DOCSLIB.ORG

Collateral Management

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Collateral Management Mark Jennis, Managing Director, DTCC [email protected] Mathew Keshav Lewis, Vice President, DTCC [email protected] Feature Feature If you Google “collateral,” the top collateral has had to become much search result is a 2004 thriller starring more analytical. Finding the lowest cost MANY HANDS Tom Cruise and Jamie Foxx. While collateral eligible for a particular purpose, collateral in the financial sense may not for example, can help a financial bring to mind the same level of action institution raise crucial finance, hedge an MEAN RISK AND or adventure, the reality is surprisingly exposure, or save a great deal of money. dynamic. Sweeping and rapid changes The need to source eligible collateral are occurring in financial markets that and allocate it to the right counterparty OPPORTUNITY are having a significant impact on creates markets in collateral with similar the management, mobilisation and supply and demand characteristics INCREASE transformation of collateral. to those of any market, with Collateral has a contradictory commensurately complicated servicing reputation. It is remembered as the requirements. The demand for collateral Regulation and industry developments trigger of massive financial losses in is driven by the daily reconciliation the acute phase of the financial crisis of trades and investment portfolios are changing the nature of collateral in 2008. But it is also viewed as an between counterparties, and the daily important part of the solution to the calculations of the net exposure between management. These changes are putting problems highlighted by the crisis. them, based on movements in the prices Policymakers around the world have of the underlying assets and liabilities pressure on the collateral supply chain, enacted new rules, including the and collateral posted already. increasing the volume of margin calls Dodd-Frank Act in the United States, Once the exposure is calculated, a the European Market Infrastructure margin call is executed at an agreed and collateral movements, and vastly Regulation (EMIR) and the Basel III value. The margin call can take one of regulations in Europe, all of which have at least three forms. The first is simply complicating the operational processes implications for the markets in collateral. a bi-lateral matching of the margin call The primary objective of these new between collateral provider and collateral that support the collateralisation of swaps, regulations is to increase market stability taker. The second is an affirmation of and resilience, enhance transparency, the terms of the trade between a prime futures, repos, stock loan and payments. and reduce counterparty, operational, broker (usually a major investment bank) Mark Jennis, managing director, strategy and and liquidity risk. Collateral, as the and their client (typically a hedge fund security provided by one party to another manager). The third, in which collateral business development at DTCC and Mathew to mitigate counterparty risk in any is posted to a clearing broker for onward extension of credit or other financial transmission to a central counterparty Keshav Lewis, vice president, strategy and exposure, has an important part to play clearing house (CCP), is ultimately in achieving these goals. Managed well, settled between the CCP and the business development at DTCC, explore the collateral solves many more problems clearing broker. than it creates. These collateral demands necessitate risks and opportunities this is creating for Because it is used in so many lines the efficient identification, aggregation, market intermediaries, service providers and of business (payments, repo, securities optimisation and allocation of collateral lending, swaps) and takes such a wide on the supply side to meet these three market infrastructures. variety of forms (cash, bonds, equities, different needs. Market participants mutual fund shares, commodities and cannot efficiently pledge collateral unless precious metals) the management of they know where it is located and Feature Feature can aggregate it accordingly. Once of robust operational controls and capital Coupled with limited internal will request initial margin be held in the appropriate inventory is secured, requirements even for OTC derivatives optimisation of collateral, inefficiencies of segregated accounts. the collateral can then be optimized. trades that do not need to be centrally this kind could exacerbate the potential In addition, the removal or reduction Essentially, this means allocating cleared. In practice, CCPs will have gap between supply and expected of the thresholds for variation margin the collateral, based on a variety of to impose initial margin requirements new demand identified by the Bank currently used in bi-lateral trades means parameters that are defined by the (which can be met in the form of of England, ISDA and the BIS. That is any change in valuation is likely to trigger collateral provider (such as minimal cost) securities as well as cash) and make a non-trivial problem. An inability to a margin call, and most likely on a daily and that also satisfy the demands of daily variation margin calls (which can be view all available collateral, and limited basis. In the past, the use of thresholds the collateral taker (such as less risky met only in cash). This can be expected capacity to mobilise and allocate it limited these calls to occasions when collateral). to dramatically increase the demand for during periods of market stress, could the value of the underlying trade This is easier said than done. It means cash and high-quality collateral that can make the difference between surviving a moved significantly. reviewing the collateral eligibility criteria be turned into cash. financial crisis and succumbing to it. But factors other than regulation of the counterparty, understanding A study by the Bank of England in The stress will be intensified are also at work. These include the the terms of the agreement with the September 2012 estimated that new by the sheer volume of transactional fragmentation of CCPs between counterparty, calculating the relative collateral demands stemming from activity stemming from rising demand countries and regions and asset costs and risks of putting a single piece regulatory change could amount to for collateral. Margin call activity, for classes, and the knock-on effects on of collateral to different uses, taking as much as $800 billion. In a separate example, can be expected to increase the documentation required to cover into account the internal requirements analysis, the International Swaps and dramatically as OTC derivatives the collateralisation of OTC derivative of the in-house or third party source of Derivatives Association (ISDA) calculated move from bi-lateral markets to transactions. For example, the new the collateral, and then actually moving that new initial margin requirements centralised clearing. Discussions with standard credit support annex (CSA) the collateral between accounts via for centrally cleared OTC derivatives participants in the OTC derivatives published by ISDA encourages variation networks of custodian banks. Allocation could top $10 trillion. And, most markets indicate that this activity could and intra-day margin calls to be settled is where the supply of collateral meets recently, a committee of the Bank for increase by anywhere between 500 and in the same currency as the underlying the demand for it. International Settlements (BIS) estimated 1,000 per cent. A follow-up study by the trade (for many good reasons). This With the demand for collateral rising that the combination of new liquidity London School of Economics, funded is likely to result in an increase in the as a result of regulatory change, supply requirements and OTC derivatives by DTCC, is underway to validate volume and complexity of collateral calls. is becoming a source of animated clearing could push new collateral needs these predictions. Today, margin calls are primarily met discussion in the industry. Over the to $4 trillion. A primary driver of these astonishingly in euro or US dollars. In the immediate last 18 months, several organizations Despite these potentially massive high rates of increase is the regulatory future, margin calls will be settled in have attempted to calculate the amount increases in demand for collateral, mandate to clear swap transactions. This any of the five main currencies, and of collateral that will be needed by many financial institutions have yet to has led to the proliferation of clearing eventually in any one of up to 17 financial firms as a result of the new OTC fully grasp the value of the pools of venues in various countries and regions different national currencies within derivatives measures taken under Dodd eligible collateral in their possession and for specific derivative types. Each the Group of 20 (G-20). Frank and EMIR, and the new capital or, where they are cognisant of it, are of these venues will be issuing margin In addition, CSAs previously allowed and liquidity requirements specified in struggling to find ways of mobilising calls daily. Adding further to the number an entire portfolio of deals with one Basel III. There is a concern that there the collateral efficiently to post against of calls, users will be obliged to post counterparty to be covered by a single will not be sufficient eligible collateral to specific exposures. As much as 15 initial margin to each of these venues, margin call. Now that swaps are centrally meet all
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Collateral Control Services
    COLLATERAL CONTROL SERVICES ACE GLOBAL - Collateral Control Services ACE GLOBAL provides a “One-Stop Shop” across the commodity value chain. ACCS Local/Region Transport/Lo Transport/Lo Exporters/ Transformers Traders Countries al Producers gistics gistics Importers Crop Finance • Tanks/Silos • Refiners • Tanks/Silos • Distribution Tax and Duty • Shipping • Mills • Shipping • End Users collection • Rail • Crushers • Rail • Pipelines • Factories • Pipelines • Breweries Existing relationship 1 COLLATERAL CONTROL SERVICES ACE GLOBAL – Solutions Financial Structuring Commercial Engineering Operational Risk Management services General Services services services • Structured Trade and • Contract Farming Services • Field Warehousing • Consultancy Commodity Financing • Trade Flow Facilitation • Collateral Management • Advisory • KYCC services • Commodity Pricing • Secured Distribution • Legal • Commodity profile • Supervising Aid management • Certified Inventory Control • Training • Certified Accounts Receivable Services • Monitoring • Field Audit and Inspection 2 COLLATERAL CONTROL SERVICES ACE GLOBAL BUSINESS PROCESS & OVERVIEW 3 COLLATERAL CONTROL SERVICES ACE GLOBAL & Lenders - Synergies ACTORS SUPPLIER LOCAL AGENT PORT EXPORTER OFF-TAKER Export/Shipm STEPS Delivery of Raw Material Warehousing Processing Warehousing Transit Warehousing Loading Receivables ent TYPE OF Working Capital Financing Receivable Raw Material Financing Export Product Financing FINANCING (Tolling) Financing Supplier Quality/Quantity/Weig Supplier/Processing Carrier Terminal
    [Show full text]
  • Global Master Repurchase Agreement Guidance Notes
    Global Master Repurchase Agreement Guidance Notes Fiery and croaky Trip often overdriven some twines puffingly or animate expeditiously. Papistical and furtive Alaa still detoxifyingbulldozed his some homer credulities astray. Audientinerrably. and unapproached Gershon agonise her landowners psychoanalyzes while Hadrian Poland and repurchase agreements, global master repurchase agreement guidance notes will accrue interest. However stresses that. 19 What form the GMRA International Capital Market Association. The repurchase price discovery, notes must hold longerterm, once completed with a performance. For setoff between two material. Borrow fees will be included in the income of a taxable Canadian lender. Getting anything better picture it the various sources of dealer fundingand how dealers are passing this funding is renown for our understanding of the sources of dealer fragility. Based largely on the Global Master Repurchase Agreement GMRA 2000 and. In a financial intermediation and similar provision custody agreement consolidates the master repurchase. Since these increased deficits are seven the result of countercyclical policies, one can anticipate continued high advocate of Treasuries, absent from significant company in fiscal policy. With both SOFR and SONIA based on actual transactions rather than relying on submissions by banks, it reduces the risk of any manipulation and fixing of the rates that plagued LIBOR. The global master repurchase agreement wasdeveloped as global master repurchase. Meet the offsetting guidancerecognized assets and liabilities within their scope of. Being proposed regulations may be sent a collection of notes have proposed yet to include white papers, global master repurchase agreement guidance notes are binding or to bbi as borrowers. In percentage of. Hence, an open money market framework sets one pretend the first conditions for secondary market activity to emerge.
    [Show full text]
  • Interagency Supervisory Guidance on Counterparty Credit Risk Management
    Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Office of Thrift Supervision Interagency Supervisory Guidance on Counterparty Credit Risk Management June 29, 2011 Table of Contents I. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................2 II. Governance 1. Board and Senior Management Responsibilities ........................................................................................... 3 2. Management Reporting ................................................................................................................................. 3 3. Risk Management Function and Independent Audit ..................................................................................... 4 III. Risk Measurement 1. Counterparty Credit Risk Metrics ................................................................................................................. 4 2. Aggregation of Exposures ............................................................................................................................. 5 3. Concentrations ............................................................................................................................................... 6 4. Stress Testing ................................................................................................................................................ 7 5. Credit Valuation Adjustments
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Management Solutions © 01/2008 Sgs
    SGT_0166_Collateral_EN_Impose:Mise en page 1 27.2.2008 11:16 Page 1 WWW.SGS.COM RISK MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS © 01/2008 SGS. All rights reserved. rights All SGS. 01/2008 © SGT_0166_Collateral_EN_Impose:Mise en page 1 27.2.2008 11:16 Page 2 COLLATERAL The Basel Committee has released a WITH MORE THAN 50,000 EMPLOYEES, SGS PROVIDES A UNIQUE NETWORK COMPRISING OVER 1000 detailed set of requirements dealing BRANCHES AND LABORATORIES WORLDWIDE. MANAGEMENT with bank reserve requirements and risk-weighting in relation to international AND BASEL II commodity finance transactions. COMPLIANCE Basel ll, the new version of the Basel Accord has now significantly changed the regulations in the entire trade finance industry. The intention of the Accord is to encourage banks engaged in commodity financing transactions to adopt robust and comprehensive policies and procedures for the inspection, control, and valuation of commodities, in order to qualify as Advanced Internal Ratings Based transactions. SGS is following closely the evaluation of the Basel Committee proposals in the commodity finance sector, and has tailored its Collateral Management Services to enable its clients to mini-mize the critical Loss Given Default (LGD) component, in order to achieve the lowest possible risk weighting in collateralized commodity financing transactions. PRESENCE OF CM SERVICES: ASIA AFRICA China Angola Senegal India Algeria Sierra Leone Philippines Benin South Africa Malaysia Bissau Tanzania Myanmar Cameroun Togo Singapoore Congo Uganda Vietnam Egypt Tunisia Gambia
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Using Commodities as Collateral for Finance (Commodity-Backed Finance) Panos Varangis (Finance and Markets Global Practice) and Jean Saint-Geours (Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice)1 Public Disclosure Authorized Introduction In most emerging markets, the lack of acceptable collateral is often cited as a key constraint on the provision of credit to agriculture. Three main types of collateral are typically used to finance agriculture: farmland, equipment, and agricultural commodities. In many economies, however, the ability to use farmland as collateral is hindered by the absence of land titles or by inefficient land markets. Likewise, mortgaging or leasing out equipment is not always possible due to the lack of mechanization in agriculture, the absence of a legal and regulatory framework conducive to leasing, or limited secondary markets for equipment in case of default. As a result, the third option—use of agricultural commodities as collateral—is increasingly being explored in various countries, particularly in Latin America, South Asia, and East Africa, where financial institutions have developed credit products that use commodities Public Disclosure Authorized as collateral for lending. Such agricultural commodities have an established value and market where quick liquidation mechanisms can in theory provide sufficient funds to cover a loan extended against them in case of a default. While commodity-backed finance refers to both pre-harvest finance (pledge of future production) and post-harvest finance (pledge of existing inventories), using commodities as collateral is more common for post-harvest finance for a few reasons. Post-harvest finance notably leverages tools (presented below) that are simpler to put in place—that is, securing existing commodities is a less challenging task than securing commodities that have yet to be produced.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cleared Derivatives Ecosystem a Different Approach to Your Collateral Management
    The Cleared Derivatives Ecosystem A Different Approach to Your Collateral Management decade after the financial crisis, the dust has settled in the Frank Perrone Senior Vice President Investor Services derivatives markets. Policy objectives and regulatory reforms [email protected] +1 212 493 7970 Adesigned to strengthen the financial markets and reduce systemic risk have been largely adopted. Market participants are focusing on fine tuning their responses and considering alternative approaches to managing collateral and funding costs. Understanding how margin is deployed and used across the clearing ecosystem can inform more efficient and optimized programs. INVESTOR SERVICES A Brief Overview In this paper, we aim to review and explore core functionalities of the clearing ecosystem and margin infrastructure, including The financial crisis of 2008 shed light on the exposures and how margin collateral is maintained, transferred, and protected structural weaknesses embedded in the over-the-counter (OTC) through the settlement lifecycle. It should serve to assist end derivatives markets. In response, regulators and policy makers users, such as asset managers and insurers, as they consider came together to address the systemic risks associated with derivatives clearing and collateral management strategies. OTC swap transactions. This led to a fundamental review and establishment of regulations designed to mitigate risks inherent in the OTC swaps markets. The successful track Listed Derivatives and Swaps record of the futures clearing system managing and mitigating Clearing counterparty risk provided a foundation for some of the Participants in the listed derivatives and cleared swaps market important OTC swaps market reforms. gain access to the central clearing system through their Two directives that were introduced: relationships with futures commission merchants (FCMs).
    [Show full text]
  • Collateral Management Road to Optimization Introduction Definition of Collateral
    Collateral Management Road to Optimization Introduction Definition of Collateral Collateral Management is now more at the Collateral Optimization is a buzz-phrase in all & Collateral Management centre-stage than ever before. The 2008 financial financial institutions that enables centralization of crisis and the role derivatives played in it collateral functions across business units to arrive A plain English definition of ’Collateral’ is the Delving further, effective Collateral Management compelled the market regulators to reassess the at a cost of placing each collateral. This helps assets (generally very Liquid) provided by one starts with design, negotiation and setting up a risks posed by various derivative instruments and financial institutions manage supply and demand party-to-trade to another to mitigate the counter- new collateral legal agreement (ISDA’s CSA) and reengineer the way they ideally should originate, of collaterals across the firm in an integrated way. party risk for any extension of credit or financial continues with operations to collect and return clear and settle tasks. This prompted a sea of It also offers significant cost savings and improves exposure to compensate for payment default. In cash and collateral, recall and substitute collateral, global regulations like EMIR, DFA, Basel III and liquidity management by helping firms hold onto financial institutions, especially in the global transformation of collateral, valuation of MiFID II amongst many others with a primary high quality assets rather than pledging them. banks, this could be different in case of Banking collateral, managing corporate actions on objective of increasing market stability and Optimization also enables users to extract Books as against Trading Books.
    [Show full text]
  • A Practical 10 Step-Guide to Collateral Management
    A PRACTICAL 10 STEP-GUIDE TO COLLATERAL MANAGEMENT WHITE PAPER | FEBRUARY 2016 WWW.CLOUDMARGIN.COM INTRODUCTION Traditionally, financial institutions viewed collateral management not as a necessity but as something that had to be performed with little concern; a reactive function positioned at the culmination of the trading cycle that didn’t require too much attention or thought. Put simply, a process that was not important. The 2008 financial crisis and the years following have had an unprecedented and drastic impact on the perception of collateral management and the importance of its operations. The regulatory changes that have come hand in hand with the credit crisis have seen a rise in central clearing for OTC derivatives, use of trade depositories, Basel III capital charges and a change of internal counterparty credit risk management practices to name but a few. The level of visibility and scrutiny that collateral management is now facing means that firms need to know that the data they are receiving is without doubt correct and they are indeed covered from any exposure that may occur. As the role of collateral grows in your organisation in terms of both importance and cost, it is increasingly important to take full control of your collateral management programme, irrespective of company size or traded instrument. With this in mind, CloudMargin has produced a white paper; outlining the basics of collateral management in a complete, easy to digest, practical 10-Step Guide. This Practical Guide to Collateral Management white paper will cover all fundamental aspects concerning the management of collateral, the associated risks and opportunities, as well as the key topics involved in establishing and running a collateral management function.
    [Show full text]
  • OFR Brief: Repo Participant
    Frequently Asked Questions This section answers some frequently asked questions about the subjects discussed in this brief. For more details, see Baklanova, V., Copeland, A., and McCaughrin, R., (2015). “Reference guide to U.S. repo and securities lending markets,” Staff Reports 740, Federal Reserve Bank of New York. What is a repo agreement? A repurchase (repo) agreement is an agreement to sell a security with the agreement to repurchase the security later, at a pre-arranged price. Figure 1. A Repo Agreement Securities Open Leg Dealer Lender Cash Securities Close Leg Dealer Lender Cash + Interest The sale of the security is called the “open leg” of a repo transaction, while the repurchase is the close leg. The difference between the sale price and the repurchase price agreed to, which is generally higher, determines the repo rate. The entity selling the security in the open leg is referred to as a “repo dealer” or “cash borrower” and the entity receiving the security in the close leg is referred to as the “repo lender” or “cash lender”. Since a repo agreement essentially amounts to a collateralized loan, the security being sold and repurchased is known as the “collateral” for the repo agreement What are bilateral and tri-party repo? In a bilateral repo agreement, lenders and dealers trade directly, with collateral generally being transferred to the lender. For some lenders, holding collateral is difficult, so certain repo agreements have custodians who hold collateral on behalf of lenders. In a tri-party repo agreement, the custodian also oversees collateral management on behalf of the dealer, allocating securities that the dealer holds in order to meet the requirements of their various repo contracts.
    [Show full text]
  • Broadridge Securities Finance and Collateral Management
    Broadridge Securities Finance and Collateral Management The Broadridge Securities Finance and Collateral Management Solution product suite provides an integrated front-to-back office solution for financial institutions of all sizes. The solution is a real-time, multi- currency system for all Securities Finance trade types. It helps smaller direct lenders through to global custodians, brokers or intermediaries to manage the Securities Finance process more easily. Broadridge’s Securities Finance solution supports both agency and principal trading of equities and fixed income securities. The product began life in 1996 when it was installed at our first client, a global custodian lender that is still a Broadridge customer. Clients around the globe use Broadridge’s software to meet their business needs, including some of the world’s largest financial institutions and we offer many years of experience implementing success- ful projects. 2 Broadridge BROADRIDGE SECURITIES FINANCE AND COLLATERAL MANAGEMENT 1. Interface 2. Reference 3. Manage Inventory 4. Risk Checks 5. Trade 6. Margin Real-time inbound and Centralized management Credit Limits Efficient trade capture Exposure Management outbound market and of positions, trades and Settlement Limits with Rapid Trade Entry Eligibility, Concentration, Haircuts reference data feeds cash flows with full xls Locates lifecycle event processing RWA Collateral Optimization Balance Sheet Usage Allocation Algorithms Substitutions ‘4 eyes’ Verification Client Brokers PEA Limits Audit Trail Optimization Input & Validation Rules and Workflow Positions SWIFT Cash MQ Email Positions & Data Feeds Verification Trade Entry Margining FTP Inventory XML CSV Outbound Inbound Risk System Credit Autolend Borrow CCPs Clearing Tri-Optima TriParty KAGplus Availability Availability Limits (Equilend Requests Brokers Agents Feeds Feeds System Loanet Pirum (Equilend Brokertec) Loanet Pirum Brokertec) 7.
    [Show full text]
  • A Map of Collateral Uses and Flows
    16-06 | May 26, 2016 A Map of Collateral Uses and Flows Andrea Aguiar Dror Y. Kenett Morgan Stanley Office of Financial Research [email protected] [email protected] Richard Bookstaber Thomas Wipf Regents of the University of California Morgan Stanley [email protected] [email protected] The Office of Financial Research (OFR) Working Paper Series allows members of the OFR staff and their coauthors to disseminate preliminary research findings in a format intended to generate discussion and critical comments. Papers in the OFR Working Paper Series are works in progress and subject to revision. Views and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent official positions or policy of the OFR or Treasury. Comments and suggestions for improvements are welcome and should be directed to the authors. OFR working papers may be quoted without additional permission. A Map of Collateral Uses and Flows1 Andrea Aguiar Morgan Stanley Richard Bookstaber Office of the Chief Investment Officer, Regents of the University of California Dror Y. Kenett Office of Financial Research Thomas Wipf Morgan Stanley May 26, 2016 Abstract All flows of secured funding in the financial system are met by flows of collateral in the opposite direction. A network depicting secured funding flows thus implicitly reveals a network of collateral flows. Collateral can also be presented as its own network to show collateral arrangements with bilateral counterparties, triparty banks, and central counterparties; the purpose and incentives of collateral exchanges; and participants involved. We create a collateral map to show how this function of the financial system works, especially with secured funding and derivatives activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Collateral Management Unlocking the Potential in Collateral
    Capital Markets | Point of View Collateral Management Unlocking the Potential in Collateral Executive Summary The global collateral management market is worth in excess of €10 trillion. There are, however, numerous inefficiencies reflecting operational difficulties and market constraints which undermine the banking sector’s ability to optimise the value and use of collateral. We estimate that internal fragmentation A reduction in the number of custodian Regulatory developments and market (i.e. inefficiencies specific to individual and settlement agents would reduce the infrastructure developments continue banking institutions) of the global number of liquidity pools, but there is a to drive demand for optimisation of collateral management market costs desire to maintain a range of providers collateral, balance sheet quality, capital more than €4 billion annually. to maintain flexibility over liquidity and liquidity adequacy and improved risk/ availability and avoid high concentration return performance metrics for credit External costs and potential savings are and systemic risk. institutions. The recent requirements more difficult to estimate given that they for clearing OTC derivatives via clearing are dependent upon future regulation, An effective collateral management houses will increase the amount of but our survey suggested that cost framework requires: collateral used and put additional savings could well be considerable. • The ability to aggregate collateral pressure on its management. data by asset classes, locations The highest
    [Show full text]