sur

s s s nd rounded the m elves with A iatic ofﬁcial a courtiers .

n s e s e n A s Tho hm had The co que t of W t r ia b y t e s III.

60 The Egyp t of the H ebrews and H erodotos

n es a s ne b E t an t s and ad provi c , g rri o d y gy p i roop

n ste e b E t an f e s E en the nt mi i r d y gyp i o ﬁc r . v cou ry

e n the an as an and the H a an e b y o d Jord , B h ur , form d

t he E t an e par of t gy p i e mpir . In many cases the native princes we re le ft to

ana e the affa s t e se e a states e the m g ir of h ir v r l , lik

te te n es e n n a b ut t e e e pro c d pri c of mod r I di , h y w r

‘ ’ controlled by commissioners sent from the valley

h e e e e ent e a e was ta en of t Nil . Mor fr qu ly th ir pl c k b E t an e no s a e ns e a e n e y gy p i gov r r , v ry co id r bl umb r

e e e e Canaan t s es ent. of whom , how v r, w r of i i h d c

T s n ee i s one of the st e a a e a ts hi , i d d , mo r m rk bl f c connected with the E gy ptian e mpire i n A sia ; i t was governed for the Pharaoh by natives rath er than b ns u s n all n K h E t a B t t was ot . e u y gyp i . hi U d r . n-Aten Egy pt itself was invade d b y the A siatic st an e The a es a t the t e e r g r. high pl c bou cour w r ﬁlle d with foreigners whose n ames procl aim - the ir

Canaan t s i n e en the e was a e i i h or gi v Vizi r c ll d Dudu , the a to the na e a i s Biblic l Dodo, which m of D vid a n The a e ents the t Aten ki . dh r of cul of who gathe red round the P haraoh at Tel el-A m arna see m .

a e n e to A s a n t l argely to h ve b lo g d i i stead of E gy p . E ven the ofﬁcial l angu age and writing we re of

Th an a e a A siatic derivation . e l gu g w s that of B aby

n a the s t was the ne s a a the lo i , crip cu iform y ll b ry of

The a n an s nd an a e same country . B by lo i cript a l gu g The Ag e of M oses 6 1 were u sed from the banks of the E uphrates to those

h N T e e the n e of t e ile . hey w r commo m dium of

It i s i n i nte rcourse throughout the civili sed world . these t at an E t an f a i tes to his aste h gyp i o ﬁci l wr m r, and i t i s again i n these that the reply i s sent from the E n f gy ptian foreig o ﬁce .

The a t i s a e s s n o ne b ut e ent f c v ry urpri i g , r c

n i A t a e discove ries have tended to e x pl ai t. v ry re mote e poch Baby lonian armies h ad made the ir wa to th e est and Pa est ne was a n e o f y w , l i provi c

a n a a n e B by lonia lo g be fore it be c me provi c of Egy pt. The long-continued and d eep -seate d i nﬂuence of B aby lonia brought to it the culture and civilisation

n an t es The a n an s s of the B aby lo i ci i . B by lo i y te m of writing forme d a ve ry important ele me nt i n this an ent t e and a n t the an a e ci cul ur , , lo g wi h l gu g of

it was the e x ess n t ee t i n which pr io , ook d p roo

e ste n As a H ow n it nt n e to b e e m W r i . lo g co i u d ploy ed the re may b e gathe red from the fact that each district of Weste rn A si a develope d its own

e a p culi r form of cu ne iform script. All this we have learned from a discovery m ade i n 1 8 i n the n s T el el-A a na A n 8 7 mou d of m r . mo g the i ns the e n fﬁ e -n-Aten ru of for ig o c of Khu , which a ne the a a a e the ellahi n n a e djoi d roy l p l c , f fou d colle tion of cl ay tablets i nscribe d with cuneiform or we e -s a e a a te s T e t ne dg h p d ch r c r . h y ur d out to b e 6 2 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos the foreign corresponde nce of Khu -n -Aten and hi s

at en - n-Aten tte T e es he t f her . Wh Khu qui d h b ook

t the a es hi s at e and to t ese wi h him rchiv of f h r, h were subsequently adde d the ofﬁ cial letters which he

se e e e him lf r c iv d .

A t e t e a t t ee n e ta ets e e dis l og h r, bou hr hu dr d bl w r

e e B ut no o ne was on the s t cov r d . po who could a e ate t e a e and n to a se es ppr ci h ir v lu , , owi g ri of

e a e a ents se era t e e e n e d plor bl ccid , v l of h m w r i jur d or

t n s destroy e d be fore hey fell into E uropean ha d .

E t -two n t e wa to the t s se igh y fou d h ir y Bri i h Mu um ,

e t an 1 60 a ents are at e n the G e mor h fr gm B rli , iz h

se ssesses 6 and a few are i n the an s Mu um po 5 , h d of

n a s private i dividu l . The tablets have thrown a new and u nex pected

t on th e st the ast To find t at the ligh hi ory of p . h l anguage and script of B aby lonia we re the common m edium of literary and o fli c i al i nte rcourse through out We ste rn Asi a i n the century be fore the E x odu s was suffi cie ntly startli ng i t was much more startli ng to find th at this early period was e mphatically a

L e tte s asse to an h literary e ra . r p d d fro along t e

- a s u n the st t n s e ts and a high ro d po mo riﬂi g ubj c , constant corresponde nce was m ai ntai ne d between the court of the Pharaoh and the most di stant parts of

The e n s e Western A si a. B doui chi ef b y ond the Jord an send l e tters protesting their loy alty to the The Ag e of M oses 6 3

E t an n a and e a n t at t e es gy p i mo rch , d cl ri g h h ir forc we re at hi s di sposal ; the vassal - ki ng of J erusale m begs for help from E gy pt to prote ct him against hi s pe rsonal e ne mies ; the governors of Phoenicia and the land of the A morites describe the threatening attitude of the H ittites i n th e north ; the king of Mitann i or A ram -N aharaim dwe lls with pride o n hi s rel ationship to the ruler of the E gy ptian e mpire ; while the kings of A ssy ri a and B aby lonia ask that

ma b e sent t e E t e e i t i s as gold y h m from gy p , wh r

‘ ’ ent as the st s ss est ns nte pl iful du , or di cu qu io of i r

r e a nt s W e are national policy o comm rci l i e re t. suddenly transporte d to a world much like our own ;

- a i n e at n i s e s ea e e world which duc io wid ly pr d , wh r

s s and s a s a n and a es and a e chool chol r bou d , libr ri rchiv

s x s chamber e i t. The nature of the cune iform sy ste m of writi ng

tse n ate t at s s e e n e s would of i lf i dic h chool w r um rou .

‘ It was a sy ste m which was ex traordi narily diﬂi c ult h to ea n . n e t e e s E t no ass st l r U lik hi rogly ph of gy p , i ance was afforded to the m e mory b y any resembl ance b e tween the characte rs and e x te rnal obj ects ; like

the C nese a a te s to -d a t e ns s hi ch r c r of y , h y co i ted me rely of groups of conve ntionally arrange d li nes or

‘ e es. L e the E t an e s e e w dg ik gy p i hi rogly ph , how v r,

the n e a a te s was e x t e e a e umb r of ch r c r r m ly l rg , and

each characte r not only re presented more than one 64 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

net a e b ut it a s b e se e a pho ic v lu , could l o u d id ogr phic a to x ess eas T s the sa e a a te ma lly e pr id . hu m ch r c r y not n e esent th e net a es ha r ma t nat o ly r pr pho ic v lu , , , lat sa t and i n it ma a s en te the eas , , g ; y l o d o id of

’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ d n e st B ut t s was nt nta n an . cou ry , mou i , co qu hi not all Th a - t n u . e origi n l picture wri i g o t of which the ne s a a e e e had een n ente cu iform y ll b ry d v lop d , b i v d b the t e n on - e t at n a aea y primi iv S mi ic popul io of Ch ld , from whom i t had been afte rwards adopted and

a a te b t e Se t s esso s. A n d p d y h ir mi ic ucc r ccordi gly , whole groups of characters which denoted a particul ar — word i n Sumeri an the non -Se mitic l angu age of — ancient Chaldaea were taken ove r b y the Semites and se b t e to en te the sa e t u d y h m d o m word , hough ,

se t a t ta ffe ent n n at n In of cour , wi h o lly di r pro u ci io .

‘ ’ S e an e x a e mer -s i s n e t se s um ri , for mpl , g ig iﬁ d rou r , b ut though the two characte rs mer and s tg continu ed to b e written i n Se mitic tim es i n ord e r to ex press the w the n n at n atta e to t as ord , pro u ci io ch d he m w

a i lla h n A shi r wa s rb t e e a l. , mod r r bic

The t e e e s e to e a n the ne pupil , h r for , who wi h d l r cu i form syllab ary at all thoroughly was compelled to k now

n the e an an a e a aea somethi g of old Sum ri l gu g of Ch ld . It was far more necessary i n his case than a know

n i e e L at n b e i own . e e t l dg of i would our Mor ov r, was ne cessary for him to learn the variou s form s which the same cu ne iform characte r assumed i n The Ag e of M oses 6 5 diffe re nt cou ntries or at diffe rent period s i n the same

nt T e se a s s we e e n e s cou ry . h v riou form r v ry um rou , and they often diffe red more than bl ack l ette r differs

na n e from ordi ry mod er ty p .

The a t t en t at th e ne s a a was f c , h , h cu iform y ll b ry studied and u sed from the b anks of the E uphrates to t se the N e r n s t it the t e a t ho of il , b i g wi h fur h r f c that throughout thi s area the re mu st have been

s nd tea e s T e and e se e numerou s s chool a ch r . im p r v r i n a e e nee e its a s t n e a g l bour w r d d for cqui i io , whil knowl edge of the B aby lon i an l angu age which aecom p an ied i ts study could not h ave bee n obtai ned with

f te a e s It i s a n a a o ut the he lp o ch r . ccordi gly m tte r of no sm all aston i shment th at the l e tters rece ive d at the E t an e n e ere tten not n b gyp i for ig ofﬁc w wri , o ly y

s b ut a s b f a s and s ess na s e e s . prof io l crib , l o y o ﬁci l oldi r

N aturally the study of the foreign sy ll abary and

an a e was a tate i n e e ss e wa In l gu g f cili d v ry po ibl y . hi s e x a at ns at Te l el-A arna P ess n c v io m , rof or Fli d ers P etrie h as discove red fragme nts of lists of cuneiform

a a ters as e as a at e ti na es ch r c , w ll of comp r iv dic o ri of

n and er an Se t a n a S . e e a mi ic B by lo i um i Mor ov r,

a n an t a te x t has een n i n B by lo i my hologic l b fou d , which the word s have be en divid ed from one another b ts red a nt i n e to ass st the a y do of p i , ord r i le rne r i n

a n hi s a n m ki g w y through the l ege d . This my thologic al te x t i s n ot the on ly one which E 66 The Egyp t of the H ebr ews a nd H erodotos has been met with among the tabl ets of T el e l

A a na The e x sten e s tex ts i s a m r . i c of uch proof t at the te at e a n a as e as i ts h li r ur of B by lo i , w ll

n nd s r t wa s a r a a e a e to the est . l gu g c ip , c r i d W From

e e te ti es ar es ns st n the v ry r mo m public libr i , co i i g for

st art a - s we e to b e n i n the mo p of cl y book , r fou d

a n an and A ss an t es and en a n an B by lo i y ri ci i , wh B by lo i

t e a e i ts w a to the est s a a e s cul ur m d y W , imil r libr ri

n t e r a s The e at ns mu st h ave spru g up h e l o . r vel io m ad e to u s b y the tabl ets of T el e l- A m arna show t at t ese ar es e th se a n a e e h h libr i , lik o of B by lo i , w r st e t s tte n n a an ock d wi h book wri upo cl y , m y of which

s a n an n contai ne d copie of B bylo i l ege d s an d my ths. One of the my thological tales di scove red at Te l e l-A m arna i s the l atte r portion of a story which de s r e the eat n o f the st m an A a a A a a c ib d cr io ﬁr , d p or d m ,

h nt t n e at n t th A a a and t e i roduc io of d h i o e world . d p had r en the n s the so th n and was b ok wi g of p wi d , a r n e e to a e a e e A n u the cco di gly ord r d pp r b for , lord

h k T e e he e se to t th n of t e s y . h r r fu d ouch e food a d

‘ ’ ate e at t at e e fe re and en w r of d h h w r of d him , wh

‘ subsequ e ntly the heart of A nu was softened to

a s he re se a s the and ate w rd him , fu d l o food w r of

’ ‘ e e n A nu e n an d ra se life . Wh r upo look d upo him i d “ hi s e i n a e ntat n O A a a he re e e atest voic l m io d p , w for thou not ? whe re fore d ri nke st thou no t ? The gift o f

e ann t now b e t ne lif c o hi ,

6 8 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

n s A ss a and a n a a e mou d of y ri B by lo i h v y ie lded . P erhaps some d ay the papy ri of Egy pt will tell u s

e e xa t to it wher c ly look for .

A e e en e to it h as a ea een me t t In r f r c lr dy b wi h.

the t e R a ses II. an E t an s e se im of m , gy p i crib compo d an iron ical account of the adve ntures of a military

s n he f s ofﬁ ce r i n P ale ti e . T o ﬁcer i n qu e tion was

a e a a a e the a c ll d Moh r, word borrow d from B by

’ n i n se an a i t si n n a s e e an e n . lo i , who l gu g g iﬁ d voy The E gy ptian work i s con se quently u s ually known as The Tra vels o a M o a r and i t e s u s an nte e st f h , giv i r i ng pictu re of Can aan shortly be fore the I s rae litish

x s The a t was ear e r r his E odu . u hor cl ly v y p oud of

a a n e e and h as t e e e nt e ge ogr phic l k owl dg , h r for i roduc d

a ar n a es I n the nam es of l ge umbe r of pl c . n o e passage he asks H ast thou not see n Kirj ath -A n ab togethe r with Be th - Sopher ? Dost thou no t k now

’ and Z idi u th ? M x M ij l r A a a . . a l to dull m p Dr W e ,

the e t e a n the assa e i s d ue whom corr c r di g of p g , points out that the scribe h as i nterch anged the word s

’ ’ at t and e t se and t at he h t Kirj h , ci y , B h, hou , h oug

- n n r a - to h ave writte n B e th A ab a d Ki j th Sopher.

at he was a a nte e e t the e an n Th cqu i d , how v r, wi h m i g of the Canaanitish word Sophe r (i n E gy ptian Thup ar) i s shown b y hi s addi ng to it the de te rminative of

’ ‘ ’ ‘ t n S o her i n a t eans s e st as wri i g. p , f c , m crib , ju

‘ ’ so her eans and n ates the a t t at p m book, i dic f c h The Ag e of M oses 69

at - Se her was not n a t n s b ut Kirj h p o ly ow of book , of

- as e It b e e e e e t at book writers w ll . will r m mb r d h

’ et - A na the se a es i n the a e ate B h b, hou of gr p , bbr vi d

A na i s ass ate t r at - Se her i n form of b, oci d wi h Ki j h p

h i 2 1 x v st as t e T sta ent s . x . e . Old m (Jo h 49 , ju i t i s i n the E gy ptian papy ru s .

In the T el e l- A m arna t ablets we have a pic ture of Canaan i n the ce ntury which prece ded the E x odus

n it the s ae tes o u t E t. A s we a e see of I r li of gy p h v ,

W e c an was at th at tim e an Egy ptian province . t s n e rstan wh i n the te nt a te Gene s s hu u d d y , h ch p r of i ,

Can aan i s a e a t e a E t. m d bro h r of Mizr im , or gy p For a while i t obey e d the same s ove re ign and was ad ministered b y the sam e l aws ; the n atives of Canaan

e fﬁ e i n the rt the P a a and E t an h ld o c cou of h r oh, gyp i

e n s e i n the anaan t s t es It was gov r or rul d C i i h ci i . no n a h he n n t t te t e eat R a ses II. t e u il f r d h of m , of i teenth nast and a t the er t e en the dy y , bou v y im wh

srae tes e e es a n f t e r se n a e I li w r c pi g rom h i hou of bo d g , t at Canaan ease to b e an E t an e e n e n h c d gy p i d p d cy . From that tim e forward it was politically and

e a a se e e the a e the N e g ogr phic lly v r d from v ll y of il , and the geographe r could neve r again couple i t with the an E t l d of gyp .

e n - n - Aten was P ara the t es Wh Khu h oh , ci i of

Canaan e e n e s an d The e w r um rou wealthy . pe opl

e e t e and ex e e e s e a as w r highly cul ur d , c ll d p ci lly 70 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H er odotos

r ers i n and s e as an fa t re s wo k gold ilv r, m u c u r of

e a n and a - e ass and as ea e s porc l i v ri colour d gl , w v r of

- T richly dy ed line n . heir m erchants already trade d to stant a ts the n wn The e n s di p r of k o world . gov r or appoi nted b y the Pharaoh were for the most part of nat e n and at t es a e esentat e the iv origi , im r pr iv of

ne n s was e t a n t e t an old li of ki g l f mo g h m , hough

E t an e e t was ten a e at hi s s e The gyp i pr f c of pl c d id . gove rnors were controlle d b y the presence of

E t an a s ns as e as b the s ts an gy p i g rri o , w ll y vi i of

‘ ’ E t an ss ne T e a i es and gy p i commi io r. h ir riv lr quarrel s form the subj e ct of m any of the l etters which

a e een n at T e l e l- A a na t s e s a ea h v b fou d m r , bo h id pp l i n to the P a a te t on and e and a e g h r oh for pro c i h lp, lik

s n h I see s to a e prote ti g t e ir loy alty to him . t m h v bee n the part of Egy pti an policy to encourage these

ar e s at all e ents to an e en a an e qu r l , or v hold v b l c

et een the a e n s b w riv l gov r or .

A s n as the e E t e a ne nta t lo g pow r of gy p r m i d i c , t e se a e s s et es es te i n O en war h qu rr l , which om im r ul d p ,

r no a se a ar E t an t s offe e d c u for l m . gy p i roop could alway s b e sent to the scene of di sturban ce before i t

e e an e s B ut i n the t s a s could b com d g rou . roublou d y

’ - n -Aten s e n e n E t tse was e st ess of Khu r ig , wh gy p i lf r l and n ne re t the s t n affa s was i cli d for vol , po i io of ir

The E t an e s e e ne e e at e an e . ch g d gy p i forc w r d d hom , and th e Pharaoh was compell e d to turn a deaf e ar The Ag e of M oses 7 1 to the piteou s appe al s that we re m ad e to him for ass stan The e ne e s E t an e e an to i ce . mi of gy p i rul b g

n In the s t the multiply a d grow powerful . ou h

‘ ’ K habiri or Con fe derates thre atened the E gy pti an

nat n i n the n t A te e e s ntri e domi io ; or h, mori r b l i gu d with the H ittites and with the kin gs of N aharaim and

a ni a e i n all arts P a est ne the S te B by lo , whil p of l i u or B edouin were perpetually o n the watch to take a anta e the ea ness the e rn e n dv g of w k of gov m t .

It was the assa - n e sa e E e - tob b v l ki g of J ru l m , b d y

s h na e w a e s e a e na e b t e a r . m , who p ci lly m c d y Kh bi i In hi s le tte rs he d esc ribes him self as u nlike the other

e n rs i n t at h e had ee n a nte to hi s fﬁ e gov r o , h b ppoi d o c

‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ b the arm o r a e the t n th e y or cl of Migh y Ki g, s e t hi s t It was not r hi s at e upr m e de i y of ci y . f om f h r

hi s t e nse ent t at he h ad e e hi s or mo h r, co qu ly , h d riv d

H as i n - r a n t . e w a t a e st n e oy l dig i y , f c , pri ki g, lik hi s re e e ss e ede to A ra h ad p d c or M lchiz k, whom b m

h E e - a t t es. tob e e was na e to a e p id i b d , how v r, u bl m k

ea a a nst hi s e ne es the a i One b o ne h d g i mi Kh b ri . y the towns which were in cluded i n th e territory of

er sa e r e a and Gat - ar e to R a a J u l m , f om K il h h K m l bb h , fell into th eir hand s the P h araoh was u nable to send him the e he so e arnest e e and h lp for which ly b gg d, we ﬁn ally he ar of hi s havi ng fall e n i nto the han ds o f hi s e i n e ne L a a a n t the ti es B dou my , b i , lo g wi h ci of

h he was i n ar e L a a was i n a i an e i th w ich ch g . b i ll c w 7 2 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

a e ta n a e a s tes ette s to the c r i M lchi l , who l o wri l r

E t an na as e as t Ta Gat and gy p i mo rch , w ll wi h gi of h

the a r Kh bi i . The l atter see m to have give n the

‘ ’ na e H e n the C n e e a to the t m of bro , o f d r cy , old ci y

of at - A a Kirj h rb .

e was the seat a n E t an e n r M giddo of gy p i gov r o ,

e Ga a nea S e e The na e S e e has lik z , r h ch m . m of h ch m not ee n n i n the Te l c l- A a na ta ets b u t a b fou d m r bl ,

’ e e en e i s a e to its n ta n i n the Tr a vels o r f r c m d mou i , f a M oha r E t . i he r Mou nt Ebal or Mount Ge rizim mu st conseque ntly have been already we ll known i n

E t A n t e E t an e n as i n gy p . o h r gy p i gov r or w com

an P oen a h . Ge a n t Be rﬁt was i s m d of h ici b l , or h of y ,

e es en e b ut he had a a es a s at T e and chi f r id c , p l c l o y r

Z e mar i n the nta ns the i nte r In one , mou i of ior. of hi s ette s he a es to the e a t T re l r llud w l h of y , which

s t e e ee n a e a a s mu t he re for h av b lr dy f mou . Phoen ici a and Palestine are alike i ncluded u nde r

‘ ’ the na e Canaan i n the ne e nts m of cu iform docum , though i n the hierogly phic record s they are c alled

a N t Pa est ne a Zahi and Khal (or Kh r) . or h of l i c me

‘ ’ th e an the A tes E e - A s e a l d of mori , of which b d h r h and hi s so n A z i ru o r E e e e e n s and to , z r, w r gov r or ,

‘ ’ h the an was the e as an t e e ast of Jord ﬁ ld of B h . The E gy ptian supre m acy was acknowl e dged as far south as the frontie r of E dom ; the latter country

n e preserved its i nd e pende c . The Ag e of M oses 7 3

Such was the con dition of Canaan whe n the cunei form corresponde nce o f Tel el-A m arna comes sud denl to an end The eat -n - Ate n had y . d h of Khu been the s ignal for a revolt against the faith which he had en ea e to se n E t as e as d vour d impo upo gy p , w ll against the A siatic i nﬂuences b y which he had been

s H e e t a s n e n . urrounde d . l f d ughter o ly b hi d him

One t e was a r e to a n e i n e of h m m r i d pri c who, ord r to se e the t ne was e to et n to the cur hro , forc d r ur old

e i n the nt and to a se b the r l gio of cou ry , c ll him lf y

I na a - B u t hi s e n was s t e T ut nkh A n. m of mo r ig hor , like those of one or two othe r rel ations and followers of Khu - n-A ten who have l e ft traces of the m se lves

n h n n s a n Ai b na e t e e t . A upo mo um riv l ki g, y m ,

e ssessi n E t a e and a te his h ld po o of gyp for whil , f r

eat H o r- m - the A a s anet e n e d h hib, rm i of M ho, rul d o c

e at T e es e a n te E t and the s mor h b ov r u i d gyp , wor hip

th s s s t en of e ol ar di k wa a d . B ut the ruin s of T e l e l- A marna show that the restoration of the old c ree d an d the ove rthrow of

’ Khu - n - Aten s adhere nts h ad not been without a st st the t s i n the fs and san ruggle . Mo of omb clif d hills which su rroun d the old city have been un ﬁ nished : the followe rs o f the new cult for whom they were intende d h ave neve r been allowed to

t e The a se re tse as we occupy h m . roy l pulch i lf, ha e seen i s in an e a n n s e n t n and v , qu lly u ﬁ i h d co di io , 74 The Egyp t of the H ebrew s a nd H erod otos the sarcophagus i n which the body of th e ki ng reste d was viol ate d soon afte r hi s mummy had been pl aced i n i t n e e it h ad ne e een e s te i n the . I d d , v r b d po i d n iche th at h ad been c ut to rece ive i t ; i ts shatte re d fragme nts were discovere d far away o n the ﬂoor of the eat ne a The a ta the e et gr colum d h ll . c pi l of h r ic

’ ki ng was destroy e d b y i ts e ne mies soon a fte r hi s

eat and ne e n a te a a n The ns i ts d h , v r i h bi d g i . rui of pal ace and house s we re full of broke n statues and othe r obj e cts which the ir owne rs h ad no time to

arr a a The t aste n a t t rt c y w y . ci y l d o ly for bou hi y

ears and the san s the e se t t e n e an to y , d of d r h b g

se e i ts a en eatness H ow s e n and clo ov r f ll gr . udd comple te mu st have bee n its ove rthrow i s proved b y the cun e iform table ts ; not only we re the se imperial a e s not a e e se ere th e es n e n e rchiv c rri d l wh , corr po d c contai ned i n the m bre aks o ff suddenly with a half

sast and s a Th e A s at e e told tal e of di e r di m y . i ic mpir

E t i s a n to e es i ts ene e s are en si n of gy p f lli g pi c , mi clo g i t o n eve ry s ide ; the H ittite s h ave robbed i t of i ts n rt e n r n e s and re t i s s a n i t o h r p ovi c , vol h ki g from

t in The e rn s and assa s the P ara wi h . gov or v l of h oh se nd mo re and more u rge nt re quests for i nstant aid :

‘ t r s e t s e ar t e n t e e e a n If oop com hi y , h h r will r m i

t r n es and e n s to the n m r bo h p ovi c gov r or ki g, y lo d ; b ut no t s e no n es e rn rs if roop com , provi c or gov o

’ a n B ut no an s e was re t rne to these will re m i . w r u d

76 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H er od otos all t se a e ee n e t to us i n E t B ut ho which h v b l f gy p .

’ Seti s fa m e as a builde r was far e clipsed b y that of hi s son and s ss R a se s II d he e . an e e n t ucc or, m , v te mples which he had rai sed at Aby dos and Qurnah

e re e te and to a e ta n ex tent a ate w compl d , c r i ppropri d , b his ette - n n so n y b r k ow . W e are told i n the Book of E x odus that two of

‘ the treasure cities which the I sraelite s built for the

‘ Pharaoh of the Oppression we re Pithom and

’ R aa s h t e es . T e s e P was as w m di cov ry of i hom ,

a e a ea see n the na a r the E t h v lr dy , i ugur l wo k of gy p

E x a n n The s e as h s e n t . a e plor io Fu d di cov ry , b

N aville as a e a state was a e b . w lr dy d , m d y Dr , who le d to the s te b e ta n n ents R a ses II i y c r i mo um of m . , which h ad be en found there b y the Fre nch e ngi nee rs

n i s d L ss s T ese monume ts . cons te a . de e e of M p . h of

eat ta e t and n t red an te two gr bl mo oli h of gr i , s nx es e x s te s e a an te and phi of qui i ly poli h d bl ck gr i , a broken shri ne of red sandstone which h ad bee n trans te to Ismaili eh e e t e e the por d y , wh r h y form d

A s t e chie f ornam e nt of the little public garden. h y all s e t at T rn the se tt n sun was the how d h u , i g , supre me de ity of the pl ace from which they had

N a ille n e t at it e to e . v com , Dr co clud d h would prov

‘ ’ b e P i -T um the a e T u m the P t , bod of , i hom of

t e and not the an n t R aa ses as Scrip ur , comp io ci y of m ,

L epsius had beli eved . The Ag e of M oses 77

The mou nds from which the monume nts h ad bee n disinte rre d are about twelve miles to the we st

Ismaili eh and are a e T e l el- M askhuteh the of y , c ll d ,

’ n th In the as nt r e e e a e . t e Mou d of Im g l c u y , how v r, t e e e n n as Ab u K éshéd and e e a s h y w r k ow , w r f mou for a half- burie d monolith of gran ite representing

R t t n T rn and R a the e a ses II. se a e e ee m d b w u , hi ro gly phic i nscription on the back of which h as bee n

s e b i r a ne i ns n The ana publi h d y S G rd r W lki o . c l m ade b y the P h araohs for u n iti ng the N ile with the

R ed e a and a te a s e a e the san t at S , f rw rd cl r d of d h

e i t b ar s b T ra an and b the A ra chok d y D iu , y j , y b

’ n e A r s i rte the s t ern s e the co qu ror m u , k d ou h id of

n s At re se nt the e n e s ate ana mou d . p mod r Fr hw r C l

ns a n t e n rt ern e e to th e n rt ru lo g h ir o h dg , o h of which

a n i s the ne th e a a a r to e ag i li of r ilw y from C i o Su z .

The rt at ns e e te b A ra e e e the fo iﬁc io r c d y bi , how v r, hid s te the t the t a e e i n the t a n i of old ci y from r v ll r r i .

’ N aville s e x a at n s e to a e Dr. c v io prov d him h v

- been right - i n ide ntify ing Tel e l M askh uteh with

P t The n s r t ns he n t e e s e i hom . i c ip io fou d h r how d t at its an e nt n a e w as P i - T u m and t at i t st h ci m , h ood i n the st t Thuk ut the S th the ld di ric of , ucco of O

Testa e nt The n a e t s str t was a re a m . m of hi di ic l dy known from papy ri of the age of the n ine teenth d nast an . r s had nte o ut i ts e nt t dy y , Dr B ug ch poi d id i y

t th a t wi h e Biblic l Succo h . 7 8 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

B ut the di scove ry of the ancient name was no t

’ the n es t the ex e s It t ne out o ly r ul of plor r work . ur d

t at the t h ad een t b R a ses II. and t at h ci y b buil y m , h it contained a numbe r of l arge brick buildings which see to a e een nte n e a a ne s H e e m h v b i d d for m g zi . r , t en at ast was a t at the E t sts h , l proof h gyp ologi

ere r e t i n a n R a ses II the P a a w co r c m ki g m . h r oh of

he ss n t Oppre io .

The s te R aa ses R a ses the an n i of m or m . comp io

t P t has s t to b e s e e B u t i t ci y of i hom , ill di cov r d .

ann t b e fa r stant Tel e l- M askhuteh and c o di from , ,

e the atte st a e ee n i n t at an G s e n lik l r, mu h v b h l d of o h i n the s rae tes e e sett e The s e r e s which I li w r l d . di cov i

ill n h n which e nable d Dr. N av e to d e termi e t e bou d arie s of the l and of Goshen and to ﬁx the site of i ts

a e a re a e n es The s te ancie nt capital h v l dy b e d cribed . i

an the e n San had n e en n n and of Zo , mod r , lo g b k ow , the e x a at ns st a e tte P as a and t e n c v io , ﬁr of M ri h h of

P ess n e s P e t e a e a a e the fo und a rof or Fli d r ri , h v l id b r tions of its te mple and brought to light the mo nu

e n s th n s e n e m t of e ki g who riched and adorn d i t.

t na i n the a e the E re it was Buil origi lly g of Old mpi , restore d b y the H y ksos conqu e ro rs of E gy pt; and

e a e n e t e a e nt e n en e and e r b c m u d r h m c r of i ﬂu c pow .

G s en an and P t the s tes a n h o h , Zo i hom , i rou d w ich the e ar st s ae at e re a e t s een ly hi ory of I r l g h d , h v hu b

Th s s brought to light. e di pute which have raged The Ag e of M oses 79

as en e H e e and t e a about the m are at l t d d . r h re

e s stent s e t has ee n ea e i n the t a p r i c p ic, who b r r d r di t ns the ast ma st e x ess ts n e n n io of p , y ill pr doub co c r i g the s e ri e s e e nt ea s b u t th e E di cov of r c y r , for gyp to logi st and the archaeologist the qu estion h as been

na se tt e W e c an s t the e an an ﬁ lly l d . vi i ﬁ ld of Zo d e x plore the mound s of P ithom with no misgivi ngs as to the e nt t e n the tra n a ri e s u s r ir id i y . Wh i c r f om

Ismaili eh to Ca w e ma e e ass e t at we ar y iro, y f l ur d h e passing through the di strict i n which J acob an d his

a e re se tt e an d e re the n s se s f mily w l d , wh ki folk of Mo

The E t the r h ad the ir hom e s . gy p of pat i archs and the E x od us w as an E gy pt n arrow i n compass and e asily trave rsed i n the se d ay s of steam ; i t re pre sente the e stern art the e ta re e s e a d w p of D l , mo p ci lly the strip of cul tivable l and which stre tch e s alo ng the bank s of the Fre shwate r Canal from Z agazig to

The s rn lsm ailiy e h : that i s all. ea te and n orthern

e ta U e r E t —e en the str t i n hi Ca r D l , pp gy p v di ic w ch i o now stan s— la tsi e i t The s t r a d y ou d . hi o y which t tache s itse lf to the m i s n ot the histo ry of th e early

s ae te s I r li . C H A P T E R I I I

TH E E X ODUS AN D TH E H E BR EW SETTLEM E N T IN CA N AA N

R M SE II was h as h n A S . t e l t of t e co qu eri ng Ph araohs

nat e E t an st The A s at e e of iv gy p i hi ory . i ic mpir of

Tho thmes III w as i n s e eas e es th . om m ur r tored b y e

i t es hi s at e an Th v c ori of f h r d him se lf. e cities of

P a e st ne e e an n n e en e Ga a l i y i ld d him u willi g ob di c . z , and the othe r towns i n what was afte rward s the te r t r the P st nes e e ar s ne b r i o y of hili i , w r g ri o d y

E t an t s and on the a s the R ame sse um gy p i roop , w ll of

e e e te h s n est S a e e sa e w r d pic d i co qu of h l m or J ru l m ,

e e t - A nat and t e Canaan te states i n M rom , B h h, o h r i , his e t e a E t an a e s a a n a e igh h y r. gy p i rmi g i m rch d northward i nto Sy ri a along the highroad that led

ast the P oen an t e s and on the an s the p h ici ci i , b k of

’ N a e l- e s R e ne a B e rﬁt the hr K lb, or Dog iv r, r y ,

Pharaoh e re cte d a tabl e t i n comm e moration of his

sses On the e aste n s e the an a s succe . r id of Jord l o

’ r t n e e a I E gy ptian autho i y o c mor prev iled . n fron t

the n t e n n the te e L x Ra ses of or h r py lo of mpl of u or, m so The E xod as a nd H ebrew S ettlement i n Ca naa n 8 1

res se and on t e r erected six colossal ﬁgu of him lf, h i recently - uncovered base s are i nscr ibed the nam es of

s the various nation s he cl aim e d to have ubdued .

t e we ﬁ nd the st t e i n the Among h m , for ﬁr im

E ti an e s the na e a n gyp r cord , m of Mo b, followi g

n t at A ssa the A ss immediately upo h of r, hurim of

T at the nse t n the na e was enes s x xv . G i . 3 h i r io of m not an idle boast we l earn from a di scove ry l ately

e b S a e . On the e aste n s e mad y Dr. chum ch r r id of the an b ut at no reat stan e the L a e Jord , g di c from k

‘ ’ T e as i s a n t a e the St ne . of ib ri , mo oli h c ll d o of Job On this the Germ an e x plore r h as foun d Egy ptian s A e the e the culptures and hierogly phs. bov ﬁgur of

P a s R a s s I d s t a are the a t e e I. an e h r oh c r ouch of m , oppo i the n on the e t a a e t i s e e sente t ki g, l f , loc l d i y r pr d wi h a a e and the n s s e i s full f c crow of O iri , ov r whom

‘ tten the na e A na- z a n o r a n the wri m of k p , Y ki of ’ N rt Th o h . e monument i s an evidence of a pe r

anent at n the nt b the E t ans m occup io of cou ry y gy p i , as the name and ﬁgure of the god i ndicate that i t was ere te not b the E t ans the se es b ut c d , y gy p i m lv , b the E t an se n at e s the an y gyp i i d iv of l d .

A n the S an ast e t I h ad a a lo g yri co S i . lre dy carri ed

his ar s m . H is campaigns we re followed b y those of

his s on. A a the s es the G An t h rv d , hor of ulf of ioc ,

and e en C a are e n e ate a n v ilici , um r d mo g the c on

ests the P ara H e e e n a qu of h oh . v cl im s to have 82 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

e eate the a es A ss a ate na tann d f d rmi of y ri , of M or Mi i , the A a - N aharaim S t e and o f S n a i n r m of crip ur , i g r

s a A L x h a s e t a. t o n t e este n M opo mi u or, w r w ll of the ne e x a ate t we ea hi s a n wly c v d cour , h r of h vi g

‘ ee n at T uni now T e nnib i n the an N a a b p ( ) , l d of h

’ a hi s a t e a t ess the at i n the r im , of c p ur of for r of K i

‘ ’ sa e st t and the P a a h ad ta e n m di ric , of how h r oh k

‘ I a t i n the an at na at na was one ci y l d of S u . S u of those countries i n the far n orth whose name i s never

nt ne e se e e i n the E an te x ts me io d l wh r gypti .

The S an n ests e e r n e e a e y ri co qu , how v , could v r h v

’ e n n i n the P a a s ssess n et een b e lo g h r oh po io . B w the m and P al estine lay the southern outposts of the

H tt te a e In the t s t e s e i i r c . roublou im which follow d the e at - n -A te n the H tt tes h ad e r n d h of Khu , i i ov r u

‘ ’ the an the A r tes to the n t Canaan l d of mo i or h of , and ﬁ x e d the ir southern capital i n the holy city of

a e s on the ntes . It was a st n a a nst K d h , Oro ro ghold g i

the es R a ses e e e i n a n which forc of m w r hurl d v i . For twe nty y ears did the struggle contin ue between

‘ the Pharaoh of E gy pt and the gre at king of the

’ H tt te s and at ast e x a ste b the n n t i i , l , h u d y lo g co ﬂic , i n ne t e a t had a ne the a anta e which i h r p r y g i d dv g ,

e ne es a re e n e A t eat was the two mi g d upo peac . r y s ne on the t e nt - ﬁrst the nt T i i n ig d w y of mo h y b ,

- R a ses B C. the twe nty ﬁrst y ear of the re ign of m ( .

‘ ’ i n the c t R a se s to the H tt te i y of m , which i i

84 The Egyp t of the H ebrew s a nd H erodotos hi s ki ngdom was th re a te ne d b y a formid able i nvasion

’ r the st a nd n The e es the n rt f om we orth . p opl of o h s a e o u t t e asts and s an s and a eat w rm d of h ir co i l d , gr

ee t es en e n E t i n n n t n t the ﬂ d c d d upo gy p , co ju c io wi h

L ans a nd M ax e s n e n A a A ai ush iby y of orth r fric . q

A aeans S a ana S a n ans T s a or ch , h rd or rdi i , ur h or

T rseni ans a ea a n t e as e as L e y pp r mo g h m , w ll ku

A s a n r and Z akk u r a tt e ate from i Mi o , , who li l l r

r h a e t e colle agues and bre thren of the P hilistines . P a rt of the D e lta was ove rru n and devastate d be fore the P a a a a a a nst hi s es B ut a h r oh could m ke he d g i fo .

e s e att e was at e n t t at P a- A lu -s e s d ci iv b l l g h fough h p , no t far H e s h en e i n the from liopoli , w ich d d com

le te e rt h n a n r e s E was p ov hrow of t e i v di g ho d . gy pt sa e the an e had t eate ne i t b u t v d from d g r which hr d , it see s n t h s m eve r o have re cove red from t e hock . The powe r of the gove rnme nt was we akene d i n the a e the N e tse and o ne b one the v ll y of il i lf, y

e n n ests asse out i ts as The for ig co qu p d of gr p .

s e t e Se t II. e e ne ta see s c p r of i , who follow d M p h, m to a e e nt the an s a s r e A n h v dropp d i o h d of u u p r, mo ' ess b na e : the st the e r i s m u y m hi ory of p iod , how e e n e i n s r t and all t at i s e rta n i s v r, i volv d ob cu i y , h c i t at the e e R a se s II was st and t at h mpir of m . lo , h

E t tse e nt a s ta a e n e t gy p i lf f ll i o te of de c d c . Wi h Si - P tah the ni neteenth dy nasty came to an i ngloriou s

end . The Exodus a nd H ebrew S ettlement i n Ca naan 8 5

Its fall was the signal for i nternal confu sion and

war A S an e ne A s b na e civil . y ri for ig r, ri u y m ,

the t ne the P a a s possessed him self of hro of h r oh , and Egy pt for a while was compelle d to submit

n t s e Its ea n n es e e i n to Canaa i i h rul . l di g obl w r

ent its s e e e e t e st a banishm , god w r d priv d of h ir cu om ry

“ ff n s and a ne was a e to th e s o eri g , f mi dd d horror of

ar A e e e a e i n the e s n Set- nekht w . d liv r r c m p r o of ,

nt e th nast H e e the founde r of the twe i dy y . drov

th s n e out the ntr and est it a a n e tra g r cou y , r ore d g i

s t H a had hi s tas een to peace and pro peri y . rdly k b

e n h e e and was s ee e b hi s completed wh di d , ucc d d y

son R a ses 111. n e a t ans ent ea , m U d r him r i gl m of victory and conquest visited once more the valley

of the N ile . It was we ll for E gypt that she possesse d an

ene et ene a an d n The sa e es rg ic g r l ki g. m hord which had thre atened her i n the re ign of Me neptah now again attacked her with i nc re ase d n umbe rs and

greater chances of succe ss . In the ﬁfth y ear of

Ra s s I h a -s nne t es th s rn e II . t e e e te m , f ir ki d rib of w

ese t e nt the e ta The M ax es n e r d r pour d i o D l . y , u d

t e e ta ns M didi M ash akanu and a a and h ir chi f i , , M r iu ,

the L ans n e U r-mar and Z ut- mar me t the iby , u d r , Pharaoh i n battle at a pl ace which eve r afte rwards

e a na e e at e The bor m comm mor iv of the ir de feat.

t the E ans s A s t wa i n a t e s e . vic ory of gy p i , f c , d ci iv 86 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos many as sl ain were cou nte d on the ﬁ eld of

att e and a t es and s o nn e a e e nt b l , c p iv p il i um r bl f ll i o

h an s the t s t e h d of vic or . B ut R am ses was allowe d only a short breathing s a e T ee e a s a te the L an n s n and . a p c hr y r f r iby i v io ,

t e ss i n nne t n t it a e a s e doub l co c io wi h , c m till mor formidabl e invasion on the part of the barbarians

h n T s t e t e a t e t . e a t b an of or h hi im h y c m p r ly y l d ,

ast e s t e h partly b y sea. V hord of h m ad m arched out A s a n e nn n the n s of i Mi or, ov rru i g ki gdom of the H tt tes N aharaim Car e s and i i , of , of ch mi h, of

A a and a n t t e a ent e s and re rv d , c rry i g wi h h m dv ur r c ru its the nt es t t e asse from cou ri hrough which h y p d .

‘ First they pitched the ir camp i n the l and of the

’ A r tes and t en a e s t a t a s the mo i , h m rch d ou hw rd ow rd

n e s E t The a e the A ai ush as fro ti r of gyp . pl c of q w ta en b the D aanau D anaan s b ut the Z akkur k y or , a a n e a t the i n a n st t s t e g i form d p r of v di g ho , hi im a an e b P sata P st ne s and Shakalsh ccomp i d y ul or hili i ,

ans B the s e the an a e or Siculi . y id of l d rmy mov d a eet sh s and eet and a a e t et e ﬂ of ip , ﬂ rmy rriv d og h r

Th t e s i n the e x tre e at the mouths of the N ile . e ci i m s t P a est ne n e e b E t an ou h of l i , o c occupi d y gy p i

a s ns e e a t e b the P st nes an d g rri o , w r c p ur d y hili i ,

s n became he nce forward the ir assured posse sio . B ut the m ain body of the i nvade rs were n ot so

The E t an es e re re a to fortu nate . gy p i forc w dy

88 The Egypt of the H ebr ews and H erodotos e aste rn sid e of the Jord an and c aptured the Moabite capital . A n othe r campaign led it along the Phoenici an

ast nt n t e n a H a at w as ta en and S . co i o or h r y ri m h k , R am ses se e m s to have penetrate d as far as the S lope s

h T a H e n a s to a e e ate of t e urus. eve cl im h v d fe d the people of Mitanni or Aram - N aharai m on the easte n an the E a s The n s he r b k of uphr te . ki g of t

H tt tes and the A tes e the e s the i i mori , lik chi f of

Z akkur and the P st nes we e a ea r s ners hili i , r lr dy p i o i n hi s an s h d . B ut the n orthern campaigns of R am ses were i n tende d to strike te rror rather th an to re - e stablish

h s at e e E t N atte t was a e t e A i ic mpir of gy p . o mp m d to hold the citi es and districts which had bee n ove r r T a te e was e e te to A n o n un . hough mpl r c d mo the nt e s the ate aea e en Ga a was fro i r of l r Jud , v z

en and the t ess h ad so n giv up, for r which , lo g de fe nded the road from Can aan i nto Egy pt was

ass n P st ne an s It was the allowe d to p i to hili i h d . s am e wi th the campaign which the P haraoh con

‘ ’ ducte d at a l ate r d ate agai nst the Shasu or

n E m F o r the st t e an E t an B e doui of do . ﬁr im gy p i army succee d e d i n m aki ng its way i nto the fast ne sses nt Se s a n the a s E of Mou ir, l y i g w rrior of dom ,

‘ ’ The E and plu nde ri ng the ir te nts . domite chie f

s e a r s ne The e x e him self wa m ad p i o r. p dition The Exod us a nd H ebrew S ettlemen t i n Ca naa n 89 had th e e ffe ct of prote cti ng the Egy pti an mi ning e stablishm e nts i n the Si naitic pe n i nsul a as we ll as

t a e t s t e n A a a L ar e the m aritime r d wi h ou h r r bi . g qu antities of m al achite were brought y e ar b y y ear

r the E t an n e M aﬂ

Red Sea n n a t t e th e e s s es , bri gi g b ck wi h h m pr ciou pic

nd H a a a of Ye m en a dhr m ut.

e a te a e n e t an th rt R amses III. di d f r r ig of mor h i y two e a s and the ta en n E t e x e y r , mili ry r ow of gy p pir d

H i s e x a t ate i s st a atte t t . wi h him c d ill m r of doub ,

s t B 2 b hi s e ss n t a e a e n a . 1 00. ut acc io mu h v f ll bou C.

The ate i s tant not n e a se i t ses d impor , o ly b c u clo the st E t as a n e n e b ut hi ory of gy p co qu ri g pow r, al so as i t m arks a great era of migration among the n rt e n at ns th e e te ane an as o h r popul io of M di rr , well as the perm ane nt settle ment of the P hilistine s i n P a It was e e th est ne . e e to l i , mor ov r, p riod which the srae t s n as n Canaan st e n I li i h i v io of mu b lo g .

en R a se s III er an the s t e rn Wh m . ov r ou h portion

P a est ne and t the te e the T e an of l i , buil mpl of h b

’ at the s t n ow n n as r e t an an god po k ow Khu b K , not far H e n the srae tes n ot as e from bro , I li could y t

a e e nte re the P se L n T re i h v d romi d a d . he s no re fe r en e to the E t ans i n the P e ntate and t r c gy p i uch , he e i s no re fe rence to the I sraelites i n the hie rogly phic t xts i n e e et H a . H e n a ar e of M d bu bro , Migd l , K m l 9 0 The Egyp t of the H ebrews and H erodotos

a - S e es and H a as a all a e e of Jud h, Ir h m h d h h , lik f ll

nt the an s the E t an n a e s b ut ne t e i o h d of gy p i i v d r , i h r i n the Egypti an n or i n the H e brew record s i s the re any allusion to a struggl e between E gy pt and I srael . When Joshu a entere d Canaan all the se cities b e

n e to the Canaan te s and en R a ses III. lo g d i , wh m atta e the t s as a s the ase The P a es ck d m hi w l o c . l tin ian campaign of R am ses must have prepare d the way for the I sraelitish conque st ; i t could not h ave

e a te i follow d f r t .

‘ ’ e e the ﬁve s the P st nes see Mor ov r, lord of hili i m to have already been settl ed i n the extre me south

h s s n s x when t e I raeliti h i vasion took pl ace (Jo h . iii . Ye t it al so seems cl ear from the E gyptian monu ments that the settl e me nt was not fully completed until afte r the A siatic campaigns of th e Pharaoh had

Th e P s nes n ee e a t occurred . hili ti i d d form d p r of the gre at i nvadi ng host which poured through Sy ri a and assa e E t i n the e ar a t hi s e n il d gy p ly p r of r ig , b ut Ga a w as one his n e sts and i ts ssess n z of co qu , po io

e a enable d him to m arch into Canaan . B fore G za could become a Philistine city it w as nee dful that

n P ro its E gypti an garrison should b e withdraw . ' fessor P rélse k believes that the P hilisti ne occupation

h e a B 1 2 a t a e i n e C . s t e n Cana n t . 0 of ou h r ook pl c y r 9 , since the Rom an histori an Ju stin tells us that i n this y ear a king of A shke lon storme d the city of

9 2 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H er od otos

s e t e e nt e e e an s and the E t an c p r f ll i o f bl h d , gy p i

na ent a to e a mo rchy w r pidly d c y .

N at e t a t n as e te b the st an iv r di io , r por d y hi ori

ane t a e e ne ta the P a a n e M ho, m d M p h h r oh u d r whom the children of I srael escaped from their house of

n a e A eno s ene ta it was sa bo d g . m phi or M p h , id ,

r H as n i n desi ed to see the gods . e w accordi gly

st te b the see A eno s the so n Pa-a s ruc d y r m phi , of pi ,

o n h s and T s t clear the l a d of t e le prou impure . hi

he and e s ns e e e te all did , p r o w r coll c d from

a ts E t and e e t e n se a ate the p r of gy p , w r h p r d from other i nhabitants of the country and compell ed to

i n the a es Ta a on the e aste n s e work qu rri of r , r id

h N e A n t e t e e a ne o e of t e il . mo g h m h r h ppe d t b

s e ests one was Osarsi h a e st om pri , of whom p , pri

On and the sa e s ac t a i n an s on of , cril giou of l y g h d

e was e st ne to b e a e n e b the s The th m d i d v g d y god . see r p rophe si e d that the impure le pers would ﬁn d

a es an d t t e e e n E t lli , wi h h ir h lp would gov r gyp for

t teen ea s e n a sa s a se i n the hir y r , wh viour hould ri

no s se N o a n to t person of A m e phi him lf. t d ri g ell

the n th s re t n he ut it i n t n and ki g of i p dic io , p wri i g

hi s o A h the n took away wn life . fte r a time t e

e rs i n the a es e e e e to A a s th e work qu rri w r r mov d v ri ,

ese te t e ss the H s s o n the A s at d r d for r of y k o , i ic

he t an n H e e t e r s i n frontier of t Egy p i ki gdom . r h y o e

e e n n e Os arsi h an se t e nt a r b llio u d r p , who org i d h m i o The Exodus a nd H ebr ew S ettlement i n Canaa n 9 3

n t and a e t e n ew a s r n t e commu i y , g v h m l w , fo biddi g h m

’ to e e e the sa e an a s and orderi n t e to r v r cr d im l , g h m

a A a s H e a s sent to the rebuild the w ll s of v ri . l o

es e n ants the H s s at e rsuale m e n d c d of y k o J , b ggi g

s stan A e men was for the ir as i ce . forc of a n e s at e to A ar s and th e n as n ccordi gly d p ch d v i , i v io of

E e on A e no s re t e nt E t a gy pt de cid d . m phi ir d i o hiopi

t t st n a a n t hi s son wi hou riki g blow, c rry i g wi h him

Setho s was a s a e R a esse s a te his , who l o c ll d m f r

an at e as e as the sa e A s and gr df h r, w ll cr d bull pi ,

t e an a s The a es the s e e o h r holy im l . im g of god w r

n ea e est t e s b e ane b the i n co c l d , l h y hould prof d y

a e s A eno s e a ne i n E t a r v d r . m phi r m i d hiopi for thi teen ea s e Osarsi h had ta en the n e y r , whil p , who k am

se s t e t e t his a es er sa e of Mo , og h r wi h lli from J u l m ,

inn e a tte a e t t es . A t ast e e commi d um r bl roci i l , how v r,

A en o s and hi s son Sethos e t ne e a a m phi r ur d , ch t the he ad of an army the e ne my we re d e feate d an d ove r t n and na s e to the e s hrow , ﬁ lly pur u d bord r of Sy ri a. The tradition i s a curious mi x ture of fact and

e en Osarsi h i s u l g d . p b t an E gy ptianise d form of

se the st s a e h Jo ph, ﬁr y ll bl of which as bee n ex pl ai ned as e esent n the s ae i as n P s . x x x r pr i g god of I r l ( l i . and has accordingly bee n identiﬁ e d with Osar or

s s The an e n O iri . ci t E gy pti an habit of regardi ng the foreigner as impure has been i nte rpre te d to m e an that the e s Osarsi h e e e e follow r of p w r l p rs . The 9 4 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

E x od us of the I sraelites has been confounde d with the invasion of the n orthern barbari ans i n the re ign

ene ta as e as t the t s e of M p h , w ll wi h roublou p riod that saw the fall of the nineteenth dy nasty when the

A nd t ne E t was se e b the S an A s . hro of gy p iz d y y ri ri u ,

ast the ate H s s a e een nt e nt l ly , h d y k o h v b i roduc d i o the story ; the ir fortress Avari s i s m ade the rally ing

a e the re te e e s and it i s th the e pl c of vol d l p r , rough h lp they send from J erusal e m that the rule of Osarsiph

s s i s e sta s e i n th e a e he N e or Mo e bli h d v ll y of t il . A n i nte resti ng comm entary on the l egend has

een n s b a a s a e a e b fur i hed y p py ru l t ly cquir d by M .

Golénische ff and at n the a e Th o thmes , d i g from g of

the ast a e i s a s ess n III. On t a e l p g or of M i ic proph cy , the e has the na e A e n a s tene h ro of which m of m i , hor d

‘ ’ ‘ his A n i t sa s Ame nO . e form of p ki g, y , will com

the s t A en the t t - e a n b n a from ou h, m i ru h d cl ri g y me .

H e b e the son a an N a and b e will of wom of ubi , will born i n H e will assum e the crown of Upper

E t and t the red n L e E t gy p , will lif up crow of ow r gyp .

e The H e will un ite the doubl crown . people of the age of the son of man (s i c) will rejoice and

e all T e f establish hi s n am for e te rn ity . h y will b e ar

r e and the e e t e t s f om vil , wick d will humbl h ir mou h

The A s at s Amu a r for fe ar of him . i ic ( ) will f ll be fo e

nd the L ans e re hi s a Th his s a e . e blow , iby b fo ﬂ m

e a t on hi s ents the e e s o n hi s wick d will w i judgm , r b l

9 6 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

’ A s es at ate i n e ne ta s e t curiou d p ch , d d M p h igh h

e a es to s t at at t at t e the ns y r, go how h h im ki folk of the I srae lite s still had liberty to pass from the desert into the l and of Go she n an d there find pasturage fo r the s One hi s f a s n s t at ir flock . of o fici l i form him h certai n Shasu or B edouin from Edom h ad been allowe d to pass the K hetam or fortress of M eneptah

H ote - a i n the st t S t and a e p him di ric of ucco h, m k

' t e wa to the a es the t P t i n h ir y l k of ci y of i hom ,

‘ the st t S t i n e to ee t e di ric of ucco h , ord r f d h m selve s an d the ir herd s on the possessions of P haraoh

i s l who there a b ene ﬁce nt sun for al peopl e s.

Th o It e docum e nt may b e i nterpre te d i n tw way s . may b e taken as a proof that the I sraelites had no t

et ﬂe d E t and t at t ere was nse ent y from gy p , h h co qu ly as y et no restraint pl ace d b y the Egy ptians upon the e nt an e the A s at n a s nt t e nt r c of i ic om d i o h ir cou ry , or it may b e regarded as imply ing that the l and of

G s en was a ea ese te so t at t e e was o h lr dy d r d , h h r

d s abu nd ance of room for both shepherd s an ﬂock . On beh alf of this view a passage may b e quote d from the reat ns t n ene ta at a na i n g i crip io of M p h K r k ,

‘ which we re ad that the cou ntry arou nd P a-B ailos

the e n e e s was no t t ate b ut e t as ( mod r B lb i ) cul iv d , l f

ast e att e e a se the s an e s It was p ur for c l b c u of tr g r .

’ a an ne s n e the t e the an e st s e b do d i c im of c or . Mor

a e e t s eans t at the an i n prob bly , how v r, hi m h l d The E xodus a nd H ebrew S ettlemen t i n Ca naan 9 7

st n was no t n a te b E t an ellahi n b ut qu e io i h bi d y gyp i f ,

‘ given over to the H ebrew sh ephe rds and the mix ed

’ e n ns en multitud e of the ir B doui ki m . A more serious obj ection to m aking M eneptah the Pharaoh of the E x odu s i s the fact that hi s son

et II was a ea a n e e as e to the S i . lr dy ck owl dg d h ir

’ ‘ s a s e t e The ta e the throne duri ng hi f the r lif im . l of

’ two t e s to we a e a e a had to e e bro h r , which h v lr dy r f r,

as e ate to e he was st n - n e w d dic d him whil ill crow pri c .

n ee i t e en a e a t at he was ass ate I d d , would v pp r h oci d

t h hi s at e on the t ne s n e the a t es wi f h r hro , i c c r ouch of

ene ta and et II are n s e b s e i n the M p h S i . fou d id y id

- r i eh I see te e Su ar . t t e e e rock mpl of y would m , h r for , t at the ﬁrst- n the P a a was est e h bor of h r oh , who d roy d o n the n t the P ass e no t a e een a igh of ov r, could h v b son ene ta —at all e e nts hi s e and t e of M p h v , if h ir fu ur

- T succe ssor were hi s ﬁ rst born son. h at Mene ptah should have been buried i n one of the roy al tombs

an e l- M o lﬁk at T e es and e e e n of Bib h b , r c iv d divi e

hi s eat i s ss nse n s a te e en e . ho our f r d h, of l co qu c A s has ten een e ar e no e nt n i s a of b r m k d , m io m de i n the narrative of the E x odus that the P haraoh

’ se was ne and t e n him lf drow d , hough M eptah s

t N . 8 i s n n s e the t a omb ( o ) u ﬁ i h d , cul th t was paid to hi s m e mory indicates that hi s mummy was e s te i n it It was n e e d po i d . plu d r d centurie s a o and the n e s G ee ns r ns g , um rou r k i c iptio o n its G 9 8 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos wall s m ake it cl ear that i t was Open to visitors i n

R an e the om ag . P rofessor M aspe ro has suggested that the P haraoh

h was et II . W e n t a et st o f t e Bible S i . k ow h t S i mu

a e een a ea n e and t at hi s e was di s h v b w k pri c , h rul

uted A s e A n- ess b na e se e the p . u urp r, mo m u y m , iz d

o n e t e n hi s fet e at his eat and cr w i h r duri g li im or d h,

e ne at T e es e the a t t the a gov r d h b , whil u hori y of l wful

ne n es was st a n e e i n the n th li of pri c ill ck owl dg d or .

W e a s now that he st a e e s en l o k mu h v di d udd ly , for

T es No t e n niﬁ his tomb at heb ( . hough b gu mag

centl was ne e n s e . Its a e es and a s y , v r ﬁ i h d g ll ri h ll

e e n out the b ut n e e a ne t wer h w of rock, v r dor d wi h s t es and a nt n s and ex e t at the ent an e culp ur p i i g , , c p r c ,

ha e e e t ne s et es e e ne e we v m r ly ou li k ch , which w r v r

i n Hi s a t u es e ar n i e . w e e n ﬁll d c r o ch , ho v r, fou d

n far N and a te hi s eat an e t ot . oth r omb, off ( o f r d h

as o and hi s fe worship w paid t him wi .

A e s at tten n his e n e ates to d p ch, wri duri g r ig , r l the escape of two fugitives who h ad travelled along

a the s ae tes atte te to ta e the very ro d which I r li mp d k .

The scribe tells us that he set out i n pursuit of the m from the roy al city of R am ses o n the eve ning of the

h E i hi and h ad a e at the K hetam 9 t of p p , rriv d or

the n a Two a s ate fortress of Succoth followi g d y . d y l r

an t e K he tam and t e e ea ne t at the he reached o h r , h r l r d h

e a e a sa e i n the ese t a n asse sl aves wer lr dy f d r , h vi g p d

100 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos th e ns t n in the t ea Si -P ta In i crip io hird y r of h .

an t e ns t n i n the sa e a e . ate a s i n o h r i crip io m pl c , d d l o

’ Si - P ta s e n the a t states t at he had een h r ig , u hor h b an a assa to the an a S nte mb dor l d of Kh l or y ria. I r

se t A s a was t e e e st a nta ne cour wi h i h r for ill m i i d .

’ Si - P tah s tomb at Thebes was u surped b y Set n kht the n e the t ent e s I i s e t na t . t , fou d r of w i h dy y even doubtful whe the r the ki ng for whom i t was

a e was e e e i n i t In the se n se a m d v r buri d . co d pulchr l

a the his sa a s was s e e b ut h ll lid of rcoph gu di cov r d , of the sa a s tse t e e was n o t a e Pe ha s rcoph gu i lf h r r c . r p

had n a - k it ee ate b Set ne ht. A t an ate b ppropri d y y r , those who believe that the Ph araoh of the E xodus perished i n the Red Se a will ﬁnd i n Si -P tah a better

an i n n represe ntative of him th M e eptah or Se ti . A nd the period of anarchy which followe d upon hi s d eath m ay b e regarded as the natural seque l of the disaste rs that b e fel E gy pt be fore the child ren of

I srae l we re permitte d to go.

H e e t s ma b e the est n the ate ow v r hi y , qu io of d of

e to na ts The t the E x odus i s re duc d rrow limi . hree

R a s s II e ne a t et e b ut a succe ssors of m e . r ig d l og h r

ane es se en ea s n to i short time . M tho giv v y r o ly S

P ta ﬁve e a s to A n - ess and we n h, y r mo m u , k ow from

I c an the monume nts that M eneptah and Se ti I . have

ne b ut a e few e a s T rt t ea s re ig d v ry y r . hi y or for y y r at most will h ave cove red the pe riod that el apsed The E xod us a nd H ebrew S ettlement i n Canaa n 10 1 betwe en the d eath of the great R am ses and the

n a h s T en a e a few ea s dow f ll of is dy na ty . h c m y r of

n s n and ana e b the e n Set co fu io rchy , follow d y r ig of

nekht e a e the a ess n R a se s III. i n . If w pl c cc io of m

B . C 1 2 n b e far r n . . 0 we an t 3 , c o w o g

e n t at a ene the s ae tes e e en Wh h h pp d , I r li w r hidd out of the sight of the great nations of the world

a n the s s he s t T e e e t mo g olitude of t de e r . h y w r pi ch

i n t e n s on the n nt Se i n the g h ir te t fro tiers of Mou ir, near neighbourhood of the ir ki nsm en i n Edom and

an T a e s - a nea t e . e e at S na and Midi h r , i i K d h b r , h y

we e e e n a e a s and e n tte to r r c ivi g cod of l w , b i g ﬁ d

be come a nation and the conque rors of Canaan . Were they included a mong the Shasu of Mou nt Seir ? whose overthrow i s comm e morated b y R am ses III. For an answe r we mu st turn to the twenty -ﬁrst

a te th e s T e e we ea ch p r of e Book of N umb r . h r r d

‘ how it i s s aid i n the book of the wars of the L ord

W aheb i n S u hah and the s A n n and the p brook of r o , stre am of the brook that goe th down to the dwelling

’ A r and et n the e a the of , li h upo bord r of Mo b . Of war against the A morites on the banks of the A rnon

we n w s et n b ut the Te sta e nt has re k o om hi g, Old m p

se e no e o f the t e war w had its s ene rv d r cord o h r , hich c

i n Su h h p a . Where Suphah was we know from the

en n the e te n w te s us op i g of Book of D u ro omy , hich ll that the words of Moses were addressed to the people 102 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

‘ ’ i n the a n u h i n a t was e a a nst S u h . S pl i ov r g i p p , f c , the district which gave its nam e to the y dm S ilph or

‘ ’ Sea Su h the R e d Se a the a t se e s n of p , of u hori d v r io , the e n Akab ah H e e e the E te mod r Gulf of . er w r domi

ts E t and E z ion - e e e e S n t por of lo h g b r, wh r olomo buil hi s ee n 1 n s i x and e e ﬂ t of m e rchantm e ( Ki g . h r

‘ ’ too was the region which faced the pl ai n on the s n s outhe r ide of Moab . The barren ranges of Moun t Se ir run down south

- a to E z i on e e and E t . at the ea the w rd g b r lo h , h d of

A n s an s Gulf of Akab ah . d i t wa ju st i n the r ge of

nt e t at Ra ses III te s us he s te the Mou S ir h m . ll mo

n h a e Shasu and plundered their te ts. When e m d t s e x e t n the s ae tes e e a st e n hi p di io , I r li w r prob bly ill

a e on the e s E T e had not c mp d bord r of dom . h y as y et e nte re d Canaan whe n he m arche d through the ate aea and sse the an nt a l r Jud , cro d Jord i o Mo b, and hi s campaign agai nst the Shasu of the dese rt

an a s ate A t e i net did not take pl ace m y y e r l r. M d

‘ ’ H a the e the S as e s a n hi s bu , chi f of h u ﬁgur mo g prisone rs b y the side of the ki ngs of the Hittites an h d t e A morites.

‘ ’ W as the war of the L ord i n S uphah waged against the Pharaoh of Egy pt ? Chronology i s i n

a i t and the e ne es the s ae tes f vour of , if mi of I r li we e not the E t an a i t i s a to sa who r gyp i rmy , h rd y e l se they could have been . W e know from the

C H A P T E R I V

TH E AGE OF T H E ISRAE LITISH M ON ARCH IES

R M E A S S 111. was the l ast of the gre at Ph araohs i n

se e ns ran nat e E t an H is suc who v i iv gyp i blood . cesso rs all e the sa e na e as se b ut t e bor m m him lf, h y

ssesse ne t e his e ne nor hi s e to e H e po d i h r rgy pow r rul . h ad sa e E t t e atta t t and v d gy p from fur h r ck from wi hou , i t was e he had ne so the ee e na s w ll do , for f bl mo rch of the twe ntieth dy nasty would have been unable to

e s st the f e e s n o r i oe . Th y c aed e ve to build or t erect the monum e nts which testiﬁ ed to the prosper ity of

h n an h ss i s ar The t e cou try d t e progre of t t. high

ests A n a a s e t e a t t pri of mo gr du lly u urp d h ir u hori y , and a time came at l ength whe n the l ast of the R am ses ﬂe d nt e x e i n E t i a and a new nast i o il hiop , dy y

n B ut the e the new mon gove rned i his stead . rul of a rchs was h ardly acknowl edged beyond the De lta ; The bes was practically i nde pend ent unde r i ts pri e st

n s and th t e a n e e the a t t ki g , ough h y ck owl dg d u hori y

he T an te P a a s i n na e t e acted i n ea of t i h r oh m , h y f r l

a t as t e e e n e e n ent s e e ns. One or f c , if h y w r i d p d ov r ig 104 The Ag e of the Is ra eli ti sh M ona rchi es 105 t e R a-men - e e t t esses not n at h m , kh p r, buil for r o ly

Geb elén i n the s t b ut a s at E l- Hib eh i n the n rt ou h , l o o h, and thus blocked the rive r against the subj ects of the

T an te n es as e as a a nst n a e s the i pri c , w ll g i i v d r from h s th. At t e s n ee the Tan te P a a s t e ou im , i d d , i h r oh of twenty - ﬁrst dy nasty ex e rci sed an actu al sovere ignty

e e E t and Smendes th e st t e ov r Upp r gy p , , ﬁr of h m ,

a e st ne at D ab ab i eh s te Geb elén t qu rri d o y , oppo i , wi h

to e a the ana L x b u t as a ene a which r p ir c l of u or ; , g r l r e so far as the s t was n e ne t e e e ul , ou h co c r d , h y w r

P a a s n i n na Th a nast T e an h r oh o ly m e . e riv l dy y of h b high- priests was at once more powerful and more king

e T e n an e . it was i n s e e t lik h y who, om mom of d g r, concealed the mummies of the great monarchs of the e ightee nth and n inetee nth dy nasties i n the pit at Der c l- a a and se own es e e ent e B h ri , who mummi w r omb d b the s e a s y id of those of a Thothmes and a R m es. The E gy ptian wife of Solomon was the d aughte r of o ne of the l ast P haraohs of the twenty-ﬁrs t

nast h e dy y . S brought with he r as a dowry the

Canaan t s t Ge e Ge e h ad een o ne i i h ci y of z r. z r b of the l e ading citie s of P ale stine i n the d ay s of the T e l cl-A a na es n en e and t all the ea s m r corr po d c , hrough y r of I sraelitish conqu est it h ad rem aine d i n Canaanitish

an s. It was a P a a T an s and not an h d h r oh of i ,

s ae te nt se ssess n i t was est ne na I r li , i o who po io d i d ﬁ lly to a f ll . 106 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

The wani ng powe r of Solomon i n I srae l coi ncide d

t the an n e the e nt - ﬁ n s wi h w i g pow r of tw y rst dy a ty .

L n e e the eat the H e e na a new o g b for d h of br w mo rch ,

nast was e n n e E t S s a i ts dy y r ig i g ov r gy p . hi h k,

n r Hi s e ate e e was L an n . fou d r, of iby o igi imm di for fathers h ad comm ande d the L iby an m e rcenaries i n the se e the P a a and ns t ns ate rvic of h r oh , i crip io l ly discovered i n the O asis of E l- K hargeh write the na e h shaka The E t an s s t an e m S a . gy p i ligh ly ch g d its n n at n and a e it Shashan b u t i n the pro u ci io m d q ,

ld h e i s ese e O T estament t e tru form pr rv d . Shi shak ' brought new vigour into the de cay i ng

na the N e The r est- n s T e es mo rchy of il . p i ki g of h b

ent n e e a n t the e fete P a a s w dow b for him , lo g wi h f h r oh

n s I ma e t at n atte te to of Ta i . t y b h Solomo mp d ass st hi s at e - i n - law he s o the n es t i f h r ; if did , o ly r ul

H i s e e s e t was to bring trouble upon him se lf. r b l ubj c

e a ﬂ e d to E t and n s e te and J robo m gy p , fou d h l r pro

’ e i n i hi sh k s t t c t o n S a cour . Shi shak mu st h ave look ed on with satisfaction

srae e to e es while the ne ighbouri ng e mpire of I l f ll pi c , u ntil eve ntu ally the ce ntral powe r itse lf was shatte red

a n The e e he h ad so a e n t e at i n tw i . r b l c r fully ur ur d hi s o wn cou rt was the i nstrum ent which re lieved him

o of all fu rthe r fear of d ange r on the side of A si a. S far e n a ena e to E t e sa e now la from b i g m c gyp , J ru l m y

h th E t an ar es and i n the t at t e m e rcy of e gy p i mi , ﬁf h

108 The Egypt of the H ebrews a n d H erodotos

a ana o n the e aste n s e the r an i s a s M h im , r id of Jo d , l o

n e a n t e B ut a te t s h s a s i clud d mo g h m . f r hi t e li t de l e x s e t the t ns and a e s ah and clu iv ly wi h ow vill g of Jud ,

the e n i n h of B doui tribes t e dese rt to the south of it .

T s we a e A a n and a e a and hu h v j lo M kk d h , Socho

e ah and et -an t T en we e a the K il , Migdol B h o h . h r d na es A e and A a a t e to the s t as m of z m r d , f r h r ou h ,

e as the H a araim E n s es A a and w ll of g or clo ur of r d ,

’ ‘ ’ R a th A a a A a the a ta Ne x t to A a bbi r d i , r d c pi l . r d

es the na e Yu rahma the erahme-e l the com m of , J of Old

Testa e nt th e t e Ca e the K e ni z z ite 1 C r n . m , bro h r of l b ( h o m 2 se an was a a e b a 1 Sa . ii . 4 ) who l d r v g d y D vid (

st i s a e x x x . B ut the l arge r portion of the li m d up of the nam es of sm all vill ages and even Bedoui n e n a ents s ene a te s as H a a c mpm , or of uch g r l rm gr ,

‘ ’ ‘ ’ ’ ’ en s e Ne eb u the s t E e the a e clo ur , g , ou h, m q , v ll y ,

‘ ’ ‘ ’ Sheb b ale th a t ent Ab ilim e s Ganat , orr , , ﬁ ld , ,

‘ ’ ‘ ’ a e n H aideb a a a and the E t an g rd , , qu rry , gy p i

‘ ’ 1 ho di nau an A n we i n a n a s . t e S , c l mo g h m look v i

- e ve n for names like those of Ge ze r and B ee r Sheba.

e sa e too i s ns s b i ts a se n e n e ss J ru l m , , co picuou y b c , u l we agree with P rofe ssor M aspe ro i n se e i ng i t i n the

ast n a e the st N I n the st l m of li ( o . of which o ly ﬁr s a e i s e se e e re i not the e i n y ll bl pr rv d . W t for r cord

1 ’ ! See M aspero s exh austi ve paper l he Li st of Sh esh onq at ’ Karnak i n th e ou rn al o the Tr an sacti ons o the Vi ctor i a Insti tute , j f f , i 1 xxv i . ( 893 The Ag e of the Israeli ti sh M ana rchi es 109

s n s we s ne e a e n wn the Fir t Book of Ki g , hould v r h v k o that the camp aign of Shishak had i nﬂicted such

n s ignal i njury o n the ki gdom of Jud ah .

C a n n ee the st s e e the h mpollio , i d d , ﬁr di cov r r of

st and i ts tan e e e e t at he h ad n li of impor c , b li v d h fou d i n i t the na e the e s a ta Th m of J wi h c pi l . e twenty n nt a t e ea s a -hamelek he x i h c r ouch r d Y ud , which e

‘ ’ a ne as s n n the n a e pl i d ig ify i g ki gdom of Jud h, whil

‘ ’ R oselli ni a e i t the n a B u m d ki g of Jud h . t both

e M leh nte etat ns ar ss e . e it i s t e i rpr io impo ibl , ru ,

‘ ’ ‘ ’ eans n i n H e e b ut n a m ki g br w, ki g of Jud h would

‘ ’ a e to b e meleh Ya udah n a mal h v ; ki gdom of Jud h , hut Ya udah In the e t an a es the h . S mi ic l gu g genitive

st the n n t at e ns i t mu follow ou h gov r . Yaud -hamele k i s the H ebrew Ye(h)ud ham - melech

‘ ’ e n was a D e th . e t n an s J hud of ki g J hud ow of (Jo h . x i x a has ent e t the . which Bl u id iﬁ d wi h mode rn

El-Yehudi eh ne a a fa and the t t e atta e o i y , r J f , i l ch d t t i n the E gy ptian list implie s th at i t was an appanage

s th e s n of the crown. The face of pri o e rs who sur

nt the a t e s are t atte nt n mou c r ouch wor hy of io . The

E gy ptian artists were skille d d e lineators of the

an e at es and an e x a nat n t hum f ur , mi io of he ir s culp tures and paintings has shown th at they represented

the characte ri stics of the ir model s with wonderful

t t and a a et n ru h ccur cy . For h ological purposes

their portraits of foreign races are of consid e rable 1 10 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

o tan e N the s ne s s a the imp r c . ow pri o r of Shi h k have

e a s not the w b ut th A t The f t e e e e . ur , of J , of mori prisoners who served as model s to the E gy pti an sculptors at K arnak must there fore h ave bee n of

s nt It i s a t a h A e A morite d e ce . proof h t t e morit popul ation i n southern P al esti ne was still strong i n

R an s a The e s the d ay s of e hoboam d Shi h k . J w would have been pre dominan t only i n J e ru sal e m and

h es and t esses the n E se t e l arge r citi for r of ki gdom . l where the olde r race survive d with all its character i stic features ; the I sraelitish conqu est had never

o u H en e i s t at it st es and roote d it t . c it h ill liv

s s i n i s an n e The t a e e i n the ﬂouri he t cie t hom . r v ll r country districts of Jud ah looks i n vain for traces of

he ew s a e b ut h e ma st see t e e the t J i h r c , y ill h r A morite ju st as he i s d epicted o n the monum e nts of

The e s i n a t we e b ut the n e n E t . gy p J w , f c , r co qu ri g

nd nan t aste and t the e x t n t n t e a domi c , wi h i c io of h ir nationality came al so i n Judah the e x tinction of the ir :

The fe w e a ne e e one b one racial ty pe . who r m i d w r y

e nt the e at n the nt absorb d i o old r popul io of cou ry .

s Shishak die d soon afte r hi s J ewi sh campaign . None of hi s successors see m to have possesse d his

ta a a t and e ne . One t e mili ry c p ci y rgy of h m , how

sorkon II. a ea s to a e a e an ex e t n eve r, O , pp r h v m d p di io

n n the n e nts disi n against P ale sti e . A mo g mo um

B b asti s b N aville the E t an terred at u y Dr. for gy p i

1 1 2 The Egypt of the H ebrews and H erodotos

Asa at an ate en the t ent -se n nast of , y r , wh w y co d dy y was n e E t no E t an a ruli g ov r gyp , hiopi rmy could have e nte red Jud ah without the permi ssion of the

E t an na . H e e N aville a s gy p i mo rch ow v r, Dr. dr w attention to the fact that Osorkon seems to have

i s had some special tie with E thiopi a . H great festival at B ub asti s was atte nde d b y natives of

‘ E t a the A nt a e t t e ts the hiopi , i c m wi h h ir gif from

’ an the ne es and are e te e the e sts l d of gro , d pic d lik pri o n the a s the a w ll of h ll .

s n E B ut troublou times were i store for gypt.

The t e nt -se n n ast a e to an end and w y co d dy y c m , a e e n s n war and e n p riod follow d of co fu io , civil , for ig

n as n The n s E t a sa e n the i v io . ki g of hiopi il d dow

N nd r ss an h s a ile a swe pt the count y from A u to t e e . P etty princes reigned as i ndependent sove re igns i n the a s t es E t and a e war o ne v riou ci i of gy p , w g d a a nst the t e P i - ankhi the E t an s g i o h r. hiopi wa content with th eir mom entary submi ssion ; he the n

e t e to hi s an est a a ta at N a ata a r ir d c r l c pi l p , midw y

et een n a and K harttlm a n t b w Do gol , c rry i g wi h him

s h N e A n t e Et an hab aka he s t e . S t poil of il o h r hiopi ,

Sab ako the son as e t a e a e er or , of K h , m d mor p

anent se tt e ent i n E t H e ut to eat the m l m gyp . p d h

! n na P a a B ak-n-ran -f B okkho ri s and omi l h r oh, or ,

he t n - ﬁft n s e was a n fou nded t we ty h dy a ty . Ord r gai

s e the ett n e s s e sse and E t re tor d , p y pri c uppr d , gy p The Ag e of the Israeli ti sh M ona rchi es I 1 3

s n a The a s as well as Ethiopia obey ed a i gle he d . ro d ' e e ea e an s the te es an d walls o f w r cl r d of brig d , mpl the t es e e e t and tra e a a n ass ci i w r r buil , d could g i p

an N e freely up d down the il . An Egy ptian civilisation and an Egy ptian re ligion had been e stabli shed i n E thiopi a si nce the d ay s of the e t e a s e nt e s e en e nt n st . e igh h dy y For om c uri , v a te the h ad e e n e e n e nt E t the f r y b com i d p d of gy p , ruling cl asses boasted of the purity of the ir E gy pti an

es e n ut th e ako the E t an d c t. B be fore e ag of S ab gy p i

at n e le m ent h ad be en absorbed b y the native popul io . W e have learned from a monument of the A ssy ri an

n E sa - a n ate n at i n e rli i n n t e n ki g, r h ddo , l ly fou d S j , or h r

S a t at Sab ako and hi s s ess s h ad all the y ri , h ucc or

s a a a te st s B ut no s n phy ic l ch r c ri ic of the negro . ig of t s i s a e to a ea on h t an n ents hi llow d pp r t e E gy p i mo um . With the conte mpt for the bl ack race which still

st n s e s t e the E t ans e se to a n di i gui h h m , gy p i r fu d ck ow

e e t at the P a a s b e o f ne r l dg h ir h r oh could g o blood .

In th e s t es and a nt n s the N e a culp ur p i i g of il , ccord — i n l the n s the E t an n g y , ki g of hiopi dy asty are re presente d with all the fe atures of the E gy ptian a e r c .

In s te e e all atte ts pi , how v r, of mp to conceal the

a t w , e now n t at t e e e ne es i n ea t f c k ow h h y w r gro r li y . B ut they brought with the m a vigour and a s trength of will that h ad long been wanting amo ng the rule rs H 1 14 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

t A n it w s r of Egy p . d a not long be fore thei A siatic ne ighbours found th at a new and e ne rgetic powe r had a sen o n th e an s the N e A ss a was ri b k of il . y ri now e x ten n i ts e e t t este n A s a di g mpir hroughou W r i , and cl aiming to control the politics of Sy ria and

P a est ne The an n e s e o E t l i . Sy ri pri c look d t gy p for I e n B . 2 A ss a an E t a to . C. 0 d t me e h lp 7 , y ri gy p f c

’ f h h n a e or t e st t e . S e t e T a ta f c ﬁr im ib , r , or com

an e -i n - e the E t an a e s t H ann m d r chi f, of gy p i rmi , wi h o

Ga a and t e S an a es e the wa of z o h r y ri lli , block d y

the Ass an n a e s at R a a on the e of y ri i v d r phi , bord r of

st n The t r was won b the A ss an Pal e i e . vic o y y y ri

’ a n H ann was a t e and S e ﬂ e d to the S rgo . o c p ur d , ib

B ut Sa n t ne n t wa a a n and ta. Del rgo ur d or h rd g i , did

hi s s ess H e was ntent t not follow up ucc . co wi h

’ ‘ re ce ivi ng the tribute of P haraoh ( Pi r u) ki ng of

’ E t Sa s the een A a a and t a a gy p , of m i , qu of r bi , of I h m r the Sabaean .

’ In Sib e we must see the So or Seve of the Old

x H e i s th e e a e Te stament ( 2 Ki ngs vii . r c ll d

’ ‘ f E t b ut h e was at e o ne the sub king o gy p , r h r of

n e s o f the e ta wh o a te as the ordinate pri c D l , c d

’ - - P a a i t e i n e P a a . command r chi f of h r oh h r oh, would

- - - was st B ak n ran f. see m , ill A few y ears l ater Sab ako was established on the

n H e e ne at east t e e ea s and was thro e. r ig d l w lv y r ,

b hi s t e -i n -law T r a a the T ar ﬁ succee de d y bro h r , i h k h , q

1 16 The Egyp t of the H ebr ews a nd H erodotos

’ Se nnacherib s victory was not d e cisive enough to allow

i H e him to purs ue t . conte nted him self with m arch i n a nt a n n and n e n i ts g b ck , i o Jud h, bur i g plu d ri g t ns and a e s and a n i n ow vill g , c rry i g their habitants

nt a t t T e n a e the a as i o c p ivi y . h c m c t trophe which d estroy e d the l arge r part of hi s a rmy and oblige d

to e t n n n s to hi s o wn a ta The him r ur ig omi iou ly c pi l . spoils and captives of Jud ah we re the only fruits of hi s a n Hi s e e s assa a . e nt n n s e c mp ig r b lliou v l w u pu i h d , and the strong fortress of J erusal e m was save d from

an T e nna e a e an the A ssy ri . hough S ch rib m d m y military e x peditions duri ng the re m ai ni ng twenty

ea s hi s e n he ne e a e a a n to the s t y r of r ig , v r c m g i ou h

st n of P al e i e. Egy pt lay sheltere d from invasion behi nd J eru s B ut t the e at Se nna e t e e ale m . wi h d h of ch rib h r

H is s n nd s es s E sa - a n a e a an e . o a c m ch g ucc or, r h ddo ,

ene a and a m n re at a was a good g r l a of g bility .

anasse a e a e his assa and the wa M h of Jud h b c m v l , y la en to th e N e t a a e t a ne y op il . Wi h l rg body of r i d

h e s e n e n E t B Th ete ans e . C e v r d c d d upo gy p ( . she ikh of the B edoui n provided him with the came ls which convey e d the wate r for the army across the

T a ns e nee e e e E t ese t. ee a e d r hr c mp ig w r d d b for gy p ,

n e its E t an e b e s e . B ut at u d r hiopi rul r, could ubdu d

- h E t an ast i n B . C 6 0 E sa a n e t e l , . 7 , r h ddo drov gyp i forces be fore him i n ﬁfteen d ay s (from the 3rd to the The Ag e of the Israeli ti sh M ona rchi es 1 I7

1 8th of Ta mmu z or Ju ne) all the way from the frontier

o e s t e e feat n t e t ea ss t M mphi , hric d i g h m wi h h vy lo ,

n T a a se T ee a s ate and wou ding irh k h him lf. hr d y l r

e s e and T a a ﬂed to E t a ea n M mphi f ll , irh k h hiopi , l vi g

It was a te t s s ess E gy pt to the conque ror. f r hi ucc that the A ssy ri an monarch e re cted the stele at

Si n erli on he i s t a e t T a a j , which por r y d wi h irh k h of

E t and aa T e nee n e e e a gyp B l of y r k li g b for him , ch

t a n t hi s s to i s atta e a wi h ri g hrough lip , which ch d

s bridle held b y the A sy rian king.

E t was e an se n e A ss an e and gy p r org i d u d r y ri rul , measures t aken to prevent the re turn of the E thi

i ans It was s th o . e i nt t ent sat a e e p divid d o w y r pi , native prin ce s be ing appointed to gove rn the m for

e A ss an st A a s a th ir y ri m a e r. t the ir he d wa pl ced

he as a E sa - a n no Ne t s n Sa s. w cho, v l ki g of i r h ddo

et ne to N ne e an d on the ffs the Na r ur d i v h, cli of hr e l- e nea B e rout he en a e a e hi s K lb , r y , gr v d r cord of conquest of E gy pt and The be s b y the side of the

t n n en e e se en e nt r es e s . mo um wh r o , v c u i pr viou ly

a s s II h ad ast hi s R m e . bo ed of s victorie ove r the nations of A sia . A t ﬁrs t the Egy pti an princes were we ll pl eased w t t e an e as s i h h ir ch g of m ter . B ut i n Thebe s there was a strong party which sy mpathi se d with E thiopia

A ss at e t an w t a. t t e e T r a a r h r h i h y ri Wi h h ir h lp, i h k h

re t ne i n B . C . 66 8 sa e n the N e and t ur d , il d dow il , ook 1 1 8 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

s b E sa - a n sta te a n M e mphi y storm . r h ddo r d t o ce to

B ut on the a to E he suppress the revolt. w y gypt

e o n the l oth M arch esvan t e and di d of or Oc ob r, his son A ss - an - al we o n the t ne , ur b i p , follo d him hro . The E thiopi an army was e ncounte red ne ar K ar

n h a A e t s a ne a t i n t e e t . te c wa b i , D l compl vi ory g i d

e i t and T a a w as e e to ﬂ st ov r , irh k h comp ll d y , ﬁr from

e s t e n T e e s The t ta n s M mphi , h from h b . ribu ry ki g

he had s a e e e est e and Ass whom di pl c d w r r or d , ur ban i -pal l e ft E gypt i n the full be lie f that it was

an B ut a had he et ne to N ne e tr quil . h rdly r ur d i v h

s e t e ou t e e T a a be fore a fre h r vol brok t h r . irh k h

e an to t t the nat e sat a s and e en b g plo wi h iv r p , v

s s The Ne cho of Sais wa u spe cted of complicity .

an e s the A ss an a s ns a n comm d r of y ri g rri o , ccordi gly , sent him and two othe r pri nces (from Tani s and

n t a ns to A ss a B ut A ss Goshe ) loaded wi h ch i y ri . ur

’ an - al e t e ea n n e N e s nn en e b i p , i h r r lly co vi c d of cho i oc c

ete n n to b e so n ot n a ne b ut or pr di g , o ly p rdo d him

st e n a e n as e as a be ow d upo him rob of ho our, w ll s and a a t and ses and sent word of gold ch rio hor ,

a to Sa s n at the sa e t e - the em him b ck i , givi g m im gov

ent At s se n s li e se to enha m of hribi , who mou d clo B ,

his s n P samm i hos an T to o et k . e e a a , M whil irh k h had a a n e net ate to T e es and e s e e g i p r d h b M mphi , wh r he cele brate d the festival i n honour of the appe arance

A s B ut his e wa s no n e a of a new pi . pow r lo g r wh t

1 20 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H er odotos

One d ay P aqru r of Goshen appeare d at Me mphi s to

a e to the s se and e do him hom g , much urpri d light of

n n the E thiopi a ki g. A s P aqrur was the pri nce of

P i - So d G s en had een s nt to N n p or o h , who b e i eve h a n t N e the ate Tuatan- A n i s ett lo g wi h cho, d of mo pr y

e a . H ow he a e to t E t e e he cl r c m qui gyp , how v r,

s n sa x n doe ot vouch fe to e pl ai .

Whether U rd - A m an were Ru d - Amon or T uatan

A n he a e a ea t e to th mo , g v good d l of roubl e

A ss ans. T e es was se e i n his an s and y ri h b cur ly h d ,

n e he a e from the c m rch d upon M e mphis. The Assy ri an garrison and its allie s we re de fe ated i n front

the t was t en a e and ta e n a te of ci y , which h block d d k f r

N as a n s e e. e w a t e and ut to eat lo g i g cho c p ur d p d h , and P sammetikhos e scaped the same fate only b y

n a B ut A ss an e en e not ta ﬂight i to Sy ri . y ri r v g did rry

A ss - an - al ete ne to ut an end long. ur b i p d rmi d p to

E t an e t and E t an n as n n e all gy p i r vol hiopi i v io o c for .

A a e a was e s at e to the N e e l rg rmy d p ch d il , which ov r threw the forces o f -R ud - Amon in the Delta and

as far as T e es T en e he ﬂe d to pursue d him h b . h c

K i ki i n E th a and a te r e n s ent was p p iopi , r ibl pu i hm ' on the a ta s t e n E t Th i nﬂicted c pi l of ou h r gy p . e

e its n a tants e e le d a a nt s a e whol of i h bi w r w y i o l v ry . — Its te mple s at once the ce ntres of disaffection and

t esses a a nst atta — e e a - e s e i ts for r g i ck w r h lf d moli h d ,

n ents and a a e s e re e st e and all i ts mo um p l c w d roy d , The Ag e of the Israeli ti sh M ona rchi es

t eas es sa e and ane e re a e a a . r ur , cr d prof , w c rri d w y

A n th e s e e two e s s e t an mo g poil w r ob li k , mor h se ent t ns i n we t e re e e to v y o igh , which w r mov d

N ne es The n r es i ve h as trophi of victory . i ju i which K amb y ses has been accu se d of inﬂicti ng on the ancie nt monuments of Thebes we re really the work

the Ass ans of y ri . H ow gre at was the impression m ade u pon the oriental world b y the sack of Thebes may b e gathe red from the re ference to it by the prophet N ahum

n se i s n t the (iii . 8 Ni eve h it lf threate ed wi h sa e t Art t ette t an N m over hrow . hou b r h o of

A n t at was s t ate a n the e s t at h ad mo , h i u mo g riv r , h the ate s n a t i t se a a t was the sea w r rou d bou , who r mp r ,

the N e and he r a was the sea ? E t a ( il ), w ll from hiopi and E t e e her st en t an t was n n te P u t gy p w r r g h , d i i ﬁ i ; ' and L e s Yet was she a e ubim we re thy h lper . c rri d a a she ent nt a t t : her n e n a s w y , w i o c p ivi y y ou g childr l o we re d ashed i n pie ce s at the to p of all the streets : and t e ast ts her n a e me n and all h y c lo for ho our bl ,

’ her eat men e e n i n a ns A s h gr w r bou d ch i . t e

e str t n T e es t a e a 66 t B C. d uc io of h b ook pl c bou . 5,

’ the d ate of N ahum s prophecy cannot have been

ate much l r.

’ In the A ss an ns t ns T e e s i s a e N i y ri i crip io h b c ll d ,

r es n n t the No th ld T st e nt co r po di g wi h of e O e am .

‘ ’ t s e esent the E t an N u t Bo h word r pr gy p i , ci y , 122 7 71s Egypt of the Hebrews and H erodotos

‘ ' Thebes be i ng pro-emi ne ntly the city of Upper

E t i ts at n-d e t was A o n to w i s gyp . p ro i y m , hom t

eat te m le was de d ated an e n e it ha gr p ic , d h c i s t t

‘ ’ Na u calls it No A n D de a as h m of m o . ivi d s i t w

nto two a e s b the N e a nd en n e i he r i h lv y il , circled o t

’ side b an s o ne w t e sout e n wate y c al , of hich h h r r s till runs past the southe rn fro nt of the templ e of

‘ L ux i u t u be sa d t at i ts a a t or, t co ld r ly i h r mp r

’ ‘ was the se a To t s da the N e is a ed thc . hi y il c ll

’ nea e nat es E by th iv of gypt.

ns e e r The E thiOpia p ne trat d i nto Egypt no mo e . The t uly satrapie s we re re-establi shed ; and

’ Psamme tikhos e e e his at e s n a t r c iv d f h r pri ci p li y , though the pre c e de nce am ong the vassal -ki ngs was

e n o Pa r r G s e n r a ti e the unt giv t q u of o h . Fo m co ry

was e at p ace .

ftee n e a n ate h we e an e e nt o e Fi y r l r, o v r, v ccurr d w s k the Ass an e e to its un a ons hich hoo yri mpir fo d ti . A rem i t broke o ut which s pread throughout the w e f i t T he e o t was ea b s - hol o . r v l h d ed y A sur bani ' a s t e the V e a on a and s e p l bro h r, ic roy of B byl i , for om

s lt wa e e d i n the a an e B t he the re u . u t time v r b l c . go od ge ne ralsh ip and discipli ned forces of Assyri a e e ntua e a e d a nd she e e he v lly pr v il , e m rg d from t st u e e x aus te n e e b ut t ant The r ggl , h d i d d , riumph . e e owe e r was s run e n ( i c s L a mpir , h v , h k . yg of ydi had t ro n o il his a e ian e and had ass s ted h w ll g c , i

1 24 Tke Egyp t of tire H ebrews a nd H erodotos

e e e to i n the ea e a te s e e a s e t r f rr d rli r ch p r of J r mi h , w p

‘ e es ern A s a T e sa e the t ns the ov r W t i . h y ck d ow of Philistines and m ade the i r way to the Egyptian

nt e b ut t e re t e e e t b P sam fro i r, h h y w r bough off y metikh os A te t e s e s n the E t an . f r h ir di p r io , gyp i

P a a t ne his e e s t a s P a e st ne w t the h r oh ur d y ow rd l i , i h

n te n s n the A s I i tion of re tori g iatic e mpire of R amses I .

The twenty - si x th dy nasty was an age of antiqu arian revival ; not content with restori ng Egy pt to peace and s e t i ts n s a e a s at est n the pro p ri y , ki g im d l o r ori g

E the ast E t an art a a n ts on gy pt of p . gyp i g i pu

nt e te es are re a e e e te i n an a iqu form , mpl p ir d or r c d a an e t an e nt e s and te at e e e ts ccord c wi h ci mod l , li r ur r ﬂ c

n n The a n ante the gene ral te d e cy . reviv l o ly w d

na t to a e i t s ess as it is the art origi li y m k ucc ful ; ,

the t e nt -s x t nast i s a e and and of w y i h dy y c r ful good , under i ts rule E gy pt e njoy ed for the last tim e a

’

t L e s s e t e and e n n. S . uk umm r of cul ur r ow

he e A ss a as ass n a a The T pow r of y ri w p i g w y .

e at e e n and the a s i n E a e gr r b llio , w r l m which follow d , h a ne i i ts es s Th t i n ad dr i d t of r ource . e Scy hic i vas on destroy ed what little strength was le ft. Be fore P samme tikho s died Ni neve h was alre ady s n e b its es and e a s ate i t e s e urrou d d y fo , four y r l r p ri h d

r u tte ly . The provi nces of the west became virtu ally inde

n s a o f a st a e h se a assa pende t . Jo i h j ud h ill c ll d im lf v l ’ ’ ’ The Ag e of tfze l sm elztzsﬁ M onamézes 1 2 5

the A ss an na b ut he a te as the of yri mo rch , c d if

x The A ss an A ssy ri an monarchy did not e ist . y ri

e n S a a a was e e his a t t gov r or of m ri d priv d of u hori y , and J ewish rule was obey e d throughout what had

h T e n T s bee n the territory of t e ribe . The weakness of A ssy ria was the opportu nity of

he a e e a the e n P s Egypt . T e rli r y rs of r ig of am metikhos were spe nt i n reorganisi ng hi s kingdom and a i n s ess n all s t n to hi s e n e nt rmy , uppr i g oppo i io gov r m , and i n re n the ne t s and t s buildi g rui d ci ie emple . The n h e m arc he d i nto P ale stine and endeavoured to se cure once more for Egy pt the cities of the Philis t nes A s was ta e n a te a n e s e e and i . hdod k f r prolo g d i g ,

n an Egy ptia garri son pl aced i n i t.

The s ess P sammetikhos was hi s son N e ucc or of cho ,

a e out the e n hi s at e The who c rri d for ig policy of f h r. old canal which ran from the R ed Sea at Sue z to the

N e ne a a a and ent es ne e t il r Z g zig, which c uri of gl c h ad a e to b e e was a a n a t a ea e llow d chok d , g i p r i lly cl r d

’ out and the t n e the E t an sea was cut off , o gu of gy p i

I r S e n sa . x I s e re a s se nt ( i . Ship w l o f om u z u de r

P oen a T h ician pilots to circumnavig te A frica. hree

ea s t e s en on the o a e and a te ass n y r did h y p d v y g , f r p i g the St aits G ra ta na a e sa e at the r of ib l r, ﬁ lly rriv d f ly

th s the N e T e e an n e s e e mou of il . h r i cr dulou p opl heard that as they were sailing we stward the sun was on t e r r t n h i igh ha d . 1 2 6 Tke Egypt of ﬁne H ebrew s a nd H erodotos

B ut n e e the e t rn hi s s s N e had lo g b for r u of hip , cho pl aced him se lf at the he ad of hi s army and ente re d on the n as n A s a The S ans e e e e ate i v io of i . y ri w r d f d at and Ga a was e The E t an Migdol , z occupi d . gy p i army then proceede d to m arch along the sea- co ast b y the an ent ta a st n an at the ci mili ry ro d , which ruck i l d

N a el- e B ut the e s n ea n hi s hr K lb . J wi h ki g, pl di g

t to hi s A ss an s e a n atte te to du y y ri uz r i , mp d block the way ; the re sult was a battle i n the pl ai n of

e e e the e i s es e e t ta te M giddo , wh r J w h forc w r o lly rou d , and Josi ah him self carri ed from the ﬁ eld mortally

n Ne h now e an n t e n a as far wou ded . c o ov rr or h r Sy ri as the E ates and t en e t ne s t a to uphr , h r ur d ou hw rd

n s the e s e usa e was a t e b pu i h J w . J r l m c p ur d y t e a er and e a a the new n e se r ch y , J ho h z , ki g, d po d a a n n t ee nt s The P ara fte r re ig of o ly hr mo h . h oh th en a e hi s t e E a n i n hi s stea m d bro h r li kim ki g d ,

The as ne changing hi s name to J ehoi akim . city w ﬁ d

ta e nt and a n e ta e nts s e and a l of gold hu dr d l of ilv r, N e cho sent hi s armour to the te mple of Apollo n ear

Mile tus as a thank - offe ri ng to the god of hi s Greek

na es me rce ri .

The e e Thothmes as est e at all mpir of w r or d ,

B ut i t as e a n e ve nts i n A sia. l te d hardly mor th

a s In B C. 60 a e s e att e as three y e r . . 5 d ci iv b l w

t at Ca e s o n the E ates now fough rch mi h, uphr ,

a us e t een N e and the a n an n e J er bl , b w cho B by lo i pri c

1 2 8 Tﬁe Egyp t of tke H ebrews and H erodotos

B ut i t was no t n The E t ans for lo g . gy p i returned

‘ ’ to t e o wn an and the s e e e r sa e was h ir l d , i g of J u l m 8 n e . a n B he s e e At st i . C . 8 t t wa r comm c d l , 5 , ci y ta e n its n and st i ts n a tants led nt k , ki g mo of i h bi i o

a t t and i ts te e and a a e ne t ﬁre c p ivi y , mpl p l c bur d wi h .

a was a e n e a a n an e n and Jud h pl c d u d r B by lo i gov r or, the authority of the B aby loni ans acknowl edge d as f s a a ar a G z .

P samm ikho s II h ad i n the e e n e e t . e a di d p r c di g y r, and his so n U ah ab ra the A ri e s the G e e s the , p of r k ,

H o hra the T e sta ent e hi s a e . p of Old m , occupi d pl c The army which h ad go ne to the help of Ze dekiah had doubtle ss been sent b y him . H e had re capture d

Ga a and a e a n the ast to S n z , m rch d lo g co ido , which he a t e and T e was i n e e n a a nst c p ur d , y r , which r b llio g i th a aeans e hi s eet e e ate the ne e Ch ld , whil ﬂ d f d combi d

e s the C r ans and P en ans and e the forc of y p i ho ici , h ld

ns t n e te b n t s . A e e a a ea hi rogly phic i crip io , r c d y ive

e a and e at e the n as n has of G b l comm mor iv of i v io ,

n B ut the E t an recently been found ne ar Sido . gyp i conquests we re again lost almost as quickly as they h n a e ad bee m d . P al estine became a B aby loni an provi nce up to

r rs E t an the e s had the f ontie of gy p . M y of J w who

i ﬂe d to E t T e n e s e e bee n le ft i n t gyp . h ir umb r w r

e n e b a an t a s anan r i forc d y b d of ou l w , of whom Joh was the e a e had e re the a n an l d r, who murd d B by lo i ' Tile Ag e of Ike Israeli ti sh M onm'ckzes 1 29 gove rnor and h ad dragged i nto Egy pt with the m the

a h e e a prophet J e re miah and hi s scribe B ruc . J r mi h i n a n teste a a n st t e n t and re v i pro d g i h ir co duc , p

te t at H O h ra s b e s ai n b his e ne es dic d h p hould l y mi , and that N ebuch ad re zz ar should se t up his throne

‘ ’ o n that ve ry pave m ent at the e ntry of P h araoh s

’ house i n T ahpanhe s where the prophe t was the n stan n s a n T e l e d di g . Tahpanhe s i s almo t ce rt i ly

De fneh the Da hnze Gree e ra , p of k g og phy , which stands i n the mid - desert about twe lve mile s to the

est an ta a on the S e Can a and e re w of K r u z l , wh P rofessor Fli nde rs P etri e m ade e x cavations for the

E E x n n 1 T e e h e n the gy pt ploration Fu d i 8 86 . h r fou d

e a n s a re at t ess and a h ad een r m i of g for r c mp, which b

kh hi s ee e e na es . built b y P sammeti os I. for Gr k m rc ri

The a ls the a e re rt ee t i n t ne ss w l of c mp w fo y f hick , and the ruins of the fortre ss still go b y the name

‘ ’ ’ the ast e the e s a te In nt of C l of J w D ugh r . fro of i t i s a r a e e nt st e t at es e b b ick p v m , ju lik h d crib d y

a J e re mi h .

D a h nae i n a t was o ne the e ess p , f c , of chi f fortr es

E t on the s e A s a and i t was a of gy p id of i , ccord i n l the e stat n the Gre e e enar g y chi f io of k m rc ies . It

an e the e nt an e to the e ta and comm d d r c D l , was almost the ﬁrst pl ace i n E gy pt that the trave lle r from P al esti ne who came b y the mod ern c aravan

a w a a I as . t w t e e the s ro d ould ppro ch , her for , ﬁr t I 1 30 Tb e Egyp t of t/ze H ebrews a nd H erodotos settl e me nt at which J ewish fugi tives who wi shed to avoid the B aby lonian garrison at Gaza would b e

A n d i t w as a h s e t likely to arrive . l so t e ﬁr t obj c

n s of attack o n the part of a i nvad er from the E a t .

ss n n e to the w a h s Its posse io ope d him y to M e mp i .

T at N e a e a a t a n a e E t as h buch dr zz r c u lly i v d d gy p ,

e e a h ad e te we now n a a J r mi h pr dic d , k ow from fr g

i s nn n his t - B h a a s I t se e nt ea . C. m ent of l . hir y v h y r (

6 he a e nt E t e eat n the P a a h 5 7) m rch d i o gyp , d f i g h r o

‘ ’ Amasi s an d the s e s P t the n an s , oldi r of hu of Io i ,

‘ ’ a distant l and which i s i n the mid st of the sea .

Th e e ne es t ere re i nt se an s H o h ra mi , h fo , o who h d p

e no t the a n ans T e e e as to a e . w f ll w r B by lo i h y w r ,

i n a t hi s own s e ts . f c , ubj c H e had pursued the H ell enising policy of his pred ece ssors with gre ate r thoroughness th an they

had ne and h ad t s a se the ea s and do , hu rou d j lou y

he n at e at n The al arm of t iv popul io . Gree k mer

cenari e s a ne h ad hi s n en e and the E t an s lo co ﬁd c , gyp i

accu sed him of betray i ng the n ative troops whom he h ad se nt to the he lp of the L iby ans against the

r ne A masi s e e n e . A hmes hi s Gr k colo y of Ky (or ) ,

r t e r- i n - law u t se at the e a the e e s b o h , p him lf h d of r b l .

A b attl e was fought ne ar Sais be twe en the Gree k troops of H o ph ra o n the one side and the re volted

E t ans o n the the r e n e i n the e eat gyp i o , which d d d f

of the G ee s and the a t re H o h ra se r k c p u of p him lf.

1 32 Tbe Egypt of tb e H ebrews and H erodotos

K roesus L a. B ut all was no a a The of of y di of v il .

s a n ease The powe r of Cy ru s te dily i cr d . empires of

L a and a n a e nt n e e i t and en ydi B by lo i w dow b for , wh his so n K amb ses s ee e i n B C 2 y ucc d d him July , . . 5 9 , the new e mpi re e x te nd ed from the M edite rranean to I ndia and from the Caspi an to the borders o f

E t It w as ea t at the e t e an s the gy p . cl r h f r il b k of

e h ne e t atta N il e would b t e x t obj c of ck . Gree k vanity a sse rted th at the actual cau se of

h e n as n w as the e e e r e nar P anes H e t i v io Gr k m c y h . had e se rte to K amb ses and e x ai ne to d d y , pl d him

E T at P an s s a h ow gypt could b e e nte red . h h e wa n ame u se d b y the E gy pti an Greek s we know from i ts occurrence o n the fragm ent of a l arge vase d is

a a kra i s H r covered b y P rofe ssor P e trie t N u t . e e we

‘ re ad : P h anes the son of Gl aukos dedicate d me to

’ uk r B u the n as n E A pollo of N a ati s. t i v io of gy pt b y K amb y ses was the necessary con se que nce of the policy which had l aid the whol e of the o ri e ntal world i ’ at h s fathe r s fee t . A m asi s die d whil e th e army of K amb y ses was o n

n P s m ikhos III. its a B . C and hi s so a met m rch ( .

t ar h t A att e was had o be t e bru nt of the at ack . b l

t n e a P e lusi u m and t the Gree and fough r , hough k

‘ ar an a x ar e s thei r b est the n a n es K i u ili i did , i v di g forc

a ne the d a The P ara ﬂ e d to e s g i d y . h oh M mphi , h which was the reupon besiege d b y K amb y se s. T e ' ' ' The Ag e qf t/te [sm elztzlrlt M ona relt zes I33

‘ s e e was a s one The t the te i g hort . ci y of Whi

’ W a was ta e n P sammetikhos a e a . s ne ll k , m d pri o r, and hi s son t et e t two t san t s , og h r wi h hou d y ou h of th E as a e e a n t an a es w ut to e t . l di g gy p i f mili , p d h For a e P sammetikhos se was a e to e whil him lf llow d liv , b ut the fe ars of the conque ror soon cau sed him to b e e x e te and t hi s e at a e the en d cu d , wi h d h c m of the twe nty - six th dy nasty and the inde pendence of Egypt C H A P T E R V

T H E AGE OF T H E P TOL E M IE S

JU DAH had proﬁted b y the revolu tion which h ad

ee n so sast s to the na the N b di rou mo rchy of ile . The ove rthrow of the B aby loni an e mpire and the rise of Cy rus h ad brought de liverance from ex ile an d the rest at n the te e and its se s or io of mpl rvice .

In the e s n at e sa e C s and his J wi h colo y J ru l m , y ru s e ss s h ad as i t e e a e n E t ucc or , w r , bridl upo gy p ; gratitude to the i r de live re r and freedom to e njoy the theocracy which h ad t ak e n the pl ace of the D avidic monarchy m ade the J e wi sh peopl e an o ut post and garrison upon whose loy al ty the P e rsian

n re ki g could ly . The y oke of the Zoroastri an D arius and hi s

e s e n ants re sse e a i o n the t e an n d c d p d h v ly , o h r h d , upo the r e sts and e e E t T e a te t e p i p opl of gy p . im f r im t e atte te to re t T e rst e e n n e h y mp d vol . h ir ﬁ r b llio , u d r

Kh ab b ash s a e Gree e the e ns a s , v d c from l gio of D riu and postpone d the d ay of P e rsi an i nvasion to a tim e whe n the i nc ap able Xe rx es sat upon the th ro ne of

1 36 Tb e Egyp t of tb e H ebr ews a nd H erod otos he ﬂ ed to E t a t hi s t e as es ea n hi s hiopi wi h r ur , l vi g

n th an s the P ers an Ochus rea e cou ntry i e h d of i . w k d his en e an e o n the E t an ests est n v g c gy p i pri , d roy i g the te es e an n a e a ans the mpl , d m di g h vy r om for sa re e s he h ad e se tt n an ass c d r cord robb d , i g up a sy mbol i n Egy ptian ey e s of all that was evil and

n ean—as the atr n - the n e e an u cl p o god of co qu r d l d , and sl ay in g the sacred bull A pi s i n sacriﬁce to the

n t The e Ochus b hi s E t an ne w divi i y . murd r of y gy p i e u nuch B agoas was the pen alty he paid for these outrages o n the national faith .

n s r Its rue rs a n E gy pt ne ve r agai wa f ee . l h ve bee

an a e s and s a t b ut t e a e of m ifold r c form of f i h , h y h v

n n E ans P e s i ans Gree s and ne e a a ee t . v r g i b gy p i r , k

R ans A a s s C ass an s M ame luk s a es om , r b , Kurd , irc i , l v

' and T r s e n en ' and E n s e n a e all u k , Fr chm gli hm , h v

e rne s e rne i t b ut t r t t s n gov d or mi gov d , h oughou hi lo g page of its history the re i s no sign of n ative political

R e n tax at n h as a ne see e a e life . ligio or io lo m d bl

the e e nt e e nt re t to stir p opl i o mov m or vol . For

s ns a te n at n a ee we i n a n a piratio f r io l fr dom look v i . The P e rsi an was n o t l e ft long i n the possession of E hi s re bellious provi nce . gy pt ope ne d he r gate s to

A e x an e r a e n as i n ate a e s she ene l d of M c do , l r g op d

’ he r ate s to the A a A s ha g r b mru . The Gree k d long bee n associate d i n the E gy p ti a n min d with opposition to the h ate Pe rs ia n and i t was as a G e e t at d , r k h ' T/ze Ag e of tb e P tolemzes 1 37

e s and A lex ande r entered the cou ntry . M mphi

T e es e e and h e hi s e s t to e h b w lcom d him , did b prov to hi s subj ects that he h ad i ndeed come a mong the m as o ne t e anc 1e nt n s H a had he ea e of h ir ki g . rdly r ch d M e mphis be fore he went in state to the templ e of

T en A s and ffe e sa e to the sa e . pi o r d criﬁc cr d bull h , afte r founding A lex andri a at the spot where the nat e a e R ak o ti st he a e hi s wa to iv vill g of ood, m d y the as s A n the e n S a a n the O i of mmo , mod r iw h, mo g san s the stant e e t and t e e was ee te b d of di d s r , h r gr d y

h - t e high priest of the te mpl e as the son of the god .

L e the P a a s the a e n an n e r ik h r oh of old , M c do i co qu ro

e a e the son A n-R a and i n E t at east b c m of mo , gy p l

a e n s cl im d divi e honour . B e fore le avi ng Egy pt A l ex ande r appoi nte d the n a s e e to e n it and e e t at om rch who w r gov r , ord r d h ju stice should b e admin istered according to the an en l w he an H e a s sent 000 Sa a ci t a of t l d . l o 7 m ri tans i nto the Thebaid ; some of the m we re se ttle d i n the F a ﬁm and i n the a r s e e b yy , p py i di cov r d y P rofessor P etrie at H awara m ention i s m ade of a

a A nt vill ge which they h ad n am ed S am aria. ppoi i ng K leomenés pre fe ct of E gy pt and coll ector of the tax es A e x an e now e a a to the , l d r hurri d w y

E ates t e e to e t the s atte e e s uphr , h r ov r hrow h r d r lic of th e P e rsian E mpi re . It was while he was at E kb atana th at hi s frie nd 1 38 Tb e Egyp t of the H ebrews and H erodotos

H é haestion e and A ex an e r te to E t to p di d , l d r w o gy p i nqui re of the oracl e of A mmon what honours i t was

a man In e l awful for him to p ay to the de d . r ply

Hé h aesti n was n n e to b e a and a p o pro ou c d god , te e s a n e re t to at A ex an a mpl wa ccordi gly c ed him l dri , and th e new l ighthou se on the island of P haros was

a i c lled afte r h s nam e.

e n A e x an e e s en and nex e te Wh l d r di d udd ly u p c dly , the council of hi s gene ral s which asse mbled at

a n e a e his a - t e P A rrid aeus B by lo d cl r d h lf bro h r, hilip ,

B ut t e ese e to t e se es to b e his successor. h y r rv d h m lv

’ all the ea e i n A e x an e s e e. P t e r l pow r l d r mpir ol my , the son L a s se E t as the seat his of go , cho gy p of

e n ent was a n an e e to gov r m , which ccordi gly h d d ov r

b K leo menés o n his a a t e e a e a a te him y rriv l h r , y r f r the a ss n the n w n H i s st ac as to cce io of e ki g . ﬁr t w

K l né o e at put e ome s t d h . T hen cam e the long fu neral procession beari ng the corpse of A le x ande r from B aby lon to the tomb that was to b e e re cte d for him i n hi s new city of

A e x n e t an a ea ass n l a dri a. Mor h y r p ed while i t wou d i ts wa s c t to t t at ast i t a e y lowly from i y ci y , ill l rriv d at e H e e the M mphi s. r body of the great conque ror re sted awhile u ntil the gorge ou s sepulchre was made

e a i n i t was na to s r dy which ﬁ lly repo e . It was pl ain that P tol e my was aiming at i nde

en e nt e . P erdi kk as the re e nt a n p d pow r , g , ccordi gly

140 The Egyp t Qf the H eb rews a nd H erodotos

e ne a a ree e nt e a ee n that t n the g r l g m , ch k pi g por io of

h he had a e hi s own The a ee ent e mpire whic m d . gr m was almost imme diately followe d b y the murder of

A x an er ZE o s C e atra the s ste the eat e . l d g l op , i r of gr

A ex an e and his n e e T e ssa n a a ne re l d r, i c h lo ik lo

a ne the a a and C e at a on her m i d of roy l f mily , l op r , wa to E t to ar P t e was assass nate b y gyp m ry ol my , i d y

’ A n n s i B s n t n . C and A ex an er s n e e igo u ( . l d i c oo

a te a s s are the sa e f ate The a f rw rd h d m . f mily of

‘ ’ the so n A n the ann h at the P e s an of mmo , i il or of r i

Em e was e x t n t pir , i c .

Two e a s ate i n B C 06 an end was ut to y r l r, . . 3 , p

the a e so n a e b the e ne a s A ex an e f rc lo g pl y d y g r l of l d r,

n e a t n a d ch of he m assume d the title of ki g.

‘ ’ t t at n E T o t s the P tole my ook h of ki g of gy pt . hi

’ ee s a te a s a e th e na e Sote S a Gr k f rw rd dd d m of r, viour, when hi s supplies of corn had save d the Rhodians from destruction du ring their heroic de fe nce of their

- n s city against the multitud inous w ar ships of A ntigo u .

T r t his e Pt e ne e t the h oughou rul , ol my v r forgo ne ed s and i nte re sts of the ki ngdom ove r which he

A x n w e e . e a a as e te t i ts n a rul d l dri compl d , wi h u riv ll d

a s its state u n s i ts a a s h rbour , ly p blic buildi g , bro d qu y

nd i ts s a s s re e ts s to ast i t re a p ciou t . From ﬁr t l

a ne the G e ta as Gree m i d r e k c ap i l of E gypt. It w k

i n its n Gree i n i ts a te t e G ee i n i ts origi , k rchi c ur , r k

at n Gree a s i n i ts a a te i ts anne s popul io k l o ch r c r, m r , The Ag e of the P tolemi es 14 1 and its t ut r the re st E t b the fai h . C off f om of gy p y

a e t L a e and e n n a E e an ate it M r o ic k , joy i g urop clim , was i ts n at n at i t i s to - d a a t from fou d io wh y , ci y of

E t i t as an E e at er t an . urop r h h of gy p From , from

e na e at - t e the P t e e s e te the impr g bl w ch ow r, ol mi dir c d fortunes of the ir ki ngdom : it was n o t only the key

~ to E t it was a s a r e n i t. The ea t gyp , l o b idl upo w l h of the world passed through its st ree ts and harbou rs the re ligions and philosophies of E ast and West met

a s P t e h ad n e i n i t a within i ts h ll . ol my fou d d un e s t a t t e Ox r and Ca e i n iv r i y , pro o y p of fo d mbridg

E n an the A a i n ern a r n n C . I mode r gl d , of zh r mod i o

h se as i t w as a e a ast ra was t e Mu um , c ll d , v lib ry

e t e the and its e - e n e a s e re gather d og r, w ll dow d ch ir w

ﬁlle d with l e arned professors from all parts of the

r te s and e e e e t es Gree k wo ld , who wro book d liv r d l c ur

e e at the a ar and din e d tog th r roy l ch ge .

B ut the Greek s we re n ot the on ly i nhabitants of

new t The e s a s sett e t e e i n a e the ci y . J w l o l d h r l rg n ers o n the e aste n s e the t n att a te b umb r id of ow , r c d y the offe rs of P tol emy and the belie f that the ri si ng centre of trade would b e be tter worth i nhabiting

n h aste e s P a e sti ne All tha t e w d ﬁ ld of l . t he rights of

e e t e n s e e rante to t e and t e Gr k ci iz hip w r g d h m , h y we re pl ace d on a footing almost of e qu ality with

’ s o wn ntr e n P tol e my cou y m .

The nat e E t ans e e far s iv gy p i w r wor e tre ate d . 14 2 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

‘ They h ad becom e the hewe rs of wood and carrie rs

’ I as he of wate r for the ir new Gree k m aste rs. t w t y

n s e the e n e nt t its e en e b ut who fur i h d gov r m wi h r v u ,

i s no i n re t rn t e sse sse no t e e s . u h y po d r gh , privil g When land was wanted for the ve terans of the

a e n an a as e x a e i n the Fa ﬁm M c do i rmy , , for mpl , yy ,

t s i t was taken from the m wi thou compen ation .

T ax es e e r e a e and e a e r ere a n , v h vi r h vi , w l id upo the m ; and every atte mpt at re monstrance or mur

r n was site t e ate ni s mu i g vi d wi h imm di pu hm e nt. The Egy pti an h ad no rights u n l ess h e could b e

e ste re a t e n A e x an a and t s i as r gi d ci iz of l dri , hi t w

ss o ne x t to impo ible for him t b e .

It i s tr ue that the Egypti ans were told all this w as done i n orde r that the ir o wn l aws and cu stoms

might no t b e inte rfe red with . Whil e the Gre eks and

e s e re e ne b G e e law the E n J w w gov r d y r k , gy pti a s

e e e ne b the law the an w r gov r d y old of l d . B ut i t

was forgotten that the l aws were admi niste red b y

Gree s and t at the e o ﬂﬁc i als k , h high r were al so

Gree s as a a nst an E t an ssesse k , who, g i gy p i , po d

ar trar er. It was n a n st t e se e s bi y pow o ly mo g h m lv ,

as et e en E t an and E t an that the n a i b w gy p i gy p i , t ve s

of the cou ntry e njoy e d ariy be ne ﬁt from the l aws

u nd er which they lived ; wh ereve r th e gove rn me n t

and the Gree s e re n e ne t e e e k w co c r d , h y w r like o ut

asts b e n s e b u t not tr e c , who could pu i h d , i d .

144 The Egyp t qf the H ebrews a nd H erodotos na es h ad e e e a G ee e at n an tiv who r c iv d r k duc io , m y

e e e G ee s b t and e en e s of th m w r r k y bir h v J w .

’ st a a n s e ts er s a e een n at O r k , or i crib d po h d , h v b fou d

T e es s t at i n the a s P t e h b , which how h d y of ol my

Ph skon a ew S n the son E ea a ar e y , J , imo , of l z r, f m d

he axe s A s h t t the re for the te mple of Amon . e did not se n Gree his e e ts e e tten him lf k ow k, r c ip w r wri for

s s ns A te hi s e at he was suc him b y one of hi o . f r d h

hi s so n Philo klés The n a ceede d i n hi s ofﬁce b y . me i s n t ea e as i t s s a the e s o ic bl , how how r pidly J w of

E t o e e ree The e n gy p c uld b com wholly G k . r ligio of hi s fore fathe rs was not lik ely to sit h eavily o n the s e s the tax - at e e a heat en te e hould r of g h r r of h mpl , and we nee d not wonde r at the H ellenisation of his

a S n was a sa e an hi s et en f mily . imo mpl of m y of br hr i n adopting Gree k culture the J ews of Egy pt began

et t at t e h s to forg h h y were J ews . It require d t e hock

e se t n at e sa e and the a a ean war of p r cu io J ru l m , M cc b of inde pende nce to re call the m to a recolle ction of the ir past history an d a sense of the mission of their

a e r c .

t the se the G ee n i n E t Wi h ri of r k ki gdom gy p , the c ano nical book s of the Old T e st ame nt come t o

- an end . a a the ast e st e e i n the J ddu , l high pri r cord d

N e e a x i i . me t A e x an e the Book of h mi h ( 7 , l d r

G e at at e and se s i s to b e t ste r Mizp h , if Jo phu ru d , obtai ned from him a recognition of the ancie nt The Ag e of the P tolemi es 14 5 privileges of the J ews and the ir e x e mption from

ax a a The st t ation eve ry S abb tical y e r. Fir Book of

n es 2 see s to n th e e ne a Chro icl (iii . 3) m bri g g logy of the d escend ants of Zorobabe l down to an e ven l ate r

ate B ut e e the an n a s ea the d . wh r c o ic l book br k off,

s th ha e n e s s the so n book of e Apocry p b gi . J u of

S a i n hi s r e to the E e s ast s ir ch, p ologu Book of ccl i icu , tells us th at he had transl ated it i n E gy pt from

H e e nt G ee e n E e e tes the t br w i o r k, wh u rg , hird

P t e was n and t rt -e t e ars a te its ol my , ki g, hi y igh y f r

at n b hi s an at e es s L e st compil io y gr df h r J u . ik mo of the a r a s it t s had a P a est n an poc y ph l book , hu l i i

n b u t its t ans at n nt Gree n ate s the origi , r l io i o k i dic i ntercou rse that was going on between the J ews of

P a e st ne and t se E t as e as the e ne a l i ho of gy p , w ll g r l adoption of the Gree k l angu age by the E gy ptian

e s J w . The transl ation of the H ebre w Scriptures i nto Gree k about the s am e pe riod i s a y e t more striki ng

‘ st at n th sa Th e na e Se tua illu r io of e me fact . m of p

’ nt the trans at n st e ta ns e r e t ates gi , which l io ill r i , p p u th e e en e e the a se A ri stae as i ts l g d , d riv d from f l , of h avi ng been m ade all at o ne tim e b y seven ty (or s e nt - B ut nte n a e i e n e s ev y two) tran sl ators. i r l v d c hows t at s not a e een the ase The ar s h uch could h v b c . v iou

s the Can n e re trans ate at fe ent t es book of o w l d dif r im , and the tran sl ato rs e x hibit ve ry differe nt d e gre es of K 146 The Egyp t of the H eb rew s a nd H er odotos a an a n a he H a n a e bility d cqu ai t nce with t ebrew l gu g . The P e ntate uch was the ﬁrst to b e rende red into

G ee the t e r s e a te a s a nd it r k ; o h book follow d f rw rd , would appe ar that the Book of E ccl esi astes neve r

n a a e i n th e t an s at n at all The G ee fou d pl c r l io . r k transl ation of the book which i s now foun d in the

Se t a nt was r a a e b A a p u gi p ob bly m d y quil .

It was n e r P t e II st e hi s t t e u d ol my . , who ju iﬁ d i l of

‘ ’ P a e s t e - n b the r e hil d lphu , or Bro h r lovi g , y mu d r of hi s two t ers t at the r tran s at n was bro h , h wo k of l io

e n P t e ote his at e had e s n . S e hi s b gu ol my r, f h r, r ig d

n two ea s e e hi s e at and the e e nt crow y r b for d h , v

’ proved th at hi s con ﬁde nce i n hi s son s ﬁlial piety was

The nat n a e s at not mispl ace d . coro io of Phil d lphu A le x and ri a was ce l e brate d with o ne of the most

e s a e ants the h as e e see n the gorg ou p g world v r ,

a s ar e r n n e d e t il of which e pres ved b y A the aeu s . U d r the ne w king the i nte rnal de velopme nt of the

na r e nt o n a a T n mo chy w p ce . he canal was Ope ed

nne te the N e t the Re d Se a and at which co c d il wi h , its t et nea S e a t n was t a e A s n e ou l r u z ow buil c ll d r i o ,

’ a te the n s s ste The ts e e n e and f r ki g i r. por of B r ik Philo te ra ( now Q ose i r) we re constructed and fortiﬁ e d o n the ast the R ed Se a and a s a e to t e co of , ro d m d h m

K o tos and S é né o n the N e In t s w a from p y il . hi y the ivory and ge ms of the Sudan could b e b rought to Egy pt wi thout pass i ng th rough th e hos til e te rrito ri es

14 8 The Egypt of the H ebr ew s a nd H er odotos

A mong the books which fou nd a pl ace i n the gre at library of A lex andria was doubtl e ss the Gree k trans at n the P e ntate P a s s e l io of uch . hil delphu how d re mar a e a to the e s Th e s a t es k bl f vour J w . J ewi h c p iv of hi s s oldi ers we re ransome d b y him and give n

es i n a s arts E t ne h n e and hom v riou p of gyp . O u dr d t ent t san s a e s e e t s re e the n w y hou d l v w r hu f d , ki g

a n e a 1 20 a as 0 S e e s the p y i g for ch dr chm , or 3 h k l ,

r e a s a e a i n i a It i s p ic of l v ccord g to the Mosa c L w. qui te possibl e th at the re m ay b e som e truth i n the lege nd that the Gre e k transl ation of the Old Te sta ' ent was a e at hi s s e e t er n o t we m m d de ir . Wh h or

e e e t at he se nt two G ee e s A stae s and b li v h r k J w , ri u

A nd raeus t st ts to E e a a the - r e st , wi h co ly gif l z r high p i a t e r sa e as n to se e t ﬁt m e n the J u l m , ki g him l c for

r se he was r a n o t n n t at a pu po , p ob bly u willi g h copy

th e sa re s hi s e sh s e ts i n a r of c d book of J wi ubj c , fo m

nte e to the Gre e s sh u l b e a e to the i lligibl k , o d dd d

ar W e st no t r e t t at i t was h e libr y . mu fo g h who e e ane t the r e st Se e nn t s to r te mploy d M ho, p i of b y o , w i i n Gree the st r hi s nt he e k hi o y of cou ry , which compil d from th e hie rogly phic monum ents and hie ratic papy ri

he n at e te es of t iv mpl . E P t e III. er e tes the e e st s o n P i a ol my , u g , ld of h l

e s s e e e h i s a h . 2 A w a r t e i n B C 6 . d lphu , ucc d d f r . 4

t S r a e o u t at the e nn n hi s e n wi h y i brok b gi i g of r ig , an d the m arch of the Egy ptian army as far a s The Ag e of the P tolemi es 149

a the a ta the S an n o n the Seleuci , c pi l of y ri ki gdom

E ates was one n nte te t . On hi s uphr , u i rrup d riumph

et n P t e a hi s fe ri n s o n the a ta at r ur , ol my l id of g l r

e sa e and t an e the Go d the e s hi s J ru l m , h k d of J w for s ess The e s n t t e b e ucc . J wi h commu i y migh w ll pardone d for be lievi ng that i n the conqu e ror of Sy ri a

s e o r a t they h ad a ne w pro ely t t the i f i h . The Egy pti an s h ad e qu al reason to b e sati s ﬁe d

n the s hi s an with their ki g. A mong spoil of Sy ri c ampaign we re 2 500 vase s and statues of the Egyptian de itie s which K amb y ses had carri e d to

n nt s T e e re re Persi a early three ce urie be fore . h y w st e to the te es e E t or d mpl of Upp r gy p , from which t e had ee n ta en t state e e n e s and h y b k , wi h ly c r mo i a the e n the e e and P t e was mid r joici g of p opl , ol my

en e t n n a n hi s s e ts as E e etes h c for h k ow mo g ubj c u rg ,

‘ ’ t e ene a t h ir B f c or.

E e e tes i n a t see s to a e b een the st u rg , f c , m h v mo

E t an and east G e ll h P t e s gyp i l re k of a t e ol mie . A lone among the m he vis ite d Thebes and paid

a e to the s E t T e te es e e hom g god of gy p . h ir mpl w r

e t and e t ffe r n s and the est r buil crowd d wi h o i g , pri hood naturally regard e d him as a ki ng after their

H to o e th own e a t. e e P a a s t rne h r , , lik h r oh of old , u d hi s atte nt n to the n est E t a hi s io co qu of hiopi , which 1 e e ess s had een nte nt to n It was pr d c or b co egl ect .

1 h H i stor S ar e E t i . . 6 p , y qf gyp , p 34 . 1 50 The Egyp t of the H ebrews and H erodotos

n e E e etes e e t at the so - a e e ree u d r u rg , mor ov r, h c ll d D c of Canopu s was drawn up i n hierogly phics and

e E t an as e as i n G ee Its as n d motic gyp i w ll r k . occ io

’ was the e at e e n e the n s a hte to d h of B r ik , ki g d ug r, whom the E gypti an prie sts dete rmi ned to grant

n s It i s the st t e t at ﬁ n divine ho our . ﬁr im h we d the old script and l angu age of E gy pt taking its pl ace b y the s ide of that of the M ace donian con

uero r and it i s s n ant t at the G ee t ans t q , ig iﬁc h r k r crip occupi e s the third pl ace . Jud ah had hithe rto rem aine d tranquil and at

n Th peace u nde r the gove r ment of the P tolemies . e

‘ - ests had ta e n the a e the n s and high pri k pl c of ki g ,

s n At t es n ee t e a t t wa s te . h ir u hori y u di pu d im , i d d ,

n t was h a se a s the coveted dig i y t e c u of f mily feud .

N h ii 1 1 he at e a a e . x nat an t . Jo h , f h r of J ddu ( ,

e e his t e s a he s s e te h ad murd r d bro h r Jo hu , whom u p c d

t n to s ant and the e x a e he set of ry i g uppl him , mpl

B ut ts e hi s o n w as d estine d to have followers . ou id w family the high - priest rule d with almost despotic

h n n t e st B C . t e s powe r. Simo Ju ( . wi h whom d

‘ ’ the li st of famou s men give n by J esus the son

a 1 re a re an d rt e the te e of Sir ch (iv . p i d fo iﬁ d mpl

as he r r s a e i t e s as we ll t fo t e s which gu rd d . J wi h tradition ascribed to him the comple tion of the Canon of the Old T e stam e n t which h ad bee n begu n b E a and i t was t r t at the a y zr , h ough him h or l

1 52 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

no w a e and t a ne in the a e n an as n rm d r i d M c do i f hio , and the grati tude of Philopator showe d itse lf i n a

s t to the te e at er sa e e e h e sa e vi i mpl J u l m , wh r criﬁc d to the God of the J ews and atte mpte d to penetrate

t was th c i nto the H oly of H olies. A tumul e on se en e and the e x as e ate n on his et n qu c , p r d ki g r ur to E gy pt de prive d the J ews of the ir Gree k citize n s and e e t e to b e tatt e t the hip, ord r d h m oo d wi h

e an i v - e a i n n a s and to ﬁgur of y l f ho our of B cchu ,

a r sacriﬁce on the ltars of the G ee k god s. The Je ws had hithe rto bee n the stau nch sup

te s the a se E t and had e por r of roy l hou of gy p , h ld the fortress of J e rusale m for it against the powe r of

B ut Phi lo ator had now a enate the fo r Syria. p li d m e N or was he e s e ss t the nat e ve r. mor ucc ful wi h iv

ans st th e E t an t s t n e E gypti . Fir gy p i roop mu i i d ;

a e t i n e E t The E t a the n c me r vol Upp r gy p . hiopi n

n e s se e a s are n i n the N an pri c , who m mori l fou d ubi te es D eb od and D akkeh e e n te to mpl of , w r i vi d

T e es and an E t an nast a a n e i n h b , hiopi dy y g i rul d

E The na es the n s Uppe r gy pt. m of ki g who com pose d i t have re ce ntly bee n found i n deed s written i n e a a te s d motic ch r c r . Philo p ato r die d of hi s de bauche rie s afte r a re ign

n n ars B of seve tee y e ( . C. l e avi ng a child of ﬁve — — y ears of age the future P tol e my E piphanés to

x an ri n succeed him . The Ale d e mob was i n a state The Ag e of the P tolemi es 1 53

t the a was nt st t and Ant o s of rio , rmy u ru wor hy , i chu

n n h a a a nst a The E t an was agai o t e m rch g i Sy ri . gy p i

es e e e eate at an as Caesa ea P forc w r d f d B i ( r hilippi) ,

h e s a n ne e to th e n a e i n e t rn t e J w h vi g go ov r i v d r, r u for which A n tiochu s re mitte d the tax es d ue from

e sa e and not n e ease all the n ste s J ru l m , o ly r l d mi i r

the te e t e tax at n b ut sent a ar e of mpl from fu ur io , l g

B tre at t sum of money for its support. y a y wi h Rome the possession of the cou ntry was assured to

B an d n es es ta an e s him ( . C. colo i of M opo mi J w were se ttle d i n Ly dia and P hrygia .

V E i hanés s eanw e P t e . wa r n M hil ol my , p p , g owi g

and i n B 1 6 a n i as C. t w ete ne up , . 9 ccordi gly d rmi d t a h n The na n h t e should b e crow ed . coro tio took

a e at e s and a e ee was a e ten n pl c M mphi , d cr m d ligh i g

' the e ns the nt e e n the ellahzn burd of cou ry , r li vi g f

r e n esse the na and anti n f om b i g impr d for vy , gr g

rt s s I i s s fu he r e ndowm e nts to th e prie t . t thi d ecree

i r h a s R s which s e ng aved on t e f mou o e tta Stone .

B u t the e t the E t ans st nt n e r vol of gy p i ill co i u d, and h ad a e a s e a n h a R n s lr dy pr d ort w rd . e fe re ce i m ade i n the de cree to rebellion i n the B usi rite n ome

the e ta an d to a s e e the t L ko oli s of D l , i g of ci y of y p , i n c the ns ents had rt e t e se es It whi h i urg fo iﬁ d h m lv . was at t s t e too t at the t A s was hi im , , h ci y of by do ta e n b st and its te e s na ne as k y orm mpl ﬁ lly rui d , we gather from a Gree k scrawl o n the wall s of the 1 54 The Egyp t of the H ebrew; a nd H erodotos

te et B ut i n B . C. 1 8 a e s e mple of S i . 5 d ci iv victory was gained b y the Gre e k m ercenari es ove r the

te E t an s T i r a s e revol d gy p i . he four l e der surr nde red

’ o n the n s m se a ee a n and e e ki g pro i of fr p rdo , w r

r t e e at a s T e e e e he t e S . b ough b for him i h r , how v r, i d t e to hi s a t - ee s i n tat n A es h m ch rio wh l imi io of chill , and a e t e st n n the t a s dr gg d h m ill livi g rou d ci y w ll , after which he re turned to A l ex andri a and e ntere d

hi s a ta i n t h c pi l riump . The crime s of E piphanés le d to hi s murde r i n

n i - - P e B 1 80 a d h s se en e a son t VI. . C. , v y r old , ol my ,

Philométor was r a e n n e r -he re en , p ocl im d ki g u d g cy

hi s t h h e t e was e e . e s e e a e of mo h r W il liv d h r p c ,

b ut a te her eat the S an n A nt s f r d h y ri ki g, iochu

E i h anés t e se n E t a t e his p p , hr w him lf upo gy p , c p ur d

l e hi s t i n s ne e Phi ométo r and e . ph w , h ld cour M mphi

’ T ere n Philométor s n e t e se h upo y ou g r bro h r, who

r en h ad en hi m the ni na e Ph ské n co pul cy giv ck m of y ,

’ the ate a e se n at A ex an a Blo d, procl im d him lf ki g l dri ,

e e Ant s t and called upon Rom for h lp . iochu wi h

e e a n P hilométor n the E t ans and dr w, l vi g ki g of gy p i ,

Ph ské n had ta e n the t t e E e e tes II y , who k i l of u rg . ,

n s king of the Gree ks at Ale x andria. Tha k to the

t e r ea an e Philo méto r the two e ne bro h ly forb r c of , r ig d

t e i n a n se e a e a s A nt s toge h r h rmo y for v r l y r . iochu

E i hanés e e had a a n n a e E t p p , how v r, g i i v d d gy p , b ut h ad bee n warne d off i ts soil b y the Rom an

1 56 The Egyp t of the H ebr ews and H erodotos

t t t the G ee na e as n e sta s e for hwi h ook r k m of J o , bli h d a nas at e sa e sent ffe n s to the gy m ium J ru l m , o ri g fe st a H e a es at T e an d s a e the iv l of r kl y r , di cour g d

’ s n B ut as n s e was s t rite of circumci io . J o rul hor

A n a te ene a s s ee e i n r n e . e liv d B j mi , M l u , ucc d d d ivi g him o ut of the country and u surpi ng the oﬂi ce of

- est e n as was ut to e at . high pri , whil O i p d h The second Sy rian invas ion of Egypt took pl ace

wo e a s ate The st the e re e e t y r l r. ory of ch ck c iv d b y A ntiochus Epiphanés c ame to Jud aea with all the ex aggerations u sual i n the E ast ; A ntiochu s was

e te to b e ea and as n a n a e r por d d d , J o ccordi gly m rch d

n e sa e assa e hi s ne nts an d upo J ru l m , m cr d oppo , block aded ene a s i n the ta e B ut A nt s h ad M l u ci d l . iochu

een n e n i n his e and he t ne b wou d d o ly prid , ur d back from the N ile burni ng with mo rtiﬁcati on and anx iou s to vent hi s ange r upon the ﬁrst who c am e i n hi s wa The t a e tte b n y . ou r g commi d y J aso was a e e t x t Th e en ss w lcom pre e . e d f cele popul ation of

e sa e was a t assa e a t s nt J ru l m p r ly m cr d , p r ly old i o s a e and n e the an e e ne a s he l v ry , u d r guid c of M l u e nte re d the T e mple and carrie d away the sacred

sse s as e as its tr a P th e t e e s e . e v l , w ll o h r ur hilip

P an was a nte e rn the t e hrygi ppoi d gov or of ci y , whil

e n e a s e a ne - est M l u r m i d high pri .

e e eas res 1 8 e e B . 6 S e to In C. v r r m u w r follow. t e re had ee n a r s n i n e r sa e was h b i i g J u l m , which The Ag e qf the P tolemi es 1 57

there upon capture d on a S abbath -d ay b y the Sy ri an

ene a the e ate art i t e n sa e and g r l , gr r p of b i g ck d

ne and a rt n the t a t n n . bur d , po io of ci y w ll hrow dow

A a ri s n was e sta s e on nt n g r o bli h d Mou Zio , which

at that t e e e the T e e - and a e e im ov rlook d mpl hill , ﬁ rc

e s e s e n e E e e f rt p r ecution of the J w comm c d . v ry f o

was a e to e t e to sa e t e re i n m d comp l h m for k h ir l gio ,

’ to eat s ne s es and to rs the s the wi ﬂ h, wo hip god of

‘ G ee s It was t e n th at the a o nat n o f r k . h . b mi io

’ e s at n was see n in the H H e s the d ol io oly of oli ,

te mpl e s of S am ari a and J e ru sale m be ing re -de dicate d

to e s X e ni o s and e s s and t at at Z u Z u Oly mpio , h J e rusale m befoule d with the rites of the Sy ri an

A s t e t h or h .

Th san s the t x e s ﬂ e d to E t ou d of or hodo J w gy p ,

w r sh t an d A n he e they fou nd e l e r we lcome . mo g

t e was n as the e e st son n as 111. P h m O i , ld of O i hilo

méto r ante an i n the n e H e s gr d him l d om of liopoli ,

‘ an d allowed him to build the re a te mpl e i n which

the worship of the H ebre w Go d should b e carried

on as i t h ad ee n at e sa e E x a ati n b J ru l m . c v o goes to show that the te mpl e w as e rected at the spot

‘ now a e T e l e l- Yeh udi eh the n th c ll d y , Mou d of e

’ e ess not far r i n e l- nat H S . e e was J w , f om hib Ka ir r

an ese te a a e and te e R a ses III old d r d p l c mpl of m . ,

and here the J e ws we re permitte d to e stablish them

se es and n a t h the a e n lv fou d ci y , w ich y c ll d O ion. 1 58 The Egyp t of the H ebrew s a nd H er odotos

A n to se s its e na e had een ccordi g Jo phu , old r m b

L e o n o o lis Th e was est t . e te e b p mpl , which d roy d y

es as an a te the e s war was t e e V p i f r J wi h , for iﬁ d lik t at at e sa e and the e a n a es e n h J ru l m , porc l i pl qu ame lled t se tte s and t s - s h ad ee n wi h ro lo u bud , which b t a e fo r R a ses III. e e e e n e re o m d m , w r mploy d o c mo

' na nt i t L n a o the et/ahz n s e re or me . o g g f di cov d a n i ts r ns an d t e n e a a e at mo g ui , h brok up , m rbl b h , such as i s u se d to - d ay b y the J ewish women for the r se r at n and i n the a n n pu po of pu iﬁc io , djoi i g

s N avi lle n the t s ns ne cropoli Dr. fou d omb of pe rso

re s n a es n as as no who bo J ewi h m . O i w t allowe d to build his new te mpl e without a protest from the stricte r adhe re nts of the L aw that it was forbidde n to rai se o ne e l se whe re th an i n the sacre d city of

B ut he w as a man rea s a . e e and D vid of dy r ourc , all opposition w as ove rcome whe n h e poi nte d to the

‘ sa a x i x In t at d a t e re proph e cy of I i h ( . h y h

‘ shall b e an altar to th e L ord i n the mid st of the

’ t The E t an e s had a ea l and of Egy p . gy p i J w lr dy se cured the i r own ve rsion of the Scriptures ; they no w had t e own te e t e o wn est h ir mpl , h ir pri hood ,

n - r T r - n s s an d t e o w e st. e t e c o e i t h ir high p i u , h ir r l gio i i n J u d aza ne ve r e ase to p rote st agai nst this rival . c d ntre t e r re s a t and to en n e n as ce of h i ligiou f i h , d ou c O i as the ﬁrst s chi sm atic ; b ut the i r bre th re n i n Egy pt

a no atte nt n to t e r s an d the te e p id io h ir wo d , mpl

160 The Egypt of the H ebr ew s a nd H er odotos had sen n er attat as the r est n ri u d M hi , p i of Modi , and his ﬁve s ns the t as a a o , of whom hird , Jud M cc

ea s was the a est and est- n n ne a te . O b u , bl b k ow f r an t e the S an ar e s e e e t n and i n o h r y ri mi w r ov r hrow ,

the Te e was n e n B . C . 16 e a d e a a d 5 mpl puriﬁ d r p ir d , a n ew a ta e ate i n it to the L H sts l r d dic d ord of o . Two y e ars l ate r A ntiochu s Epiphanés died while o n the a a a nst aea and t e m rch g i Jud , wi h him di d

R a ants fo r the al so the powe r of Sy ri a . iv l cl aim th ne nte na and ex te na s t ea er and ro , i r l r l di cord , r ch y

r e sa e the n at ns i ts st en t and mu d r, pp d fou d io of r g h , i n s te assass nat ns and e i s a e s pi of i io r lig ou qu rr l , of E domite hostility and the e fforts of the H e lle nising

a t a n the e s t e se es the e the p r y mo g J w h m lv , pow r of

a a ees ent on n eas n The - est M cc b w i cr i g . high pri hood passed to the m from the l ast of the sy mpathise rs w t the G ee s and nath an the t e and i h r k , Jo , bro h r s ess u as w as t eate b the n S a ucc or of J d , r d y ki g of y ri with roy al honou rs : Tre atie s were m ad e with Sparta and R e and hi s s e ss S n st ns om , ucc or, imo , ruck coi

his o t hi s i so n H r of wn . Af e r murde r h s n Joh y c anu s ex tende d the J ewish domin ion as far north as a as s ann h at n Sa a a and i ts tem e s D m cu , i il i g m ri pl and n er n the E ite s he e e co qu i g dom , whom comp ll d to a e t the e s a t A st s e cc p J wi h f i h . ri obulu , who follow d

t the t t e n and a e t aea to him , ook i l of ki g , dd d I ur

i s n e hi s t e A e x an e annaeus h ki gdom , whil bro h r l d r J The Ag e of the P tolemi es 1 6 1 attacked Egypt and anne xed the citie s of the

i n B ut t a n t h ad e Phoen ic a coast. wi h roy l dig i y com

t A st s and A e x an e h d roy al crimes . Bo h ri obulu l d r a

e e t e t e s and t e G ee na e s s murd r d h ir bro h r , h ir r k m how how the ch ampions of J ewish orthodo xy were pass

h h fo i ng over in to t e camp of t e e .

L n e e all t s a ene an an e s o g b for hi h pp d , m y ch g

hil n B . n E P om o r i C 1 . had a en t ét e . f ll upo gyp . di d 4 5 H e h ad bee n weak e nough to forgive hi s re be lliou s and ungrate ful brothe r twice when he had had him i n hi s On e he had ee n e e to power . c b comp ll d go to R e to e a hi s a se e e th e senate and om pl d c u b for , there b e i nd ebte d to an A lex andri ne painte r for food and lodgi ng ; on the se con d occ asion P hy skon had ende avou red to rob him of Cyprus b y a combi nation of mean treache ry and i ntrigue . The re ward of hi s brothe rly forbearance was the

’ murde r b y Phy skon of Philo métor s y oung son

P t e Phil r I i a hi s o ato I e te a te eat . ol my p . imm d ly f r d h

n as the e s - e st e A e x an r a O i , J wi h high pri , h ld l d i for

Philo ator b ut hi s n e Ph skon was a re b p , u cl y f vou d y

he R ans se was n ow law Ph skon t om , who word . y a n e an hi s n e n e and r e t ccordi gly b g lo g r ig of vic c u l y ,

nte te n b te ra an s ent to C r s i rrup d o ly y mpo ry b i hm y p u .

T en e hi s C e at a e a an h follow d widow, l op r Kokk , wom sta ne it e er ss e and ss e r e i d w h v y po ibl impo ibl c im .

She e her o wn e ve r a a nst all ne nts h ld , how , g i oppo ,

L 16 2 The Egyp t of the H ebr ews and H erodotos n n her own son P t e L at s t an s i cludi g ol my hy ru , h k to her two e s ene a s Khelki as and Anan as J wi h g r l , i , the s ns the - est n as P a est ne and o of high pri O i . l i Sy ri a again becam e a battle -ﬁeld where the fate of

E t was e e and e e at a was a e gy p d cid d , whil Cl op r id d b the e s L at r s n hi s a es n the y J w , hy u fou d lli amo g

a a tans S m ri . It was i n the mid st of these wars and rumours of

a s en men h ad st a t i n one n t e and w r , wh lo f i h a o h r t e se es and en the e s a e st n h m lv , wh J w ft r ruggli g for bare e x istence we re beginn ing to tre at on equal term s

t the e at na e s the t at t at wi h gr mo rchi of world , h h

s A a se the E n see s to curiou poc ly p , Book of och , m

a e een se at all e ents i n i ts na h v b compo d , v origi l

I i s a s n he en s and the form . t vi io of t d of all thing

e nt an n and i t e es the d e judgm of m ki d , mbodi fully veloped doctri ne of the angelic hie rarchy to which

s a e i n the re ference i m d Book of D aniel . Cle opatra was murde red by her y ounger and

a te son and L at s s ee e a te a ll i n f vouri , hy ru ucc d d f r

ta n n the t ne E t w he as en e ob i i g hro of gy p , hich c d d

he t e te II B H i s s t e n e t t So . C. und r i l of r ( . hor r ig of si x y ears was signalised b y the destruction of

s e E t was st i n a state e fe t Thebe . Upp r gyp ill of f

e sc i n s ntent and the e s the ast e n v g di co , crim of l r ig

n The e n cause d it to break i nto open rebellio . gov r m ent was weak and wicke d ; the Greeks had lost

164 The Egyp t of the H ebrew s a nd H erodotos

i s eas res The n the A s naeans at of t tr u . ki gdom of mo

t t e to i ts a a Je ru sal e m al so h ad o te r d f ll . F mily murders and civil fe ud s had becom e almost as

n a n t e as a n the P t e es and commo mo g h m mo g ol mi , as i n E t so too i n P a est ne R e was a e i n gy p , l i , om c ll d

n he a a ants the n to m ediate betwee t riv l cl im for crow .

b r n B . C 6 e sa e was a t e P e a te I . 3 J ru l m c p ur d y omp y f

’ a t ee nt s s e e its e en e s assa e its hr mo h i g , d f d r m cr d ,

t ns est e and its a se a s e t a . for iﬁc io d roy d , roy l hou boli h d

The R an t e nte e the H H es and om vic or r d oly of oli ,

s ann xe to the R an e e Pal estine wa e d om mpir . A mong the remnant which still re tai ned the faith of the ir forefathers the Rom an conque st and the profanation of the te mpl e gave new stre ngth to the conviction th at the Messi ah and saviour of I srael

s e s n a ea The n t n n s x must ur ly oo pp r. co vic io ﬁ d e

ess n i n the so - a e P sa s S n pr io c ll d lm of olomo , of which

s s The e s a se only a Gree k copy urvive . high hop r i d b y the succe sses of the M accabae an family were

s e e e and the te a e a d a h d for v r, mpor l pow r of Jud h

n s e a a H e n e t it e x ste as a h ad va i h d w y . c for h i d

on s ffe an e nation only u r c . In E gy pt it was not long before the J e ws di s cove red how gri evou s had been the change i n thei r

T e ease to b fea and t e e e t nes . e e for u h y c d r d , h r for respe cted : the mob and rul ers of Alex andria had fo r

now n at e and nte t T e t en them o ly h r d co mp . h ir ci iz The Ag e of the P tolemi es 165 s was ta en a a t its t to the en ent hip k w y , wi h righ joy m

t e o a st ates and ts st e and of h ir wn m gi r cour of ju ic , they were degrade d to the rank of the native

E t ans the owest G ee a a n i n the gyp i , whom l r k v g bo d

‘ streets of Al ex andri a could m altreat with impu nity . They did not recove r the ir old privil eges until

A st s had e an se hi s E t an n e ugu u r org i d gy p i provi c , and though th ey were again d eprived of the m b y

Ca a en P ent i n a n to ea hi s ligul , wh hilo w v i pl d for

nt en e e the e e t e e e est e cou ry m b for mp ror, h y w r r or d b C a s an d e e n es as an a te the e s y l udiu , v V p i f r J wi h

r no n e e t t e wa did t i t rfer wi h h m .

The se P t e e n B ut it e hou of ol my f ll ig obly . f ll amid the convul sions of a civil war which re nt the e e its n e s to the n at n and a n mpir of co qu ror fou d io , mo g the ns the R an e C e at a its ast rui of om r public . l op r , l

e esentat e e t e not n the a se a r pr iv , b wi ch d o ly co r r M rk

A nt n b ut e e n the aste n s ae sa o y v m r mi d of Juliu C r. H e r charm s were fatal to the life and re putation of the one they nearly prove d e qu ally fatal to the life of

he t e es e e t h t o h r. B i g d wi h er i n the pal ace of the

’ Pt e es b the A e x an r ne Caesa s e ol mi y l d i mob, r lif t e e a e i n the a an B ut th L a r mbl d for whil b l ce . e ibr ry of Alex andri a was given i n its stead he saved him se b n the s and s n and the a es lf y ﬁri g dock hippi g, ﬂ m

S ea th e a to the a s h s pr d from h rbour h ll of t e Mu eum .

The e s a e s e i n the a es and the pr ciou p py ri p ri h d ﬂ m , 1 66 The Egyp t of the H ebrews and H erod otos room s i n which the l e arn i ng and tale nt of the Gre ek world had been gathered togethe r we re a heap of

a ene ns It i s t e t at e at a sub se bl ck d rui . ru h Cl op r qu ently obtai ne d from M ark A n to ny the library of

P e a s t i ts es she a e rg mo , wi h volum , which pl c d i n the te e Se a s b ut ‘ the new a ne e mpl of r pi , libr ry v r e a e the e t e i n its ex te nt i n the a ue qu ll d old , i h r or v l

its s of book . Cleopatra and M ark A ntony died b y their own

an s and A s s as as e E t and h d , ugu tu w l eft m t r of gy p the R an i on the son B . C Caesar om world ( . , of

C e at a and s Caesa was ut to eat and l op r Juliu r, p d h,

’ E x se gy pt was anne ed to the e mperor s privy pur .

It ne e t e e e e a e a n e the R an v r, h r for , b c m provi c of om e e : n a i ts n a tan ts i t e a ne the mpir u h ppily for i h bi , r m i d

’ e e s a a n Its e e t was ne e mp ror priv te dom i . pr f c v r allowed to b e of higher ran k than the equestrian i e and a senat was e n to set t i n t. ord r, or forbidd foo

Its t es not e n t e se es and the ci i could gov r h m lv , old

G ee law est te the ts t ens r k , which r ric d righ of ci iz hip to the Gree ks and J ews an d preve nted any native

E t ans s a n t e was e t i n e . gy p i from h ri g h m , l f forc

E t was the ana R e and the es gy p gr ry of om , rich of i ts s oil and the i ndu stry of i ts i nhabitants m ade i t needful that no rival to the re ign ing sovere ign should

s s H h s n t hat e tabli h himself i n i t. istory ad how wi h w e ase the cou ntry could b e i nvaded and occupied an d

1 68 The Egypt of the H ebrew s a nd H erodotos

h the easte n e se t . et an e n t e st e r d r Diocl i , wh ruggl was e n se e to t a the ov r, fou d him lf oblig d wi hdr w

R an a s ns s t the st Cata a t and to om g rri o ou h of Fir r c , h ﬁx the frontier of t e e mpire at A ssuan . The war was followe d b y the great pe rse cution of the C st ans the ast e x n e f t R an hri i , l piri g f or of om

s h a pagan ism agai n t the i nvasion of t e new f ith . Chri stian ity had becom e a mighty powe r i n the

R an t e ate ne s n to a s all om world , which hr d oo b orb t at was e t the R e the ast t its h l f of om of p , wi h

at t s i ts e t n to the e e i ts law and p rio i m , d vo io mp ror,

n The st e et e n i t and the i ts admi istration . ruggl b w e e mpire of A ugustus could no longe r b e d e l ay ed .

The e t et an was s ne and the e e dic of Diocl i ig d , mpir put forth its whole strength to crush i ts rival and root

n o u i s Christi a ity t of t mid st .

u he att a Th ne r B t t e mpt came too l te . e w powe was str n e t an the o ne and the e rse t n o g r h old , p cu io only proved how utte rly the old Rom e h ad passed a a The e e e i ts ea and e a e w y . mpir bow d h d b c m Christian the bi shops took the pl ace of the pre fects and senat s the ast an d t e a s tat ns or of p , h ologic l di pu io

a e i n the a s s N e e h r g d h ll of philo ophy . owh r ad th e persecution be e n ﬁerc er than i n Egy pt ; nowhere h ad the m arty rs and con fessors of the Church been more

re n heroic or mo um e rou s .

The re s ult was o ne which we should hardly have The Ag e of the P tolemi es 169

i e x e te H ithe r hri sti ani t i n E t had ee n p c d . to C y gy p b

G ee It was ass ate t A e x an a and the r k . oci d wi h l dri

G ee an a e not th the a es and t n e r k l gu g , wi vill g o gu of the e e Its sh s and t e ans e e G ee s p opl . bi op h ologi w r r k , and the school of Christian P l atonis m which ﬂourished i n A lex andri a h ad littl e i n common with E gy ptian

e as h e n e se t n e e . t t e t a id Wi h Diocl i p r cu io , how v r,

a e a its e t an e . E e it as st at c m ch g ven whil w ill h igh , m arty rs an d confe ssors com e forward who bear

E t an an no na s H a i s it e gy p i d t Gree k m e . rdly ov r before the native popul ation joins i n o ne great body t he n n s r s and s s a e wa ew religio . O i i I i m k y for

C r st and the esse n the C t a a et h i Bl d Virgi , op ic lph b

e a es the e t s r t e a t en s and the r pl c d mo ic c ip of h h i m ,

It i s bodie s of the de ad cease to b e e mb alm ed . difﬁcult to account for the sudd enness an d complete ness the han e The e a the R an e of c g . d c y of om pow r, and therewith the barrie rs between Gre e k and

E t an ma i t a e h ad s et n to t . gyp i , y h v om hi g do wi h

So too ma the e t i n e E t y r vol Upp r gy p , which u n ited i n one common fe e ling of nationality all the e e en ts the at n P e r a s a st e l m of popul io . h p ill mor potent c au se was th e spectacl e of the he rois m and constancy of those wh o suffere d for the Christian faith . The Egy ptian h as alway s been deeply

e i s and hi s er e n e nt e a es r l giou , v y joym of lif m k him a e and e e re the as e t B ut ate e ma dmir r v c ic . wh v r y 1 7 0 The Egypt of the H ebrews and H erodotos

a e ee n the e as n the a t e a ns : e e the h v b r o , f c r m i b for persecution of Diocl e tian E gypti an Christian ity had been Gree k ; when the pe rse cution was ove r i t had

The a ans st s e e e become Copt . p g who ill urviv d w r not Egyptians b ut the rich and highly - educate d

G ee s e the e t N onnu s was t t e to r k , lik po , who or ur d

e hnﬁdi the te H at a se at b St . d h y S , or gif d y p i , who ﬂesh was torn from her bones with oy ste r-shell s b y

h C . t e monks of St . y ril The literature of Coptic Christian ity was almost

L t e e se had an nte e st the wholly religiou s. it l l i r for

s the n a Th e an es devoted adhe re nt of ew f ith . rom c which had d e lighted the ir fore fathers were repl aced b e en s the sa nts and a t s and C st an y l g d of i m r y r , hri i

ns o the e s he as hy m succeede d t po m of t p t. W e owe to this passion for theology the preservation of productions of the J ewi sh and Christi an Churches Th which would otherwise have been lost. e Book of

E n i i s b te t t St . e a e och, quo d hough y Jud , would h v peri shed irrevocably h ad i t not been for Coptic

C r st an t The C A ss n a a a te h i i i y . hurch of by i i , d ugh r

t at E t h as e se e i t i n an E t of h of gyp , pr rv d hiopic trans at n and rt ns the G ee na l io , po io of r k origi l from which the transl ation was m ad e have been found i n a t E khmi m 1 I at was e x ate i n 886 . t omb , which cav d has long bee n known that the te x t u sed b y the A by ssi nian translator m ust have diffe red conside rably

17 2 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos gu ard who watche d the tomb unde r the centurion Petronius ran to tell P ilate of the resurre ction they

‘ had tnesse r e n e at and sa n : T wi d , g i vi g gr ly y i g ruly

’ ‘ he was the son of God : he answe re d : I am cl ean of the blood of the so n of God I too thought he was

’ so. et ten e n es e e are se a e i n Doc ic d ci , how v r, ob rv bl the Gospel : at all eve nts the c ry of Christ on the

ss i s en e e M e r m e t ast cro r d r d , y pow , ( y ) pow r, hou h forsaken me

What further discove rie s of the lost docume nts of early Chri sti anity still await us i n E gy pt it i s i m

ss e to sa It i s n n the ast few ea s po ibl y . o ly duri g l y r that attention h as been turned toward s monum ents

to the st ents E t an ant t see e which , ud of gy p i iqui y , m d

too e e n t a a C nt e ss an s ts e of r c d te . ou l m u crip of pric less value have already pe rishe d through the

' ignorance of the f el/ahzh and the ne gle ct of the

‘ ’ t st and m e a n to the te C t h as ouri , whom rm op ic

‘ ’ een s n n e ss B ut th e s b y o y mous with worthl . oil of

E t i s a ae a a st nex a st e and gyp rch ologic lly lmo i h u ibl , the an the Se t a nt the C r st an s l d of p u gi , of h i i chool of

A e x an r a and the ass nate t e a ate l d i , of p io h ology of l r e ann t a to e t e ents t at poch , c o f il y i ld up o h r docum h will throw a ﬂood of light o n the e arly history of our

a I n he t . t i s n the t e d a t at a t f i h o ly o h r y h , mo g

Fa ﬁm a now i n the t s se t e e yy p py ri Bri i h Mu um , h r was fou nd a fragm e nt of the Septu agi nt ve rsion of The Ag e of the P tolemi es 1 7 3

s M th i the P salm s olde r than the olde t S. of e B bl e

n A nd the t a e e who st s es hitherto know . r v ll r ill wi h to see the N ile at l e i sure and i n hi s own way will ﬁnd i n the old Egy pti an qu arries behind Dér Ab u

H annes b ut a tt e to the s t the t , li l ou h of ci y which

H a an a se to the e A nt n s a n ant dri r i d m mory of i ou , bu d illustrations of the doctrine and worship of the

H e c an t e e st primitive Coptic Church . h r udy all the

eta s i ts ancient e es ast a a te t e c ut o ut d il of , ccl i ic l rchi c ur

he n and c an t a e the e a of t livi g rock, r c how hom of he rmit became ﬁrst a pl ace of pilgrim age and then a

a he sa n s h s chapel with i ts alt r to t i t . T e tomb the m se es ns e t the G ee e ta s the sa nte lv , i crib d wi h r k pi ph of i d

t es e se t n st e x st ts e the a es fugi iv from p r cu io , ill i ou id c v

W e c an n i n which they h ad dwelt . eve see the change taking pl ace which transform ed the Gree k Church of

n the t E A le x andri a i to Cop ic Church of gypt . On e ithe r sid e of a richly -ca rve d cross i s the re cord of

’ P a as son e t the sa an e i n th pi , of M li o I uri , buri d e

s t a e b the St . M ac ari us i po m d holy y body of , which s

t n o n the one s e i n Gree on the t e s wri te id k , o h r ide i n

H en e r a G e e i s s e se e b C t . C t op ic c fo w rd r k up r d d y op ic ,

s ask and the n umerou s pilgrim who St . Victor or

P hoeb ammon to a t e te t e r na St. pr y for h m wri h i mes and pray e rs i n the native l angu age and the native a a et t the et a a E t to the lph b . Wi h b r y l of gy p Moh ammed ans b y George the M akaukas the doom 1 74 The Egypt of the H ebrew s a nd H erodotos

an a e and e was se a of the Gree k l gu g Bibl led . Coptic had already become the l angu age of the E gyptian

Ch r and t we st ﬁnd tat ns r the u ch, hough ill quo io f om Gree k New Te stam e nt pai nted he re and the re o n the walls of rock - cut sh ri nes they are little mo re than

na enta es ns stian E t i s nat e not or m l d ig . Chri gyp iv ,

Gree k .

' ’ 1 76 The Egypt of the H ebr ews a nd H er0a otos

The n e te a st — of st t at i s fou d r of li r ry hi ory hi ory , h to sa a s a t te a and nte est—was y , which im li r ry form i r

H alikarnasso s G ee t H erodotos of . If r k radition may b e t ste hi s n e had een ut to eat b ru d , u cl b p d h y

L dami s the es t the t and the s se ent yg , d po of ci y , ub qu expulsion of the ty rant was i n som e m easure d ue to the t a ea the t e st an H ero d otos poli ic l z l of fu ur hi ori . was e a t and e e ate as n t a e as w l hy w ll duc d , fo d of r v l the a t hi s nt en and not e n t e m jori y of cou ry m , b hi d h m

s t and an t H e h ad a i n curio i y v i y . cultiv ted the

te a a e t n a e a s n hi s sta i n li r ry di l c of Io i , p rh p duri g y

a s and h ad a e use t e e the a S mo , m d good h r of libr ry

Pol kratés the e n and es n en s t A ma i s. of y , fri d corr po d of What othe r libraries he may have consulted we do not n w b ut hi s st s s t at he had a c on k o , hi ory how h siderab le acqu aintan ce with the works of his p re

he es e to e se and s e s e d ec e ssors e . , whom d ir d clip up r d

H ekataeus et s had tra e e i n E t as of Mil u , who v ll d gy p

s t as T e es not A ss an and had tte n far ou h h b , if u , wri

a nt the nt i ts e e and i ts a full ccou of cou ry , p opl

st Xant s the L an h ad e the hi ory , hu , y di , who compil d

s his n at e an e s e n e ess t e annal of iv l d , b id umb rl o h r a t s st ans and e a e s e ts and u hor , hi ori g ogr ph r , po

at sts s e s and s sts had een dram i , philo oph r phy ici , b

t hi s r N ow and a a n m ade to contribute o wo k . g i he re fers to the olde r hi stori an s when he wi shes to correct or contradict the m ; more fre qu e ntly he H erodotos i n Egyp t 1 7 7 silently i ncorporates the ir state m e nts a nd word s wi th o ut ent n n t e b n a e It was t s we are m io i g h m y m . hu ,

’ t b P t at he st e the a nts en old y orphy ry , h ol ccou giv b H ekataeus the e the ta s and y of crocodil , hippopo mu the oen x and the n e tne ss hi s es t n ph i , i corr c of d crip io

t at a e s w e H e katae us he of h m rv llou bird , hich, lik ,

ens to an ea e es th at th e a e i s e t . lik gl , prov ch rg corr c

Re e e rs no t e x st i n hi s a s no r e e ar s vi w did i d y , w r m k

tat n e en tn te s as et n e nte and of quo io or v foo o y i v d ,

H ero dotos t t e e e ea t at a t h e migh h r for pl d h , l hough

te ee t t a n e e nt he was not quo d fr ly wi hou ck owl dgm , i n n s n a y real e se a pl agi arist . H e only acte d like

t e G ee r te s hi s t e and hi s a a s s o h r r k w i r of im , if pl gi ri m e x cee ded the irs i t was only bec ause he had read more and m ade a more diligent use of hi s note book .

It i s we and not the G ee he , r k world for which

a It i s e e nt fﬁ t te re the s ffe e rs . wro , who u r fr qu ly di cul ,

no t ss e u s to te e t e r H e ro doto s if impo ibl , for ll wh h i s speaki ng from his ow n e x pe rience o r quoting from

t e s se t st t ness i s t se o h r , who ru wor hi doub ful or who state m ents may have been mi su nde rstood . From time to time inte rnal evidence assures u s that we are

e a n no t th H e rodo tos i se b u t t s e d li g, wi h m lf, wi h om H i othe r writer whose re m ark s he h as e mbodie d . s commentators have contin u ally argue d o n the sup

s t n t at e e e th e st e s n i s se i t i s po i io h , wh r v r ﬁr p r o u d , M 1 7 8 The Egyp t of the H ebrew s a nd H erodotos

H e rodoto s se i s s a n at n s him lf who pe ki g . St e me t of hi s a r n a e een e a e to b e t e i n cco di gly h v b d cl r d ru , s te the nt a e en e r enta esea pi of co r ry vid c of o i l r rch ,

e a se it i s e he i s a t st t tness and b c u , urg d , ru wor hy wi has e te nest at he e a and saw B ut r por d ho ly wh h rd .

he did not ea and see the s se a ts the if h r uppo d f c ,

ase i s a te e nd ar n a s h n c l r d a the gum e t f ll to t e grou d . H erodotos took part i n the fou ndation of the

n Thu rii i n s ta i and t e n n B C. colo y of ou h r I ly . 44 5, t e e at er t an at the O es t a as ate h r , r h h ly mpic f iv l , l r

e en e e e he ea to the asse e G ee s the l g d b li v d , r d mbl d r k

e a hi s H i s e s i n E t a t st . t a whol or p r of hi ory r v l gy p , t e e e st a e a e a ta en a e T e a h r for , mu h v lr dy k pl c . h ir p

x ate ate n ee i s x e b at he te s us pro im d , i d d , ﬁ d y wh ll a t the a t e r mi s bou b t l ﬁeld of P ap é (iii .

A t P a rémi s the st t e an E t an p , for ﬁr im , gy p i

e e the P e s an e s Its ea e was army d f ated r i forc . l d r

Inaros the L an and t e ss a a e iby , doub l l rg body of

i n A n t A m rtaeos he L iby ans was en rolled i t . lo g wi h y had le d the E gy ptians to revolt i n the ﬁfth y ear of

x s I Akhae menes he e n A tax e e . B C t r ig of r r ( . . , th e sat a E t was te and s a n and r p of gyp , rou d l i , for si x y ears Egy pt m ai ntai ne d a pre carious freedom .

The t esse s at e s and P e lusi um e e for r M mphi , how v r,

e a ne i n the an s the P e s ans and i n S te r m i d h d of r i , pi of all the e ts the E t ans t e not b e ffor of gy p i , h y could

G ree aid a r n was s t and s e . di lodg d k cco di gly ough ,

1 80 The Egyp t of the H ebr ews a nd H erodotos

the sons of his i nve te rate ene mies Inaros and

Am rtaeos to s ee to the r n a t e s t e y , ucc d p i cip li i of h ir

fat e s h r .

P a rémi s was s te b H erod o to s and he saw p vi i d y , the re the sham ﬁght be twee n the priests at the door

o n th s t a of the temple e occa ion of heir chie f festiv l .

H e a s ent to the s te the att e - ﬁe ld and t e e l o w i of b l , h r

‘ ’ re a ar e The s e e t ns h behe ld a g t m v l . k l o of t e com b atan ts lay on separate s ide s of the ﬁ e ld ju st as they had a en and e eas the s s the P e s ans e e f ll , wh r kull of r i w r so t n t at t e b e s atte e b a e e t se hi h h y could h r d y p bbl , ho of the E gy ptians were thick and strong enough to

st e n atte e t a st ne The a se t s re si b i g b r d wi h o . c u of hi diffe rence was ex pl ained to him by the dragom an the Egy pti ans sh ave d the ir heads from childhood

nd so a ene the nes it a a nst the sun a h rd d bo of g i , while the P e rs ians shade d the ir he ad s b y constantly

t e t wearing caps of hick f l . N ot m any y ears could h ave e l apse d since the battl e

The s t the Gree t a e e to the h ad occurred . vi i of k r v ll r

i t ma t e e e b e a etw n B s ene ee . C c of y h r for l id b . 4 55

n The atr ts E t st a e een a d 4 50. p io of gyp mu h v b still struggling for the ir liberty a mong the m arshes

of the n orthe rn D e lta. B ut the re bellion must have bee n practically

N o G ee a e e nt e nt P e s an crushed . r k could h v v ur d i o r i te rritory while hi s cou ntry me n we re ﬁghti ng against H erodotos i n Egyp t 1 8 1

ts P e rsi an s s The a M e ab z o s st i m a ter . rmy of g y mu

a e ne i ts and the A t en an eet een h v do work , h i ﬂ b

i i s e ent t at en tter est e . e e t u ly d roy d Mor ov r, vid h wh H erodotos e ntered the valley of the Nile the cou ntry

Hi s e e en e s to the war are to a ast was at peace . r f r c p e e nt and en he s ea s Inaros an d Am rtx o s v , wh p k of y i t i s of men who h ave cease d to b e a d ange r to th e

The assa n e i n e n e n ent. e e for ig gov r m p g , i d d , which he notices the pe ace able appoi ntm ent of the ir sons to the principalitie s of thei r fathe rs may have been

nse te a te hi s e t n to G ee an s b ut t s i r d f r r ur r k l d , hi

a es no fe en e as to the a n a en he m k dif r c m i f ct. Wh came to Egy pt it had again l apse d i nto tranquil s ss n o the P e s an ubmi io t r i powe r.

In B C 0 n the son t a es h ad de . . 4 5 , Kimo , of Mil i d , st e the na a e P e s a and i n the roy d v l pow r of r i , follow i n e a M e ab z o s was e t n at a a s g y r g y ov r hrow S l mi .

‘ ’ It was then that the peace of Kimon i s said to have been conclude d betwe en A thens and the

P e s an n ut an e nd to the n P s an r i ki g, which p lo g e r i war ee the G ee t e s A s a and a , fr d r k ci i of i , m d e the

ne an a se a The e M editerra Gree k . r ality of the peace h as een te e a se t e e i s no a s n to it b doub d , b c u h r llu io i n the a e s T es and i t m a b e t at it as p g of hucy did , y h w

a rawn B ut the a t e e b e neve r form lly d up . f c mbodi d y th story re m ai ns for m any y ears to com e the re w as truce

et een G ee e and P e s a and the n e en en e b w r c r i , i d p d c 1 8 2 The Egypt of the H ebrew s a nd H erodotos of the Gree k colonie s i n A si a Minor was acknow

e e a P e s an t The ea a s l dg d t the r i cour . y r 449 m rk the ﬁnal triumph of A the ns and the begi nning of

P e s an e ne r i d cli . H ad Herodoto s travelled in Egypt a y ear or two

ater the ease and se u t t he so l , c ri y wi h which did

x a t n s a would b e readily e pl ined . B u i thi c se we should b e brought too near the time when his history was n s e and he se was a es ent i n ta ﬁ i h d him lf r id I ly . W e must therefore believe that he was there be fore the ﬁ nal blow had be en struck at P e rsi an s upre m acy i n the e te ane an b ut en the At en an n as M di rr , wh h i i v ion o f E t was a e a a t n the ast and the gy p lr dy hi g of p , unarmed trade r and touri st we re o nce more able to move freely about . For more than half a ce ntury Egy pt had been

s s t T e e had e en an ea e r clo ed to Gree k curio i y . h r b rli

e en the e ta at east had een e - n n p riod , wh D l l b w ll k ow

The P a s the to the H e lle nic world . h ro of future

i s a e nt ne b H e 0 x an a a e d . Ale dri lr dy m io d y om r ( iv.

‘ ’ it was t e e i n nt E t t at M enelaos 355) h r , fro of gyp , h

‘ ’ moored hi s ships and forced E gyptian P roteus to

E en E t an d ecl are to him hi s homeward road . v gy p i

’ T e es t its n e te e - ates i s n n t h b , wi h hu dr d mpl g , k ow bo h to the 8 1 and to he d sse and 3 ) t O y y (iv. the P a a P ol b os e t t e e en Alkand ra his h r oh y dw l h r wh , w fe a e M e nelaos t ts Gree e r e nar e s i , lo d d wi h gif . k m c i

1 84 The Egypt of the H ebrews and H erodotos

e nte a H e ro dotos see s to a e old r co mpor ry of , m h v

t a e e i n E t th t h as een ast on r v ll d gy p , ough doub b c the authenticity of the works i n which he i s supposed

to a e e hi s e x e en e s E t an t a h ve r cord d p ri c of gy p i r vel .

A t an ate H erodoto s n a es and ea e y r , fou d public fr h g r to he ar what h e had to tell the m about the dwellers

o n the Nil e . H ero do tos mu st h ave reached Egy pt i n the sum

mer en he a e the e the e ta was . Wh rriv d , whol of D l

e es r e s t the ness an u nde r water. H d c ib wi h vivid of ey e -witness how its towns appeared above the

s a e the ate e the i s an s i n the E e an urf c of w r, lik l d g ,

and the t a e e sa not a n the e how r v ll r could il , lo g riv r,

b t a ss th a n At the t e the n n a u e . t n cro pl i im of i u d io , he sa s all E t e es a se a a e th y , gy p b com , bov which e

’ s The a vill ages alone how the m se lves . voy ge from

N aukrati s to e s was e t and a and the M mphi dir c r pid , tourists i n m aking it passed b y the py ramid s i nstead

of the apex of the Delta.

In northe rn E gypt the ri se of the Nile begi ns to b e e e t e i n the st few a s p rc p ibl dur g ﬁr d y of July . Crie rs go about th e streets of Cairo annou ncing each

d a i t has se n and i n the rst se n y how high ri , ﬁ or co d we e k of A ugu st the ce re mony of cutti ng the Khali g

Can a C a and t ere t e ar n t at h or l of iro, h wi h d cl i g h t e

N e was n e e n its an s se to il o c mor ﬂoodi g b k , u d b e

r I s i n a ser e w t eat e n s . t i t i n ob v d i h g r joici g , f c , H er odotos i n Egyp t 1 8 5

h A ugust that the l and i s ﬁrst cove re d with t e ﬂood . For anothe r month the he ight of the wate r continue s to n ease and t en a s t e to e a n i cr , h for hor whil r m i stat na B ut t wa s the e nd t e e n io ry . o rd of Oc ob r, wh the ana s e E t are e t e t e e i s c l of Upp r gyp mp i d , h r a a n b a ra a n an t e se s o e . g i o h r ri , o follow d y pid f ll If th e e ta was e a sea en H e rod otos saw i t he D l lik wh , mu st have been the re be tween the beginni ng of July and the end t e of Oc ob r. These are the limits of the tim e which he could

a e s e n i n th nt T at he not e a n h v p t e cou ry . h did r m i till afte r the fall of the rive r and the dry i ng up of the l an d i s evident from incide ntal state me nts i n hi s

T s en he s te the a u i s work . hu wh vi i d F yy m t wa

e the e ta a se a ate s and the a s lik D l , of w r , pyr mid

’ Bi ahmu P ess P e t e s ex a at ns of , which rof or ri c v io

a e s n to a e a a s st on d r an h v how h v lw y ood y l d , as t e st to -d a e e seen b i n the h y ill do y , w r y him N e a ast a e . e e n e e i s t e e an middl of v l k owh r , i d d , h r y hint of hi s havi ng seen the country i n i ts norm al

n t n E en hi s e e en e to K erkosoro s at the co di io . v r f r c , a ex the e ta e e t a e e to e s p of D l , which v ry r v ll r M mphi h ad to ass ex e t at the e N e i s d e p c p p riod of high il ,

‘ ’ rived from the Ion i an write rs of a previous genera

hi s o n ex e en Ne t e i n t n not w e . n io , from p ri c i h r goi g no r i n returni ng was hi s boat oblige d to pass that

ne no b e s se t e e e at n n wa . W e e t y d urpri d , h r for , ﬁ di g 1 86 The Egyp t of the H ebrews and H erod otos that the festivals he witnessed in the E gy pti an towns

se t a e i n the s e were tho which ook pl c umm r. H erodoto s h ad not the tim e to imitate the ex ample of hi s prede cessor H e kataeos and visit Uppe r

E t nor n ee was the s e a tt n seas n gyp , , i d d , umm r ﬁ i g o

n s nse ent w e he a s es hi s o . C for doi g o qu ly , hil l vi h a at on on the te es and a s the e ta dmir i mpl py r mid of D l ,

’ of e s and the a ﬁm he has n th n to M mphi of F yy , o i g

a t the st e st n te es the s t say bou ill mor riki g mpl of ou h .

‘ ’ H n e - ate T e es se a e h ad a ea u dr d g d h b , who f m lr dy

enet ate to the H e G ee s and whose 'to mb s p r d om ric r k , and colossi led the Greek tourists of the M ace donian age to scribbl e upon the m their ex pressions of ad mi rati on and awe i s n wn to n b na e , k o him o ly y m . The e xtravagance of hi s praise i s re served for the L aby ri nth ; about the noble r and more m aj estic buildings of the capital -o f Upper E gy pt he i s ab sol

n A a nst the stat es th utely sile t . g i u of e Egy ptian

n s H e kataeos saw at T e es H erodoto s ki g which h b , can bring only a s m all e r number which he saw at

e s M mphi .

The n ents e en now nta n e e n e t at mo um v co i vid c h , a te the a e H e katae os G ee si tsee s not f r g of , r k gh r did make the ir way i nto s outhe rn Egy pt u ntil the M acedoni an conqu est had m ade trave l the re easy and

- n s i safe . A t Ab u Simbe l i Nubi a and A by do n Upper Egy pt are the re cord s of th e Gree k me rcenaries

1 88 The Egyp t qf the H eb rew s a nd H er odotos

t so i n the t e H e rodotos the go sou h of Dirr, im of

’ southern limit of the fore igne r s trave l s was the

’ m The E t nt s sa a ﬁ . G ee was as F yy gy p i o which r k il , he se e a es the E t la n t the him lf d cl r , gyp which y or h of

T e an n e and L a e oe h b om k M ris. Even a visit to the F ayy ﬁm was doubtl ess a bold and n s a n e ta n and o n t s a nt u u u l u d r ki g, hi ccou H erodotos d escribes what he saw the re at more than

na en t and e x t s the n e s the ordi ry l g h , ol wo d r of district at the e x pense of the bette r-known monu

e B u the as s ments of M mphi s and the D elta . t O i had suffe re d much from the civil troubles which h ad

E t The e s e t o u t the afﬂicte d gy p . dy k which k p

n n at n h ad ee n ne e te and the e t e n e i u d io b gl c d , f r il om

n H e rodo to s was transformed i to a stagnant l ake . saw i t as the Fre nch saw ms saw i t at the beginni ng of the present ce ntury ; the e mban km e nts we re

en an d e s r a s e and a s e e e e . brok , ﬁ ld ro d w lik ubm rg d

the a s the a ta the n e From w ll of c pi l of provi c ,

se n s now li e ts e e i net el- Fa ﬁm who mou d ou id M d yy , H ero d otos looke d n orthward over a vast ex panse of

’ a N ea i n h s u s stan te . t e e i t h e te w r rly middl of , ll , d two a i s e a t e s n 0 eet a e py r m d , ch of h m ri i g 3 4 f bov the wate r and both surmou nted b y colossal

’ s t ne e s se ate n a t ne The s attere o ﬁgur d upo hro . h d fragme nts of the coloss i we re found b y P rofe ssor

P e t e i n 1 8 88 s atte re r n the ra a ri , c d ou d py mid l H er odotos i n Egyp t 1 89

e esta s t en t -one eet on t e had p d l , w y f high, which h y

ut out a a t te san st ne been placed . C of h rd qu r zi d o ,

- - h r the t e e esente A n e m h at III. t e eat h y r pr d mo , cr o of

Fa ﬁm and t e s ere a ates t at t e y y , h ir di cov r c lcul h h y

- e t The ra ents were e ach thi rty ﬁve feet i n h igh . f gm are n o r se The w at O x fo d i n the A shmolean Mu um . stat es a e n t a and the t t n u f c d or hw rd , cour wi hi which ’ they stood was surrou nded b y a wall with a gate way

red an The e esta s s t e a n a of gr ite . p d l ill r m i f irly

nta t and the a b the s e t e h ad i c , ro d y id of which h y

e n e i - d a he - n s e e te s st se to . T ent b r c d ill u d y mo um , i n a t e e e e te a e the n n at n and f c , w r r c d high bov i u d io , that H erod otos should have seen the m i n the mid st o f the wate r i s b ut a furthe r proof of the condition of the

ntr at the t e The L a e oe s he es e s cou y im . k M ri d crib was not the true M oeri s of E gyptian geography ; it w n as the Fayy um itself buried be eath the ﬂood .

The t ta e t the ss f the r n o l h igh of colo i rom g ou d , a n to P e ss r P etr e was a t s x t ccordi g rof o i , bou i y fee t . Betwee n this and the 304 feet assigne d to the m b y th e G e t a e e i s n ee a i e ffe en e r ek r v ll r there i d d w d di r c . B u t H erodoto s could not have seen the m close at

an and the eas e ent he e s st a e een h d , m ur m giv mu h v b a e e ss I s us e v n o t o e . t a n e t ut e m r gu w r , how r, p ov r

a t i n hi s state ents e en hen t e are the much f i h m , v w h y re s s s na se at n H s ut t st t e . e wa b a ul of p r o l ob rv io ouri , not a man s ien e and he a e e fo r the ta es of c c , c r d mor l 19 0 The Egyp t of the H ebrew s a nd H erodotos of hi s dragom an and nove l sights than fo r sci e ntiﬁc s e n and e x a t t e urv y i g c i ud . H e nce comes the asse rtion that before the time of M enes the whol e country b etwee n the sea and

L a e oe s was a a s a e e nt i s k M ri m r h . Such a st t m

nte e n if we e e e t at en H erodo tos i lligibl o ly r m mb r h , wh sa e the N e its an s e e n n ate on il d up il , b k w r i u d d

s H ad he see n the n s t e ithe r ide . cou try ou h of M e mphis as the mode rn trave ller sees it when th e wate r i s subsidi ng and green ﬁ elds begin to li ne the

se the e h e ne e a e ente ta ne cour of riv r, could v r h v r i d

he e e B ut all st n t n et een the e ta and t b li f. di i c io b w D l the rest of Egypt was hidd en from him b y the wate rs

e n n a n T at he s a e a e the of th i u d tio . h hould h v m d Fayy um th e limit of the m arsh i s i nde ed n atural ; i t was the t hi s e x at n e E t and limi of plor io of Upp r gy p , conse que ntly he did not k now that from Me mphis southward to E dfu the valley of the N ile pre sents the same fe ature s. The strange e rror he twice commits i n im agin ing that the re we re vaults u nde r the py ramid of K heo ps i n an i sl and fo rm ed b y a canal which the builde r h ad

e the N e i s due to the sa e a s i ntroduc d from il m c u e. Doubtle ss hi s dragom an h ad told him some thi ng of the n A s te rane s h a e i n the ki d . ub r ou c mb r rock a t a ex sts n e the eat a as was c u lly i u d r gr py r mid ,

s e e b Ca a and t e e are a s nt di cov r d y vigli , h r py r mid i o

1 9 2 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos i n saili ng along the canal which led from M e mphis to the pyramid s he would have p assed b y it without n t e A s his at a e its wa to the o ic . bo m d y rocky e dge o n which th e huge se pulchre s of K heOp s and

K he h re n are t it a e ee n n e a e p buil , would h v b co c l d from hi s View ; and buri ed as i t was i n sand hi s guides did not thi nk i t an obj ect of s uch surpassi ng importance as to l e ad him to i t ove r the burn ing san In the e ate ne the d . imm di ighbourhood of great pyramid he was surrou nde d b y monum ents

e nte est n and e st n e e te mor i r i g mor riki g, which w r qui e n to hi s d a and sat s hi s s t ough occupy y i fy curio i y . South of the Fayy ﬁm and the adjoi ning city of

H e rakleo oli s w se ns are now n n as A hnas p , ho rui k ow e l- e i n e all t at H erodotos h as to te us i s e e M d h, h ll d riv d

N ow and t e n i t i s tr e the s e a t s . t from old r u hor h , u , ﬁr

e s n i s se and we t n a e nt t at he i s p r o u d , hi k for mom h

n B ut he i s e e describi ng his own adve tures . m r ly quot i n t e s and t e e are no a s tat n g from o h r , h r m rk of quo io i n th e an s t to s us t at s i s the ase m u crip how h uch c . H is book i s thu s like that of anothe r and late r Egypti an

t n se E t a nd N u bi a A . S . t a e e . . r v ll r, Mr J Joh , who gyp e a s a o H e was publi she d i n E ngli sh only ﬁfty y r g . too e mbodi es the narrat ives of hi s pred ece ssors i n the record of hi s o wn journey up the N ile without any n t e s ns t at he i s n so and i t i s not nt o ic or ig h doi g , u il we sudd e nly light on the n am e of an e arlier write r at H erodotos i n Egyp t 1 9 3 the bottom of the page that we becom e aware of the

a t H erodoto s h as not e n us e en t s e f c . giv v hi h lp ; and we nee not n er t e e e t at entat s who d wo d , h r for , h comm or have neve r been i n E gy pt have be en d ece ived b y hi s

et o r B ut he has e se e ra e n s f m h d of wo k . pr rv d f gm t o

e te s t e se a e een st old r wri r which would o h rwi h v b lo , and if he has mingle d the m with the stories he heard

the a en e s and Sa s the from dr gom of M mphi i , or answers he re ce ived to hi s qu estions about Gre e k

e we en s st not ee n ate . l g d , mu f l u gr ful Upper Egypt i s m entione d only in cide ntally in hi s narrat e and as t b e e x e te i n a te iv , , migh p c d wri r

had to e en n t e s hi s n at n who d p d upo o h r for i form io ,

at he te s us a t i t i s e e ent n re wh ll bou v ry fr qu ly i cor ct .

‘ Thus he asserts that the hippopotamu s was sacre d

’ i n the n e P a rémi s b ut n e e e se i n E t om of p , owh r l gy p , a t i t was a s s e i n T e es and he l hough l o wor hipp d h b , fan cie s that all the cats i n the cou ntry we re em

a e and e at B ub asti s all the a s and b lm d buri d , h wk

e at t and all the ses at H e s mic Bu o, ibi rmopoli or

a an B ut t s was e a se he h ad s te D m hur. hi b c u vi i d

i n the s these pl aces and h ad not trave ll ed outh . H ad he ne so he w ne e a e a ne t at the do , ould v r h v im gi d h body of eve ry cat or hawk that died w as carried to a

th n ee i n the hot s an a e i n e e ta. di t t pl c D l I d d ,

e at the s e nt s an t n the n w he r of umm r mo h , y hi g of ki d

i e ete es w a een ss e . C e e ould h ve b impo bl m ri , how v r, 194 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

of these sacred anim al s are found all up and down the

N e Th e es the sac e ats are to b e met il . mummi of r d c

i n the ffs Ge e Ab u a at T e e s and with cli of b l Fod , h b ,

a all at en H assan e e a tt e to the s t bove B i , wh r li l ou h of the Speos Arte midos such quantitie s of the m were recently discovered as to sugge st that a commercial

b a out n T ns proﬁt might e m de of their bo es. o of t e e e a n s e to L e t e e h m w r ccordi gly hipp d iv rpool , h r to be converted i nto m anure ; b ut as it was fou nd that the mummiﬁed bones re fu sed to y ie ld to the

n a he ess the ex tat e se . es t proc , por io c d Mummi of sacred hawks were disinterred i n equal numbers whe n the ancient ce mete ri es of Ekhmi m were ex cavated a

few ea s a o and the nst t n the ana on y r g , co ruc io of c l the easte rn bank opposite Ab utig has l ately brought

to t an t e t e a - a es t s x n the ligh o h r of h ir buri l pl c , hu ﬁ i g

‘ ’ s te H ierakon the t the H a the a ta i of , ci y of wk, c pi l

e of the twe lfth nom . In hi s geography of the rive r above the Fayyﬁm

he H erodotos was s a s n e . T s imil rly mi i form d hu ,

‘ ave rs that the country above the Fay y ﬁm for the

’ di stance of a three d ay s voy age rese mbl es the cou ntry

’ ’ e i A t ee a s a e ean a t b low t. hr d y voy g would m bou

e t es s n e he e ons i t a a e se e n igh y mil , i c r ck voy g of v

a s the se a to the Fa ﬁm a stan e a t d y from yy , di c of bou

1 es a a i e a n assent 9 0 mil . D h b y h tr vellers will willi gly

’ h a a a to e t n. t a n a a s e t c lcul io Wi h a f ir wi d , d y voy g

196 The Egypt of the H ebrews and H erodotos

T e es it a ens out a s a e b ut t h b , bro d for p c , o herwise the wilderness e n croaches upon i t ever more and more until at Silsili s the barren rock s oblite rate it altogether . H e rodotos knows nothing of the great monuments

T e es and the P a a s a n s of h b , h r oh ccordi gly who e names he record s have no conne ction with the ancient

T n a ta the e e . e e to e s to c pi l of mpir h y b lo g M mphi , the Fa ﬁm and to the e ta—n ne t to yy , D l o of hem Th e es. E en Ses str s i n s e the b v o i , whom om of

eat s Ra se s 1 ma e ete te e ns i n e 1. b the f ur of m y d c d , r ig n t at e t an i n the s t all the or h r h r h ou h . Of multi tudi nous n ents t at he has e t two n are mo um h l f , o ly

n n to the Gree t a e e and t ese are the two k ow k r v ll r, h statues of him se lf which stood be fore the te mpl e

P ta i n s of h Me mphi . Of Thothme s and A m enophi s and the othe r great monarchs of the e ightee nth dy nasty whose me mori al s

o b e n e i n the s t H e rodotos had were t fou d chi ﬂy ou h,

a All t at he ne the n s neve r he rd . h k w of ki g of Egy pt be fore the age of P samme ti khos was d erived from the stories which hi s guides attache d to the

h a a saw H ad he s te monum e nts which e ctu lly . vi i d th e te mples and tombs of Thebes and Aby dos and A ssu an we should have been told how M em non led hi s tr00ps to T roy or how Osy m andy as conqu ered

B ut we a e to t n to t e s the the world . h v ur o h r for H erodotos i n Egypt 1 9 7

’ dragom an s tal es of Uppe r E gypt ; H ero do tos could

The not e t e he w as n e e t e e . r cord h m , for v r h r Fayyﬁm i s the southern most limit of his histori cal

n e e e a se it i s a s the s t e n st t k owl dg , b c u l o ou h r mo limi

e of his ge ographical knowl edg . A nd y e t here and the re we com e ac ross notice s

e E t s e a e ee n tten of Upp r gy p , om of which h v b wri

- ness B ut the e e - tness was no t b y an ey e wit . y wi

H erodotos se and i n n t e he e nera him lf, givi g h m g lly

a n h a t T s he es r es gives an i ndic tio of t e f c . hu d c ib

’ e s E khmi m as nea N ea o li s the e n Kh mmi or r p , mod r

eneh a t th e stan e e t ee n the two towri s Q , l hough di c b w

i s re a n i net - ﬁve es a a e at e ast t ee lly y mil , voy g of l hr

a s and N ea o li s was b ut an ns n ant t b d y , p i ig iﬁc ci y y G

the s e e s tse t e t ns e T s id of Kh mmi i lf, or of o h r ow lik hi

s t at e e ne are i t E e n Te nt ri s and A by do h w r r to . v y

D e n e a t i ts an e nt te e H at or d r h, wi h ci mpl of hor

s te N e a s was e tant and ette oppo i poli , mor impor b r

n n e T e es tse was n t - ﬁve es k ow , whil h b i lf o ly for y mil

highe r up the rive r. B ut th e account given b y H e ro doto s of Khe mmis

and its te e i s a e e r t th a nat n mpl m r p oduc of e im gi io .

n ee he es t at he e e e i t e tai n I d d , impli h r c iv d from c r

‘ e e s he h ad e . est ne p opl of Kh mmi whom qu io d , pro

a t hi s nte rete T e t t at the b bly hrough i rp r. h y old him h ' te e whi ch a few e a ns are st s e and mpl , of r m i ill vi ibl ,

was ea e ate to M i n A n - e which r lly d dic d or mo Kh m , 1 9 8 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos — was that of the Gree k hero P e rseu s a n ame sug

este i t ma b e b its i eness to t at of the sa e g d , y , y l k h cr d

e s a e E a e a i t was e a e e e t e . t p r r ch y r, fur h r ll g d , gy mnastic games i n the Gree k fashion we re ce l e brated i n n the e n e t who at t es a ea e ho our of for ig d i y , im pp r d to hi s s e s ea n e n his san a wor hipp r , l vi g b hi d him d l

B u he n nt e famou s i n Gree k mythology . t t i ve iv powe rs of the inform ants of the Gree k trave lle r did

e e H e ass e s s t at the n not stop h r . e furth r ur u h py lo of the te mple bore on the summits of i ts two towe rs

s he e t The state ent i s tse two image of t d i y . m of i lf sil fﬁcie nt to di scredit the whol e story and to prove that H ero doto s could never have seen the te mpl e

t hi s o wn e es The at -t e s at a e wi h y . w ch ow r th gu rd d the ent an e an E t an te e ne e h ad and r c of gy p i mpl v r ,

e e - a e a e s on t e The e n s . e v r could h v , im g h ir roof y w r nee e t e se s and the e e a t e d d for o h r purpo , v ry id of h ir supporting statues was contrary to the ﬁrst pri ncipl es

E t an a te t e and e n It was a c on of gyp i rchi c ur r ligio . ce tion e p wholly Gr ek . E qu ally wide of the truth i s what H erodo tos has

o s a t the s ata a t L e the t tell u bou Fir t C r c . ik o r trave ll e rs to Egy pt before and since he was anx iou s N i to learn some thi ng about the sources of the le .

‘ B ut n either the Egy ptians nor the L iby ans nor the

s n n r at n Greek whom he met could give him a y i fo m io . P e rhaps h ad he sailed as far as A ssu an some of the

200 The Egypt of the H ebrews and Herodotos

‘ ’ a es e e e e the ea es the d a llud w r m r ly b dl of y , who took the touri st over the temples and showed him

r n a s t Th sa e s e th e p i cip l obj ect of in e re st. e cr d crib

a s was an x e t n to he n u n e of S i e c p io t ge eral r le . Si c the a s P sammeti khos S a s had een a st e d y of , i b ccu om d to G ee s t s and the e es a a nst t e r k vi i or , pr judic g i h m

n were l ess stro g the re than i n othe r Egy pti an towns.

It is te ss e t e e e t at the s e qui po ibl , h r for , h crib whom H e rodotos met was acqu ainted with the Gree k

an a e and t at no a an was e e to l gu g , h dr gom r quir d

n e s r i t rpret hi wo d s . The re i s a reason for thinking that such was the

ase The st K ro hi and M o hi i n s te c . ory of p p , pi of th e s s ns H erodotos i s e a a r e t u picio of , r m rk bly co r c ; e ven the name of K rophi h as not und e rgo ne a greate r a mou nt of transform ation than it might have done if H erodoto s had written it down him se lf from the

’ It i s he an e r i ri i s e s t . t E t t o t crib mou h gy p i Q or Q ,

‘ ’ the two holes out of which E gypti an my thology su se H a the N e - to e e e at the e ppo d pi , il god , m rg p riod

a The r i a th h of the i nund tion . Qe t we re t e foot of t e

an te ea s Sene m the s an B i eh and gr i p k of , i l d of g , of the oppos ite cliff on the southern sid e of the Fi rst

W e can a s ﬁx h ex a t s t h r Cataract. lmo t t e c po w e e

s r i a n n one of the e Qe t was believed to h ve bee . O the este n an Philw e ate a n Bi e h w r b k of , imm di ly f ci g g , is a t a t i n the e n H a r an on the n ne por l buil r ig of d i , i r H erodotos i n Egypt 20 1

W e see the north wall of which i s a picture of it . gran ite blocks of Bigeh pil ed o ne upon the othe r up to the summit of the isl an d whe re M ut the divine

t e and H s the sa sit and ee at mo h r, oru viour, k p w ch

e h s n e e i s the ov r t e wate rs of the outher Nil . B low

a e n en e b a a an se e nt t n c v r , circl d y gu rdi rp , wi hi which the N e - i s e n a ase i n il god crouch d , pouri g from v

T i n e ithe r hand the wate rs of the river. hough certain points H erodotos has mi sun derstood hi s i n

ant on the e the st K ro hi and M o hi form , whol ory of p p i s a fai rly accurate page from the volume of E gypti an

t E en the n n M o hi ma b e d e my hology . v ji gli g p y

' ' ‘ ’ rived from the E gy pti an momtz or mountai ns

e t ee n the e ran t L a t ma b w which riv r , hough u h y

‘ b e t i n n t at K ro hi i s er- H a the righ holdi g h p Q pi ,

’ ‘ the N e and M o hi M u - H a the ate s hollow of il , p pi, w r th ’ of e N ile . B ut i n o ne poi nt the Gree k histo rian h as m ad e a se s sta e It was n ot et ee n A ss an~ and riou mi k . b w u

E e ant ne t at the s r e s the N e e re a e l ph i h ou c of il w pl c d , b ut et een B i eh and the a n an on the t e s e b w g m i l d , o h r id

h e n A ss of t e Cataract . B twee u an and E le phantine

’ t ere are no nta ns n the anne the r e h mou i , o ly ch l of iv r. In say i ng the re fore that K rophi and M ophi we re mountain s and th at they rose between Syene and

E e antine H e ro dotos es e n all ss t l ph , prov b y o d po ibili y

t t at he had ne e een at h s H ad of doub h v r b t e pot. 202 The Egyp t of the H ebr ews a nd H er odotos he actu ally visited A ssuan the word s of the sacred s e a e een e crib would h v b r ported more corre ctly .

’ A t E lephanti ne honours were paid to the great

the N e se his a e ns i n the god of il , who ro from c v r ne t s we a e een ass e b a ighbourhood . Of hi h v b ur d y mutilated Gree k i nscription on a large sl ab of granite which was discove re d b y E nglish sappers at A ssu an i n 1 88 It e s h n e n s and e e s 5. r cord t e e dowm t privil g which we re granted to the pries ts of E l ephantine b y the ea e P t e es and one ne i t e e s to the rli r ol mi , li of r f r

’ B ut n pl aces where in i s the fountain of the Nile . lo g be fore the d ay s of the P tol e mies an d of Greek vi sitors to E t e n the st Cata a t was the n a gyp , wh Fir r c bou d ry

E t an e and n e e the nta n of gyp i rul k owl dg , fou i of the Nile was alre ady pl ace d immediately bey ond

T s n a E an as i t . hi i f ntile belief of gypti my thology w

e se e e so e se e st ant t pr rv d , lik much l of pr hi oric iqui y , i n the t ate a s In the te e my hology of l r d y . mpl of

R ede si eh o n the a r E to e en e an y , ro d f om dfu B r ik ,

ns ri n e ate s et I a e i n the i c ptio r l how S i . dug w ll

‘ ese t and the ate s e as the d r how w r gu h d up, from

’ e the two erti e ant ne H e e the d pth of Q of El ph i . r bottomless springs are transfe rred from B igeh to

E e ant ne t s e x a n n H ero dotos l ph i , hu pl i i g how could have bee n led i nto hi s e rror of s upposi ng the m to

ss b e two mountai ns be twee n E lephantine and A u an. Doubtless the sacre d scribe had m arked the position

204 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

e s and the e i t e s the e ta and i n M mphi chi f c i of D l , ex r n th a ﬁm e E t was se to plo i g e F yy . Upp r gy p clo d

as i t was to the est hi s nt en fo r him , r of cou ry m

n a m any a lo g d y . B u t we are now able to trace hi s jou rney with s e e re e e x a tness H e st h a e a e om d g of c . mu v rriv d about the beginning of July at the mouth of the — K anopic arm of the Nile the usu al d esti nation of — Gree k ships and thu s h ave m ade hi s way b y H e rmopolis or D am anhur to the Gree k capital

Nauk rati s T e h t ess e his ar an . h re e doub l hir d K i

a an t he sa e a a e the n n dr gom , wi h whom il d w y ov r i u

ate an to a s B ut hi s ex e t n to a s was d d l d S i . p di io S i

n an e x s n he re t ne to nt n e o ly cur io , from which ur d co i u hi s voy age i n a dire ct li ne past P ro sopiti s and the

ra s e s T e he ns e te py mid of Giz h to M e mphi . he r i p c d the eat te e P ta hi s ntr e n gr mpl of h, whom cou y m i e nt e t t e r H e h aest s and t e n e he d iﬁ d wi h h i p o , from h c

en s h a i s It was e he w t by wate r to ee t e py r m d . whil was at e s e e t at he a a s t to M mphi , mor ov r, h p id vi i

H e i s t its n e s t and i ts te e l opoli , wi h u iv r i y mpl , of which all t at i s e t to -d a i s the e s se r esen h l f y ob li k of U t .

N e x t h e a e hi s a e the N e ast the m d voy g up il , p brick

a s D ah shfi r to A n si s H erakleo oli s py r mid of , y or p , and t en e to the Fa n h e t ne from h c yy ﬁm . The e r ur d to e s and t e n a a n ass n H e s sa e M mphi , h g i p i g liopoli il d n t a to B ub asti s an It was now or hw rd d Buto . ’ H eroa otos i n Egyp t 205 probably that he m ade e x cursions to P aprémis and s s t n an e the e se Bu iri , hough our ig or c of pr ci situation of these place s un fortu nate ly prevents us

a n h a E ent a he n from being ce rt i of t e f ct . v u lly fou d

se at D a hnae on the P elusi ac an the him lf p , br ch of

N T s elusi um e . t to P e e h il hi brough him , wh r e took s T e hip for y r . C H A P T E R V I I

IN TH E STE PS OF H ERODOTOS

L ET us follow H erodotos i n hi s E gypti an journey and meet him where he l and ed at th e K anopi c

“ ut th e T he a e had een n n to mo h of e N il . pl c b k ow Gre e k sailors i n d ay s of which tradition alone h ad

ese e a e It was e e t at ate s and pr rv d m mory . h r h pir

' trade rs had raid ed the ﬁ e ld s of the f ellahzn or ex changed sl aves and n ean vases for the precious wares of Egypt i n the age when Achaean pri nces

k nae an T ns G e b he s a rule d at M y e d iry . uid d y t i l nd

had a e t e wa a fe w s e s P a s t e . e a t of h ro , h y m d h ir y mil ward to the mouth of the great rive r which i s called

i os i n the d sse A gyp t O y y . When Egypt was at l ast opened to Gree k trade and e nte rpri se i n the time of the twe nty -six th dy nasty it was still the K anopic arm of the Nile

t ei esse s had to stee N he e toward s which h r v l r. ow r el se were they allowed to l and their good s or sail up

h ss ea the sacre d stream of t e N ile . If stre of w ther

e t e to s e t e art the ast t e drov h m om o h r p of co , h y 206

208 The Egypt of the H ebrew s a nd H er odotos

as se to the s ne A teA s n e on the vill clo hri of phrodi r i o ,

ee nt Z e h ri o n e the s on br zy promo ory of p y , whil rock the shore We re c ut i nto lu x uriou sly - ﬁtted baths for

se s o a i h s tho who wi hed t b the n t e e a . The site of Z ephy ri on i s now occupied b y the

tt e a e A i e a e i n th anna s li l vill g of buk r, m mor bl e l of

E n an nd an e In 1 8 1 D ani nos Pas e gl d a Fr c . 9 ha m ad som e ex cavations the re which brought to light a few s ant e a ns the te e A h t The c y r m i of mpl of p rodi e.

n at ns its a s e e n as e as two fou d io of w ll w r fou d , w ll limestone sphinx e s inscribe d with the nam e of A mon em- h at IV and t ee eat stat e s red an te one . , hr gr u of gr i ,

t he se a T t e t t t e s te . he of h m uprigh , o h r d uprigh

re as R a ses II t a a s ﬁgu w that of m . wi h roll of p py ru in hi s an e the t er two e e e a e one h d whil o h w r f m l , of t e e n a e e se ntat n H nt-ma- R a the h m b i g r pr io of o ,

’ s e The s nx e s and stat e s st Pharaoh wif . phi u mu have been brought from some older building to

a e the s ne the A ex an ne ess and de cor t hri of l dri godd ,

e e es t at the e R a ses II the ir di scove r r beli v h ﬁgur of m .

e e n t an the a e t at na has i s olde r v h g of h mo rch, who

e it and t at i t es a to the e the usurp d , h go b ck poch of

t e e s the te e— a twe lfth dy nasty . O h r r lic of mpl fr g

en s red an te s e ant n a s m t of gr i from om gig ic o ,

t ns stat e s e n s nx es and a ssa por io of u , brok phi , colo l — hum an foot stre w the rock s at the foot of the promonto ry where on Z ephy rion stood and bear In the S teps of H erodotos 209 witness to the in tensity of Ch risti an zeal when

a an s s a s e i n E t p g i m wa boli h d gy p . The K anopi c arm of the Nile h as long since

ee n e and the ellah s hi s e the b ﬁll d up, f plough ﬁ ld or wate r- fowl congre gate i n the stagnant m arsh whe re

G ee t a n s s n e sa e B ut a a e a t r k r di g hip o c il d . l rg p r of the a sh i s no w i n ess e n e a e and m r proc of b i g r cl im d , the engineers who have be en draini ng and washing i t

a e e a ss an t a es the an e nt K ano os h v com cro m y r c of ci p .

It la to the east Z e h ri on et e n the s e y of p y , b w e hor and h s a e t e m ar hy l k . Though the journey from Ale x andri a to Abukir mu st now b e u nde rtaken i n a railway carri age and not

i n a a e it i s st easant i n the e a a t n. W e b rg , ill pl rly u um

ass t e t e a ens and e sts ﬁ -t ees p hrough f r il g rd for of g r , past groves of palm with rich clu ste rs of red d ates

an n t e w e the se a- eez e s h gi g from h m , hil cool br blow i n at the n and th e ea e sk s nes e wi dow, cl r blu y hi ov r

ea B u nste a te es and ta e ns we ﬁnd h d . t i d of mpl v r at the e nd of our journey n othi ng b ut sand and sea s s n nd a ese te s e e e n e nts a . h ll , brok mo um , d r d hor The vesse l i n which H e rodoto s mu st have gone from K anopos to Naukrati s was probably native

at e t an e It a e ffe e i n o ne r h r h Gr e k . would h v di r d

tant es e t th N ile - ats o -d a Its impor r p c from e bo of t y . sa was s a e n ot t an a e the e n ateen il qu r , ri gul r lik mod r l sa s n il which have be en i troduced from the L evant. O 2 10 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H er odotos

B ut i n other re spects it rese mbled the vessel s which

o n he P h e was are still u sed t N ile . art of t e d ck

e e t the se i n the t a e e e cov r d wi h hou which r v ll r liv d , and was e nt ro s and tte i n which divid d i o om , ﬁ d up a an e t the eas th d a A n n s ccord c wi h id of e y . w i g pro tected it the sun and the s es the at as from , id of bo

s th e e e an a nte well a e rudd r w r brilli tly p i d . On the way to N aukrati s the voy ager passed

H e s the e n a an a na e rmopoli , mod r D m hur, m which

‘ i s e e the E ti an D ema 72 H er C t m r ly old gy , or i y of

’ s I i s n ot s s the H . t n e e that H e oru urpri i g, r for , ro

t s e e s to the t t the state e nt he do o r f r ci y , hough m

a es i n e a to i t i s not a t et e e t All m k r g rd l og h r corr c . th e e a ses E t he sa s we e a r e to d d ibi of gyp , y , r c r i d

e s to b e e a e an t H rmopoli mb lm d d buried . Such migh

a e ee n the ase on the e ste n s e the e ta h v b c w r id of D l ,

u i t was t e n a T e e b t ru o ly of th t limited district. h r was an t e H e s i n the east the e ta o h r rmopoli of D l ,

a e B ah i n an ent E t an Tel el- B a li eh c ll d ci gy p i , q y i n e n t es e e a a e a - a e the mod r im , wh r l rg buri l pl c of

' sacred ibises was di scovered b y the f el/ahzh si x or

a l el- l i he s n seven y ears go . Te Baq i y eh s t e co d station on the line of railway from M ansurah to Ab u

e i and it a e e the n e ses and K b r, from h v com bro z ibi ibis -head s which have ﬁll ed the shops of the Caire ne

n ant t es Th n e s e e n d e al e rs i iqui i . e bro z w r fou d a mong the multitudi nou s mummi es of the sacred

2 1 2 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

en P r e ss P et e st s te the s t the Wh of or ri ﬁr vi i d po ,

sebah h ad a e a een s at diggers for lr dy b bu ily work .

ebah i s the n t s ea t the s tes t es S i rou r h from i of old ci i ,

i s se as an e and to the sea i t we which u d m ur , rch for

h ast owe t e di scovery of m any m emorial s of the p .

’ At K om Q a if the l arger p art of th e earth h ad been

e e and all t at e a ne e e the a ents r mov d , h r m i d w r fr gm

tte w h B ut the of po ry hich ad been sifted from it . fragm ents were sufﬁci ent t o reveal the hi story of th e

s pl ace . Mo t of the m b elonged to the archaic p eriod

’ the G ee as e- a e s art and e e s as of r k v m k r , w r uch had n eve r before been fou nd i n the l and of Egy pt. It was evid ent that the great ci ty whose s ite they

s covered mu st have been the N aukrati s of the Greek . A s s oon as P rofessor P e trie had settl ed down to the e x a at n th e n a fe w nt s a te hi s c v io of mou d , mo h f r

s e the e en e ns t ns was a e to di cov ry , vid c of i crip io dd d

he e n e ts e An ns e st n e t vid e c of po h rd s. i crib d o from the m ou nd was standi ng at the entrance of the

nt - ouse i n he e and o n t n n i t cou ry h which liv d , ur i g over he found i t was engraved with Gree k letters

‘ which re cord ed the honours paid b y the city of the

’ Nauk rati ans to H eli odoros th e pri est of Athena and th e ee e its a h es two nte s k p r of rc iv . For wi r

st . P et e and t en E nest Ga ne r e ﬁr Mr ri h Mr. r rd r wo k d at th e ns a nd t e ex a at ns are rui , hough mor c v io ne e e e e t e c an b e e x a st e ex e d d b for h y h u iv ly plor d , In the S teps of H erodotos 2 1 3 the an f he t has een a e out the pl o t old ci y b m pp d ,

st of its t and e ne h as een t a e hi ory grow h d cli b r c d , and a vast number of arch aic Greek inscriptions from the d edicate d vases of its te mpl es have been s ecured . T o the south of the town we re the fortress and

a th e G ee e e na es e e a c mp of r k m rc ri , who w r prob bly s e b P samm ti h s The a was ettl ed th re y e k o . c mp s n e b a a and w th n it st the urrou d d y w ll , i i ood

H ellénion the n a ta of the n ans , commo l r Io i from

s Te s Phoka a and K laz o menae of the Khio , o , ,

ans R es K nidos H alikarnassos and Dori from hod , ,

Phase s and the [E ans o f t ene The li , of oli My il

eat en su e st e a ns as e as the we gr clo r ill r m i , w ll lo r

a e s the t and . P et e un t at i n ch mb r of for , Mr ri fo d h the t e P t e Philad el hos en i t was no im of ol my p , wh

n e n ee e ses e en e i t was lo g r d d for purpo of d f c , pro vid ed t a state e nt an e to an a enue wi h ly r c , which v of

ns led h rui from t e west . The trad e rs and settl ers built the ir hou ses north h H of t e c amp . ere too th e Gree k sailors and

e ants who had ta en no a t i n the e e t n m rch , k p r r c io of the eat a ta and e ha s h ad no gr l r, who p r p rel ations a n the s e s the o t t s e a mo g oldi r of f r , buil p ci l te mpl es

h se es we a for t e m lv . If w lk across the leve l ground wh se a ates the t o the t the st ich p r for fr m old ci y , ﬁr h eap of rubbi sh we come to m ark s the s ite of the 2 14 The Egyp t of the H ebrews and H erodotos te e and sa e en os e Cast and P x mpl cr d cl ur of or ollu . A little to the north was th e still l arge r templ e and temenos sa e en s e A and a n or cr d clo ur of pollo, djoi i n i t st on the n t s e was the te e He e g , ill or h id , mpl of r ,

se temenos was the a e s all The te e who l rg t of . mpl of

had een e e te b the es ans and t at Apollo b r c d y Mil i , h i t was the oldest i n the city may b e gathered from th e archai c character of the i nscriptions on the p ot sherd s discovered i n the tren ch i nto which the brok en

s s e e we n The a ans e va e of the t mpl re throw . S mi w re

he e s the te e H e e and H erodotos t build r of mpl of r , tells us that there was anoth er d edicated to Z eu s b y

in ns The ns t s e a no the eta . w e e t n rui of hi , ho v r, h v

et een n b ut far awa t wa s the n n y b fou d , y o rd orther en d of the ruin a sm all t e mple and temenos of

e a e een to e Aphrodit h v b brought light. H re

R o s s e who had een ee r hod pi wor hipp d , b fr d f om s a e b the t e Sa and ose a s l v ry y bro h r of ppho, wh ch rm were still cel ebrated at N aukratis i n the d ay s of

H erodotos .

A mong the potsherd s disi nterred from the rubbi sh - tre nch of the templ e of Apollo were portions of a l arge and beautiful bowl d edicated to

‘ ’ s G a s . a ne i s Phanes the on . G , of l uko Mr rd r prob ably right i n beli evi ng that this i s the very

anes who ese te to K amb se s and a Ph d r d y , , ccord i n he G ee st nst te to a g to t r k ory , i ruc d him how m rch

2 16 The Egyp t qf the H ebrews a nd H erodotos the birthpl ace and capital of the P haraohs of the twenty -si x th dy nasty i t was he re that P sam metikhos raised the stand ard of rebellio n agai nst hi s A ssy ri an suzerai n with the help of the Gree k mer ce nari es and his s ess s a ne i t t s en , ucc or dor d wi h pl did

s n s h n H erod otos s te i i and t . e t t co ly buildi g W vi i d , had st n ne its a te t a a n e n e H e lo o of rchi c ur l m g iﬁc c . saw the re the pal ace from which Apri es h ad gone forth to atta Amasi s and to he et ne a s ne ck , which r ur d pri o r ; the eat te e N e it t its s s nx es and gr mpl of , wi h row of phi its sacred l ake ; and the huge naos of granite which two thou sand men spent thre e whol e y ears i n bri ngi ng

n It h ad een e s s h from A ssua . b l ft ju t out id e t e en

s t n the te e st as e as clo ure wi hi which mpl ood , w ll the t s o f A ries and Amasi s and e en the omb p , v of god

T e e was a a s s s se f. t e e u e O iri him l ru , h r riv l p lchr of

s s at A s ene ate b the nha tants O iri bydo , v r d y i bi of

e E t s n e the a s the E e b ut Upp r gyp i c d y of Old mpir ,

A s was far stant Sa s and en the atte bydo di from i , wh l r city be came the c apital of the kingdom there was n n n i s a H erod o os e e to en t . t at o bold ough d y cl im ,

° all e ents ne e ea e A s was n at a v :who v r r ch d by do , ur lly ne e n e the a v r i form d of riv l tomb .

H e was t e e the ste - a a te old , how v r, of my ry pl y c d at night o n the sacred l ake of S ais i n m e mory of the

eat and es e t on s s and he was t d h r urr c i of O iri , old al s o of the sh am eful i nsul t i nﬂicted b y K amb y ses o n In the S teps of H erodotos 2 1 7

’ m si s It was sa that the P a a s the d ead A a . id h r oh

had een a e o i ts est n - a e mummy b dr gg d fr m r i g pl c , an n s e was u nt to ashes The d afte r bei g courg d b r .

E t an ests e no - to K amb ses gyp i pri bor good will y ,

h s i and i t ma b e t e e e t at t e t s n ot t ue. y , h r for , h ory r Sais was u nd er the protection of the godd ess

N ei n t e the sun he t the n e tte . en t , u b go mo h r of Wh

G ee s st a e t e e t e e nt e the ess r k ﬁr c m h r , h y id iﬁ d godd

t t e own At ena led t e et b the s a t wi h h ir h , h r o y imil ri y

he n es B ut th s ent at n led to he of t am . i id iﬁc io furt r results . A s Athena was the patron godd ess of

At ens so it was s se t at t e e was a s e a h , uppo d h h r p ci l

nne t n e een a s and At ens e A n co c io b tw S i h . Whil the a was a e to a e e L a K ekro s the f bl d h v com from iby , p ,

t n e A t ens was t ans e nt an my hic fou d r of h , r form d i o

i es E t an Sa s . It was a t Sa s gy p i of i from pr of i ,

e e that S n the At en an e s at ea mor ov r, olo , h i l gi l or, l rned th s he E ans e wi dom of t gypti .

‘ Th e s ua a e S a el- H a a Sa s q lid vill g of g r, i of the

’ st n e i s th e ern e ese ntat e the a o , mod r pr iv of c pital of

' i khos In t ese a s of a a s P sammet . h d y r ilw y i t i s

f t a ess as t e e i s no stat n i n its ne di ﬁcul of cc , h r io igh

In the ea e a h b ou rhood . t t e ent rli r p r of c ury , how e e en the t a e e had to A ex an v r, wh r v ll r go from l dri a to a i n a a a i e h e was C iro d h b y h, compelled to pass i t and it was nse ent e - n n to the t st , co qu ly w ll k ow ouri . B u t littl e i s l eft of th e populou s city and i ts stately 2 1 8 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

n ents ex e t n s s nte ate mo um c p mou d of di i gr d brick, a large enclosure surrou nd ed b y a crude brick wall s e ent eet t and he sa e The e t a e . a v y f hick, cr d l k l k ,

e e i s sa e no n e s un en i n s n how v r, cr d lo g r ; hr k ize a d

o e t s it i s a sta nant i h ch k d wi h rubbi h, g pool n t e

nte and an ex anse ha - e i n h e wi r, p of lf dri d mud t e lat

i s s n h s n . It t ate t t e eat a w i s pri g i u d wi hi gr w ll , hich

h enos ei n i n that of t e tem of N t . Sto e i s valuabl e th e e ta and a a a ent an te e D l , h rdly fr gm of gr i or lim stone survives from all the bui ldi ngs and colossal

s H ero do os saw B ut i n 8 1 a monum e nt that t . 1 9

ea n e n e es N eit so e t e gr t umb r of bro z ﬁgur of , m of h m

' n a t s e we e n t e e b the ellahzn i l id wi h ilv r, r fou d h r y f . They are of the careful and ﬁ ni shed workmanshi p t at a s the a e the t ent -s xt nast and h m rk g of w y i h dy y , on one of the l argest of the m i s a two -fold i nscription i n Egyptian hi erogly phs and the l etters and l angu age

he K ri ans It e he of t a . was d dicated to t godd ess of Sais i n the reign of P sammetikhos b y a son of a Karian mothe r and an Egyptian father who bore

n e It i s an i both an E gyptian an d a K arian am . n te resti ng proof of the readi ness of some at l east

n the nat es Sa s to n e t the e ne amo g iv of i mi gl wi h for ig r, and it s s rt e t at the a an e e na es how fu h r h K ri m rc ri ,

e the G ee s t the es and a hte s lik r k , brough ir wiv d ug r

t t e along wi h h m . H erodotos se ems to h ave bee n at Sais when the

2 20 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos the t the ea e a n o Ab u R as ci y of d d , r chi g fr m o h

ahs u n he s n the on the n orth to D h r o t outh . O

s te s e . th e N e a tt e to the n th was oppo i id of il , li l or ,

ess -Ahu h a e the a oa the fortr of Khri , w ich gu rd d ppr ch

e e e e Ca now stan s H ero dotos to th riv r. Wh r iro d

e E en -Ahu was saw only sand and wat r. v Khri m erely an i nsigniﬁcant vill age at the foot of a fortress of mud brick ; the strong w all s and towers of hewn stone i n which the Rom an legio n afterward s kept

n All ward over Egypt were as y e t u built . who

a ff i e i n e s and its s s and could ord t liv d M mphi uburb , the rock -hewn tombs above the citadel of modern

Cairo are of the Rom an age . From M e mphis to H eliopoli s was rather more

’ th an t ent es a n n s on the w y mil , or mor i g row river.

H erod otos t e e e a te ha n een t a , h r for , f r vi g b old t

M e mphis of th e e x pe rim e nt m ad e b y P sa mmetikhos to s e the n an ua e s ea s di cov r origi of l g g , p k of havi ng

‘ ’ turned into H eliopolis i n ord er to m ake further i n es a t the atte the H eli o olitan quiri bou m r, for p s are

’ sa to b e the est n e the E t ns W e id b i form d of gyp ia . may gath er from his word s that he m ad e an ex cur s n to H e s e he was sta n i n e io liopoli whil y i g M mphis. B ut he would have passed it agai n o n hi s hom eward

e voy ag . The site of H eliopolis i s well -k nown to eve ry t r st ho h s ee Th e e to the ou i w a b n to Cairo . driv In the S teps of H er odotos 2 2 1 gard e n and ostrich- farm of M atariy eh and th e obelisk

ser se n 1 i s a easant wa n an a te of U te . pl y of ﬁlli g up f r n n B ut the an ent t H e s On oo of ci ci y of liopoli or ,

t its a s te e R a the Sun- od i ts wi h f mou mpl of , g ,

n e s t ea ne ests and i ts nn e a e u iv r i y of l r d pri , i um r bl

n ents the ast t e e i s tt e ow to b e seen. mo um of p , h r li l n The obelis k reare d i n front of i ts te mpl e a thousand y ears b efore Joseph m arri ed the d aughte r of i ts high pri est still stand s whe re it stood i n his day b ut the te e has an s e tte So too has the s ste mpl v i h d u rly . , , i r

‘ e s w was e e te b its side and ob li k hich r c d y , of which

A a st ans st a e s eth n to sa r bic hi ori ill h v om i g y . Nothing i s l eft b ut the mud -brick wall of the sacred e n s e and a t a e e -st ne n s clo ur , hick l y r of lim o chippi g which te ll how the l ast relics of th e templ e of the

Sun-god were burnt into lim e for the Cairo of I sm ail

a One two a e nts e e es e o P ash . or fr gm w r r cu d fr m

G ant B e the s n est t n b . t t ea e d ruc io y Dr r y , mo o ic bl of w i s a t n a n e na 0 eet hich por io of cor ic , origi lly 3 f

n es i n e n t h h ad een e e te b 4 i ch l g h, w ich b r c d y

h e ast e N ektaneb o II. t th nat e P a a hs , l of iv h r o . Blocks with th e n ames of the second and - third

R am ses are al so ly i ng near the weste rn gate of the e n s e and i n the e aste n ese t are h clo ur , r d r t e tombs of

‘ the ea N t n e e a ns h d d . o hi g mor r m i of t e old capital

E an e n and a n n of gy pti r ligio le r i g. The destruction i s i nd eed compl ete ; the spoil e r whom J ere miah saw 2 2 2 The Egyp t of the H ebrew s a nd H erodotos

‘ i n prophetic vi sion h as brok en the im ages of B eth

’ S e esh and nt t ﬁre the uses of th e s h m , bur wi h ho god

’ the E ans s e he e s s a n of gy pti . If we would e t ob li k d images of On we m ust now go to the citi es and

s It was mu eums of E urop e or Ame rica . from H eliopolis that th e huge s carab of stone now i n the

t sh se was na ht to A ex n a Bri i Mu um origi lly broug l a dri ,

’ and at H eliopolis Cl eop atra s N ee dle was ﬁrst set u p b Th i n the te e n n A . y othmes 111. fro t of mpl of mo H e liopoli s was the ce ntre and source of the

sh the Sun- i n an ent E t i n so far wor ip of god ci gy p , , at all e e nts as h e was a e n e the na e v , dor d u d r m of

Th s es a to e st a s R a . e wor hip go b ck pr hi oric d y .

’ enes was a ea a son R a n e t n hi s ht M lr dy of , i h ri i g rig

- n The to ru le from the Sun god of O . theology of H eliopolis i s i ncorporated i n -the earli est chapte rs of the the ea t at R t a the e a te a Book of D d , h i u l of D p r d , knowl edge of which e nsured the safe passage of the

man i n It was i n he d ead to the world to com e. t great h all of its ﬁrst te mpl e that E gy pti an my thology believed Horu s to h ave b ee n cured of hi s wound s

he a Th n h a te t tt e w t Set. e t e te e f r b l i h origi of mpl , i n a t e the r n the s ests f c , lik o igi of chool of pri which

at ere n i t was ' to o far st i n the sts g h d rou d , lo mi of an t a t ent st o e tiqui y for u h ic hi ory t rem e mb r.

A s b e ﬁtte d its t e a ha ra te H eli o olis was h ologic l c c r, p

i n sa e an a s. The u M névi s i n h rich cr d im l b ll , w ich

2 24 The Egypt of the H ebrew s a nd H erodotos priestly philosophe rs had once lived we re still stand

e n e A n as he i n t e e ow t . t e w t g, h y w r mp y mo g h m hou se i n which Pl ato and E udox os had studi ed not

n a te the t e e n H e ro dotos as e e In lo g f r im wh w th r . s te t e e e the P e s an a s H erod otos st pi , h r for , of r i w r mu have fou nd the ancient u nivers ity still famou s and

s n st as i n the a of to -d ﬂouri hi g . Ju C iro ay the whol e ci rcl e of Moh ammed an sci e nce i s taught i n the

n e s t El-A a on the as s the an U iv r i y of zh r b i of Qor , so i n the H eliopoli s which H erod otos visited all the circle of Egy pti an k nowl edge was still taught and l e arned on the b as i s of the doctrine s of th e

Th e h H e li opolitan school . feeli ngs with which t e Greek travell er vi ewed the profe ssors a nd th eir pupil s

—if n ee he was a e to s o— st a e een , i d d , llow d do mu h v b s imilar to those with which an E nglish tourist now passes through the A zhar mosqu e . From H eliopolis H erod otos conti nued hi s voy age

n th e P e lusi ac arm the N e to B ub asti s t s dow of il , hu followi ng nearly th e sam e li ne of t ravel as the mod ern touri st who goes b y trai n from Cairo to

Th u s ea s Tel asta st b e a . e Z ag zig r bbi h h p of B , ju

n the stat n a a a the s te B ub astis y o d io of Z g zig, m rk i of ,

i - e se th i n the T e sta e nt E e x x x c all ed P b Old m ( z k . .

‘ ’ - T e e as ns Pi ast the t b the E t a . B , mpl of B , y gy p i — The cat he ad ed godd ess B ast pres id ed over the for

h n e a nd t e e she was e nt e tu nes of t e om ci y , wh r id iﬁ d In the S teps of H erodotos 2 2 5

t S e e t he n - ea e e ss e s t . wi h kh , lio h d d godd of M mphi B ut the c at and the lion n ever lay down i n pe ace h t e t e . A s a e tex t at P ae ts i t og r hi rogly phic hil pu ,

Se et was s s n kh cru el and B a t wa ki dly .

The e x s e s ast at B ub asti s clu iv wor hip of B , how e e k II h ate the e Oso r on . t e t ent v r, d d from tim of of w y

’ se n nast as N avi lle s e x a at ns a e co d dy y , Dr. c v io h v

a e ai t e t e e t es n. e e t a e m d pl B for h p riod o h r d i i , mor

- es e a to and A n R a e ne t e e . ast p ci lly Bu mo , r ig d h r B , i n h s h a t was e n n . S e w a t e e n ne f c , of for ig origi f mi i

B es the a od a e the form of , w rrior g who c m from

asts A a a and he r ass at n t the c at co of r bi , oci io wi h

e a s n p rh p origi ated far away i n the south . The d escription given b y H erodotos of B ub asti s

- and i ts festival i s cl early that of an ey e witness. H e tell s us h ow the te mpl e stand s i n the middl e of the town surrou nd ed b y a c anal which i s shad ed with t e es and the s t s n n i t r , how vi i or look dow upo from the st ee ts th e t h ad n i n e t r of ci y , which grow h igh

e the e e h e e e h ad re a ne na te e whil l v l of t t mpl m i d u l r d . H e tell s us fu rth er how a broad street runs from i t to the ar et- a e and t en e to a a e e ate m k pl c , h c ch p l d dic d to H e es an d at th e e at an n a est a rm , how gr u l f iv l

s men and en e to it i n ats crowd of wom ﬂock d bo ,

n and s n n a n the an s and an i n pipi g i gi g, cl ppi g h d d c g,

fer n sa es en t e a e at the s r ne of i g criﬁc wh h y rriv d h i , and n n n s s h c an dri ki g wi e to ex cess . A imil ar ig t b e P 2 2 6 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos seen e e n no w i n the nt A st at T antah v mo h of ugu , where the religiou s fair i s thronged b y men and women i ndulgi ng i n all the amu sem ents recou nted b the G e e t a e e s et es e n the y old r k r v ll r, om im b y o d

e n ne e i s verge of d ce cy . Wi alon ab se nt from th e

' e rn e ast its a e e n ta en b hashzsh and mod f , pl c b i g k y ' a ht r .

A s the est a was e i n n u ast it was f iv l h ld ho o r of B , prob ably an annu al comm e mo ration of the great

’ Shed - fe stival of thi rty y ears c e l ebrated b y Oso rk o n

i n h is t e nt -se n e a and e te o 11. n h w y co d y r, d pic d t e

h h N a i ll h a s t e a . v e as s e e w ll of h ll w ich Dr di cov r d . Th e She d -fe stival took pl ace du ri ng the month of — Augu st i n the tim e of th e s i x th dy nasty o n the

i hi s a 2 th E . It wa t e e e at the 7 of p p prob bly , h r for , end of A ugu st or the begi nni ng of Se pte mber that

d o s n se i n he t as H e ro ot fou d him lf t ci y of B t. The d escription H e ro d otos gives of the position

h e i s st e o -d a Th e te e h t e te t t . w of mpl ill ru y mpl , ich h e n n e to b e the ett e st i n E t i s now i n pro ou c d pr i gy p ,

i h h nd s re s e n e i t ns e t e s es a t et t at . rui , l k ou h circl d

B ut th e vi sitor to T e l- B ast still looks down upon i ts s ite from the rubbis h - mou nd s of th e rui ne d habi ta

ns and c an s ti tra e th e e s the ana s hi tio , ll c b d of c l w ch

arr e n i t E en h s ree h led we re c i d rou d . v t e t t w ich

- a e i s N avill to the ar e t st s i e and . e m k pl c ill vi bl , Dr has fou nd the rem ai ns of the li ttle te mpl e which

2 2 8 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

B ub asti s and a e t e se es the s ns R ne c ll d h m lv o of a. O

t e A s ma h a e ee n the A s of h m , pophi , y v b pophi whose d em and that the vassal - ki ng of Theb es should worship Sutekh inste ad of A mon brought about the war n e e n e n e the t e an se - n - Set of i d p d c ; o h r, Khi U r

R a the Ian nas an et has en a e hi s na e o n , of M ho, gr v d m a colossal lion which was carri e d to B aby lon b y som e

n e Chald aean co qu ror. The monarchs of the eighteenth dynasty c on ti nued th e piou s work of the H y ks os whom th ey ha d ex e B ut the st an es atten e p lled . civil di urb c which d d the a the nast a se n to the te e f ll of dy y c u d i jury mpl ,

nd we ﬁnd t I an R a se s 11 e d . n e e re a S i . m o c mor

t n i Th e n s the t e n t e t n st a e s ori g t . ki g of w i h dy a y h v a s e t e a s i n it b ut it was n e the l o l f m mori l , u d r

- — twenty second dy nasty the succ essors of Shishak — that B ub asti s reached the high est point of i ts

r s e Th e n es e s a a e p o p rity . pri c who follow d Shi h k m d the city the ir c apital and i ts te mpl e their roy al

e Th e eat e st a ha was t b Oso rk on ch ap l . gr f iv l ll buil y

11 et e en the en t an e a and the a n t . b w r c h ll m i cour , and the worship of B ast was e x clu sive ly i ns tall ed i n

T e e and t a e n er e nt b u t tt e it . mpl ci y lik u d w li l

h I as change down to t e d ay s of H e ro d oto s. t w afte r hi s vi sit th at th e l ast addition was m ad e to the

n s h E n sacred buildi g . With t e re covery of gy pti a i ndepe nd ence after the successful revolt from P e rsi a [n the S teps of H erodotos 2 2 9

a e a new e ra a h te t a a t t and N ek c m of rc i c ur l c ivi y , taneb o I the st i n the t rt et nast . , ﬁr k g of hi i h dy y ,

t e h n A te e rec ted a gre at h all i n h rear of t e sh ri e. f r t he e e his the hi story of t te mpl fade s out of vi w. H erod otos was told that th e height of the mou nd on which the city of B ub astis stood was an

n s i ndication of the evil de ed s of its i nh abita t .

Sab ako the E t an n e i t was sa had , hiopi co qu ror, id , cau sed the s ites of the E gy pti an citi es to b e raised b n t a st as t e had ee n e s y co vic l bour, ju h y b pr viou ly rai sed b y those who c ut the canal s u nde r Sesostri s . B ut the whol e story was an i nven tio n of th e d rago m The s nt e ra n of he e en . di i g tio t crud brick of which th e hou ses of E gy pt are built m akes the m qu ickly

e a and e a e to t e n s are d c y giv pl c o h r buildi g , which ere e n h A s th e ct d o t e mou nd they h ave form ed .

t s i n a e so es the tel n e e n ci y grow g , do or mou d wh r o it stan s w i n e t an d h ad H e rod otos t a e e d gro h igh , r v ll d i n Uppe r E gy pt h e would h av e s e e n the proc ess

in o n n e hi e e s h re e s . In t e e ta go g u d r y D l , mo ov r, the re was a s p eci al cau se for th e great height of th e

t - n s Th e ate th e n ate ci ymou d . w r of i u nd ation p ercol d t r the r n and i n r e t the e r h ough g ou d , o d r h at low

a se s b e d r i t was ne e ssa to ﬂoor of hou hould y , c ry

i t o n a s e ri es a ts o r e ars A few ears build of v ul c ll . y ago these vaul ts were ve ry vis ibl e i n som e of the old

se s T el- ast Th e had no t e t e t e r hou of B . y ou l , i h 2 30 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H er od otos b n a nd e re nse ent n e er y door or wi dow, w co qu ly v e e as e - s T e s e use was mploy d stor room . h ir ol to

h h se d r keep t e rest of t e hou y . Th e ce me te ry of the sacred cats w as o n the western

n B ut the ats no e ar s ide of the tow . c do t app to

a e ee n e a e as e se e e i n E t t e h v b mb lm d , l wh r gy p ; h y

e e e t e e ne A n n s w r i h r buri d or bur d . mo g the bo e which have be en sent to E ngl and naturali sts have

n n e e n est a a n c t . e e fou d o of our mod r dom ic S v r l ,

e e th e n e ats the P t e a a e how v r, of bro z c of ol m ic g which have bee n di scove re d with the bones un

n he s a ene a mi stakably repre se t t dom e tic nim al . G r lly they h ave the s m all head of the mod e rn Egypti an pu ss.

‘ ’ A littl e be low B ub asti s H ero d otos passed the

‘ ’ d ese rted camp and fortress of the Ioni an and

K ar an e enar es P sammetikho s and saw the i m rc i of ,

' sl ips for the i r vessel s and the ruins of the ir hou ses s s an n s A masi s had t rans er e till t di g o n the hore . f r d the to e s i n th e e e t at i t was at e m M mphi , b li f h r h r from hi s E gyptian subj e cts th at h e ne ed ed p rotection t a hi s n n s Th e s te the h n from eighbou rs i A i a. i of ca mp was di scovere d a nd parti ally e x cavate d b y P rofessor P e tri e for the E gypt E x plo ration Fund i n 1 886 a nd o ne the e s ts hi s s e e s was , of r ul of di cov ri to show th at i t w as al s o th e s ite of the fronti e r

h a h ae hat i ts fo rtre ss c all ed b y t e Gree ks D p n , W

2 3 2 The Egyp t of the H ebr ews a nd H er odotos

he as e n an th e N e e i ts s t t e t r br ch of il , whil from ummi w e a ss the ese t on o ne s e a n the h look cro d r , id lo g igh

a n e le d t o S a and on the the as far ro d which o c y ri , o r as he n s n s The rt tse h as e t mou d of Ta i . fo i lf crumbl d

nt st b ut the a te a e s on h i t was i o du , v ul d ch mb r w ich

‘ ’ e e te st e x st as e as the a e ent at its r c d ill i , w ll p v m e nt an e r c . The pottery fou nd at Te l ed - D effeneh i s e arly

N aukrati s G ee b ut a ffe ent t e t at . r k, of di r y p from h of

L e th e atte i t w see to a e een an ik l r, ould m h v b m u fac tu red o n th e spot and ex ported from thenc e to all

a ts th e G ee e e e to o a ea s to p r of r k world . J w ll ry , , pp r h ave b een m ade there b y the Greek or K ari an arti sans who live d u nd er the protection of their

ta ns en B ut the an a t e t mili ry ki m . m uf c ur of bo h

tte and e e e a e o a s n en po ry j w ll ry c m t udd e e nd . Wh A masis re move d the m erce nari es to M emphis i n the middl e of th e s ix th ce ntury be fore Christ the civili an

at n e een t at a popul io d ep arted with the m . B tw h d te and a new and u nimpo rtant settl e m e nt i n the P tole

a he e s n e se te m ic p eriod t sit ee m s to have b ee d r d . h en H e rod o tos asse i t b i t h ad no n a tants . W p d y , i h bi

a na to P e lu si um the a e was s t From D ph voy g hor .

P elusi u m n e th e ke E t has s a e th e ate , o c y of gy p , h r d f

D a h nae The anne the e t at e b of p . ch l of riv r h ﬂow d y it has e e a re a e a a sa t and b com d ry r ch of bl ck l mud , th e ﬁe ld s which once suppli ed the city with food are ’ In the S teps of H eroa otos 2 33

san wastes of steril e s oil o r mou ntains of y ellow d . N ot even a solitary B edoui di stu rbs th e solitud e of the s s n he ea All t at spot at mo t easo s of t y r. h remi nd s the trave ll er of human life as he encamps on the edge of the sand -dune s i s the el ectric light which ﬂashes through the night from P ort Said far away on the n horizo . In the midst of the d esol ate waste of poi sonou s mud rise the two l arge mound s which alone are left

P el si h o h u um. On t e a e t ese t t e est a of l rg r of h , w w rd , li e the gran ite colum ns and othe r relics of the Roman te e eneat h and e the e sent e e mpl , b h w ich, b low pr l v l

the ate are the ns the te e the of w r, rui of mpl of

Pha a n a Th e n i s st e n t en r o ic ge . grou d r w wi h brok

ass and R an s e a a e n tte s e S . gl po ry , om om , om r c ic

The E t an na e Pelusi um i s st n n n gyp i m of ill u k ow , and b efore we c an di scover i t e x cavations upon i ts site b e ne essa E e e a s i t i n x x x 1 . S . will c ry z ki l c ll ( 5,

1 6 —at east the e ntat s are to b e t ste ) l , if comm or ru d and when the Greek s s ought an ety mology for th e ’ B nam e th ey gave i t i n the ir o wn word for mud . u t i t was a famou s spot i n the re cord s of Egy pti an

s A a s he H s s n st a e h t . t str i ory v ri , y k o o ghold , mu h v

een i n i ts ne i and i t was ts e i ts b ghbourhood , ou id

a s w ll that the P ersi an conqu est of E gy pt was d ecid ed .

The att e- ﬁeld he e the a K amb ses le d b b l w r rmy of y , y the G ee ese te Phanes e t e w th e G ee r k d r r , ov r hr r k 2 34 The Egyp t of the H ebr ew s and H er odotos

e r e nar es the Ph a a was n e a e n fo r m c i of r oh , r ough H e rod o to s to walk ove r i t and compare the skull s of the E t an a nd P e s an atants as h e had gyp i r i comb , a ne a P a r mi s H e r h s s ea t é . e to o e wa n lr dy do p , , how the spot whe re the Greek a nd K ari an soldi ers of

sa metikho s 11 h ad s a e re he s ns P anes P m 1. l ught d t o of h

e a e i n the s t o f t e at e and ov r hug bowl igh h ir f h r, afte r m i x i ng the blood of th e boy s with wi ne and

ate h ad sa a e n t and t en s e to the w r, v g ly dru k i h ru h d

e battl . N ot far from P elu si um anothe r tragedy took

lacfe e n r es H r h en e p four c tu i afte r e od o tos ad b e th re . Th e fugitive P omp ey was welcom ed to the shore b y

Se timi us the e ne a the R an es i n E t p , g r l of om forc gy p , an d A khillas the an e the E t an a , comm d r of gyp i rmy ,

e h he an and murde red b y th m as b e touc e d t l d .

A khi llas th en h astene to A ex an a to es e e d l dri , b i g

Caesa i n the r a a a e and the rn n the r oy l p l c , bu i g of

’ re at i rar was the at ne ent P e s eat g l b y o m for omp y d h . Down even t o th e middl e ages P e lus i u m was still

s rt h e aste rn e a I e the a e the eapo of t e D lt . t h ld pl c no b P a It as its a s w occupi e d y ort S id . w from qu y

s In n th at the ve ssel s s tarte d for the Sy ri an coa t . o e t at was n T re H ero doto s t h is assa e h bou d for y , ook p g and e n e hi s E t an t d d gy p i our. B ut h e h ad vis i ted c ertai n citie s i n the D el ta i nto

h h we a e ee n na e to n to w ic h v b u bl follow him , owi g

2 36 The Egyp t of the H ebrew s a nd H er odotos

a e at e a n o n th e easte n si e the e ta h v r h r l i r d of D l , i n the an G s e n e e the e se t a ne l d of o h , wh r d r djoi d

‘ the a n n e It i s e he t s us a t A r bi a om . wh re ell bou

’ the wi nged se rpe nts which ﬂy i n the s pri ng- time

A ra a to E t o n th e n nes h h t e from bi gy p , co ﬁ of w ic h y are nd s nx s o met a l ai n b y the sacred ibi ses . A iou t

ea n s et n a t t e h e s te th e s t l r om hi g bou h m , vi i d po

e e the e a e n nte t a e and t e e wh r y rly cou r ook pl c , h r saw the grou nd strewn with the bon es an d spi nes

he s a t b e t e t te e s na es. T s s of l ugh r d k hi po , fur h r

n s u s i s i n th e A a a n ese rt e e it r e s i form , r bi d , wh r bo d r h ’ ‘ ’ o n t e E t an a n a b the t t . gy p i pl i , h rd y ci y of Bu o

Than s t o the e a s G f t k x c vation m ad e b y Mr . ri ﬁ h

the E t E x at n n at Te l eu - N eb ésheh for gy p plor io Fu d , nea S a a i e we no w n e e th s e aste n r l h y h, k ow wh r i r

t t s n a as A m t . I s E t an e w ci y of Bu o ood t gy p i m , and it w as the capital of th e n ine tee nth nome of

A m- e b ut i t was nse ate to the s p hu , co cr d wor hip of the ess U az was s se b a n e godd , who y mboli d y wi g d

a Th e e a te e the ess w as t sn k e . gr t mpl of godd buil on the e ste n s e the t n and the P ara s w r id of ow , h oh d the t e t nast as e as R a ses II. an of w lf h dy y , w ll m

i s s ess s and the S a te s th e t e nt -s x t h ucc or , i of w y i h

nast h ad all e e to e n and e e s i t. dy y , h lp d dow mb lli h Wh e n the Gre e k garri son w as e stabl ish ed i n th e n at D a h nae a n C an eighbourhood p , colo y of y pri

a m B u t i n the a e th e potters settl ed t A . g of In the S teps of H er odotos 2 37

P e es it e nt e a and b the e nn n tol mi f ll i o d c y , y b gi i g of the Roman e ra i ts m agniﬁcen c e belonge d to the

ast p . Just bey ond the preci ncts of the town was the h A a an ese t the ea Set. T e e en r bi d r , r lm of l g d of

s s and H r s was a n t an s e e to it I i o u ccordi gly r f rr d , and i ts at n ess e a e U az to p ro godd b c m of Bu , who ,

n e the s s n e a e H r s i n i ts u d r form of I i , co c l d o u

W as it e e t e e e i n the P a - az a shes. U m r h r , h r for , of

A m th at the tt) H e ro d oto s h as to b e e , Bu of look d

at e t an i n the M e nelaite n e ? for, r h r h om W e k now that he mu st h ave p assed the city of

Am on hi s wa B ub asti s to D a h nae and hi s y from p , ex pedition to the d esert i n s earch of the wi nged

s serpe nts show that h e stopp e d there . On the

e an hi s a nt the at n s an oth r h d , ccou of ﬂo i g i l d of Khe mmis was d erived from hi s pred e ce ssor H e ka tw s a nd e n h e states t at the tt) t h o , wh h Bu wi h whic i t was con ne cte d was built o n the S eb en ny tic b ranch

‘ ’ th e N e as one sa s i t th e s ea i of il , il up from , t would s e e m ce rtai n th at hi s accou nt of thi s Buto

as a s te the der r te A nd w l o quo d from ol w i r. y e t i t i s difﬁcult t o beli eve th at hi s d escription of the

mo nolithic shri ne which stood the re i s n o t give n

- n P e a s th e es at ﬁ rst ha d . rh p b t ex pl anation would b e that H e rodo to s really m ad e an e x curs ion to the

t b ut has so s n e h ci y , kilfully mi gl d w at he himself 2 38 The Egyp t of the H ebrew s a nd H er odotos saw there with the d escription of H ekataeos as to

a e i t ss e to se arate the tw m k impo ibl p o .

The s te P a rémi s i s a s te n n n and i of p b olu ly u k ow , we a e no e e e n to i ts e at e s t n B ut h v clu v r l iv po i io .

P roso i ti s ma b e the t n e Sa - ri s S a p y four h om , pi or pi

’ s t In ant n of the ou h . By z i e tim es i ts c apital bore the n a e N iki u h Ch a n n a o m of , whic mpollio lo g g id e ntiﬁ ed w ith the Copti c P shati and the mod ern

A sh ad i not far M e nﬁf e nu stan s i n a b . , from M f d strai ht ne d ue est a e n a and g li w w rd of B h , would h ave lain d ire ctly i n the path of th e travell er o n hi s wa r N auk rati s to e h s y f om M mp i . It was i n th e i sl and of P ro sopiti s th at the Ath en ian ﬂee t was block ad ed b y the P ersi ans u nd e r

M e ab az u s and a t e n en the e was g , c p ur d o ly wh riv r t rne nt an t e r anne a te the a e had u d i o o h ch l , f r block d

aste a e a and a h a e ate est l d for y r lf. Imm di ly w

a r of M enﬁf i n a t an s an i s e b the w d , f c , i l d form d y Rosetta and D amie tta branch es of th e N il e which

n te at the s t e rn e nd i t and are ne u i ou h of , joi d

’ toge ther toward s th e north b y th e B ahr cl - Fara uni eh B ut th e s an i s t e nt - se e n m es n y . i l d w y v il lo g b fte e n w e an d i t i s if t t o n e rstan y ﬁ id , d ﬁcul u d d ho w this could have be e n block ad e d b y th e P e rsi an ar h ess e fe n e b the re s se en t my , muc l d d d y c w of v y

esse s fo r th e s a e a e a and a a H e r v l , p c of y r h lf. o dotos i nd eed a ss erts th at th e i sl and of P ro sép itis

240 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos allowed to joi n i n the my steri es of the worship of

s r s e e the not e i n s s b ut in O i i mor ov r, y did liv Bu iri ,

e a H ero dotos the K ari an qu art r of M e mphis . Wh t tell s u s about the m pl ai nly com es from his K ari an

n d e e s o s a an s r an a t e nat e e t a . d agom , r f r om iv K ri f iv l Th ere was more th an one P a- Usar or T e mpl e

n E N ex a i n the of O siris i L owe r gy pt. t to th t

B usi rite n e the st a s w as t at the om , mo f mou h of

r-M e r the l ne s i n the e n ns U or bul M vi , viro of

T s atter H erodo os a e seen H eliopolis. hi l t would h v

en h e a hi s s t to the t the S un- wh p id vi i ci y of god , and t s to o was ne a e s e e the K ari ans hi r M mphi , wh r lived . There was y et another Bu siri s a littl e to the

A n n i s n t e s tse . to P t or h of M mphi i lf ccordi g li y , i nhabitants m ad e th eir livi ng b y climbi ng the py ra

‘ s the a se ent stran e s e th e mid for mu m of g r , lik

n e to -d a Its n a e h as een re B edoui of Giz h y . m b p

r i n he a e and a s A i r B se ve d t vill g py r mid of b us . ut ne ithe r the Bu si ris of M e mphi s no r th e Bu s iri s of

‘ ’ H e s was i n the ent e the e ta and liopoli c r of D l , i t would see m th at i n this i nstance al so H ero d oto s i s e ithe r quoti ng from othe r travell ers or i s mi x i ng

e x e ie n e s t hi s own t the s ri s their p r c wi h . Wi h Bu i of M emphi s and the Bu siri s of H eliopolis h e was doubtle ss acqu ai nted : with the Bu siri s of the middle

e ta we st n e he was no t H e n e hi s D l mu co clud . c In the S teps of H er odotos 24 1 s canty notice of the festival th at was ce leb rate d there ; h e nce a l s o hi s re fe rence to the K ari an se ttl ers i n e and h i s e e n es W e M mphi s t eir rel giou c r mo i . mu st re m e mber th at H e ro d o tos was not the ﬁrst

G ee t st i n E t and that he to o h ad hi s r k ouri gyp ,

’ M u rra and hi s B aea ehe the st to- da y r like touri of y . C H A P T E R V I I I

M E M P H IS A N D TH E FAYYfJ M

W E h ave followed H ero d o tos i n hi s trave l s through the e ta h a e s ee n a e his wa D l , v him m k y from K anop o s a nd N auk rati s to M e mphis and back agai n to P e lusiu m and i t i s n ow t e to a an hi m , im ccomp y

e s s n d m T e e through M mphi it elf a the Fayy ﬁ . h r are n o longe r any u nce rtai n s ites to id en tify ; from

s s t ar ll s n ne M e mphi ou hw d a i cl ear a d d e te rmi d . T o the vis i tor the i nterest of M e mphis ce ntred

e P as n he t e e h t i n i ts templ of tah . It w rou d t mpl t a th e t h ad n and as th e t h ad ee n the ci y grow up, ci y b

a ta the e nast es so the te e h ad e e n c pi l of old r dy i , mpl b

a h s sse their roy al ch p el . Wh e n t e up re m acy pa d

e s to T e es i t asse a s Pta from M mphi h b , p d l o from h

e s to n h th e god of M mphi A mo t e god of Thebes.

It i s the reat te e P ta a n a t g mpl of h, ccordi gly , bou

h H e rod o tos h as s to t e a w ich mo t tell u s. O h r loc l i t es i n e h s s as th e ta e a nd th e a a e i M mp i , uch ci d l p l c ,

‘ ’ th e ar an a rte r the T an Ca i t its K i qu , or y ri mp w h

A s t e e n S r ne t are n t e n n ta . h i of h or h , o ic d o ly i cid lly 242

244 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos the te e P tah to an t e a nd c an a e his mpl of o h r, tr c

tste s as far as the F a ﬁm foo p yy .

It i s tru e he asserts that hi s list of ki ngs was

‘ given o n th e authority of the E gyptians and the

’ ests and t at it was t e who e n pri , h h y r cko e d three

n e and t -one ene at ns e nes the hu dr d for y g r io from M ,

n e the n to Se thos the anta n st fou d r of ki gdom , , go i of

Senna e th e n e n s a nd - sts ch rib, umb r of ki g high pri e duri ng the period bei ng ex actly equ al to the number

en erat ns B ut i t c an e as b e of g io . ily shown th at the

a at n w as a e b H erodoto s se and that c lcul io m d y him lf,

‘ ’ n e t e the E t ans w se an a e h e not i h r gy p i , ho l gu g did

n e stan n or the sa stans he d i n iﬁes i t u d r d , cri , whom g w h the t t e e sts are i n an wa e s ns e fo r the i l of pri , y y r po ibl absurd state m ent th at a ge neration and a reign are

Th e n e n s h se na es e quival e nt te rms . umb r of ki g w o m he heard from hi s dragom an i s e x actly e l e ve n ; i n a t n to these he te s us the na es t ee ddi io , ll , m of hr hundred and thirty ki ngs we re read to him from a papy ru s roll b y one of the te mpl e scrib es so that the — number three hu ndred and forty one i s obtai ned b y addi ng the three hu ndred and thirty nam es to the

s el even which we re furni sh ed him b y h is guid e . A mong the th re e hu ndred and thirty mu st have

n e s e the atte t h the Gree bee n i clud d om of l r, houg k

n n w i t travell e r did ot k o . A t M e mphis H erod o to s le a rned that M e nes was M emphi s a nd the Fayy tttn 24 5 th e rs t n n te E t t h the t e r ﬁ ki g of u i d gyp , houg fur h statem ents h e record s i n regard to him are not easily

h h n an reconcil abl e o ne with t e othe r. On t e o e h d h e was i nfo rm ed that i n hi s tim e all E gypt was a — m arsh ex cept the Th eb aic n om e a pi ec e of i nform a tion which see m ed to H erodoto s consonant with fact

—o n the t e r an t at the an o n hi h e s o h h d , h l d w c M mphi was built was a sort of hug e e mb an km ent re cl aim e d

the N i e b e nes r e the r e to ea e from l y M , who fo c d iv r l v its old ch ann el u nd er the pl ate au of Giz eh and to run i n i s s n ed ar ette e e e t at th e e t pre e t b . M i b li v d h dy k b y m eans of which th e ﬁrst of th e Ph araohs effected thi s change i n th e course of the river still ex ists near

a c l-A at and it i s e a e ar t at the K fr yy , g ologic lly cl h

N e n e ran a n the e e the L an esert il o c lo g dg of iby d , and that th e rock o ut of which the Sphi nx w as carved mu st h ave b een o ne of those which jutted out n h i to t e stre am . B u t i t was no t o n accou nt of hi s engi neeri ng work s that the n am e of M e nes h as be en preserved i n the st ri es H e rod oto s It w as s hi o of . b ec au e he was the fou nd er of the te mpl e of P tah and the city of

e h s The t M mp i . e mpl e which w as the obj ect of the

’ ’ t st s s t e i ts n to him and the tra e e r s ouri vi i ow d origi , v ll sight - see i ng naturally be gan with the m e nti on of his n a e m .

B e fore H e rodoto s could b e shown rou nd such 246 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

a ts the san t a as e e a e ss e to st an e s p r of c u ry w r cc ibl r g r , i t was nec essary that h e should b e introduced to th e a t t es and e e e th e e ss i n o s i u hori i r c iv ir p rmi o t vi it t. Accordi ngly h e wa s u she red into wh at was perhaps the a the te e and t e e a s e ea to libr ry of mpl , h r crib r d him o ut of a roll the nam es of the three hu ndre d and th rt n s e nn n t e nes and e n n i y ki g , b gi i g wi h M di g with

oer s T o t ree n s a s r M i . h o ly doe to y see m to h ave

een atta e e t e b the s e b the nte b ch d , i h r y crib or y i r

rete and n t ree n a es t e e e H erod o s p r, o ly h m h r for did to en e i n hi s n te - Th e st t ese w s t t r o book . ﬁr of h a hat

e nes the se n t at N itékri s the t t at of M , co d h of , hird h

Nitokri s s of M oeri s . wa cel ebrate d not only becau se sh e was the o ne native wom an who h ad rul ed the

ntr b ut a s e a se she had t ea e s cou y , l o b c u r ch rou ly avenged the d eath of h er brothe r and the n ﬂu ng

N c i t-a e as she was a e nt the a es. e he rs lf i o ﬂ m k r, c ll d i n E t an was a t a an st r a e s n a e gy p i , c u lly hi o ic l p r o g ; sh e was the ast s e e n th e s x t nast b ut l ov r ig of i h dy y , was very far from b ei ng the only qu ee n who h ad

ne e E t A s re a s oe s the state reig d ov r gy p . g rd M ri

a a rre t H e i s m ents of H e rod o to s are only p rti lly co c . said to have built th e p ro py lze a o n the north sid e of

h te e P ta to h a e the reat a e t e mpl of h, v dug g l k of th Fa ﬁm and to ha e e re te the a s i e yy , v c d py r mid wh ch

H ero doto s b elie ved he had see n s ta ndi ng i n the

h e was not the n a e i t . oe s e middl e of M ri , ow v r, m of

24 8 The Egypt of the H ebrew s and H erodbtos

a e it i n the s e e e it i s now sa pl c d h d , wh r fe from

e n The s on an d a h h furth r i jury . d ug ter of t e Ph araoh

e e na e e sente s tan n es e w r origi lly r pr d di g b id him . M ajor B agno ld al so brought to light the companion stat e esse e t an d a fe ent st ne T s u , of l r h igh of dif r o . hi i s i n a ette state ese at n and h as n s b r of pr rv io , bee et up on a hillock b y the sid e of a s tele which was

sa t e a e n s a r discovered at th e m e im . Fr gm t of p py i inscribe d with Gree k and d e motic have be en fou nd at the n t -easte n t the and i t ma or h r foo of hillock, y b e that they m ark the s ite of the ch amber where

s ene to th e s the H erod otos li t d word of roll .

N t a the ss was the sa e a e or hw rd of colo i cr d l k ,

to a e een e b enes and n ow a said h v b form d y M ,

A i ts s t -easte n ne h stagnant pond . t ou h r cor r t e fou n d ations have rec en tly been l aid bare of sm all squ are

s the a s a e e en a ne t room , w ll of which h v b dor d wi h s t es B ut the ate s the n n at n ha e culp ur . w r of i u d io v

e the ex a at s and the a s are ast follow d c v or , w ll f p eri shi ng und er the i nﬂuence of moi sture and nitrous sa lt. About Sesostri s the guid es of H e ro d o tos h ad a

B u n n i t was s —no good d eal to say . t othi g of hi tory t e en h i s n ests i n E e and S t a hi s e x v co qu urop cy hi , c avati on of the canal s which re nd e red Egy pt u nﬁ t for se s and a ts his e a s n o f the an hor ch rio , qu l divi io l d

n hi s s e ts hi s a n ee n the s e amo g ubj c , or h vi g b ol M emphi s a nd the F ayy ttm 249

E n n h ne E a H w gyptia mo arc who gover d thiopi . o e ven a dragom an of M e mphi s could have im agined that i t had eve r b een possibl e to cultivate th e Egy pti an soil without canal s i t i s difﬁcult to u nd er stan and st e f t to a ne a d , ill mor di ﬁcul im gi how trave ll er who h ad seen the D elta could have b elieved

h n T he n e x ana n c a a state m ent of t e ki d . o ly pl tio n b e that H erodo to s neve r saw the D elta i n i ts n orm al co ndition when the i nu nd ation h ad c e ased to cover

he an T at es st s s a e een s s t l d . h S o ri hould h v b uppo ed to h ave been the only Pharaoh who establish e d hi s powe r i n E thiopi a i s b ut a proof how littl e was known of the real hi story of Egy pt b y either

H r d s hi s n an e o oto or i form ts. Th e origi n of the n am e given to this Pharaoh of

’ an s nat n i s s a The the dragom im agi io till puzzl e . stat es i n nt the te e P ta to wh the u fro of mpl of h , ich na e was atta e e e set b R a ses 11 and m ch d , w r up y m i n a papy ru s we ﬁnd th e nam e S esetsu given as the

a t t e the sa e na P e r a s i t popul r i l of m mo rch . h p

‘ ’ ns th e son et i s he W e n t at S et ea S . m of k ow h , th e an ent th e e ta was a s e a e t ci god of D l , p ci l obj c of

i n the a R nd hi s at e sh a ses II. a wor ip f mily of m , f h r

as na e a te th e e se tsu S eti w m d f r god . S would cor respond with fair e x actitud e to the S esoosi s of Diodoros for Seso stri s we should have to presuppose t - a he fo rm Ses etsu R . 2 50 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H er odotos

Th e son and s ess S es st s a n to ucc or of o ri , ccordi g

H o w h r Th erod ot s as P e on. e na e i s e e a , m m r ly

s n n e Ph a a th e E t an P er-aa mi pro ou c d r oh , gy p i or

‘ ’ G e at H se Ph eron n e t no t r ou . u d r ook mili ary ex

edi ti on e n n i n nse en e his et p , b i g bli d co qu c of impi y i n n his s ea at to o a N hurli g p r high ile . Afte r te n y ears of bli nd ness an oracl e c am e to him from Buto that h e would b e cured if he would wash hi s ey es i n the uri ne of a wom an who h ad been tru e to her

T a a s a i s an . te t a wa e n va n and hu b d ri l f r ri l m d i , when at l ast the ki ng recovered hi s sight h e coll ected

‘ all the wom en i n whose case he had fail ed i nto a city

’ now a e the Re d n and t e e nt t e c ll d Mou d , h r bur h m ,

t and all H e t en e e te the two e s s ci y . h r c d ob li k which s i n nt o f the te e R a at H e s tood fro mpl of liopoli .

‘ ’ T e e are an R e d n s i n E t and h r m y Mou d gy p , the nam e Kom el-Ahm ar or R ed Mound i s accord i n l e e nt i n a e n ma the nt g y v ry pl iful mod r p of cou ry . Whe rever kiln-bak ed brick s have b een u sed i n the

nst t n a n e e the a o r co ruc io of buildi g, or wh r w ll

se s a t a e e en nt the n r ns hou of ci y h v b bur , mou d of ui

a re s to which they give ri s e i s of ddi h colour. Such a mou nd mu s t h ave e x isted i n the ne ighbourhood of

r o s Th e e i s st H eliopoli s i n the d ay s of H e od ot . r ill

- A a se to T el el-Y eh udi eh e re a Kom cl hm r clo y , wh

‘ e n as was B u t the R ed the J ewi sh te mpl of O i built.

’ Mou nd of the guides was probably o n e th at was

2 52 The Egyp t of the H ebrews and H erodotos

Th e P hoen an A te e e was rea Ash ici phrodi , how v r, lly toreth the Gre e s n n e A sta te th e , which k pro ou c d r ,

s a n n th I t r of the B aby loni ans a d A ssy ri a s. B ut e

‘ ’ r ests at e the es the t a e e e e p i , or r h r guid of r v ll r, w r e a to the as n and o n hi s as n t e c on qu l occ io , ki g h m c erni ng H el en they at once gave him a lo ng story a t her a a and a ent e s i n E t P ote s bou rriv l dv ur gyp . r u was at the ti e the n i n e s and no t th e m ki g M mphi , sea- s s and et ns t as H e h ad god of hip proph ic i igh , om r

a ne and he e o e t H e en a a im gi d , v ry pr p rly ook l w y from P ari s and kept h er safe ly till M en elaos arrived a te the T an w ar to a hi s e A n f r roj cl im wif . ccordi gly

‘ ’ P ote s the P oen an man the s ea h as r u , h ici old of , gone down among the three hundred and forty - one Pharaohs of Egy pt whose nam es we re recou nted

‘ ’ r s T e e not b e to H e ro dotos b y the p i est . h r could a be tte r illu stration of the re al characte r of his

‘ ’ est n ants the o t essn ess the pri ly i form , or of w r hl of

r n e a info m atio which th y g ve him .

en e e H erodoto s es o n to asse t t at Wh , how v r, go r h

‘ ’ they said that Rhamp si nito s succ ee ded P roteu s i n the n he i s ea n w t t e n st The ki gdom , d li g i h h m u ju ly . supposed fact mu st h ave com e from hi s own note

A te r s ti n the T an Ca o n the s t book . f vi i g y ri mp, ou h s e the eat t e e the t a e e was ta en to i ts id of gr mpl , r v ll r k

este n e ntran e e e h e was t t at the r aea w r c , wh r old h p opy l h ad een e re te b Rh am si ni to s as e as two b c d y p , w ll ssa s a es i n nt t e Th e e i n colo l t tu fro of h m . ord r which h e saw the monum e nts d ete rmi ned the ord e r i n which the n am e s of P roteu s and Rha mpsi nito s o c

r e i n hi s n te - an d the r e i n hi s n e cu r d o book, o d r ot

ete r ne the e o f t ei r s ess n book d mi d ord r h ucc io .

Rh am si nito s e e sents a rea E ti an n p r pr l gy p ki g.

H e i s R a ses III. th e t e nti et n ast the ast m of w h dy y , l

the n e n P ha a s and th e i e of co qu ri g r oh , bu ld r of

r M e di net H abu at Th ebes . B ut H e o d oto s was ne ve r at T e es and h ad nse ent ne e ea the h b , co qu ly v r h rd of s e r te e and a a e R a ses h ad t e up b mpl p l c m buil ther . All th at h e k nows of th e archite ctural work s of the Ph araoh are the i nsigniﬁcant additions he m ad e to

e the te mpl e of M mphis . Of the re al P h araoh he i s

n In a e h equ ally ignora t. pl c of t e vanqui sher of the

es the n rth the na ann ate hord of o , mo rch who ihil d th e i nvade rs from the n ean and captured or sunk the ir

Sh s th e n er a e hi s a s nt ip , co qu or who c rri d rm i o

P a est ne and S a we a e th e e a -ta l i yri , h v h ro of folk l e .

Rh amp si nitos and hi s tre asury have b ecom e the

s e t the st the aste - t e a st ubj c of ory of m r hi f, ory which

i n ar s s i s n all e r the r v iou form fou d ov wo ld , and

e rh a s es a to the n an an i n W p p go b ck i f cy of m k d . hy

t s st r sh a e een atta e to R a ses hi o y ould h v b ch d m 111.

it i s ju st as i mposs ibl e for us to know as it i s to

n e stan wh the n a e Ne it the u d r d y m of , goddess of

Sai s and th e t e nt -s x t nast s h w y i h dy y , hould ave be e n 2 54 The Egyp t of the H ebrew s a nd H erodotos combine d with that of th e The ban P h araoh of the

‘ Rham si nito s R amessu -n - N eit R a ses t e nt et . w i h p , or m

’ N ei t n ates the e i n a ne th e n a e of , i dic p riod which lo m

It s e en h could h ave been form ed . mu t hav be t e i n ventio n of the K ari an dragom e n who ca m e i nto ex s en e the a t nast i t ce u nd r S i ic dy y .

s was e e as we e a n he R a se 111. t m , how v r, l r from

eat H a s a s one th e e a th est gr rri p py ru , of w l i of

n n es Th e ts he a e o he Egy pti a pri c . gif m d t t te es th e s e e s e a t o that A n mpl of god , mor p ci lly of mo

re a s a s i H i s T e es a t n a nt . of h b , lmo f bulou mou tradi ng ships brought him the ware s of the south and n rt and the - ne s the easte n ese t as o h ; gold mi of r d r , well as th e coppe r and m al achite mi nes of th e pro

n e M afkat the S n ait P e n n s a vi c of , i ic i ul of our

e n a s e e a t e e i n hi s re n mod r m p , w r c iv ly work d ig . Th e ch ambe rs of o ne of hi s tre asu ri es still ex ist at

e i n et H a and we c an s t see e te o n t e M d bu , ill d pic d h ir w all s the vases of p reciou s m e tal which b e d eposited i n t e h m .

The Rh am si nitos - e was S a r p of folk lor imil rly ich .

H e t a t e as hi s ea t es e hi s a a e buil r ury for w l h b id p l c , which should s ecure i t against all atte mpts at rob

er B ut th e a te t e t i n i t a st n e b y . rchi c l f o which could

e e as e e b an o ne ne i ts s e e t b ily r mov d y y who k w cr , and b efore h e di ed the secret was commu nicated

o sons To the a a e ent the n to his tw . m z m of ki g,

2 56 The Egypt of the H ebr ew s a nd H erodotos o n condition that he told h e r th e cl e ve rest t rick he h a e e e r e The d v r p rfo m d . thi e f provid ed him se lf

t the arm a h h e n ea e wi h of mummy , w ich co c l d

n e hi s a a nd t s e a e e n e h se u d r clo k , hu pr p r d pr se t d im lf to the r n ess and s se to h r ll h ne p i c di clo d e a he ad do .

’ A s sh e t e to se e h e e t the e a an s arm ri d iz him , l f d d m

i n he r an and es a e . The n st t a h d c p d ki g, ruck wi h d mi rati o n ete r ne t at so e x ee n e e a , d mi d h c di gly cl v r

t Sh b e his o wn s on - i n -law and ss e a y ou h ould , i u d procl am atio n not only pardo ni ng him b ut allowing

to ar s a te : h was the w a him m ry hi d ugh r. Suc y i n which E gy pti an hi story was constructed b y the

ne e f rts the a a n at n th e combi d f o of popul r im gi io ,

e n a e n and H ero d o tos ! for ig dr gom ,

A te all we e the aste -t e not f r , ho v r, m r hi f did

“ s e e Rham si nito s on the t n e as n ucc d p hro e. A ft r p s i g the este n e nt an e th e te e P ta H e w r r c of mpl of h , ro

s a e a a n at the n t e n s e r doto rriv d g i or h r id , f om which he h ad sta te an d as he was not a e to e nte r d , , llow d r

h san t a t e e w as n t n t e r to t e c u ry , h r o hi g fur h for him

H i s nex t s t a n was to the a s s . ee vi i , ccordi gly , py r mid o f G eh and the r a a e s—K heo s iz , py mid l build r p ,

K h e hren and e n s the t nast p , M y k ri o of four h dy y

Ra ses III the t ent e t r a e to w . a e m d follo m of w i h ,

r a who lived more than two thou sand y ea s fte r them . It does no t say much for the judgme nt of our cl assi cal schol ars that be fore the d e ciphe rment of the M emphi s a nd the F ayy ttm 2 57 hi erogly phs they should h ave pre ferred the chrono

s at anet logy of H erod oto to th of M ho.

H e rod o tos e a t e s ht- seer n n t n , lik ru ig , fou d o hi g

n s ex t the e e i n M e mphis to i tere t him cep t mpl .

A t the t tse h e h as n t n to sa not e en bou ci y i lf o hi g y , v about th e stuccoed city -wall which gave to i t i ts

‘ ’ n am e of the White W all . P ortions of thi s wall are still standi ng at the n orth ern end of the mou nd s

e the s te e s L e all th e t e which cov r i of M mphi . ik o h r

t - a s an ent E t it i s t sun- e ci y w ll of ci gy p , buil of dri d

s n t et e t th e ste s a -t ees brick , bou d og h r wi h m of p lm r , an n e reat th ness A t the s t e n d was o c of g ick . ou h r e nd of the mound s are the re m ai ns of the kil ns i n which the potters of the Rom an and By z antine a a e t e ases e e a n ge b k d h ir v of blu porc l i . Som e of t e a es st li e o n the s a e th e n h ir f ilur ill urf c of grou d .

H erodotos went to the py ramid s of Giz eh b y

ate a ss th e a e o n the este n s e the t w r, cro l k w r id of ci y ,

h he state s h ad een a e b enes and t en w ich b m d y M , h a n a ana A t G e hi s e the arve s lo g c l . iz h lov of m llou

H ns e e was fully sati sﬁ e d . e i p ct d th e py ramid s and the c au seway alon g which the stones h ad b een brought from th e qu arri es of Tu rah for buildi ng t e and stene e e e nt a to all th s r s h m , li d r v r i lly e to ie which hi s guid es told hi m about the m and thei r

e s Th e eas e ents he e s e i n build r . m ur m giv w re most

ases e b se i n sa n h c probably m ad y him lf. But yi g t at R 2 58 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

‘ ’ there were hi eroglyphic i n sc riptions i n th e pyramid

ns he h as m ad e a mi stake . There were no i nscriptio

e t e i n i t ts e i t n e ss i t e e a few e at i h r or ou id , u l w r hi r ic record s l eft b y vi sitors on the lowe r casi ng - stones of

the sa i s ta n that the monum ent . At m e time i t cer i

H erodotos saw the h e s and t at hi s e re i rogly ph , h guid p

ten e to t ans ate t e s n e t e nta ne a d d r l h m , i c h y co i d , ccord

i n to hi m an a nt the ant t a s es g , ccou of qu i y of r di h ,

n ns and ee s e aten b the e n w e n o io , l k y workm h

n the eat a as e as the a nt buildi g gr py r mid , w ll mou

ne i s B u t the e ta es re re of mo y which t co t. v ge bl p

sente E t an a a te s—the a s nstan e d gyp i ch r c r r di h , for i c ,

’ e n a r ed t s ee and th e en t n b i g prob bly , frui or d , m io of the m i s a proof that i t really was a hi eroglyphic

te x t the a an se to nte et It which dr gom propo d i rpr . i s even possibl e that the guid e k new the hie rogly phic

s s the n e a s so i t ex a n y mbol for um r l ; if , would pl i his ﬁ ndi ng i n the m the number of talents spent b y

Kheo s n his se e and it a s S t at p upo pulchr , would l o how h

‘ ’ the ns i t ns e e e n a e no t i n the a i cr p io w r gr v d , pyr mid ,

i n n n In s s e s he b ut n a a t . a t t e t djoi i g omb f c , hi m s impl e st ex pl anation of what H erod oto s say s abou t

t e e an an t e t a e e he t to h m ; lik m y o h r r v ll r, forgo

te ere e x a t the ns r t ns e e ns r e no wh c ly i c ip io w r i c ib d, and when h e cam e to write hi s book assumed that

e e i n the a tse th ey w r py r mid i lf.

’ o n to the a an s e en K heo s and A cc rdi g dr gom l g d , p

260 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos that the d ecree of h eave n was annou nced to th e unhappy P haraoh through that thoroughly Greek

n an a W e are e a n i n the nst t t e . st i i u io , or cl r di g ory

e t a e at e t an a st E t a Gre k r g dy r h r h hi ory of gy p . It was p art of the pu nishment of My k eri nos that h e s se hi s a te and the a en th s hould lo d ugh r, dr gom u m anaged to connect the py ramid at Giz e h wi th a

e e n a e a i n the a a e at S a s gild d wood im g of cow p l c i ,

s n e th e re n P sa mme tikho s st a e which , i c ig of , mu h v

- een e n n to t e . The was b w ll k ow h m cow , which rea a s N e i t i n the H at th lly y mbol of form of hor, wi what H erod otos supposed to b e the di sk of th e sun

etwe en i ts ns t i t was e a the n b hor , hough r lly moo , was a ne to b e h an d to b e the ‘ c ofﬁn im gi d ollow,

h e a te the P a a h The e n of t d ugh r of h r o . wood ﬁgures which stood besid e it were furthe r im agi ned

r s n h e n T e e to rep e e t t co cubi nes of the ki ng . h r

e e e e t e st ies a t t th e re s w r , how v r, o h r or bou bo h ﬁgu and th e cow e ss e ta e to the a a a te , l r pu bl roy l ch r c r, b ut equ ally showi ng how e n tire ly ignorant H ero

’ d otos s i nform ants were of E gy pti an religion a nd

T t e n e t at at the e st a o f cu stom . hough h y k w h f iv l

s s th e c o w w as a r e out nt the en ai r t e O iri c r i d i o op , h y said thi s was b e c au se the d aughte r of My keri nos wh en dy i ng h ad asked her fathe r th at she might

ea see the sun an the e b e a s t n e onc e a y r . C r ro g r proof of the gulf th at ex i ste d between the native M emphi s a nd the F ayy zi m 2 6 1

‘ ’ an and the re st ran e e en en t e Egy pti impu g r, v wh h l atte r b elonged to th e caste of dragom en ? T o us the repres entation of H athor u nd e r the form of a cow with the lun ar orb between i ts horns s ee ms an el e m e ntary fact of anci ent E gy pti an rel igion ; the modern touri st sees i t d epicted t im e afte r time o n the a s te es and t s and the e n w ll of mpl omb , mod r dragom an h as begu n to l earn s om ething about its

e an n B ut i n the t e nt e e e ra the m i g . ﬁf h c ury b for our

a an and the t st e e a e e ners dr gom ouri w r lik for ig , who

e e not e tte to e net at e t n the te es w r p rmi d p r wi hi mpl , an d th e re we re ne ithe r books nor teachers to i nstruct t i n h s he E an a he m t e doctri ne of t gypti f ith .

H e rod otos must have et ne to e s a te , r ur d M mphi f r hi s s t to the a s e e sett n t o n hi s vi i py r mid , b for i g for h

a e H ad he n e st a t voy g to the south . go r igh from

G e to the a u a n the e e the ese t iz h F yy m lo g dg of d r , he would h ave passed th e step - py ramid and the

a It i s f t to e e e that Se a e at S a a. r p um qq r di ﬁcul b li v , had h e ne so he a e t us n th n a t do , would h v old o i g bou the buri al -pl ac e of the sacred bull s and the huge

n n e sarcophagi of granite i which they we re e tomb d . The s ubterranean galle ry b egun b y P samm etikhos was s t e n an d ea A i s as h e e was i e ill op , ch p di d bur d

h e n he e At i n i t down to t e d of t P tol m aic period . a ate ate en the P ers an e e h ad ee n l r d , wh i mpir b

e rthr n the S e ra eu e a e a a o r a e ov ow , p m b c m f v u ite pl c 26 2 The Egypt 0] the H ebr ews and H er odotos

a e G e e s t s to e is A of pilgrim g for r k vi i or M mph . Greek temple was built over th e sepulchres of the

s G ee e ses t t e a e i n i ts bull , r k r clu ook up h ir bod

a e s and G ee t sts ns r e t e na es ch mb r , r k ouri i c ib d h ir m o n the sphinx es which li ned the approach to the san t a c u ry .

H e rodotos ne all a t the n A s and k w bou livi g pi , the m arks o n the body of the bull which proved hi s

n t as e as a t the t i n th e te e divi i y , w ll bou cour mpl

Pta at e s P sammetikhos had t of h M mphi , which buil

h a n the n a n ate H e for t e accommod tio of i c r god . was well acqu ai nted al s o with the l egend which m ad e K amb y ses sl ay the sacred bull and scourge i ts ests and he te s us h ow the atte e the pri , ll l r buri d

s r B ut body of their l aughtered d e i ty i n sec et . n eithe r b e nor hi s guid es k new where the buri al t a e he e the es the s had ook pl c , or w r mummi of bull

e a H a bee n e ntomb d from time imm emori l . d they

ne so we s a e ea s e t n a i do hould h v h rd om hi g bou t t .

B ut nste a t s we are t t at the ea x e n , i d of hi , old h d d o were burie d i n the subu rb s of th e town where they had e t e ns ei n a e to tr e di d , h ir hor b g llow d pro ud

n i n o a he s t en above the grou d ord er t m rk t po . Wh the ﬂesh was d e c ay e d the bo nes were convey e d i n

s o a t i n the a n ro so iti s a e boat t ci y isl d of P p , c ll d

Atarb ékhi s and t e e e s te i n t e ast esti n , h r d po i d h ir l r g

e pl ac .

2 64 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

h ave be en close to the gre at brick py ramid whose

se et h as e en este it b P ess P et e cr b wr d from y rof or ri ,

and e re too h e a e s een a tt e to the h would h v , li l

s t the t H erakleo oli s the A mas el ou h, ci y of p , h

e i ne to -d a stan n o n the s - n s M d h of y , di g rubbi h mou d

of the ast on th e e aste n an the a Y s p r b k of B hr ﬁ uf.

H e rakleO olis a e H i ni nsu i n E t an and p , c ll d gy p i

the ne r ns t ns was the a ta a n e cu ifo m i crip io , c pi l of om

the e e s es e s a n which Gre k writ r d crib a n i sla d . It

was i n a t en se o n all S es b the ate On , f c , clo d id y w r. the east i s the N e on the est the a Yﬁsuf il ; w B hr , itself probably an old ch annel of the river ; northward

a ana n tes the two eat s t ea s w e s t c l u i gr r m , hil ou h ward anothe r can al (o r p erhaps a branch of the rive r)

h n r uas once did th e sam e i n t e eighbou hood of Ah .

‘ Strabo s till speaks of i t as a gre at i sl and which h e passe d through on hi s way to th e Fayy ﬁ m from the

north . The route followed b y Strabo mu st h ave bee n

r d o os H e too st that alre ady traversed b y H e o t . mu have passed through the i sl and of H i ni nsu o n hi s

wa to the Fa ﬁm and hi s s e e E t an y y y , ch m of gyp i

chronology ought to contai n evide nce of the fact.

A nd t s i s a t a the ase. e r n s h e hi c u lly c My k i o ,

tea es us was s e e e b a n n a e S as khis ch , ucc d d y ki g m d y

A s kb i s t not n the easte n n or y , who buil o ly r propy lo

e te e P ta at e h s b u t a s a of th mpl of h M mp i , l o brick M emphi s a nd the F ayy z2m 265

a i a t i se hi s e s h ad a py r m d , bou wh ch, of cour , guid

h s te That the st was c aracteri tic story to ll him . ory

re e i n i s s n b the ns t n of G k or gi how y i crip io , which they profe ssed h ad been eng raved b y orde r of the

Pha a b ut h n a G ee a e i n r oh, w ich o ly r k could h v

n Th e a st ha e ee n t at ve ted . brick py r mid mu v b h

h h r of Illahﬁn . The two brick py ramid s of Da s ﬁ

a e een n s e the r e and e en would h v b i vi ibl from iv r, v to a visitor on the spot th e state of rui n i n which they are would h ave m ad e the m see m of little

nse e Hi s attent n a e een co qu nce . io would h v b wholly absorbed b y the m ass ive py ramid s of stone at the

t e stan foot of which h y d .

The a H owara a a n ann t b e brick pyr mid of , g i , c o

the o ne eant b H e ro do o It e h m y t s. form d part of t e

n s nne te t th e L a r nt the s e buildi g co c d wi h by i h, iz and s pl e ndour of which oversh adowe d i n hi s ey es

ll he es T e e e a ns t e e e n the a t t. r h r r m i , h r for , o ly brick

a Illahﬁn b the s e as we a e py r mid of , y id of which , h v

seen the a e H ero d otos a e led , voy g of would h v

him .

The ra Illahﬁn en seen nea at han py mid of , wh r d ,

i er st n It i s the n o ne i s nd ee d a v y riki g obj ect. o ly of the brick py ramids which challenges comparison

w t the a s st ne and ma e a e e n i h py r mid of o , y w ll h v giv occasion for the story which was repeate d to the

s h a a i e o Gre ek tou ri st . Its triki ng c r cte r s d u t the 266 The Egypt of the H ebr ews a nd H er odotos fact that th e brick s upe rstructure i s rai sed upon a

ate a h as een c ut nt sh a e to pl u of rock , which b i o p

i The e x a a ss receive t. c v tions of P rofe or P etri e i n

e e a e the n s s s 1 890 r v l d am e of i t build er. Thi wa

U se rtese n II. the t e t nast the n i n of w lf h dy y , ki g

‘ ’ the s i x th y e ar of whose re ign th e A si atics arrived with th eir tribute of antimony as d epicted i n th e t n - hote at e n - H assan H ow the omb of Kh um p B i . guides cam e to c all him Sasykhi s i s difﬁcult to

‘ ex a n P e a s it i s the E t an a- k th e . ov pl i rh p gy p i S S , ’ ‘ ’ — son of Sovk o r Sebe k th e crocodil e god of the

F m w th e ee s te kh s The a ﬁ G e Sﬁ o . yy , hom r k rm d

P a a s the t e t n ast as eat s an d h r oh of w lf h dy y , cr or

ene a t s th e a tlm th e n e the e b f c or of F yy , om of crocodil ,

e e s e a e te to i ts s and i n the w r p ci lly d vo d wor hip, ir i nscriptions they spe ak of the works they had u nd e r

‘ ’ e a e vk take n for th ir f th r So .

‘ A te Sas khi s H ero dotos nt n es t e e f r y , co i u , h r

e ne a n man na e A n si s the t r ig d bli d m d y , from ci y of A ny si s : whil e he was rei gni ng the E thiopi ans and S ab ako n E t a n a e E t t a , ki g of hiopi , i v d d gyp wi h

a e or e so th e i n man ﬂ ed nt the a s es l rg f c , bl d i o m r h and the E thiopi an ruled E gypt for ﬁfty y ears . A fte r hi s d epa rture i n conse que nce of a dream the

n man e t n e the a s es ere h e h ad bli d r ur d from m r h , wh

e i n an a rt a s an a e E o no liv d iﬁci l i l d c ll d lb , which

e s n i a a n one could r di cove r u ntil A my rtae o s fou d t g i .

2 68 The Egyp t qf the H ebrew s a nd H er od otos

i i n s i n h e s se n orkon II. n an . t O origi Zo W l co d ki g , , was ei n n at T an i s land B ub asti s the st S i n r g i g , ﬁr g of E t th e comi ng E thi op i an i nva si on fe ll upon gyp .

P i ankhi - A n the ' ki n N a ata es en e Mi mo , g of p , d c d d th e N e and a e n the a n es E t il , c ll d upo riv l pri c of gyp

hi s e a rk o n to a n e e m a t e . so ck owl dg h ir h d O , who alone posse ssed a l egitim ate titl e to the supreme s e e nt se e s to a e e e the s ns b ut ov r ig y , m h v ob y d ummo , it was resi sted b y tw o of the p etty ki ngs of Upp er

E t t se A shmu nén and Ahnas as we as b gyp , ho of , ll y

T f-nekh Tn é h a s e t akhto s the r n e S . or p , p i c of i

A shmunén and A hnas we e a n es e e r ccordi gly b i g d ,

’ an shmunén n n a d A soo fell i to th e i nvade r s h nd s.

Ahnas and th e rest the s t t e e n s tte of ou h h r upo ubmi d ,

and Pi ankhi ar e a a ns e h s In s te m ch d g i t M mp i . pi of

the t 00 s and s ns t n nt i t b T ef r p provi io hrow i o , y

nekht the a ta the nt was ta en b , old c pi l of cou ry k y

st and all s es s an he n e orm , how of r i t ce to t co qu ror

s an n wa at e d . From o ne e x tre mity of the cou ntry to the other the native rul e rs h aste ne d to pay hom age

h a n to t e E thiopi an and to accept hi s suz er i ty . Pi ankhi c au sed the accou nt of hi s conqu est to b e e ng rave d on a great stele of gran ite which he s et up

o n nt ar a the nta n N a ata Mou B k l , holy mou i of p . H ere h e gives a list of the s eve nteen pri nces among

w the t es E t h ad een a e e o ut hom ci i of gyp b p rc ll d , and e ach of whom cl aim ed i nd epe nd ent or semi M emphis a nd the F ayy d 269

ut the se enteen r i nd epend ent authority . O of v fou

ea n t e e e a s th e a ae s e e e b r upo h ir for h d roy l ur u , r c iv the t t e n s and a e the r n a es e n se i n i l of ki g , h v i m clo d

Two t e are n es th n a a t e . e t c r ouch of h m pri c of or h,

so rkon B ub asti s a nd T an s and A u et O of i , p of

Th e t e two e e s n s a ne a S e . e t e Kly m , r u z o h r r pr Upp r

E t One i s the n S e se nnu A shmu nén gy p . ki g of or , th e th e i s P ef- - ast H i ni nsu o r Ahnas o r dod B of .

e es i s h n e Th b w olly ig or d .

Th e conqu est of P i ankhi proved to b e b ut momen

The E t ans e nd E ta . t e a t re t n ry hiopi r ir d , gy p ur ed to he n it n i n h t e n i t I t co d io w ich h y fou d . t was a nat n e a a nst tse e nt t nte na io divid d g i i lf, r wi h i r l wars and ate e s and e a to a i nt the an priv f ud , r dy f ll o h d s of the ﬁrst invad er with military ability and sufﬁcient

T wo states t e e i n i t a h troop s. ow r d bove t e rest ;

T an s i n the n t and A mas i n the s i or h h outh . T anis had succe ed ed t o the patrimo ny of B ub asti s and

e s Ahnas to t at T e es M mphi ; h of h b .

‘ Sab ako t e e e x e hi s c o urt a , h r for , ﬁ d t Zoan a nd

H an es s e au se t e h ad a re a e , imply b c h y l dy b com e the

' e a n t e s no t the c a it als o f the n r l di g ci i , if p , o th an d the

n s th. A d to an a nd H a ne s a r n th e ou Zo , cco di gly ,

e w s e n s h ad to a e the i r wa h J i h voy m k y . T e p ri nces

of Jud ah asse mbl ed at Zoan the a mbassadors we nt

a t e e e n to H anes It i s . n te f r h r, v o worthy that a c entury l ater the A ssy ri an ki ng A ssur-b an i -pal still 2 70 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

coupl es together the pri nces of A hnas and Zoan i n

hi s st the sat a s E li of r p of gypt. A ny si s or H an es was the ex tre m e limit of

’ H ero d oto s s a e A s a voy g . fterward s i n the d ay s of

St a it was the ent an e to the Fa fim and the r bo, r c yy , travell e r who wi sh ed to visit the Fayy fim h ad first to pass through the city which the Gree k s c all ed

rakl o oli s The at n - the t as H er H e e p . p ro god of ci y w

s e se na e was the s e t ar s u nsuc h f, who m ubj c of v iou ce ssfu l atte mpts at an e ty mology o n the part of the

n s B t like the na es s e a t e e s E t a . u e t e gyp i , m of v r l o h r d i i ,

i ts t e ri in w as st i n the n i t ant t In ru o g lo gh of iqui y .

i a ea s i n a e e ess as A r a h es Plutarch t pp r Gr k dr s p .

The was n este t a e att tes and god i v d wi h w rlik ribu , h ence i t w as th at h e w as id entiﬁ ed b y the Gree ks

a s i te s i n th with th e ir o wn Her kle . H s mpl e tood e

th e n s th e t h the middl e of mou d of old ci y , w ich

‘ ’ - ellahi n a l el an the t e of n s . f c l Umm Kim , mo h r mou d

he e e a t a ex a ate b N a ille In 1 89 1 t y w r p r i lly c v d y Dr. v

f r h E t E x at n n b ut tt e was n o t e gy p plor io Fu d , li l fou d

h x e nse a nd a the The to re pay t e e p l bour of work . S ite of the te mpl e was di scove re d somewh at to the

north - east of th e four colum ns which are alone l e ft

B u r of an e a rly Coptic chu rch . t h a dly mo re than

sa st o e x s A fe the s ite c an b e id ill t i t. w blocks of

e ns r e w t the na e s R a ses II and ston i c ib d i h m of m .

ene tah and a a ent a te e t b M p , fr gm of mpl buil y

2 7 2 The Egyp t of the H ebrews and H erodotos

Thebans of the e leventh dy nasty succee d ed to the

e ita e the H erakleo oli tes the tent h r g of p of h .

‘ ’ Who the bli nd king of A ny sis may have b een

B u he as e a n n t the we do not k now . t w c rt i ly o

e t ate P a a a t H erakleo olite an t l gi im h r oh, l hough p v i y

i s A n may have wi shed h m to b e thought o . ccordi g to anet the Tan te s the t ent - t nast M ho, i of w y hird dy y

e e e b th e t en t - t nast ns st w r follow d y w y four h dy y , co i i n a s n e Sa te B okkho ri s w the nu g of i gl i , , hom mo

- - n - o kk m ents call B ak n ra f. B hori s i s said to have

n n t a e b hi s n e ab ako In mak bee bur liv y co qu ror S . i n the atte r e n t ea s H erod oto s has g l r ig for ﬁf y y r , confu sed the fou nd er of th e dy nasty with the dy nasty

Th e e n t his e n i s a s en b i tself. l g h of r ig v riou ly giv y the two sts ane —A an s and E use copy i of M tho , fric u — b iuS as e ight and twelve y e ars the l ast cyphe r c an a ne b e the t o ne as an ns t n at the lo righ , i crip io gold

nes H a a a en n hi ea mi of mm m t m tio s s twelfth y r.

H e was e b two t e E t an n s the follow d y o h r hiopi ki g , se n was T ha a and the e en t co d of whom ir k h , whol l g h

the n ast e s a e een ﬁft - o e a s of dy y se m to h v b y tw y r .

Th e C r st an sts n ee t t e st a h i i copy i , i d d , wi h h ir cu om ry ende avour to reduce the chronology of the Egy ptian

st r an a e i t n t and t - ea s hi o i , m k o ly for y for y four y r ; b ut the n ents s t at H ero d otos t hi s mo um how h , wi h

n a ent i s nea e h rou d h lf c ury , r r t e truth . From a topographical poi nt of view the M emphi s and the F ayy zi m 2 7 3 i n troduction of Sab ako and the Ethiopi an between

B ut the st r Ah nas and the Fayyﬁm i s out of pl ace . o y told to H e ro doto s preve nted him from doi ng oth er

se The n n i s sa to a e ﬂ ed to th e wi . bli d ki g id h v

a s es the e ta and the e to a e e a ne i n m r h of D l , r h v r m i d

n ea en t nt the e nd th e E t an e co c lm u il of hiopi rul ,

n e e as Ph a a whe n he was o nce more ack owl dg d r oh . The l ege nd of Sab ako i s thu s only an e pi sod e i n the t h rakle O olite n e hi s ory of t e H e p pri c . From the bli nd A ny sis we ought to pass to the ki ngs of the twelfth dy nasty who created the Fayy ﬁm and ere cted the monume nts which th e Gree k travelle r saw e e W e no t so two eas ns th r . do do for r o . H erodotos had alre ady m entione d king Moeri s and the l ake and py ramid s he m ade when d escribi ng the list of ki ngs which the sacred scribe had read to him i n e s H e not nt he E M mphi . could cou t gy ptian

na t e at the e nn n as e as the end mo rch wic , b gi i g w ll of hi s e e en t a a P a a h s T en a . a n th l v opogr phic l h r o h , g i , e story told him abou t the L aby ri nth connected i ts

n t P sammetikhos t th e origi wi h , wi h whom Gree k

st E t e an t s nt hi ory of gyp b g . From hi poi forward H e rod otos n o longe r d erived hi s i nform ation from

‘ ’ the E t ans th e se es t at i s to sa hi gy p i m lv , h y , from s

‘ e s and a en b ut the est guid dr gom , from r of the

’ ‘ ’ B the est the he e ans world . y r of world m the

s T he s the L a r nt i s r Gre ek . tory of by i h acco d i ngly 8 2 74 The Egyp t of the H ebr ews and H erodotos

rel egated to what may b e te rm ed the second CllVlSlOI'l

hi s E t an st and s a t hi s of gy p i hi ory , form p r of accou nt

the se the t e nt - s xt nas of ri of w y i h dy ty .

et een the n n A hnas t e e e and B w bli d ki g of , h r for , the s se e the L a nth a -ta e i s uppo d build r of by ri , folk l i nterposed which once more takes us b ack to the te e P ta at e s It i s atta e o an mpl of h M mphi . ch d t

a e i n the te e e esents a man t a im g mpl , which r pr wi h

se i n his an and i t i s e ent t at H erodotos mou h d , vid h hea it a te hi s et n the a ﬁm H ad he rd f r r ur from F yy .

ea i t e n h e was e s i n e s it h rd of wh pr viou ly M mphi , would have b een record ed i n an earli er part of hi s

e e th e s tat e st th n the te e book . Mor ov r, u ood wi i mpl ,

the t st was n ot a e to e nte so that he which ouri llow d r, would not have seen i t at the tim e of hi s vi sit to th e

eat E t an san t a eth e he e e saw i t at gr gyp i c u ry . Wh r v r all i s doubtful perhaps h e may h ave c aught a glimpse of i t through the open gate of the t empl e like the glimpses of sculptured columns i n Moh amm ed an mosqu es which the olde r travell ers i n the E ast have

n B ut e a he hea boasted of securi g. mor prob bly rd

it t e s o e es e a the about from o h r , m r p ci lly from

n h e dragoma e e mploy d . The story i s a curiou s mi x ture of Egyptian and

t e e ents e the i ns t n th e S e mi ic l m , whil crip io which dragom en pretend ed to read upon the statue i s a

A s ee n e nt n. e t P tah so i t ran se Gr k i v io pri of , , who

2 76 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

a e i t s ere a t The es and now i n the im g of di cov d b ,

t s se i s e ate to H s the Bri i h Mu um , d dic d oru , lord of

’ ’

Sekhe m E sne . A t t e e th e two e t e s , or h Bu o, wh r d i i

e e s e t e t e we ma e x to ﬁnd a w r wor hipp d og h r, y pect ce m e te ry of ﬁe ld - mice like that of the c ats at

B ub asti s and the L e o se s wo , iv rp ol Mu um possesse t

n e e t on the sa e stan e e bro z mic , bo h m d , which w r discove red i n the mound s of A thribis near B enha.

H s was the Athr s e e he was a e oru god of ibi , wh r dor d

n e th na e et - i u d r e m of Kh i t . The priest- king of the folk-tal e has taken the

e the s a T a a The na e hi s pl ac of hi toric l irh k h . m of e ne Senna e e e has een e e e e my , ch rib, how v r, b r m mb r d ,

‘ ’ though he i s calle d king of the A rabi ans as we ll

h A ss ans B ut the t t e st b e as of t e y ri . i l mu of

‘ ’ n n The n he G ee E gyptia origi . A rabi a s of t r k

‘ ’ te are the Shas the e n un e e s wri r u , B doui pl d r r of the E t an n ents and n ne b ut an E t an gyp i mo um , o gyp i would have d escribed an A si atic i nvad er b y such

e a nam .

s i n n his a a n a a nst I wa B . C. 0 1 t 7 , duri g c mp ig g i

e e a a t at th e A ss an na met H z ki h of Jud h , h y ri mo rch

he es T a a The E th an E t t forc of irh k h . iopi lord of gyp had a e to the e hi s e s a and at m rch d h lp of J wi h lly , the littl e vill age of E ltekeh the battl e took pl ace .

T a a was e ea an en a i nt E t irh k h d f ted d driv b ck o gy p , while S ennache rib was l e ft to continu e hi s camp a ign M emphi s and the F ayy ztm 2 77

n e In and red uce his rebellious vassal to obedie c . the i nsol ence of victory he s ent H ez eki ah a l etter

e a n t at i n s te the o ses hi s God d cl ri g h , pi of pr mi of ,

J e ru sal e m should b e d elivered i nto the hand s of its

es Then it was t at H e e a ente e th e fo . h z ki h r d san t a the te e and s ea n out the ette c u ry of mpl , , pr di g l r

e e the L ord es t H im to sa e h se and b for , b ough v im lf

he he A ss an n a The a e was t city from t y ri i v d er. pr y r heard : I sai ah was commi ssioned to d e cl are that the A ssy ri an king Should never come into J e ru sal e m ; and the A ssy ri an host peri shed my steriou sly i n a s n e n t i gl igh .

H alf-a- century l ater a simil ar event h app ened i n

A ss I n A ss - an - al s n e a tse . ts y ri i lf ki g , ur b i p , urrou d d b ns ent ene es was s en atta e b y i urg mi , udd ly ck d y

Te - n E a e he was ee n the umm a of l m . Whil k pi g

est a the ess sta at A e a a essa e f iv l of godd I r rb l , m g was brought to hi m from the E l amite monarch that he was o n hi s a to e st ss a an d i ts s m rch d roy A y ri god . Thereupon A ssu r- b ani -pal we nt i nto the te mple of the ess and n to the n e e her godd , , bowi g grou d b for ,

a s e h er e s a s n with te r implor d h lp . I t r li te ed to the

a e r and t at n ht a see ea e a ea pr y , h ig r dr m d dr m wherei n she appe are d and bade him ann ounce to the

n that sta A e a t e s e n her ki g I r of rb l , wi h quiv r b hi d s e s and the b ow and a e i n her an hould r m c h d , would

t i n nt and e rt hi s s The ﬁgh fro of him ov hrow foe . 2 78 The Egypt of the H ebr ews and H er odotos

h e was e and e re n the E prop cy fulﬁll d , b fo lo g l amite a was s e and the ea Te - an s n rmy cru h d , h d of umm e t i n N ne e triumph to i v h . In Jud ah and A ssy ri a we are d eali ng with

st in th e st Sethos t a - ta e and i t hi ory , ory of wi h folk l , i s impossibl e th ere fore not to b eli eve th at the conduct of the pri est of P tah has be en mod elle d upon that of

H a n ss - an - al Th e i i ezeki h a d A ur b i p . b asis of t s Semitic rath e r than E gy pti an ; i t would h ave b ee n told more appropri ately of S en nache rib th an of the

E t an a a P er a s i t h ad its s e gy p i Ph r oh . h p ourc a mo ng the P hoenici an s of the Ty ri an c amp at

e s e en a n the E t an se e s M mphi , or v mo g gyp i i d J w

ate e ma who carried J ere mi ah i nto E gy pt. Wh v r y h a e e en its n i t es n ot e n to the ea v b origi , do b lo g r lm

s of hi tory . E ve n wi th the appearance of P sa mmetikhos upon the sta e the E t an st H e ro dotos es g , gy p i hi ory of do

i t can so he h as to not et e n e . e e y comm c B for do ,

n s hi s an e n s and hi s s t-s ee n to b e t ﬁ i h w d ri g igh i g, qui of hi s dragom e n and of the topographic al chron o

n s r es Th h logy that he built upo the ir to i . roug

H erakle O olis la the ent an e to the Fa ﬁm p y r c yy , and the Fayy um u nited the folk - lore of th e guid es

t the s e s the ee e i n E t wi h ob r hi tory of Gr k poch gy p . H erod oto s k nows th at P sammetikho s was ki ng of

’ a s an at his at er s n a e h ad ee n N e S i d th f h m b cho .

2 80 The Egyp t of the H ebrews and H erodotos

. u ntoward accident eventually occurred P sammeti khos o n o ne occasion accide ntally u sed hi s helm et i n

a e the e at n- and h e was t e e pl c of prop r lib io bowl , h r

n as e a a b hi s ea es st nt the upo ch d w y y coll gu , ﬁr i o

a s es and t e n nt S a. A n a e e e m r h h . i o yri or cl , how v r,

s e It e a e t at he agai n came to hi h lp . d cl r d h would b e a e n e en men n e a e the s ea v g d wh of bro z c m from , and ta n the nt he e s e n an and , ki g hi , hir d om Io i

an ates a e w t n e had an e K ari pir , rm d i h bro z , who l d d

he sa e n e and w t t e ass stan e for t k of plu d r, i h h ir i c

s te aste E t t s s became undi pu d m r of gypt . Wi h hi tory

th e n at n the t e nt -s x t nast th of fou d io of w y i h dy y , e

E t an - e H erodotos a e ﬁtl o n n gy p i folk lor of c m y t a e d . The twelve ki ngs owe their origin to the t welve

ts th e L a nt T e are a n cour of by ri h. h y re mi i scence of th e twenty vassal - ki ngs or satraps whom th e

Ass ans a nte to e n the nt and y ri ppoi d gov r cou ry , a mong whom P sammetikhos and hi s fathe r h ad

B en he e s bee n i nclud ed . ut ev t tw lve court are not a t e t e e t W e e a n St a t at l og h r corr c . l r from r bo h th ere

e e an e t an t e e—as an i n a t as w r m y mor h w lv m y , f c , we re th e n omes of Egypt . Thi s m ake s u s di s tru stful of the furthe r state m e nt of H e rodotos that the hall s contai n ed one thou sand ﬁve hu ndred

a e s a e the n a nd o ne t san ﬁve ch mb r bov grou d , hou d

n e e w Th e n at n st h a e o e hu dr d b lo . i form io mu v c m

the es and i t i s not e t at h e e ri e from guid , lik ly h v ﬁ d M emphi s and the F ayy hm it T o n ee t san a e s a e . cou t thr hou d ch mb r would h v

e at east a d a occupi d l y . In the tim e of Strabo it was kn own that the real

e th e L a nt was M ai ndés t at i s to sa build r of byri h , h y ,

- - - - M a t n R a A n e m hat 111. the t e th ( ) , or mo of w lf

nast Th e ex a at ns P e ss P e tr e at dy y . c v io of rof or i

H o war e th e a H e s ee e a i n 1 888 h ave prov d f ct . ucc d d i n penetrating i nto the central chambe r of the brick

a e a t the n and py r mid which form d p r of buildi g, t e e ee i n ate h e n th e sa a s and h r , d p w r, fou d rcoph gu the shattered fragm en ts of som e of the fu nerary

ases e P ara T e e e all t at h ad v of the d ad h oh . h y w r h

een e t b the s e s a n - ast a e b ut t e b l f y poil r of lo g p g , h y

e e s f ent to S the Ph a a was H e w r u ﬁci how who r oh . ha n ee n a ne In an t e a e d ot b buri ed lo . o h r ch mb r of the py ramid was th e sarcoph agu s of hi s d aughter

N e fe ru -P ta st h a e e e e the a h, who mu v di d b for py r mid was na se The a nth tse has een ﬁ lly clo d . l by ri i lf b

s n u ed as a qu arry or burnt i nto lim e long ago . O i ts ﬂoor of hard pl aster li e the chippi ngs of the st nes se i t s i x e et i n t ness and o which compo d , f hick , covering a far l arge r a rea than th at of any other

n e e e n T e re was Egypti a t mpl of which w k ow . h n one other which could vi e with i t i n s ize .

A n-e m-hat III see s to a e e t an t e mo . m h v l f o h r me a se rt e n t —at east s mori l of him lf fu h r or h l , uch

’ i s h r s t e natural i nte rpretation of Mr. d e Mo gan 2 82 The Egypt of the H ebrews and H erodotos

e n s e es at a s u T the a r ce t di cov ri D h h r. hough pyr mid did not repay hi s e ngi nee ri ng skill with even a scrap

i ns i t n he n t s on i ts n t e n S e of cr p io , fou d omb or h r id which prove th at here al so was a burial - pl ace of the t n st Two n s h ad een c ut welfth dy a y . lo g corridor b o ut th e o ne a e the t e and at n te a s of rock, bov o h r, i rv l along the ir northern wall s square chambers had been ex a ate i n e e a e the sa a of c v d , which w r pl c d rcoph gi

ns ns S e the dead . I criptio how for whom th y were

N er- n n - Seneb t Sit- H at and nten e . t S t i d d of ho , o , hor

en t e e the a n esses had een M i , w r roy l pri c who b

‘ entomb ed withi n the m i n th e time of Amo n-e m-hat

II T e e e s h ad een en i n two nat a I. h ir j w l b hidd ur l

s i n the st ne the s and had hollow o ﬂoor of corridor ,

s the e e he an ent t eas e- nte thu s e cape d y of t ci r ur hu r.

e can s ee t e now i n the G e se and W h m iz h Mu um , thu s l earn to what an ex qui site state of perfe ction

h s h a een t e art of the gold mith ad alre dy b brought.

A mong th e m we may notice l arge sea-shell s of s en a e e t s-ﬂ owe rs and ne a es of olid gold , m ll d lo u ckl c

a et st a ne an an d a ate ea s . ea t m hy , c r li g b d Of b u ifully worked gold o rn am ents the re i s a m arvellou s pro

s n B ut n t n s asses the en e t a s fu io . o hi g urp gold p c or l

re s s t nes The r i s so e e i nl aid with p ciou o . wo k p rf ct as to m ake i t difﬁcult to beli eve that we h ave before us a sa and not ena e On one the mo ic m l . of

e t a s he art he se r e se n III i s s te p c or l t c ouc of U t . uppor d

2 84 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

n the a t a a e b ut a s the n n at n o ly c u l l k , l o i u d io , which covered at the tim e the cultivated l and of the

a u N o r was it as he s se an a t a F yy m . , uppo d , r iﬁci l piece of water ex cavated i n a district which was

‘ ’ te i ate ess th e ex a at s w e e rr bly w rl , c v or of hich w r wasteful e nough to ﬂi ng all the e arth they had

n h N e ent es a a It was e xt a te t t e t . r c d i o il w y mil w y , on the nt a an as s e a e a s and co r ry , o i r cl im d from m r h wate r b y the wise engi nee ri ng l abours of the kings of the twelfth dy nasty and the e mbankm ents which

b e o far n they caused to e rected . S from d estroy i g the preciou s cultivabl e grou nd b y turning it i nto a

a e t e a ne the a e so far as was ss e l k , h y dr i d l k po ibl , and thereby cre ated a new Egypt for the cultivators

he s of t oil . From the wall s of the ci ty of the Crocodiles

H erod oto s e out e a ast e x anse ate look d ov r v p of w r,

h e t t was the eat n the P a a s which hough cr io of h r oh ,

’ s h s b ut which wa really t e re ul t of m an s negl e ct. The dy kes we re brok en which should have kept back th e ﬂood a nd preve nt ed i t from swampi ng the

s It was s V a st summe r crop . with thi i ew of lmo boundl ess wate rs that the journey of H e rod otos up

h N e a e n e nd H ne o s t e to a . e et t e il c m r ur d M mphi , and from thence pursu ed the way along which we

w to P l s n he s ea H i s have follo ed him e u i um a d t . note -book was ﬁll ed wi th m e morand a of all the M emphi s a nd the F ayy dm 2 85 wond e rs he h ad seen of the strange cu stom s he had

se e a n th e E t an e e a e all t ob rv d mo g gy p i p opl bov , wi h the folk - tal e s which his guid e s had poured i nto his e ar At a ate d a e n hi s easte n t a e s e e . l r y , wh r r v l w r o e and h e h ad e s e the h e ne v r, l i ur for work , combi d all t s t the a nts tten b hi s e e ess rs hi wi h ccou wri y pr d c o , and add e d a new book to the libra ri es of ancie nt

G ee e the tset i t was a s ess and r c . From ou ucc , though m aliciou s critics e nd eavoure d to cond e mn and s e se e it t T es nt a te up r d , hough huky did co r dic d i ts s tate ents i n e a to A t ens t K tési as m r g rd h , hough d e cl are d that its o rie ntal h i story was a rom ance and

’ P ta s se o n the a n t i ts a t lu rch di cour d m lig i y of u hor,

h s e all atta s W e a e st the t e book urviv d ck . h v lo

H ek ata os M ile tos we a e st a s work of of , h v lo l o — wh at i s a more seriou s misfortu ne that of the

a e and e - n e H ekataeos A e a b u t c r ful w ll i form d of bd r ,

r o s A nd i n s e we still h ave H e o d ot s with u . pit of

own n e e an d hi s n an e i n s te e en our k owl dg ig or c , pi v of hi s i n nocent vanity and approp ri ation of the

s t e rs i t i s a e as e to t a e t word of o h , pl ur r v l wi h him i n an and s t t the s enes he saw our h d vi i wi h him c . Nowhere el se c an we ﬁnd the folk-lore which grew and ﬂouri she d i n the m e e ti ng- pl ace -o f E ast and

e st e t an two t san e a s a o and i n W mor h hou d y r g , which lay the germs of much of the folk- lore of o ur

i I ma en b e th own ch ldhood . t y ev at som e of th e 2 86 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos sto ries which the mod ern dragom an rel ates to the modern travell e r o n the Nile have no better pare n ta e n he es e r a i s the g tha t guid of H o d otos. C iro

‘ ’ s ess e s an d the aste the ucc or of M mphi , c of

a e n i s not e e xt n t dr gom y t i c .

2 88 The Egyp t of the H ebrew s a nd H er odotos

N I —T ini ki n ST I . h tes DY A Y : 9 gs.

B o thos B k us é o hos E . ( , ) K ai ekhos Kh oos or K e kh ou s E it s ( , . ) Bi nothri Bi o hi n s s E s . ( p , ) T as nnam E n l (u ed b y s. ) Sethenés nnam us (u ed b y E . ) K h aires (unnamed b y E us . ) N epherkh eres SesOkh ris

Kh n e eres (unnamed b y E ns. )

— hi kin T 111 em tes : s. DYNAS Y . M p 9 g

kh k r khi E us N e ero hes N e he O s . p ( , )

To sorthros Sesorthos E ns. ( , ) T r u y ei s (unnamed b y E s. )

M esOkhri s (unnamed b y E us . )

Sp hi s (unnamed b y E ns . ) u Tosertasis (unnamed b y E s. )

Akh es (unnamed b y E ns . )

Séph ouri s (unnamed b y E us. ) E ns K erpheres (unnamed b y . )

— i u in B s . m h tes : 8 s. DYNASTY 1v . Me p k g (

I Ori s nnamed b E us. . S (u y )

hi 1 rd kin of the d nast E us. 2 Sou s . . p (3 g y y, )

m b E us. ou hi 11. nna e 3 . S p s (u d y ) endix I The E ti a n D nasti es 2 8 l App . gyp y 9 ?

h r nnam ns M enk e es (u ed b y E . ) n m R atOISes (un a ed b y E ns. ) i nn b E ns B ikher s (u amed y . ) ’ m i ts Seb erkheres (unna ed b y E . )

Thamphthi s (unnamed b y E us. )

A — l h nti n in s ST v E e a es k . DYN Y . p 9 g

ns i n din th r hi h i r E . 1 ki n s O oés o Ot us t e st ( 3 g , clu g F n th h r ar nnam a d PhiOps e ot e s e u ed . )

Ouserkheres Sephres N epherkh eres Si sires or Si sikhi s

Kh eres or Ekheres

R ath oures

M enkh eres

Tankh eres

Ounos or Ob nos

— m hit s 6 kin N T v1 e e : s. DY AS Y . M p g

n m r E u (No u b e in s. ) h I . Ot oés

P hi o 2 . s

M enthu- ou his 3 . S p PhiO s liv 1 00 ears 4 . p ( ed y ) t 290 The Egyp t q/ H eb rews H erodotas R eigne d Years nth e-Sou hi s I 5. Me p 6 itOkri s a ee n 1 2 . N , qu

1 60 2 4 5)

1 — m hites for 0 d a N ST v1 . 0 e s DY A Y 7 M p 7 y .

B us. kin s for a s or ears a rdin t ( 5 g 75 d y , 75 y cco g o r i th e Armeni an Ve s on . )

— m i T VIII. 2 e h tes for 1 6 ar DYNAS Y 7 M p 4 ye s.

kin s for 1 00 ears or kin s r in E us. a ( 5 g y , 9 g cco d g to r i r th e A men an Ve sion . )

— H rakl oli f N ST Ix . 1 e eo tes or 0 ears DY A Y 9 p 4 9 y .

ki n f r 1 0 E us. s o 0 ar ( 4 g ye s. )

I . Akhthoes

— H rakl lit N ST x. 1 e eo o es for 1 8 rs DY A Y 9 p 5 yea .

x1 — 6 Th b ans for ar aft r wh m N ST . 1 e e s e o DY A Y 4 3 y ,

Ammenem s r i n 1 6 ar e e g ed ye s.

’ E n of an eth o 5 rst ook the kin s of th rst e ven d M ﬁ b , g e ﬁ le s nasties reil li n alto ether 2 00 ears E ns 2 2 00 and dy g g 3 y ( . ) 0 r alI 2 2 8 ears an 0 da s 7 days ( e , 7 y d 7 y ) .

T x —Th n in N 11 e a k s. DY AS Y . b s : 7 g

r si son of Amm n m - SesonkhO s, e e es

u Ammanemes s ain b his e n hs . , l y u uc

ri m. Sesost s Lamari s or Lmb ar s th b uilder . L akhares a e e A ( , of the L abyri nth

2 9 2 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H er od otos

N ST xv111 -Th an 1 kin . e s : 6 s DY A Y b g .

E n 1 ki n . ( s. 4 gs )

Amos i s [ ] . Kheb ros Kh eb rOn E ns ( , . ) Ameno hthi s AmenO hi f r 2 1 e r s o a s E ns . p ( p y , ) Amensis or Amersi s mitte b E ns (o d y . ) M i a hri M i h ri f E s s s or 1 2 ears ns. p ( p y , ) M i sphragmouthOsi s T outhmOsis AmenOphi s M emnOn

H r s Or s E us. o o ( o , ) Akh erres (Akh enkheres or Akhenkherses for 1 6 or 1 2 ar E n e s s . y , ) ' R athos mitted b E ns (o y . ) Ak K heb rés h erres for 8 ears E us . ( y , ) Kh rr f r 1 r E Akh erres e es o ea s ns. ( 5 y , )

Armeses Armai s ana s E ns. ( D o , ) m f r 68 r E n R amesses Ra esses [E tos o ea s s. ( gyp y , )

Am n hath Ameno hi s for 0 ears E ns. e Op ( p 4 y , )

Sum

E us ( . R eally — ki n . T x1x Th eb ans : kin s. E ns. s DYNAS Y . 7 g ( 5 g )

ethOs for ears E ns. 1 S ( 55 y , ) 5 6 ns 6 1 ak es R am ses for 6 ears E . R aps ( p y , )

mm ne hth es for 8 ears E us . 2 0 A e p ( y , ) 60 R amesses (omitted b y E ns . )

m n mm for 2 6 ars E ns. A me e es ( ye , ) 5 ThOUOris or P olyb os 7

Sum 2 0 9 n 1 (E s. 9 4 R eally 2 04) nd The E ti a n D nasti es Appe ix I. gyp y — The 1 2 ki n s for 1 ears . DYNASTY xx . bans : g 3 5 y

us 1 2 r 1 8 ears. (B . 7 o 7 y ) Among the 1 2 ki ngs were N ekh epsOs P sammouthi s

K értos R ampsis Amenses or Ammenemes Okhyras

XX —T ki n s DYNASTY L anites : 7 g .

Smendes

f r r n P sousennes o 1 ea s E s. ( 4 y , ) lkh r h k ns N e he e es Ne er heres E . p ( p , ) AmenOphthis OsokhOr

P sinakh es f P sousennes or ears E ar. ( 3 5 y , )

N ST xx11 —B i E as kin . ast t i n s . s. DY A Y ub es : 9 k g . ( 3 g )

nkhi n 2 1 1 . Seso s Seso khOsi s E ns. ( , ) 2 orth n . Os o 1 5

nn m mi B us 2 . a ed O tted b . 3 , 4 , 5 U ( y ) 5 Tak lothi s 6 . e 1 3 8 nn i . amed m tted b E ns. 2 7 , , 9 U (o y ) 4

Su m 1 2 0

u (B s. 4 4 R eally I 1 6) 29 4 The Egyp t of the H ebrew s a nd H erodotos

N ST xx111 —Tan ite kin DY A Y . s 4 gs. E ns n 11 : ki . ( . 3 gs ) 3e

1 . P toub at P tou a t f r 2 0 e es e b s es o ears E ns. ( 5 y , ) 4 8 2 . kh H r E u Osor O e ak es OsorthOn for ears s . l ( 9 y , ) P 3 . sammous I O

. Z 1 4 ét (omitted b y E ns. ) 3

Sum 8 9 (E m 44) — T xx v ne ait . DYNAS Y 1 . O S e

1 . B OkkhOris the e i s at for ears E ns . l g l or ( 44 y , ) — N ST xxv Ethio i ans : kin s. DY A Y . p 3 g

hak n f r 2 r u Sa O o 1 ea s E s. ( y , )

“ Seb ikh6s hi s son for 1 2 ears E us. ( y , ) Teark T r k s f r 2 0 rs E ns os a a o o ea . ( y , )

— N T xxv1 Saites : ki n s. DY AS Y . 9 g

B us. 1 Ammeris the Ethi o ian for 1 8 or 1 2 ears. , p y )

Ste hi nates Ste hi nathi s the 2 nd ki n E ns. p ( p , g, ) 7 N kh 6 e e sOs the rd kin E ns. p ( 3 g, ) N kh ‘ 8 ‘ e aO for 6 ear s E ns. ( y , )

P sammetikhos for or ears E us. ( 44 4 5 y , ) 54 kh 1 6 N e aO 1.

P samm P mmi ikh s for 1 ears E ns. 6 outhi s 11. or sa t o ( , 7 y , )

Oua h ri s for 2 ears E ns. 1 p , ( 5 y , ) 9

AmOSi s for 2 ears E ns. ( 4 y , ) 44

P sammekh erites (omitted b y B us. ) 5

Sum 1 50 5

29 6 The Egypt of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

—P r i N ST xxx1. e s ans : kin s DY A Y 3 g .

1 . Okh os i n hi 2 0th ar for 6 ars ns s e e E . , y ( y , ) 2 Ars s f r r u . e o ea s B s. ( 4 y , ) i r r n . f are s o 6 ea s E s. 3 D o ( y , )

T H E D Y N A ST I E S OF M A N E T H O ACCOR DI NG TO JOSEP H US :

xv - H k r h r N ST . sos o She e ds DY A Y y p .

After the erthrow of Timai os the ast kin of the fo r ov , l g u f r h teenth d nast a eri d O ana c . y y, p o y

1 Salati t m hi . s a Me p s 2 B e n . o A akhn 3 . p as A 6 hi 4 . p p s

5. Vani as or Annas 6 i . Ass s

TIE xv111 x 1x T an . DYN AS S . heb s

T ethmOsis

K h r n hi s son eb 6 , m hi 1 A enOp s . Amesses hi s si ster M ephres M ephramouthOsis ThmOsis

Am n hi 11 e Op s . Oros Akenkhres his d aughte r R athOtis her brother endix The E ti an D nasti es 2 App I. gyp y 9 7

A n 1 2 . k kh r I e e es .

1 3 . Akenkheres 11. 1 4 . Armai s 1 R am s 5. e ses 1 6 m ss s M iam un . Ar e e o

1 . Amen hi s 111 7 Op . 1 8 R amesses or H er . SethOsi s n yptos and ( meus) Danaos 1 Rh i n 9 . ampses h s so 2 0 Am n hi n . e Op s his so 2 1 th mess s hi s son . Se Os R a e

The rder ht to b e : 1 1 8 1 id enti a with [ o oug 5, , 9 ( c l 2 0 (identical with

T H E T H E B A N K I N G S O F E GY P T

A G T E R AT TH E E . CCORDIN O OS N S R ei gned Years . ‘ ’ enes a Thénite of The es i nter reted Of Am n 6 2 M , b , p o ‘ ’ AthOthes son of enes i nter reted rn of Th th , M , p bo o 59 Ath th 11 2 O es . 3 ‘ Diab iés hi s son i nter reted i n hi s omrades 1 , p lov g c 9 P em hOs hi s rother inter reted son of H ér p b , p ’ akles (Semempsi s) 1 8 i th i n ib l M mkh i ri em hite 6 . T ar e i nv e o e a o g c , M p , ‘ ’ i nterpreted with superﬂuous limb s (T osorthros) 7 9 ‘ ’ Stoikh os hi s son i nter reted i nsensate Ares Set 6 , p ] Gosormi es (perhaps Tosertasis) 3 0 ’ ares hi s son i nter reted Sun- iven 2 6 M , p g ‘ ’ An hi s hi s son i nter reted romi s ous or p , p p cu ‘ ’ festive 2 0

‘ ’ ‘ ’ Si ri os i nter reted son of side- o ks or n en i ed 1 8 , p l c u v ‘ K hnoub os Gneuros i nter reted the den son , p gol of th e golden 29 8 The Egyp t of the H ebr ews a nd H erodotos R e igned Year s ‘ ’ R au6si s i nter reted hi ef ru er R atoi ses 1 , p c l ( ) 3 Biyres (Bikheres) 1 0 ’ ‘ SaO hi s i nter reted l n -hai re or tradesman p , p o g d (Kheops)

SaOphi s 11. (Khephren ) ’ M oskheres i nter rete i n to the Sun , p d g ve (Mykeri nos) M o usthis P ammes Arkh ondes (P epi P appos the Great (P epi — Ekh eso-Sokaras (Sokar-m saf) Nit6kri s a een inter reted Nit the i tori o s , qu , p v c u M yrtai os the given to Amon ‘ ’ Th osi -mares i nter reted the str n Sun y , p o g Thirillos or Thi nillos inter reted who has i n , p ’ ’ creased his fath er s strength (N efer-ka-Ra Terel) 8 Sem h roukrates i nter reted H éraklés H ar p , p po krates

Kh uth r Taur th t rant rha s Akhth o é os e y (pe p oés) . Meu res ‘ K hOmae htha i nter reted a w r d l vin P tah p , p o l o g Soikouni osokhos th e tyrant P ente -athyri s

t n 111 Am n-m-hat S amme es . ( e ‘ ’ Si stosi—khermes i nter reted H erakles the stron , p g (Usertesen Mari s (Amen-m-hat Si h as Si hthas i nter reted Th oth the son of p y ( p ), p ’ P tah (Si -Ptah) Name lost PhrourOn or N eilos (Sebek-neferu-R a) Amouthantaios

300 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

A DOS S AR H . T RIN P P R U S M N ETH O. BY . AQQ A U A Y . A

- — . N eb ka N ka 1 r M esokhri s 5 eb 9 y s.

- 6. r hi se Sa ser s r 1 r . 2 m h s e s t s. S Zo Zo Zo , 9 y p

- - . Teta 11. ser teta ser teta 6 rs. Tosertasis 7 Zo Zo , y

- 8 . Sez es Neb ka R a Akhes

- - - - . Nefer ka Ra f r k 6 houri s Ne e a Ra rs. e 9 ( ), y S p

H ni 2 K r her rs. e es. u , 4 y p

N ST Iv DY A Y .

1 . Snef n f f 2 ri r S e r Sne ru rs. S s u u , 4 y o

2 h f fuf f 2 r u hi . Khu h s. So s 1 K u u (K u u), 3 y p . Ra- - —f - - 8 . R t i d ad f Ra dad Ra ad f rs. a o ses 3 ( d ), y

Kha-f- R a Kha-f-Ra Sou hi s 11 4 . p .

M n-kau-R a M en —kau- R a M enkher 5. e [ ] [ ] es Shepseskaf Sh epseskaf Seb erkheres

TY DYNAS v.

- - - - f r 1 r k f r f rk 2 8 s . . se a se ka U se a U U ( ), y

- - - 2 Sah Ra Sah Ra Sah R a rs. . u u ( u ), 4 y

aka aka 2 rs. 3 . K (K ), y efer-Ra N efer—ar-ka N efer—ar-ka-Ra N e herkhere 4 . N ( ), p R l a 7 yrs. She ses-ka She ses-ka-Ra Si sires p ( p ), R r a 1 2 y s. Kha nefer K heres

R a

- 2 Aka H or rs. Rathoures 7 . u , 7 y — 8 R a—n- er R a-n ser-An . us ( u ), 2 rs (An) 5 y .

In an i nscription now at Pal ermo a Ki ng Ab tes is menti oned by t - - - side o f N efer ar k a Ra.

3 f M ra discovered b M n a a arah i n 18 In the tomb o e , y r. de M orga t S qq 9 - and T ta Akau H or stands b etween Unas e . ’ a i The E ti an D nas ti es 0 1 Appen x I. gyp y 3

A T R IN P P M A ETH DOS S RA H . U R US. N O. ABY . AQQ A Y - - -k - r r M nkh r s M kau M en ka H or M en a H o 8 s . e e e 9 . en , y H or

1 0 Dad-ka-Ra M a-ka-Ra Dad -ka R a Assa Tankh eres . ( ), 2 8 r (ASS2) y s. 1 n n 0 r b n s 1 as as s. O o . U U , 3 y .

N T v1 DY AS Y .

I T 111 Othoes . eta .

2 s r-ka Ra Ari ? . U e ( ) i 2 0 r (P ep y s.

- - - -R 1 M iht-m-saf M eth u u 4 . M er n Ra M er n a ( o so p

- - M ih m f 1 1 rs. t sa . 4 y

- - P i Phi fer ka R a e rs. o s 5. Ne ( p y p (P epi M iht-m 1 r M nth 6 M er n R a . e esou h . ( y p

- - 1 mth M f 11 . iht m sa .

N it-aker a e n Nitokri e e s. 7 . , qu

VIII 1 N TIE VII AN D . DY AS S .

RIN P P R DOS. T U A Y U S. ABY

- m r-k - 1 N efer ka 2 rs . 1 th . 1 d . 1 . N ute a R a . , y y

mth 2 M n-k -R N eferu s rs. 2 . 1 d . . e a a 2 . , 4 y y

- f — - R k 111. 2 r mth I . N e er a a Ah n R a I. s. I . d . 3 . , y y 3

- - . N f r k R IV 1 r. 8 d s. e e a a . N e i 4 . y y 4 b

- - - 11 . Dad ka R Sh m 5 Ab n R a . 5 a e a

N f r-k — H anti 6 . e e a R V. 6 . a Khondu

1 One of the kings o f th e seventh dynasty was D ad -mefet -Ra D udu mes wh ose name i s con oi ned wi th those Of th e si xth d nast ki n , j y y gs

- a t El K ab and wh o b u i t at Geb elén. , l 302 The Egypt of H ebrews and H erodotos

P P R S DOS T U RIN A Y U . ABY

- —- - - P est sat n So d . M er n H or 7 . p 7

- — P ait khe s 8 . Snefer ka 1. 8 . p

1 - - Serhlinib . K a n R a. 9. 9: i r-k -Ra 1 T r l 1 0. N e e a v . e e

f r-ka—H r 1 1 . N e e o

— - VII P i 1 2 i r ka R a . e . N e e p Seh eb

- n f r k 11. Ann 1 3 . S e e a u 1 ser- kau -Ra 4 . [U ]

1 N fer-kau-R a 5. e

1 6 —k u- H o . Nefer a r

- - - 1 . f k 7 N e er ar a Ra.

N ST 1 x D Y A Y .

M ON U M ENTS.

r Khruti 1 M r-a —Ra Aa-ho e -R a K hiti (o ) . e b t p (the Akhthoes of Manetho) Skha-n-R a Aah -R a 2 M aa—ab - R a Se -mu-Ra

K ha-user- Ra

N ST x DY A Y .

M O M ENT R N P AP N S. U I U U T YR S.

M er- ka-R a

N efer-hepu- Ra N efer-ka-Ra

1 The last ﬁve names are thus i ven b L auth g y . 3 The names of these si x ki n s are found on on scarab s and are g ly , l h f s r tri p aced ere b y Pro e so Pe e .

304 The Egyp t Of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

T x11 DYNAS Y .

M ON M E NTS. RIN P P R US M N ETH O. U T U A Y . A

m - - 1 - - - - . A h t 1 en m hat . S ote S ho e a R a Amm n mes p p b , e e

- ah R a a ne 2 0 rs . 1 rs lo , y 9 y With U sertesen 1 0

yrs . kh i 2 . rt n h es n os s se ese 1 e er r . S o U . K p 4 5 Y s 7

- l ka R a a ne 2 rs. o , 3 y With Amen- m-hat

3 yrs.

m n-m-h 1 . at 1 N ub r . m n mes 3 A e . y s Am a e -R a al n kau o e 2 rs. , 9 y

i th U sertesen II. 6 W ,

yrs. K h s rtesen 11. a s ri s 4 . U e Seso t kheper- Ra 111 Kha-kau Lakhares sert sen . 5. U e R a (more than 2 6

yrs. )

- -h 111 a Ammeres Amen m at . at rs. 6 . M y

- n Ra rs. , 4 3 y

- - - mm n mes Amen m hat IV. M a M akhr A e e 7 . u 9 - m 2 hs. khru R a yrs . 3 t 7 d s y .

e ek n fru R a a Se ek- nefru - R a Skemio hris 8 . e S b ( b , 3 p h 2 e n r 1 0 mt s. qu e ) y s. 4

dys. Sum of years of twelfth dynasty 2 m h I 3 ye ars 1 t . 1 a s 7 d y . i I Th e E ti a n D nas ti es 0 App end x . gyp y 3 5

N TIES m m and x 1v. DY AS .

T R IN R S 1 U PAP Y U .

kh m z 1 . k 2 e e ua taui Ra Sebe 2 . S

- - k-h V khu taui R a (son of Sebe otep I .

- - - - Se ek nefru Ra 1 r. 2 . K ha seshesh R a N efer b ), y 3 mth 2 h ote s n f H a s. d s . o o 3 4 y p,

kh - -R 6 r ﬁnkh - f 2 m ka a s. . Se e , y

- - i - H ath r-R Ra Am n m h a 2 . S o a 3 . e t v. 4

- - - - - k . h a R 11 2 K ha nefer R a Se e 4 S otep b a . 5 b A fn u i 2 rs hote . 5. , y . p v

6 S-ankh - ab -R a Ameni 2 6 K ha-ka- R a . [ [ ]

Antuf Amen - m - hat 2 K ha- ankh - R a Se ek ], 7 [ b

r hote VI. 1 y . p ]

S-men -ka-R a 2 8 K ha- h ote - R a Seb e 7 . p k

- - - V 1 8 8 S h ote ah R a 111 hote I . rs. . p . p , 4 y

- — - h k R mth s 2 d s. ank a a . 9 . S 9 y

- — 1 1 d 2 U ab R a Aa ab 1 0 rS. 0 1 . estr e , D oy 9 , y

- - mths 2 . 1 2 ez em ab R a 8 . d s . N 9 y

- - - k h t 11. 0 M er nefer R a Ai 2 1 . R a Se e o e 3 b p 3 , 3

- 3 . d R an s n b rs 8 mth s . 1 8 s e e y y . 2 - - H r M r—h te -R a A na 2 1 . A t ab R a 1. o 1 e o 5 u u ( ) 3 p ,

- - k m . 1 6 Sez ef a Ra rs. 2 ths d s. . [ j y 9 y

- — - - —- - - 1 Sekhem kh u ta i R a 11. 2 . S ﬁnkh n s uaz tu R a 7 . u 3 , 3

- Se ek hote 111 rs . 2 mths. b p . y

- - - - 4 1 8 . ser n Ra M er sekh em R a Anran U 3 3 , -m nk - k - M r 1 . h m S e a Ra e r . 1 h 9 3 y s t .

m n ﬁu - -k - R e . S uaz a a U r rs . 3 4 , 5 y

ka-R a 2 0 . mth 8 d s. . y

2 1 S- ser-set-R a . u 3 5 Anemen R a

1 c rdi n ru A co g to B gsch . 2 H i s name has b een fo und b M r . d e M or an at D ahshfrr y g . 3 ccordi n to M as ero thi rteen ears. A g p , y M aspero : Andﬁ. 306 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

- - - 6 6. estr ed N b n R 3 4 D oy 75. e se a

M — - - . er khe er Ra 6 4 7 p 7 79 . Destroyed

- - - 8 . M er kau R a Se ek 80 h r n R a 4 b . S k epe

h v1 - - ote 11. p 8 1 . Dad khru R a

- - - - . estro ed an h ka Ra 4 9 53 D y 8 2 . S k

m - - - . es R a 8 N ef r tum R a 54 3 . e ma -R a A . t b a 8 R 55 4 . Sekhem a f — - 6 . N e er en R a 1. K a Ra 5 ub 8 5.

k - - - . R 57 a a 8 6 . N efer ab R a

- - - - 8 S u az n Ra . 8 . k 5 . 7 A a R a

- 60 . estr ed 8 8 . Kha . R 2 r . . a s. 59 D oy , y 1 h i - R - 6 1 . N e as a N z k 8 9 . e a Ra

K ha-khr -R a 0 S-men R a u 9 .

- - - - b f t Ra 2 1 . N e a rs. 1 1 1 . estro ed u u , y 9 D y m ths . 1 d s. 1 2 kh m R a 5 5 y 1 . Se e

- - h e R a r . m a S b s. 1 1 S khe R , 3 y 3 e

M r- f - r 1 kh m- R a e e a Ra s. 1 . Se e us z , 3 y 4

- - - u r. R a S az ka Ra 1 1 1 . Sesen , y 5 — - - - - N b f R 1 r. 1 1 6 b ati uz u R a e e a a . Ne z , y

- 1 1 1 eb - t - -R a Uben Ra . 7 . N a en uzu

- 8 -m — - estro ed 1 1 . en ka R 69 70. D y S a

- — - - - f R a rs 1 1 . r n R a N eb e a . S se ate 7 1 . [ ]z 4 y 9 u [ ]

- - R 11 1 2 h - m - hent -R a ef r en a . 0 . K asekhe 7 2 . [N e ]Ub [ ]

- - A t ah R a 11. S me m re names are 7 3 . u u o 3 7 o

- - il Ra e i e . 74 . H er ah l g bl

E X I I and x1v. [DYNAST I S I .

KAR N AK .

- - - P . 6 kh ab Ré T . k . S an a . 1 . 3 ( )

------kh m khu ta i R a T. uaz n R a N efer ka . Se e 2 . S ( 4 u ( P 1 R a) . 7)

‘ ’ 1 uments of N ehasi the n e ro h ave b een found at Tel M on , g ,

M okdam and San .

30 8 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H erodotos

xv DYNASTY 11.

Skenen - Ra T 1 nt m kenen—Ra T 11 K n a e S aa 1. e . (co

orar with A e i az -khe er-R a K -m s and p y p p U p a e ,

k n - T 1 if A h -h S ene Ra aa 1 Aa w e a ote . . p

Other kings of the seventeenth dynasty were

- — Aah hotep Kheper-ka n-R a S-khent—neb -R a S-nekht-n-Ra

Amen-sa

DYNASTY xvm .

M ANETH O.

N eh- ehuti -R a Aahm 1 . p es (more than 2 0 Amosi s 1 and wife N efert—ari—Aahmes

r- k —R Am n-h 2 . Se a a e ote hi s son 2 0 Am n hi s 1 p ( e op .

rs. m h s his m h t r y 7 t . ) ot er a ﬁ st regent

- Aa khe er-ka-Ra T h - i 3 . p e uti mes h s son and wife Aahmes eri -Amen , M ,

n e n Am n - si a d Qu e e t.

Aa—khe er-n-Ra T ehuti -mes his Am n i 4 . p e s s son (more than 9 and wife

i r h u M a—ka- (s ste ) H as eps 1. R a

- . hn m Amen H ashe su 11 M aka 5 K u p .

R a hi s Sister m re than 1 6 rs. , ( o y )

Ra—men-khe er T ehuti -mes her M isa hris 6 . p p

m h . r ther rs. 1 1 t s. 1 d b o , (57 y y , 2 0 ar h 2 0- 1 F 1 B C. 1 eb . . 5 3 , M c 44 9 , 4 )

1 n the ei hteenth ear of Aahmes ueen men -si t i s associ ated I g y , Q A wi th him on a stélé found at Th eb es. ’ 2 m s in D r M ah er s astronomi cal determi nation. Thoth e Ac cord g to . l ’ r is own H ashe su counted si xteen years o f his si ster s reign as pa t of h . p n hi s ha f-si ster hi s mother b ei n Ast who was rob ab l not was o ly l , g , p y

d The mother of H ashe su was H ashe su 1. o f royal b l oo . p p I —The E ti an D nasti es 0 Appendix . gyp y 3 9

M N ET H O A .

- - - khe ru Ra Am n hote 11. hi s son M i s hra mu 7 . Aa p e p , p g m r than rs thosi s ( o e 5 y . )

M -kh ru -R a T huti -m s IV hi s Touthmosis 8 en e e e . . p ,

son (more than 7 yrs . )

- - - hi n Am no hi s 11. . maR m n h ote s so e 9 N eb a A e p , p more th an rs and wife T ei e ( 3 5 y ), — - -h Iv H r s f r khe ru R a Amen ote . 1 0. Ne e p p o o l K hu-n -aten hi s son m re than , ( o 1 rs and wife Nefrui -Thi S-ﬁa 7 y ), ka-khepru-R a

- - 1 1 . Ankh khe ru R a and wife eri Akherres p , M Aten

- - m n K r - - n h oti s 1 2 . Tut ankh A e he u n b R a a d R at p e ,

wife An kh -nes-Amen

I Aten-R a- nefer—n fru-m r- A n 3 . e e te

I A r-k - - - 4 . i Khepe hepru ar maRa and wife i m r h n Th o e t a 4 yrs.

r- m-hi - - - I5. H o b M i Amen Ser khepru K a Armai s mor th rs ( e an 3 y . )

N ST x1x DY A Y .

- - 1 . M en ehuti Ra R amessu 1 m re R am ss s p . ( o e e

than 2 yrs. )

M n -ma-R a ti 1 M - - . Se . r n P 1 h 2 e e tah . Set os (more than 2 7 and wife T ua

r-ma- R man — 3 . Use a (Osy dyas) Sotep n R a R m s u - a e s 11. M i Am n B . e ( . C 1 34 8- 1 2 8 1 ) — M r—n- P tah 11 H ot - hi m - - mm ne hthes e . e a B a n Ra A e 4 . p p M i-Amen

1 Ca ed Khuri a i n on of the Tel el- ma t b H ence th e ll [y ] e A rna a l es.

H oros of M anetho . 3 10 The Egyp t of the H ebrews a nd H er odotos

M N ETH A O. - - - . ser khe ru Ra 11 r 5 U p Seti . M e n Sethos R am

P tah 111. esses

Am n-m ik-A - - 6 . e esu H n M er kha R a Amenemes

—- Sotep n Ra

- - - - 7 . Khu n R a Sotep n R a M er n Th ouoris

- P tah IV. Si P tah more than 6 rs ( y ), and wi fe Ta-user

N T xx DY AS Y .

t-m kt r r 1 . Se e Me er M i Amon ( ecovered the kingdom from the Phoenician Ari su)

m u 111 H ik-An m r h Ra ss . t an 2 2 . e ( o e 3 yrs ) R am s u 1 H ik - M a M i - m e s v. A en m re than 1 r ( o 1 y s. )

r-ma-s-kh r-n- Ramessu v . Use epe Ra

-Am n m r han Mi e ( o e t 4 yrs. )

R m su v1 N b -ma-R a M i -Am n a es . e e

Amen -hir-kh opesh - f (R amessu Meri T um i n northern Egypt)

- - - . A Am n r m a 6 R amessu VII. t e Use aR M i - Amen

v111 Set—hir—kho eSh-f M i R amessu . p Amen User- ma-R a K hu -n-Amen

i -P h -k -n-R 8 . R amessu 1x. S ta S ha a

- M i Amen ( 1 9 yrs. ) m x N ef r-ka-R a M i -Amen R a essu . e

- - 0 Sotep n R a (more than 1 yrs. ) Am n - hir - kho e h - f R amessu x1. e p s Kh eper-ma R a Sotep -n -Ra

m s XII M en - ma-R a M i -Amen R a e su .

—- - - Sotep n P tah K ham uas (more

than 2 7 yrs. )

3 1 2 The Egyp t of the H ebr ews and

- . hashan 5 S q 11. M i Amen Sekhem kheper-Ra

- - 6 . Takelet 11 M i Am n i . e Si I s s H ez Takelothi s khe er- R a mor h n p ( e t a 1 5 yrs. )

- - . hash n M i 7 S a q 111. Amen Si B ast

s r-ma-R 2 U e a (5 yrs. )

- - - 8 . Pimai M i Amen User maRa Sotep n-Amen

- - . Shashan Iv Aa h 9 q . k eper Ra (more han t 3 7 yrs. )

N ST xx111 DY A Y .

S-her-ah- Ra P e tu- si -B ast

M i—Am -kh r- a U sarkon 111. en Aa epe R Sotep - n-Amen P -si -M ut User- Ra Sotep-n- P tah

I N TE RR E GN UM .

E t divided etween se era rin es i n di n Tef gyp , b v l p c , clu g

k r B - - r n- ne ht T ne hakhthos fathe of ak n a f. It i s verr n ( p ), o u P h i i an whil sarkon 111 r i n b i ank i the Eth o e U . e s at y p , g B u a Th on nd s essor of Pi ankhi is M i -Am n b stis. e s a ucc e

N ut.

x v DYNASTY x 1 . M AN ETH O.

B k- n - r n- f ab -ka-Ra more than B kkh ri s 1 . a a U ( o o 1 1 6 yrs. )

1 There i s a contract i n the Louvre dra wn up at Theb es i n the r sixteenth ye ar of hi s eign . A endi 1 E pp x . The gyp ti an Dy nasti es 3 1 3

N xxv DY ASTY . M N E A T H O.

- - I . Shab aka N eter ka R a son of ashet Sab ako , K 1 2 ( yrs. )

- - 2 . Shab ataka Dad ka R a Seb ikhos

T b rk 3 . a a a N efer tum khu R a or T earkos Ti rhakah 2 6 rs ( y . )

NTE RR E N UM I G .

The Assyrian conquest and divi sion of Egypt i nto

- 60 t nt i s B . C 6 2 6 . T b a k i r we satra e . a r a and h s s ess y p , 7 ucc o

Urdamanu R ud -Amen or as the name ma also b e ( ), , y read T andamane Tanuath-Amen make ain attem ts to , ( ), v p r In aneth th e eriod i r r nt ecover it. M o p s ep ese ed b y

Ste hinates Sote - n-Nit Nekhe sos and N ekhao the ast p ( p ), p , l of whom i s a led i n the Ass rian ins ri ti ons Nik the c l y c p u, fath r of P sammetikhos and assa -ki n of em his and e , v l g M p i Sa s.

N ST VI DY A Y XX . M E H O AN T .

- - P samtik 1. U ab ah R a and wif P samm ikho 1 . e et s

- kh B 6 - 1 0 u C . 6 6 Meh et se ( . 4 ) N ekau N em-ab -Ra and wife M i - M ut N ekha 2 . o

- - B C . 6 1 0 Nit aker ( . 59 4)

f r-a -R m i P samtik 11. N e e b a, and wife P sa mouth s

- - 8 D C . Ni t aker ( . 59 4 5 9) Uab -ab - Ra H aa ab - Ra and wife Ouaphri s

- B C 8 - 0 Aah hotep ( . . 5 9 57 ) Aah-mes Si -Nit Khnum-ah-R a and Amosi s

- - B . 0 2 Wife Thent kh eta ( C. 57 5 6) kh - ka - n - R B P mm kherites An a . C sa e P samtik 111. ( . 52 6- 52 5) 3 14 The Egypt of the H ebrew s a nd H er odotos

DYNASTY xxv11.

1 mb ath t Sam- - B . K a C. e taui Mestu R a ( . 52 5-51 9)

ri ush 1 - B - Nta . ett R 2 1 ar i 1. C . 8 e s S u a ( . 5 4 5) D o Khab b ash Senen Tanen Sotep n

P tah B C . 8 ( . 4 5) Khsh eri sh B 8 ( . C . 4 4) Artakh sharsha B - C . 6 2 ( . 4 5 4 5) Ntariush M i -Am n-R B 2 - 0 e a . C ( . 4 4 4 5)

T xx 1 DYNAS Y v 11.

1 Am n- - - m 6 r B . Am i e ar t rut ore than s C. rta os ( y ), y 4 1 5

N xxrx DY ASTY .

I f-aa-ru 1 -n-R - m . N e t . Ba nuteru r N h rit s 1 a Mi ( o e ep e e .

than 4 yrs. )

H k ri h - - -n-P Akh ri 2 . a o K num maR a Sotep tah o s r ( 1 3 y s. )

P - i - - - - - 1 r P sammouthes s M ut User P tah sotep n R a ( y . )

H r -n - thes o eb kha ( 1 yr. ) Mou

- - h rit 11. f r 11 1 r. N e es Ne aa ut . ( y ) p e

N T xxx DY AS Y .

- - - - - k s 1 kh H r hib Ra snez em ab Sote n Ne taneb e . 1 . Ne t o p

- - Anh ur son of N ef ﬁa rut 1. 1 rs. , ( 9 y ) h 1 r TeOs Zi u ( y . )

- - - - k an b es 11. Nekht neb f Kh eper ka Ra ( 1 8 yrs. ) Ne t e

1 r n A cc o di ng to W i ed eman .

A P P E N D I X I I I

B IBLICAL DAT ES

R ams 11 f th O ressi n n es . th Phara h o e a d e o pp o , builder of P ithom am ai n ms s 111 i n dah and Mab C of R a e . p g . Ju o , Solomon marri es the daughter of the Tanite Phara h and re ei es Ge er o , c v z Shi shak (Shashanq i nvades P alesti ne and tak es J erusalem I nvasion of Judah b y Zerah (Osorkon H oshea of I srael makes alliance with So of Egypt Sargon defeats the Pharaoh and Sibe hi s general at R aphia Defeat of Tirhakah b y Sennacherib at Eltekeh I nvasion of Egypt b y E sar-haddon Ti rhakah dri ven from the frontier to Memphis and th ence to Ethi opia R evolt of Egypt suppressed b y Assur-bani -pal Destruction of Thebes (N o-Amon) b y the Assyri ans N echo i nvades Asia defeat and death of J osiah N echo d efeated at Carchemish b y N eb ucha drez z ar ; loss of Asiatic possessions The ews ﬂ to E t arr in eremiah with J y gyp , c y g J them Egypt i nvaded b y N ebuchad rezz ar 816 n i II —B i bli eal D a tes I Appe d x I. 3 7

Pal tin i P m 1 man ews es e se zed b y tol e y . y J settled by him in Egypt The Greek translati on of the Old Testament r 2 8 0 commenced t i . Onias permitted by P tolemy P hilometor to b ui ld the temple at Onion Flight of the H oly Family into Egypt Vespasian orders the prefect Lupus to close the AD 0 temple at Onion . 7 A P P E N D I X I V

EG PTI N . G R EE EG PTI N C P IT . Y A K . Y A A A

1 T -kh . o onti Ab u or e h ‘ the fronti er IA ‘ . Ombites Nubi the golden 11 tes-H r - . U o Apolli nopolites D ebu or H at H or 111 T n i . e ( ) Lat0polites N ekheb ( I ) N ekhen ( 2 ) Sni (3 ) On of the Sou th or Ou-Mentu

- ‘ IV. Uas Dios olites T A t or N u the p [ ] p , city (includi ng NeS-taui or K ar nak Ash r r th , e , o e te m e of M ut pl , and Aa—Zamut on

the ank W. b ) ( 1 ) P a-H athor ( 2 ) K esui

v. Horni K optites e ti

- - - v1. Aa d u (P) T entyrites Ta n tet er

1 m t m f The O b os, he co b at of whose i nhab i tants wi th those o Den

v nal Sat . xv. was not Kom Omb o b ut another N ub ti b ehi nd J u e ( , - n h P r fessor Petri ha f nd mai ns of a tem le dedi em M edi e , o e s ou the re p ‘ th e Giz eh M useum i t i s call ed the pl ace of N ub t 818

3 20 The Egyp t of the H ebr ews a nd H erodotos

EG PT I N . EG P TI N C P IT Y A Y A A AL .

- VII. Seshesht H a t seshesht ( ) , ‘ house o f the si s ’ tr m or H a t u , ( ) VIII A e Thi ni s T eni . b z te ( I) Nshi t or P si 1X M en P an lit s A u or . ( ) P op o e p Kh ent M i n Aphroditopolites Theb u Antai op olites Du -qa H ypselites Sh as- h otep — H i erakopolites N u (t)- nti B ak or Pa

H or-nub

A -kh n i i a X III. tef o t Lyk0polites S ut A - h si r r X IV. tef pe Qe o Ke st hi nder Atef

xv U n- t rm lit s Khmunu . H e opo e

XV . M ah z art f H er H eb nu I (e ) N . p o mop olites VII An K n O olites asa X . pu y p K

I e Se - t or H a t - B en XVII . S p p ( ) u X IX U ab Ox rrh nkhites P a- az a . y y M

m-kh nti H rakl o olites Khni nsu XX . A o e e p

Shen - akhun or I Am- eh XX . p Smen- H or

Shed XXIA. Arsi noites

II M atenu A hrodito olites T e - ahe or P a-ki XX . p p p , ’ ’ cow s city App endix I V The N ames 3 2 1

G R E E C P IT L . M ODERN N M E . GODS K A A A .

Diospolis P arva H 0 H athor and Osi ri s (Nefer-hotep)

Thi ni s or Thi s Anhur P tolemais Khemmi s or P an opoli s Aphroditopolis Etfeh Uaz (H athor) Antai opoli s Qan H orus H ypsele Shotb Khnum and Uaz H i erakopoli s North of Benﬁb Osiri s and I SIS (as lions) Lykopolis Siut Upuat (Anubis) Cusai Q usiyeh H athor

H ermopoli s E shmunén Theodosiopolis Taha el-Medi neh (P) K ynopoli s El-Qai s Anub is H ipponon (P) El-H ib eh Anubi s Oxyrrhynkhos B ehnesa Set H erakleopoli s Ahmas el- M ed H or-sheﬁ (Har i neh saphes

f B n - f m N . o e i Sue Khnu

r i n - K r k di n l- a A s oe o odilo Me et e F yz. Sebek polis yﬁm Aph roditopolis Atfih H athor 3 2 2 The Egypt qf the H ebr ews and H er odotos

LOWE R

EG PTIAN . EG PT I N C P IT L Y Y A A A .

1 An - hez M en-nefer M en-ﬂ . bu ( ) ‘ ’ the white wall or H a(t)-ka-P tah

11. K honsu Sekh em

‘ 111 Ament he Amu or Nu t -nti . t ( ) ’ West H api

IIA Aa-aa P I . ( )

a of the Z e a an P - Iv. S p q d a ari South Sh eps (P) a o f the i i V. S p Sa tes Sa North ( 1 ) D ema-n-H or K ab asit VA . es

I K a-khas P Xoi t V . ( ) es Khasuu

V I efer P li - I . N ( ) M ete tes Senti nefer or Pa amenti khas-neb -amenti

VII u t r K anu A . M enelaites P eq a o p ( 1 ) Ta-nuha Kheb u P e - to - n P e and Dep U az

V ID P -t h -n icas P a-U az t I . e os But ( ) P a-Uaz

VIII f r P H er lit s P a-Tum Pith m . Ne e ( ) oopo e ( o ) ab ti i n Thuku (Suc coth) B uSIrItes P a-U si r-neb -dad

Athrib i tes H a(t)-to-hir-ab Pharb aithites Sheden or P a-Maqa Seb ennytes Theb -huter — Superior ( 1 ) P a kheb it

II H i -ames H elio olites Anu On X I. q p ( )

324 The Egypt of the H ebrews and H erodotos

EG PTI N . GREE . E P N C P L Y A K GY TIA A ITA .

XIV h ut-ab t . K e Sethroites (P) Zaru or H ud of the North v h r x . T oth o H ermopolites Khmunu or B ah H eb

- XVI. H a M ehit Pa Ba neb dad (Bindidi) ( I ) Ta-H a-Biu Sam-beb ed Diospolites or (Pa-Khen-n- Amon) Seb ennytes In feri or Bubastites Pa-Bast B utikos (P) Am-t or P a-Uaz Arabia Kosem (Goshen) or P a-K os or P a Sopd

‘ ’ tkat th m a hit and or the Si naiti Peninisula Ma ( e al c e l ) c , i s still reckoned as an Egyp tian province i n the time of

THE SES OA .

IS C P IT L OAS . A A .

! enem or aht-ri s th K U , e the South

‘ ’ Zes-z es the two sw rds , o T -Ab t Cow- and o , l ‘ t th si Uah , e Oa s ’ Sekhet-amu P a m- r e , l g ov ’ Uaht-meht Oasi s of the N rth , o Sekhet-d emam Sa t-ﬁeld , l endix I The N ames 2 App V. 3 5

GREE C P IT L . M ODERN N M E . GODS K A A A . Sethroé (P) K antarah (P) Horus

H erm i s T l-Ba li eh Th th Nehem opol e q y o ,

ani , and Nefer H or Mendes Tmei el-Emdid Osiri s-Mendes (B a-n-dad) and I sis Thmui s Do .

P akhnamuni s Tida Am n- Ra M ut ( ) ( ) o , , Di ospoli s B elqas and Khensu

T el el-B ast

Telen-Neb ésheh

Saft el-H enneh

whi h was s e t to E t as ear as the thi r nast c ubj c gyp ly d dy y, th P t mi e ole es.

TH E OASES.

G REE N AM E . M ODE RN N M E OF SI K A OA S. H ibi s El-K hargeh K ysi s Dush Gétah

Rl- Dakhleh

City of Ammon Siwah Amon The little Oasis El-Bahariyeh Skyathis Wadi eu-N atrﬁn Khonsu Month A P P E N D I X V

TH E GR EEK WR ITERS UPON EGYP T

I H EXATAIOS of M iletos t rant statesman and wri ter ( ) , y , , ,

- D. C . 0 0 0 ent as m ss r t r i h 5 4 8 . S a ba ado o the P e s ans after t e s ressi n of the n r Tra ed i n E t as far upp o Io ic evolt. vell gyp as Th H is n i ebes. accou t of Egypt conta ned i n hi s great w r r h n on eo a ow st. o k g g p y, lo 2 Tha s of M il tos hil s B on h r C 00 . r t e e o e . . e ( ) l , p o p , 5 W o the a ses of the i n ndati n of th i c u u o e N le. l r te H llanikos f M i n h ri n . C 2 0 é é i st a B . e o t . (3) y , o , 4 W o an n f E an a rn h a i s of Amm n accou t o gypt d jou ey to t e o s o , n ow lost .

- H r os of H likarn s hi st rian D C . 0 . e odot a asso . (4) , o , , 4 4 5 4 3 n a m H is a ount Travelled i Egypt s far as the Fayyﬁ . cc of Egypt chieﬂy c ontai ned i n the second book of hi s hi ri sto es.

hil 0 n kri t f A ra so h r B . S e t Demo os o de e . C . (5) b , p o p , 4 5 p ﬁve ear s i n E t and wr te oks on e ra h and on y gyp , o bo g og p y h hi i hi r h n t e Et e s ow st . op c oglyp ic , lo i a ra of M ile os B 0 r hi r f 6 Ar st o s t . C. . te a sto o ( ) g , 3 5 W o y i n E t n at east two s ow ost. gyp l book , l x f K ni s hi h Vi ited E t i n Eudo os o do s er. s (7) , p lo op gyp i i i rk n B C . 8 and wr te an a nt t n h s w o eo . 3 5 , o ccou of o g

ra h now st. g p y, lo f l a B 0 k on the 8 Leo o P e . C. . r te a ( ) l , 3 3 W o boo i s n E t a n d ow st. gyp go , lo h rt k ai f Ab ra B 00 . Li ed at t e o H at s e . e o o C. (9) d , 3 v c u 8 26

' 32 8 The Egypt of the H ebrews and H eradatas

° a at n the di stan e to Assuan where th r was no c lcul i g c , e e Shadow at all In hi s work on chronology (now lost) he ave a “ i st of The an ki n s se e t d fr m th ri s g l b g , l c e o e va ou d na i ik th i st es e e sts of K arnak or A . This has y , l l bydos een rese e al n w th an att m r b p rv d, o g i e pt to t anslate the m ni n f h nam ea o t e es. The trans ti ns h w er are g la o , o ev , ' err ne s as the are made fr m th k f rm f h o ou , y o e Gree o s o t e names compared with words then Current i n the decaying E i n f th gypt a o e day. 1 2 P t em f i 0 hist r o e a s B . C. 2 0 . r te a ( ) ol y M g lopol , W o o y f m Phil o P t e o ator now st . ol y p , lo

llix 2 . r t a d scri 1 h B . 1 0 e e K a en s of R es C. ( 3) o od , W o p

“

ti n A exandr a i n f r or m re o ks now st. o of l i ou o b o , lo 1 P hili s f aukr i B 2 2 r te a descri sto O N at s . C . . ( 4) , 5 W o p ti n of Naukratis a hi sto of E t i n twe e ks o , ry gyp lv boo , and an account of Egyptian religi on i n three books : all s lo t. i s 1 K harOn of Naukratis B . C. 1 60 . r te on Naukrat ( 5) , W o and on the succession of the P tolemaic pri ests ; the works ar st e lo .

kr i B 60 . n nt 1 k a of au at s . C 1 r t a a 6 L e s . e ( ) y N , W o ccou

of E t now st. gyp , lo 1 A atharkhides of K nidos e ra her an hist ri an ( 7) g , g og p d o ,

~ C 1 2 0 . Ga e an account of the w rk n of the E tian B . . v o i g gyp gold -mi nes (i n his geographical work on the R ed Sea) which r P i s has been prese ved b y hot o . t a makh of A exandri a B . C 0 . r e 1 8 L si os . ( ) y l , 5 W o history of Egypt contai ning t he Egyptian legend of the

rew Ex d s whi h has een reserved b ose h s. H eb o u , c b p y J p u

- 8 2 60 . L. C rne i s A exander P hi st r B . C . ( 1 9) o l u l oly o ,

' Wrote an account of Egypt i n three books now lost. DiodOros Si i Di odorus Si culus hi st rian ( 2 0) of c ly ( ), o , d n i shed hi s reat hi stori a travelle i 57, publ g c l hé B r k of it e te /i thé . 2 8 . The st k a ed B ib a . C wor , c ll , ﬁ boo d vo d A endix V The Greeh W r i ters 2 pp . 3 9

fr r to E t and Ethio ia. ted ar e m H e odotos gyp p Quo l g ly o ,

H ekataios Of A era E horos and ther a th rs now st. bd , p o u o lo W e are dependent on him for a connected hi story of Egypt r n ri du i g the P ersian p e od . 2 P n hi r n A 1 1 t em of e des st ia . D . . r te a ( ) ol y M , o , W o

hist r of E t i n hree P ks now st . o y gyp t ( ) boo , lo

m i a h r A . D 2 0 r 2 2 Stra of A as e ra e . . T a e e ( ) bo , g og p , v ll d i n E The ast 1 th of hi s reat w rk on gypt. l ( 7 ) book g o r geog aphy i s d evoted to Egypt. 2 A i n of El-K har eh rammari an and hi storian ( 3) p o g , g ,

A. D . P a for th A exandri nes ainst Phi and 4 0. le ded e l ag lo h f r i la r t a hist r of E t i n ﬁ t e Jews be o e Cal gu . W o e o y gyp ve ks the thi rd whi h i s ssed the H e rew Ex s boo , of c d cu b odu ; no w lost. 2 Khai r m n f aukra i s s i hil o 0 é O o N t t s her A . D . . ( 4) , o c p o p , 5 ’ W as r r n n Ne o s teache . Wrote an accou t of Egypt and a x i l e planation of the h erog yphics now lost. 2 se h s son of the ewi sh ri est atthias rn ( 5) Jo p u , J p M , bo

A. D . re i his fre d m and the name of u A D e ed e a i . 3 7 , c v o Fl v s, . 6 f m an h imak . ot s r t L s h e e os etc. i n hi s 9 Qu o M o, y , , A nti ui t e t s an tra A an m q i s of hej ew d Con p i e .

6 P tar h of K hairon i m ra i s A D 1 2 e a t . . 2 . rote ( ) lu c , o l , 5 W at e hi his treati se on si s and Osi ri s whi h i s of reat D lp I , c g

h hi i ri s- value for t e story of the Os myth .

m f l x n A D 1 0 . 2 P t e o A e a dri a e ra her . . 6 ( 7) ol y , g og p , Egypt i s th oroughly and scientiﬁcally treated i n his great n ra h work o geog p y. ment of A exandria h d of the A exandri ne 2 8 St . C e ea ( ) l l , l

- hristian S h A . D . 1 1 2 2 0 . an referen es to (C ) c ool, 9 M y c E tian hi st r and reli i n i n hi s Str bma te s H e gyp o y g o i . divi des E ti an wri tin i nt hi er l hi hi erati an e istolo gyp g o og yp c, c d p ra hi or d emoti the rst ei n f rther divided i nt g p c ( c), ﬁ b g u o l ha t and s mb i and th e s m i h ra rs nt a p be ic y ol c, y b ol c c a cte i o

i n r - imitati e rat e a d e s ike. v , ﬁgu v bu l 330 l e Egypt of tne H ebr ews a nd H er odotos

2 i s Afri an s hri stian a o ist wr te i n A. D . ( 9) Jul u c u , C p log , o hi itr olo i n 2 2 1 s C on ﬁve ks now ost. gy, boo ; l 0 h r f D - i st P r o Batanea A. . 2 0 wr te a h (3 ) o p y y , 3 3 3 5, o ory of h t mi n t e P ole es ow lost. i 1 E se s i sh of Caesarea u i shed i n A . D . 2 6 (3 ) u b o , b op , p bl 3 ’ his C/zr oni ele ntai ni n a i st of an th s d nasties. The , co g l M e o y w rk has n r an i n o bee p eserved i n an Armenian tr slat o .

2 H r l A. 0 wr t o a ol o of Ni i s rammari an D . e (3 ) p lopol , g , 3 9 , o a w rk on the hi ero hi s i n o ti whi h was trans ated o glyp c C p c, c l i nt r k hil nl h i ra hi f o G ee b y P ippos. O y t e deog p c values o th har i n h m e a ters are ve b ut t e are st rre t. c c g , y o ly co c

3 32 Tno Egypt of tko H ebrew s and H erodotos wa k eastward a n the sh re wh ere the r ks ha e een l lo g o , oc v b cut i nto baths and numerous relics of antiquity li e half ered b th cov y e waves.

The n m n ri —A ri f e t of a s near e . de o (5) Mo u D u , Su z rather more th an ﬁve miles through the desert north of Suez along the line of the Freshwater Canal brings u s to the fragments of one of the granite stelae erected b y Darius to commemorate his re-opening of the Canal between the R ed Sea and the Ni e Tra es of the n if rm and hi er l . c cu e o o glyphic i nscriptions can still b e detected upon some of Th n them . e stelae were erected at certai n i ntervals al o g the i ne of the Cana and the remains of three thers of l l , o th em have b een f n on a m nd one ki metre s th of ou d, ou lo ou Tel el-M askhﬁtah or Pi th m a itt e to the east of the o , l l stati n of the Sera e m on the S e Cana and on the sid e o p u u z l, of a mound between the 6 r st kilometre of the Canal and r m Ismaili h T el the telegraphic station of K ab ret. F o ye to

- h h i r h r f mi el M ask ﬁta s a ide across t e dese t o eleven les. 6 i n —Th easi est wa of i sitin Tanis ( ) Tan s or Zoa . e y v g or 8511 i s to s ee at ansurah where there i s a er l p M , v y t erab e h tel and o b the m rni n train at to ol l o , g y o g (

’ - the stati n of Ab u l She uk arri i n there at A . M . o k , v g ’ One of the small dahabiyehs which ply on the M o i z z anal whi h asses the stati n an d ns to San sh u d c , c p o ru , o l ha e een revi sl en a ed and a ser ant sent with v b p ou y g g , v It i s food the day before from Mansurah to get i t ready. i in A few ho rs advi sable also to send cant ne and bedd g. u 8 to 1 0 wil take the tra e er to Sfin where he can remai n ( ) l v ll , a l n s h i sh Th re i s s ffi i ent water i n the ana s o g a e w es. e u c c l all i n the wa to th e year round to float the dahab yeh . O y ’ Ab u l- Shekfik the stati on of B aqliyeh i s passed (at close to which (to the east) i s T el el-B aqliyeh or H ermopolis Parv h wi l- m id endes a. T e t n mounds of Tmei e A d (M an d Thmui s) are not far to th e east of the station o f i V] —A ro/zwolo i eal E xenrsi ons Append x . g 333

im ellauén whi h i s rea hed at 1 A. M . or b th e S b , c c ( y A M train from ansurah at nke s sh d b e . . M Do y oul f r h n The reat m n i i telegraphed for be o e a d . g o ol th c granite ri n f Am i sti stands on t e m n Tel u sh e o as s ll h ou ds. e n i ht mi es s th -east of ﬁn Neb ésheh i s o ly e g l ou S . — L in (7) H orb ét or Ph arb aithos. eav g Mansurah at

b u - i r A. M . the train rea h es A e at wh ere nk s , c K b do ey It i s a e n ri can b e easily procured . pl asa t de of three miles through the ﬁelds to H orb eit and the gigantic mono

T h train ea - ir liths of N ektaneb o . e l ves Ab u Keb for M i n a a i an air at P . . rea h a a i at an Z g z g d C o 4 , c g Z g z g d

i P . M C a ro at . B hb it E tian H ebit R man m —Th 8 e se . e ( ) ( gyp , o I u ) ranite r ins of the tem e of si s i t b P t em g u pl I , bu l y ol y li e ei ht mi es b ri er n rth of ansurah and are ess g l y v o M , l ’ h f-an-h r s walk fr m the eastern ank of h r r than al ou o b t e ive . - n h D elicate b as reli efs have been carved o t e granite blocks . The rui ns are a favouri te object of picnic parties from h M ansﬁra . — (9) B ub astis or Tel B ast The ruins of the anci ent city ’ are a few mi nutes walk from the railway station and can rai n The sit f th m b e vi sited between two t s. e o e te ple i s i n th midd e of the m nds the r in s of the old h e l ou , u ouses i f i Th r i ri si ng up o n all s des o t. e e s a poor hotel i n

ke t b a Greek . Zagazig, p y l-H —Thi s has b ( 1 3) Sai s or sé e agar. ecome difﬁcult o f access si nce the constructi on of the railway from ir The nearest rai wa sta i Alexandria to Ca o. l y t on i s Kafr

z —a at from whi h i t i s i stant b onke a e Z iy , c d ( y d y) bout Th e a e b ri er i nvol es the assa ﬁve hours. voy g y v v p ge of several bri dges. — - 1 1 T el ed D effeneh . T ents and ame s are ne essar ( ) c l c y, e as dri n i n water for that of the ana an k as w ll k g , c l d La e Ei th r r M enzaleh i s bracki sh . e go b y t ai n to Salahiyeh 334 Tli e Egypt of tko H eorews a nd H erodotos

eavi n Cai r at P . M . arrivi n at or b etter s ee (l g o 5 , g , , l p m ili h h n o an r h at Is a e and o t e e b tramwa t ta a. T e y , g c y y K ' di stance across the desert to Tel ed- Deﬁeneh from Salahiyeh and antara i s a t the same e e en mi es b ut onke s K bou ( l v l ), d y are m r si l r r r h an am s At o e ea y p ocu able at Kanta a t c el . Kantara (on the east side of the canal) are monuments and a Tel erha s tha f r The ex rs n ma b e c om (p p t o Za u) . cu io y b i ned with one to P lu i l -H ir on th e s um assin T el e wa . , p g e y ’ From Kantara to P elusium i s rather more than h alf-a-day s

- - rne . En am at th e e e of the san d nes one and jou y c p dg d u , a—half miles fr m the m nds of P elusi um wa ki n to them o ou , l g er th e mud whi h s metim wi not ear the wei ht ov , c o es ll b g

of a ame NO fresh wat r r ra e there. c l . e i s p ocu bl

336 The Egyp t H ebrews a nd H erod otos

B co ossi of Fa ﬁm 1 88 s l yy , go.

Bab a , 6 . Co tos 1 6 3 p , 7 . Ba i b on ans, , 60, 61 . Co ti c a hab et 1 6 yl 33 p lp , 9 .

- Ba nold M a or 2 . cuneiform 60 6 g , j , 4 , 47 , 5.

Bah 2 1 0. tab ets 6 1 s , l , oy.

Baht Yusuf 2 6 26 . C ri an o ter , 3 . 4 yp p t s, 2 36. Bash an 2 , 7 .

D Bata 2 s , 5 qq.

Benha 2 8 2 6. Dahab i eh vo a e 1 , 3 , 7 y y g , 94. B -H as n 2 Dakk eni sa 1 1 66 . eh 1 2 , 9 , 94 , , 5 .

Berenike 1 6. B ah shar 20 2 6 26 2 8 , 4 , 4 , 3 , 5, 2. m Bes 2 2 . Da anh ur 1 2 0 2 , 5 , 93 , 4 , 10. Biahmu 1 8 1 88 Danaans 6 , 5, . , 8 . i h D B e 2 00 20 . ani nos Pasha g , , 3 , 208 .

Blemm es 1 6 . Da hnae 1 2 1 1 20 2 y , 7 p , 9 , 3 , 5, 30. kkh ri 2 D ead 8 Bo o s, 7 2 . Sea , 7 . Deb o 2 Book of th e D e 2 2 . d 1 . ad , 2 , 5 Bouriant M 1 1 De Cara Dr , . , 7 . , . , 39 . ru 6 De M r a M 2 8 B sch 2 o n r 1 00. g . . 35. 7 7 . 335 g , . , , 3 Bub astis 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 Demetri us Phalereus 1 , 45, , , 93 , , 47 . s 26 Denderah 1 qq. , 7 . , 97 .

Busiris 20 2 s . Der Ab u H annes 1 , 5, 39 gq , 7 3 . B Diocletian 1 6 ut6 1 2 0 2 2 2 s . 2 0 2 6 . , 93, 4 , 5, 35 gq , 5 , 7 . , 7 Diod oros 2 2 , 47 , 59 . Dios o is Th eb es 16 p l ( ), 3. C d reams , 30.

6 2 Dud u 60 . C aesar, 1 5, 34. ,

C aesarion , 1 66.

C ai ro , 2 20 . 60 6 s C anaan , , 7 oy. - ib rari es i n 6 . Eb ed sherah 2 . l , 7 A , 7 - came 2 1 . Eb ed tob 1 . l , , 7 cana 1 2 1 6. Ecc esiasti cus 1 . l , 7 7 , 5, 4 l , 45 Ed om 2 88 6 1 - i 1 2 6 . 01 10 . Carch em sh , , 43 , 7 , , 9 , 3

Cano us Decree of 1 0. E t et mo o of 2 06 . p , , 5 gyp , y l gy , 4 , mi m cats 1 2 2 2 0. Ekh 1 2 2 . , 93 , 5, 3 , 97 , 35, 75

Ci ic ia 8 1 E b o 2 66 . l , . l ,

Cham o ion 1 0 2 8. E eaz ar 1 8. p ll , 9 , 3 l , 4

Ch ri sti anit 1 68 s . E e h antine 201 s . y , gq l p , oy - H i h ircu mnavi ation of fri ca 1 2 . Rl b e 1 0 . c g A , 5 , 5 - C eo atra 1 0 1 6 . El K ab 1 6 1. l p , 4 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 4 - co ossus at M em his 2 . Rl K har eb 1 0 l p , 3 , 47 g , Index 337

E te eh 2 6 H eb ron 2 8 8 . l k , 7 . , 7 , 7 , 9 E nna 2 H kataeos 1 6 1 1 8 1 86 2 2 , 5. e , 7 , 7 7 , 3 , , 3 ,

Enoch b oo of 1 62 1 2 2 8 . 0. , k , , 7 37 , 5 Erman f H e en 2 1 Pro essor 1 2 . . , , 7 , 5 l , 5 - E sar h ad d on 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 8 2 H e io o is 2 0 2 20 s . 2 0 2 0. , 3 , , , 7 9 . l p l , 4 , go , 4 , 5 E n h 2 s e 6 H ellanikos 1 8 . , 7 . , 3 E hi l 1 t o ians 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 H e lenion 2 . p , , , 49 , 5 , 49 , , 3

h e met b ronz e 2 8 . l , , 3

Eus eb ius 1 0 2 86 . H e hae tion 1 8 , 7 , 4 , p s , 3 E x dus o 8 0 1 1 . H erakleo olis Ahnas 1 2 1 2 0 , 3 , 4 , 45, 5 , 9 p ( ), 9 , 9 5, 4 , - 0 2 1 . 264 , 27 7

H ermes , 22 7 .

Hermo oli s 1 20 2 1 0. F p , 93 , 4 , - he 2 0 H er sh ef Arsa s . ( p ), 7 Fa ﬁm 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 86 1 88 yy , 3 , 37 , 4 , 4 , , H ez e iah 1 1 2 6 . k , 5, 7 1 1 6 2 6 . 94 , 9 , 4 H ierak on 1 , 94 . fami nes - 8 , 34 3 . 6 H i ni nsu Ah nas 2 6 2 . ( ) , 4 , 7 F nkhu 1 e 0 . , 7 hi o otam u s 1 1 . pp p , 7 7 , 9 3

i i 6 82 86 88 . H tt tes , 3 , 74 , , , G H omer , 1 82 .

H - - ont Ra 208 . Gard ner M r E 2 2 ma , 1 2 1 . , . , 4 i H o hra see A r es. Gaz a 80 8 88 0 1 0 1 2 6 p , p , , 7 , , 9 , 9 5, 7 , - - H or m hib . , 7 3 , 7 5 2 2 2 2 2 b H orus , 201 , 2 , , 7 , . Geb al B os 2 . 3 5 3 7 5 ( y l ), 7

1 1 2 6 2 8 1 2 8 . Geb el Ab u Fod a 1 H owara , , 5, , 3 2 . , 94 , 7 1 9

H us e n feast of 2 . eb elén 1 0 . , , G , 5 y 39

2 8 0 2 2 . H sos 1 , , , , , 7 Gez er 1 0 . yk , 4 3 3 39 4 , 5

tia 1 0. Goshen 6 1 20 2 H a , 7 , 43 , 44 , 9 , , 36 . yp léni sch eff M Go . , , 94 . Gra nt-B e Dr 2 2 1 y , . , .

Gree s 1 2 1 1 . k , 3 , 3 Iannas 2 2 8 i M , . Gr fﬁ th r . 1 1 2 6 2 1 , , , 3 , 7 .

ib i ses 1 2 1 0. G es 1 2 2 . , 93 , yg , Illahun 2 6 2 6 , 3 , 5. 8 1 8 1 Inaros, 1 7 , . n 8 inundati o , 1 4 . i 2 2 0 2 80 H ad ash ah 0 . Ion ans 1 , 9 , 3 , 3 ,

amath 88 Isi s 2 1 2 2 . H , . , 9 , 3 5, 39 mamat 2 2 Istar 2 H am , 7 . , 7 7 . H anes b has 2 6 (A ), 7

H a i N i le 2 00 . p ( ),

H ath or 1 2 60 . , 3 ,

haw s 1 . addua 1 1 0 k , 93 J , 44 , 5 338 Tb e Egyp t of the H ebr ews a nd H erodotos

ason 1 6 K om a i f 2 1 1 J , 5 . Q , .

m 8 - erah ee 1 0 . K ro hi 1 2 01 J l , p , 9 9 . m 1 06 erob oa . K tésras 2 8 J , , 5. erusa em 1 80 8 1 6 1 1 6 1 2 6 K r n 0 0 e e 1 . J l , 7 , , 7 , , , , y , 3

ews 1 1 1 1 8 1 2 1 1 J , 4 , 44 , 4 , 5 , 53 , 55,

1 1 62 1 6 . 59 , , 4

ose h 2 s . 2 2 1 . L ab ai 1 J p , 4 gq , 9 3 , , 7 . i ah 2 6 os 1 . J , Lab r inth 1 86 2 2 . y , , 7 3 , 7 9

ud ah 8 88 1 0 . L u 8 e . J , 7 , , 7 k , 4 L eonto oli s 1 8 p , 5 . L e i 6 ps us, 7 . L eto 2 , 35.

Kad esh 82 . L ib ans 8 1 06 1 2 1 0 , y , 4 , , 3 , 3 .

K amb ses 1 2 1 2 62 . L i sh t 1 1 y , 3 , 49 , , 9 .

- - K a meri R a , 1 1 .

K an os 2 0 -2 0 2 o . p , 7 9 , 35 M i m f N i 2 06 2 2 1 1 K ano c ar o e 0 . p l , , 9 , K ari ans 1 2 1 8 1 8 2 1 8 2 0 2 M accab ees the 1 60 , 3 , 3 , 7 , , 3 , 39 , , , . 2 2 2 2 80 M afkat Si nai 2 4 , 54 , . ( ) , 54 . - M ah i K afr el at 2 ana m 1 08 . Ayy , 45. , Ke o Dr M ah er Professor 1 08 ll gg , . , 99 . l , , 7 , 3 . 8 M aindes 2 8 1 K rkas r 1 . e o os, 5 , . i M an asseh 1 1 6 Khab ri , 7 1 . , . Kh ab b ash 1 M anetho 1 1 6 1 8 2 1 00 1 8 , 34 , 4 , , , 7 3 , 9 , , 4 ,

Kh a 2 1 00 . 2 2 8 2 2 2 l , 7 , , 57 , 7 . Khaf-Ra K h e hr en 2 6 2 M ariet e . t 8 2 2 8 ( p ), 5 , 59 , 39 , 7 , 45, 3 . K 2 M ar n n heb . to 1 66 , 3 5 k A y , . K mmi s 1 2 2 M er f h e . as o Pro essor 1 0 1 1 2 1 , 97 , 35, 37 p , , 39 , 7 , 9 , 7 Khufu 8 2 2 2 2 8 M aster - th ief tal e o f 2 K heo s 6 . . p ( ), , 7 , 5 , 5 , , 53 n Khaf- Ra 2 6 2 M ax es 8 8 8 K he hre . . p ( ), 5 , 59 y , 4, 5, 7 K - i 2 M ed i net H ab u 8 8 h eti t 6 . 1 02 2 2 , 7 , 7 , 9 , , 53 , 54 . K 2 2 M um 2 6 i an Iannas 8 ed . h . ( ) , , 7 , 3 K i - ir 8 2 M b 1 1 h ta s e a z os 8 1 . , . g y , 7 9 ,

K hi i 2 1 . M e ab az u s 2 8 t , 7 g , 3 . Khri -Ah u 2 20 M e i ddo 2 1 0 , . g , 7 , 7 . - - m i z K hu n ten eno his s M e ch ed e 1 . A (A p 53 gq. l k , 7 K n 1 1 8 1 M mn 1 imo . e on 6 , 7 9 , , 9 . Ki r ath -se h er 6 68 M em h is 2 1 s . . 2 1 2 2 5 j p , 7 , p , , 5, 4 qq , 9 , 4 97 . menes 1 1 8 2 K leo . M end es . , 3 7 , 3 , 3 9

K sma 2 6 . M ene aus th e ew 1 ly , 9 l ( J ) , 53 . K eo atra 1 6 1 l o e C . M ene ai te nome 2 2 kk ( l p ) , , 3 5, 37 .

- K o m el h mar 2 0 . M enes 2 1 0 2 2 6 A , 5 , , 9 , 44 , 4

340 Tb e Egyp t of tb e H ebrew s a nd H er odotos

Pharaoh meani n of 2 2 2 0 . , g , , 5 R

Pharos 1 1 82 . , 47 , Ra 1 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 , , 4 , 9 , 5 , .

Ph eron 2 0. , 5 Raamses Clt 6 8 ( y), 7 , 9 . Ph i ae 2 00 , . Ra-m - h l en e er 1 0 . k p , 5

Phi i stines 80 8 86 88 0. , , 4 , , , 9 R m l a ses I. . , 7 5

P hi lotera oseir 1 6 . (Q ), 4 II 1 6 . 1 8 68 6 8 , 3 , , , 43 , 47 , , 7 , 7 ,

Ph u t , 1 0. 3 8o s . 1 1 1 6 2 06 2 08 2 2 8 2 6 gq , 7 , 9 , , , , 3 ,

hoenix 1 2 2 . p , 7 7 , 3 2 2 0 2 0 47 , 5 , 7 . - Pi ankhi 1 1 2 2 68. , , 8 - 0 1 0 1 1 02 1 2 5 9 , , , 57 , 53 , Pi - 2 SO d 1 0. p , 2 54 . h 6 Pi t om 1 . , 43 , 9 Ra-nefer , 7 . P ato 2 2 l , 4. Ra hia 1 1 p , 4 .

P utar ch 2 0 2 8 . l , 7 , 5 Red M ound 2 0 , 5 .

Pol b os 1 82 . y , Retennu , 1 1 1 . P l o kratés 1 6 . y , 7 Rh am si ni tos Ramses 2 2 s p ( 5 gq. P om e 1 6 2 p y , 4 , 34 . Rh od o is 2 1 p , 4 . P oti h ar 2 p , 4 . Rome 1 1 1 6 , 53 , 55, 4 .

Prob us 1 6 . , 7 Rosetta Stone 1 , 53 . Proso iti s 2 8 2 6 2 p , 3 , , 335. Prot us 1 82 2 1 e , , 5 . m of o omon 1 6 S P sa s S . l l , 4 m etikh 1 8 1 1 2 2 s Sab ako 1 1 0 2 2 2 66 2 Psa m os L 1 20 . 6 2 , , , gg , , , 9 , , 9 , 7 3 .

2 1 2 2 8 s Sadd uc ees 1 1 . 3 , 43 , 7 oy. , 5 Sa el-H a ar Sais 2 1 II. 1 2 . . , 7 g ( ), 7 III 1 2 2 Saft el- H enneh Gosh en . , 3 , 34. ( ) , 43. Sai 2 1 s P ah 1 2 2 2 s 2 2 . s 0 2 . t 6 0 . , 4 , 9 , 4 , 4 gg , 7 4 , 7 9 , 4 , 5 gg P to emais 1 Samaritans 1 1 1 62 l , 43. , 3 7 , 59 , . L os 1 8 s S mi s 2 1 Pto em I a a an . l y . , g , 3 gg. , 4 I Phi d e h 1 6 s 2 i -ri 2 8 I a us . 1 . Sa s . . , l lp , 4 qg , 3 p , 3

III 1 8 s Sa ho 2 1 . . , 4 qg. pp , 4

IV 1 1 Sardi nians 8 . . , 5 . , 4 V 1 2 1 1 . . Sar on . , 5 g , 4 s i VL 1 . Sa khi s or A kb s 2 6 2 66 . , 54 sy y , 4 , Ph skon 1 Satra ies ss ri an in E t 1 1 y , 54~ p , A y , gyp , 7 , L ath r us 1 62 y , . 1 2 2 , 2 7 9 . P r mid th r t 8 1 0 2 a e ea 6. Satuna 82 . y , g , , 9 , 5 ,

Schumacher. Dr. , 8 1 .

Sc ths 1 2 y , 3 . 2 sebait , 2 1 .

Seb e 2 66. k ,

Seb enn tic arm of N i e 2 . y l , 37

Sehél ste a of . , l , 35

Sekhem Esneh 2 6. ( ), 7 Index 34 1

Sekh et 2 2 S u h ah 1 0 1 . , 5. p ,

Semennﬁd Seb enn tos 2 Sutekh 2 2 2 8 . ( y ), 39 . , 3 , 39 ,

Send , 6 .

Senem Bi h e 2 00. ( g ), T Sennach eri b 1 1 2 2 5 , 4 , 44 , 7 5 97 .

Se timius 2 T ah anhes 1 2 1 1 . p , 34 . p , 9 , 3 T - m Se tua i nt 1 and on 1 1 . p g , 45. A , 9

T i 1 2 2 . Sera um 2 6 1 an s see Z oan 0 s . pe , . ( ) , 4 gg , 3 Sera i 2 Tantah 2 2 6 s . p , 07 . , T - ser ents wi n ed 2 6 a user ueen . p , g , 3 . , Q , 99

Sesetsu Sesostris 2 T eie ueen 8 . ( ), 49 . , Q , 57 , 5 T - mar na 2 s Sesostri s Ramses IL 1 6 el el . ( ), 47 , 9 , A , 5 gg T e - 1 l el Ba li eh 2 0. q y ,

- Set 2 2 2 2 2 2 Tel ed D effeneh 1 2 2 1 s . , 7 5, , 35, 37 , 49 . , 9 , 3 gq Seth os 2 2 Tel l-Y u 1 2 0 e eh d i eh . , 44 , 7 5. y , 57 , 5 - Seti L 2 2 8 T el eu N eb ésh eh 2 6. , 7 5, . , 3 ’ - IL 8 1 00 T el Fera i n 2 . , 4 , 97 . , 35 - T M okdam Set nekht 1 00 el . , . , 39 Sh i 6 n 1 Bedou n Tha n . asu 2 . ras ( ), 7 y , 7 9 h m Theb es 1 2 0 1 6 1 1 6 S ech e 2 . , 7 , , 5 , 3 , 94 , 9 Sh d -fe ti 2 T hi Gir eh 2 e s va 26 . s . l , ( g ), m 8 8 8 1 2 2 2 Sh e herd in s 1 . Th oth es 1 0 6 . p k g , 4 , 5 , , 9 , S e i 6 h r . T hu d i d es 2 8 , ky , 5. hi h h 1 s 2 2 6 S s a 1 6 2 Tirh 1 . 2 0 2 8 aka . k , , . , 4 gg , 7 , 7 ’ i h 2 S b e So 1 1 . T né hak tos 68 . ( ), 4 p , Sicu i 86 ans . T uni 8 2 l , p , .

Sid on 1 1 2 8 . T urah 2 , 9 , , 57 . Simon th e ust 1 P J , 0. Turi n a rus 1 6 . 5 py , in 2 - - mon S . T ut an h . , 33 k A , 7 3

Si nai 8 2 2 8 . b r th T ale of 2 s Two o ers . , 7 , 9 , 54 , 3 , , 5 qq

Sin ar 82 . T r 2 2 0 2 g , y e, 7 , 5, 34 . - Si P tah 8 . T rian cam 2 2 2 1 , 4 , 99 y p , 4 , 5 .

Smendes 1 0 . rsenians 8 , 5 ﬁ , 4 .

Snefru , 6 .

1 1 So 4 . U mon 1 0 So o . l , 5

So on 1 8 2 1 . U az 2 2 6 2 2 l , 3 , 7 . 3 5. 3 . 37 . 7 5

- So stratos 1 . U rd mon 1 1 , 47 A , 9 . i nx 0 1 1 - S h 2 . U r mer 2 0 p , 5, 3 , 9 , 45 , 4 .

St. oh n . A . 1 2 . U sertesen L 2 2 1 2 1 J , J , 9 , , 5 .

Strab o 2 2 2 6 2 8 1 . II 1 2 66 2 , 3 , 4 , . , 9 , , 7 0.

uccoth 6 . 2 S , 43 , 7 7 , 9 III. , 8 2 .

umeri an 6 6 . S , 4 , 5 W adi Tumilat G ( oshen) 43 W i ed emann Pr f , o es501 2 2 , 39 , 3 . W i lb our M r , . , 35.

anthos 1 X , 7 6.

V - aud hamelek 1 0 , 9 .

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Notes and ueri es. e v Q reach o n e ve ry read r s she l e s . ‘ i rmi am et Instruc tive and amusi ng w e can B ngh Gaz t e. not imagi ne a ny boo k o f the ki nd so w e ll W e cord i ally r ec omme n d this u s e fu l ’ orth of a a ce i n e ven a sma i ra r . and e n terta i ni n oo h i ch mu st ha ve w y pl ll l b y g b k , w -D i l e s c ost the au th or man e ars o f a ori ous a y N w . y y l b ‘ - t ar di an A n i n tere sti n curi ou s a nd u se fu rese arch . M anc es er Gu . g , , l h ’ ‘ —Nati o b se er a n n T a r h a s rou h t o u t anoth e r nal O rv . C o o book . yl b g i ‘ 0 Q ’ A conve ni e nt h an oo c ra mme i th nota e or o n i i ome ncla tu re . db k , d W bl w k L eeds M er ur i nformati on whi ch c anno t fa i l t o b e o f c y . ‘ ene ra i nte re st W e hearti c o m A n i ntere sti n u se fu an d e rmanent g l ly g , l , p ly ' ’ m t m i t o va u a me . The os i rtant me nd Canon Tayl or s l tl e b o k . l bl e vol u po —New York r P all M all Gaz ette work o f the ki nd Ob serve .

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Com i ed b B OW YE R N p l y ICH OL S .

W i th a P reface b GE ORGE S INTSB RY y A U , P rofessor of Rhetori c and E ngl i sh Li terature i n th ni v rsi t o di r e U e y f E nb u gh .

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m i and M . B . o d C . C e b E L . B . p l y . ,

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sta e of th ou ht he i nsists that th e facts have e t se en . M r . M orr is eser ve th g g , y d s e of e vol uti on practi cally i nva lid ate the th anks of all thi nki ng men for his a dmi r stock a r gu ments for design and speci al able e xpositi on o f the tru ths r eveal e d by r s he oo i s e o rth o f the natu ra the o o fro m the evo u ti n stan pu p o e . T b k w ll w y l l gy l o d h attenti on —of all i nterested i n spe cu l a ti ve poi nt . T e book i s one of the most va l u Glas o Herald. a e a i ti ons t t he i a i r t theo logy. g w bl dd o ol og c l l te a ure ‘ ’ n h h e thi s oo must b e ad th at have a e are o f r ec e n t e ar O t e o s . w l , b k pp d y r u ti on t o Ab erd een J ourn a mi tted to b e a val u a bl e c ont ib l .

w s Cr o n 8va. 5 .

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Contai ni ng the Order for the dmi ni strati on of the H o Communi on A l y , accordi n to th e B ook Of Common P ra er g y , together with additi onal matter transl ated fro m the E ngli sh M i ssal s of th ear i r ar x e nth C ntur e l e p t Of the Si t e e y .

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— m ora — ONTE NTS. I Ka endar R ub ri cat d Te e . Ordi nar C . l ( e ) p l 3 y — T n and Canon R ub ri cated wi th musi ca n otati on 4 . o es for sin i n ( ) , l — g g - — n n mmune anctoru m . M i s i t e a d os . a t ral 6 Co S sae Ep s l G pe l 5 S c o e . 7 i — M i s D n m— ntai ni n di v r n d Vot va S. s ae fu toru ndi x o e s Be e i e c g. Appe c g c n and ervi es f W k ti o s S c o H oly ee .

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A c rdi n to the Sar m B re i ar to ether with co g u v y, g ‘ ’ a bri ef Commentary from The Mi rror Of our Lady.

r n s 6d . C ow 87 m. 3 . B i sh op Gue st a nd Arti cle s T w e nty -e i ght and T w e nty -n i n e B F D E S y G . . H O G , ’ - mer i s n P ul s H ammersmi th . For ss ta t Curate of St. a ly A , N i th r fa M O D . D . W a P e ce b the Rev. . . S y A J A , , i v i t o f mb rid L ady M argaret P rofessor Of Di vi nity i n th e U n ers y Ca ge .

‘ It a ppe ars to me to b e a succ i nc t b u t substanti al c ontribu ti on to theologi cal . ’ — h i stor . The ht H on. E . GL A D ST ON E . y n W .

L n n i n arden . o do 34 K ng S treet, C ove t G I M E S S R R I VIN G TON P E R CI VA L 6 4 35 4 S . , C0

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u r oses . An e xc e ent e arran e York s i r e Post . p p . ll , w ll g d , h c ear tem e rat e u st a n d at ri ot i c oo l , p , j , p b k , ‘ and i t d ese rve s a Wi d e and h e arty we l Thi s Is a t rustwor thy a nd se rvi ceabl e H—S ectat or manu a hi ch W Ill u i te ho It s own i th c ome p l , w q ld w the si mi a r o l e ‘ o p u b Ish d M r. Oman It i su a a nt on fe t i n the l b k by w ll pply w l g l f w — a e month s ago Glasgow Herald. The c h arac t ers o f e du cati ona l world ! h e i th re a lea di ng p ersona ge s a re sk e tc d W g t ( — It Is e xtre me ly prac tic al and we ll ar Dall C roni cle . faIrn ess. y h ran ed . The narrat Ive ﬂ o s easi and g w ly, ‘ th e t ai e The na rrat i ve i s admi rably a rrange d . d e l s ar not too c l osely pack ed to m an n e h —Gu di an R ansome com s a t er ar . P rofessor d g .

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own s 6 Cr 800. 4 . d . T h e M ak i ng Of th e E ngland of E li z abeth

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General Edi tor— R TH R H SS LL M . A . A U A A , tud nt f hri t hur S e O C s C ch , Oxford .

P eri od I.

- A 6 . h D k A s D . T e ar g e , . 47 9 1 8 ’ B C . W . C . OM N M . A . Fe ow Of Sou s C o e e xford 5 d O . . 6 . y A , , ll All l ll g , 7 A lr ead u b [ y p li sb ed .

P eri od II.

- T h e Em i re and th e P a ac A . D . 1 8 1 2 2 p p y , 9 7 . B T F T M A P rofessor Of H i stor a V i . . TO . . t i ctor a ni ver i t y U , , y U s y, h M anc ester.

P eri od III.

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P eri od IV .

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