Western Syria)

Syria Archéologie, art et histoire

93 | 2016 Dossier : L’épigraphie grecque et latine au Proche- Orient (Jordanie, Liban, Syrie)

EB IVB pottery from Tell Qaramel (western Syria)

Dorota Ławecka

Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/syria/4566 DOI: 10.4000/syria.4566 ISSN: 2076-8435

Publisher IFPO - Institut français du Proche-Orient

Printed version Date of publication: 1 November 2016 Number of pages: 201-234 ISBN: 978-2-35159-723-1 ISSN: 0039-7946

Electronic reference Dorota Ławecka, « EB IVB pottery from Tell Qaramel (western Syria) », Syria [Online], 93 | 2016, Online since 01 November 2018, connection on 20 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ syria/4566 ; DOI : 10.4000/syria.4566

IntroductIon Tell Qaramel is located in western Syria, ca 25 km to the north of Aleppo, on the western bank of the Queiq River valley (ig. 1). Excavations of a Syrian-Polish archaeological expedition, co-directed by Prof. R. Mazurowski and Dr B. Jamous (superseded by N. Awad, T. Yartah, Y. Al-Dabti and Dr Y. Kanjou), started there in spring of 1999 and were conducted till 2011. 1 Although the site is mostly renowned for its early Neolithic settlement, it also yielded remnants of later occupation, dating up to the Hellenistic period. 2 During the ield seasons of 2000 and 2001, an undisturbed layer of Early Bronze IV date resting directly on Pre-Pottery Neolithic remains was explored in trench K5 (ig. 2). The pottery assemblage presented below comes for the most part from two structures: Locus 12 and Locus 6, the latter just partly explored (ig. 3). 3 Locus 6, situated in the northern part of the trench and partially outside its limit, consisted of a large, oval depression sloping towards the center, with loor made of white gypsum or chalk, surrounded on the east by walls made of stone and on the west, by walls of small pebbles and mud. Both the shape of the structure and its ill (layers of grey, ashy earth with charred grain remains) point to its possible function as a grain silo. It could be accessed by a corridor limited by stone walls abutting the oval structure, leading to an entrance located on the southern side of the silo. Locus 12 in the southern part of the trench was a very regular round pit with a lat bottom, 2.56 m in diameter and 2.4 m deep. A particularly abundant collection of pottery was retrieved from this pit, the purpose of which remains unclear. The pit was illed with alternating layers of gray earth, red mud and black ash; although in secondary context, sherds from locus 12 seem to constitute a homogenous group with pottery from locus 6, both coming from the same occupational level. An overwhelming majority of pottery presented here (15 vessels and 225 sherds) comes from these two structures, with occasional fragments yielded by the same layer in trench K5.

the pottery The majority of the vessels is wheel-made (except for most Kitchen Ware vessels and storage jars that seem to have been usually hand-made and only inished on the wheel). The pottery presented here is exclusively mineral-tempered, almost invariably with sand and/or limestone (which is easily accessible in the nearest vicinity of the site), or —in the case of Kitchen Ware sherds— with calcite particles. Simple Ware ine and common vessels are usually well ired, and both thehapes s and the fabrics are largely standardized. An extensive collection of goblets and conical cups was found, some of them intact or fully restorable (pl. 1-3, 8: 15-22, 14: 3-5). They belong to a ceramic assemblage characteristic primarily for western inland Syria in the EB IV period, which used to be called the “Caliciform Ware” 4. Goblets are of various proportions, from rather long and slender (pl. 2: 1-5) to quite pot-bellied in shape (pl. 1: 2). The bottoms are invariably equipped with ring bases (no lat or bell-shaped bases are present among the fully preserved specimens); the rims are usually beaded, sometimes shaped as a lattened bead. They are, as a rule, well ired, wheel-made and corrugated inthe upper half of their

1. Preliminary reports on the ield activities can be found in consecutive volumes of Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean (PAM), beginning with vol. XI (2000). The results of 1999–2007 excavation seasons of Protoneolithic and early Pre- Pottery Neolithic layers were summed up in Mazurowski & kanjou 2012. 2. Mazurowski 2000, p. 286 f. 3. Mazurowski & Yartah 2002, p. 301. The wall of Locus 6 in best preserved area was irst spotted ca 1.4 m below the surface of the trench; Locus 12 was dug from the level corresponding to the entrance to Locus 6, ca 2.2 m below the surface. 4. Known also as “Hama beakers/goblets”, “Corrugated Ware”, or “Simple Ware” (welton & Cooper 2014, p. 325). The term “Caliciform Ware” is presently considered inappropriate and has been dismissed (welton & Cooper 2014, p. 325; Mazzoni 2002, p. 75). Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 203

Figure 1. Map of northwestern Syria showing location of the sites mentioned in the text © D. Ławecka. bodies. 5 Their fabric is rather ine, tempered with thin sand and small limestone particles (sometimes quite abundant and visible on the surface). The surface color is usually pale yellow or very pale brown, more rarely reddish yellow, pink or light grey. Contrary to the EB IVB pottery assemblage from Tell Mardikh, which abounds in painted vessels, 6 only the upper parts of a few painted goblets were found, with simple or slightly out-turned rims (pl. 14: 3-5). The paint is black/dark grey or dark red on very pale brown or pale yellow background. The painted patterns are typical for the EB IVB period (with close analogies in early EB IVB material from Tell Mardikh and other sites, cf. Appendix) and consists of horizontal bands of varying width, wavy lines (pl. 14: 3, 4), or horizontal painted bands with very ine combed belt cutting through the painted decoration (pl. 14: 5). Two bell-shaped bases shown in pl. 9: 15, 16 most probably belonged to the painted specimens. The majority of small, thin-walled conical cups are of the corrugated variety (pl. 3: 1-13) with straight or slightly curved sides and simple rims. They were made of iney, cla tempered with tiny limestone particles and ine-grained sand. The surface color is usually light, from very pale-light brown to pale yellow, reddish yellow and pink. Usually the bottoms are lat, withces tra of string-cutting visible. The cup shown in pl. 3: 5 is the only example of slightly incised ring base. 7

5. According to welton & Cooper 2014, p. 328, it is still unknown if the goblets were irst made by hand-coiling before being shaped on the wheel or wheel-thrown in their entity from a lump of clay. 6. sala 2012, p. 65-72. 7. Cf. welton & Cooper 2014, p. 332, pl. 4: 1, 2. 204 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

Figure 2. Tell Qaramel, plan of the site showing excavated areas (1999-2007, after Mazurowski 2010, p. 566, ig. 1). Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 205

Figure 3. Tell Qaramel, trench K5. Remains of EB IV structures (after Mazurowski & Yartah 2002, p. 302, ig. 8). 206 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

Quite often the color or shade of the lower part of the goblets’ and bowls’ outside surface differs from that of their upper parts, but the difference is usually slight, e.g. yellow vs. buff, yellowish green vs. green, brown vs. darker brown. This seems to have resulted from a particular arrangement of the vessels inside the kiln, where they were stacked upside down, partially one inside another, which produced somewhat different iring conditions for the covered and the uncovered vessel parts.8 The other Simple Ware vessels (bowls, jars, pots) are of good quality and sand- and limestone tempered; only the intensity of the iller, proportion of the components and size ofrticles pa varies. Only few sherds seem to be lacking the limestone temper. The vesselswere made of ine clay, and are generally well ired, hard and wet-smoothed. Overired sherds are rare, but in some instances the limestone (?) grains look as if they had melted and partially evaporated. A sizeable collection of medium-sized bowls was found. Their surface is always light colored, from light red and brown to very pale brown and pale yellow. When the shape is complete, those bowls feature ring bases. Two most typical varieties of these bowls are attested: one with a carination and an upright or inverted, beaded rim (pl. 4: 1-12), the other without carination, with rounded body and crescentic, inverted, sometimes grooved or externally modelled rim, occasionally with a cordon below the rim (pl. 5: 1-13, 16). The best general analogy is provided by the pottery from a kiln dump at Tell Kadrich. 9 No typical grooved-rim bowls, predominant in the Tell Mardikh area and probably introduced from the Euphrates area, 10 were attested. However, in the sequence from Hama, these bowls appear late, that is in level J1, which may account for their absence in the Qaramel collection. 11 The jars’ surface is also light-colored, mostly pale yellow or pale/very pale brown, more rarely light red or light reddish brown. They come in two most common varieties: thin-walled jars with everted, beaded (pl. 6: 1, 7) or double-folded rims (e.g. pl. 6: 3-6, 8-10, 12-13), and those with thickened, everted rim (e.g. pl. 7: 2, 3, 5-9). A few sherds with potter’s marks, widely attested in the middle Euphrates and western Syria regions, were found (pl. 7: 1, 2, 4, 14; pl. 10: 1-3). The marks are very simple and were incised on the shoulders of jars or pots. Storage jars seem to be hand-made and then inished on the wheel. In some instances (pl. 10: 12-15) traces of the manufacturing technique of the rim are clearly visible, indicating that the rim was turned outside and then joined to the vessel’s body. Kitchen Ware (Coarse Ware) is represented almost exclusively by pots and bowls (pl. 11-13). Both are rather irregular and not fully symmetrical. Apparently, they were hand-made, but tiny concentric traces (especially frequent on bowls) visible on many sherds show that the inal shaping was commonly done on the wheel. Usually, such traces are visible in the upper part, up to ca 3 cm below the rim, inside and/or outside the vessel. The surface color is usually very pale to light brown, but frequently the sherds are blackened with smoke, their lower parts heat-damaged and crumbling. Several pots show traces of burnishing, and generally both pots and bowls were roughed in their lower parts. The pots are globular, with a simple everted rim. Quite numerous fragments belonged to large bowls (around 40 cm in diameter) with horizontal lugs up to 14 cm wide. Even if not overheated, sherds of Kitchen Ware vessels were friable and easily broken into fragments. The dominant temper in this category was calcite, usually ine to middle sized, occurring sometimes in large quantities; no basalt temper was noticed. Sherds shown in pl. 14 and 15 stand out from the rest by their shape and surface treatment or decoration. Apart from the three painted goblet fragments mentioned above, three other sherds are decorated with an incised leaf or corn-spike motif (pl. 14: 1, 2, 6). Most probably they belong to some kind of pedestal bowls. The fabric of all three sherds closely resembles the Kitchen Ware, with clearly visible sand and rather ine but abundant calcite temper. The bodies (pl. 14: 1, 2) are hand-made, while the foot of the best preserved example (pl. 14: 3) is wheel-made; in its upper part a fragment of an original edge of an

8. Cf. sConzo 2007, p. 262. 9. Matthers 1981, p. 343, ig. 208: 3-14, 36. 10. Mazzoni 2002, p. 79 and 94, pl. XLIV: 122, 123. 11. FugMann 1958, p. 80, ig. 103: 3C 89. Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 207 opening remained intact. Foot fragments of pedestal bowls from Amuq J phase, although of different shape, are also executed in the Kitchen Ware. 12 Alternatively, the irst two fragments might belong to a kind of a tall pot-stand. 13 Sherds with impressed pattern (pl. 15: 1-3) belong to large, thick-walled vessels of unknown shape (since there was no clue as to their correct position, the way they are shown in the plate is arbitrary). The fabric of the two sherds (pl. 15: 2, 3) conforms to standard Kitchen Ware. By analogy with sherds from Amuq J and other sites, our specimens can be thought to originate from the bottom part of vessels, a kind of reversed “husking trays” the surface of which was deliberately roughened by impressions. 14 Fragments shown in pl. 15: 7, 8 belong to a type of rather small lasks known as “Syrian b characteristic for the area of western Syria in the second half of 3rd millennium bC. The surface of both fragments is grey and decorated with spiral, burnished bands. The irst fragment is of a good quality, well ired and hard, with ine limestone temper. The body of the second specimen is badly damaged and peeling, but both display characteristics of Black Euphrates Banded Ware. 15

datIng and analogIes The pottery collection from Tell Qaramel can be dated to the EB IVB, most likely to the initial part of this period. Apart from analogies shown in Appendix, this dating is based on the following characteristic features: - All corrugated goblets from trench K5 have ring bases (pl. 1: 1-4, 2: 1-5, 8: 17-22). According to L. Welton and L. Cooper, in inland western Syria the bases of the earliest corrugated goblets (ENL 4) are generally lat or slightly footed, but they often develop ring bases later in tha t period. Our collection of ring bases is best paralleled among specimens from Tell Rifaʿat and Tel l Kadrich in the River Queiq area. 16 The latest forms exhibit bell-shaped bases. Only two such bases were found (pl. 9: 15, 16), but they might rather belong to the painted goblet variety. 17 Goblets with beaded rims still occur in early EB IVB, but this rim type decreases in frequency over time throughout the period. 18 - Three painted goblet fragments (pl. 14: 3-5) with their red or black decoration consisting of wavy lines, horizontal bands and reserved combed decoration, have very good parallels in early EB IVB material from Tell Mardikh and among Hama J goblets characteristic for the J5 horizon. 19 Goblets of that kind, painted red or black appeared at Tell Mardikh only in layers postdating the destruction of Palace G, which mark the beginning of the EB IVB period. 20 The goblet painted with black or red bands, with incised wavy lines is a hallmark of this period in the Tell Tayinat sequence as well. 21 - A large collection of conical bowls (pl. 3), both straight-sided and with slightly curving sides seems to indicate the early position of the Tell Qaramel pottery assemblage in the EB IVB sequence. In the Amuq region straight-sided, often corrugated cups continue into the early part of phase J (EB IVB), when they are replaced with cups with thicker walls and curving sides. Early in phase J conical cups are still numerous, being greatly outnumbered by goblets only toward the end of the phase. 22

12. braidwood & braidwood 1960, p. 434, fig. 334: 8, 10. Good parallel is provided by Van loon 2001, ig. 5A.30d (coarse ware, fenestrated, same incised decoration). 13. Akin to Van loon 2001, pl. 5A.22c (Simple Ware). 14. braidwood & braidwood 1960, p. 432 and 434, ig. 334: 22-25; cf. also e.g. FugMann 1958, p. 77, fig. 98: 3C 470; sConzo 2015, p. 109, 191: 1-3; wakita 2009, p. 64; welton 2014, p. 352. 15. Falb, porter & prus 2014, p. 185, 192-195. 16. E.g. Matthers 1981, ig. 205: 13-16, 29, ig. 206: 4-8, ig. 208: 34-36. 17. welton & Cooper 2014, p. 328. 18. Mazzoni 2002, p. 79; welton 2014, p. 359. 19. Mazzoni 2002, p. 79; FugMann 1958, ig. 74: 3H112, 3G696. 20. Matthiae 1993, p. 634; sala 2012, p. 76 f. 21. Amuq J, welton 2011, p. 23; welton 2014, p. 347 f. 22. welton & Cooper 2014, p. 332; welton 2014, p. 346, 355 f. 208 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

- A small collared-rim bowl shown in pl. 6: 16 is similar to vessels from Tell Shiyukh Tahtani, being one of the “major diagnostic types of the inal EB IV period”, common also on herot sites in the upper Syrian Euphrates valley. 23 In the Middle Euphrates region it is a new and distinctive feature of the EME (Early Middle Euphrates) 5 period. 24 Also characteristic for this phase is a multiple grooved rim type, which occurs on a variety of jar types. 25 - Large Kitchen Ware bowls with a thickened rim and external ledge handles are very common in our material. They appear in Tell Mardikh in an early EB IVB context, and external, plain ledge handles are generally the hallmarks of the EB IVB period in inland western Syria and in the Middle Euphrates region. 26 - The “Syrian Bottle” presented in pl. 15: 7, although rimless, seems to be preserved well enough to attribute it to type 3 according to P. Sconzo’s classiication. 27 This type is the most widespread of all “Syrian bottles”, but occurs most frequently from the Middle Euphrates area to the southern Upper Khabur region and is dated, according to the ARCANE periodization, to late EME 4 and 5 and EJZ (Early Jezirah) 4a-b, ca 2340-2100. 28 The EB IVB date for the Tell Qaramel pottery is consistent with the parallels listed in Appendix.

conclusIon Although the pottery presented here displays some features characteristic for the EB IVA repertoire (especially among corrugated goblets which, however, still occur in the EB IVB contexts), the presence of sherds belonging to the later, EB IVB tradition (like few painted fragments and other examples discussed above) points rather to the early EB IVB period for the Tell Qaramel collection. It belongs to the core area of the pottery tradition of inland western Syria, characterized by the occurrence of vessels belonging to the assemblage which used to be traditionally called the “Caliciform Ware”. 29 The best parallels can be found in an area between the Amuq plain and Umm el-Marra in the north to Tell Mardikh and Hama in the south, a territory well integrated culturally due to the existence of important crossways and trade routes linking these areas. 30 Less frequent but still substantial analogies exist with pottery from the middle Euphrates valley.

23. sConzo 2007, p. 259, 260: 14-16. 24. sConzo 2015, p. 108, pl. 23; porter 2007, p. 8 (Banat Period II, 2300-2150 bC). 25. Pl. 6: 14, cf. Mazzoni 2002, p. 79; porter 2007, p. 8, pl. VI: 18-21. 26. Mazzoni 2002, p. 79, 94, pl. XLIV: 128, 129 (Tell Afis); sala 2012, p. 72 f., 77 (Tell Mardikh); sChwartz et al. 2012, p. 163 (Umm el-Marra); sConzo 2015, p. 109, pl. 26: 6 (Emar). For Tell Mastuma cf. Appendix. 27. sConzo 2014, p. 219 f. 28. sConzo 2014, p. 217, ig. 3 (distribution map), p. 223 f. (chronology), xi (chronological table); roVa 2011, p. 63 (Table 6b: 096), 76. 29. welton & Cooper 2014. 30. Mazzoni 2002, p. 70 f.; on the existence in EB IVB of a ceramic horizon extending over the whole northwestern inner Syria, from the Hama region and Orontes valley to Amuq plain and Munbatah and Selenkahiye cf. asCalone & d’andrea 2013, p. 225 f. Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 209

bIblIography al-Maqdissi (M.) & Yabroudi (M.) Matthiae (P.) 1987 « Poteries du Bronze Ancien IV de la 1993 « L’aire sacrée d’Ishtar à Tell Mardikh : Vallée de l’Oronte », Syria 64, p. 291-295. résultats des fouilles de 1990-1992 », CRAIBL 137/3, p. 613-662. asCalone (E.) 2011 « Area N », baFFi 2011, p. 23-59. Matthiae (P.) 2007 « Nouvelles fouilles à Tell Mardikh asCalone (E.) & d’andrea (M.) en 2006. Le Temple du Rocher et ses 2013 « Assembling the Evidence. Excavated successeurs protosyriens et paléosyriens », Sites Dating from the Early Bronze CRAIBL 151/1, p. 481-525. Age in and around the Chora of Ebla », Matthiae & MarChetti 2013, p. 215-237. Matthiae (P.) & MarChetti (n.) ed., Ebla and its Landscape, Early State Formation in baFFi (F.) ed. the Ancient Near East, Walnut Creek 2011 Tell Tuqan. Excavations 2008-2010, (CA), 2013. Galatina/Lecce. Mazurowski (R. F.) baFFi (F.) & peYronel (L.) 2000 « Tell Qaramel, Preliminary Report 2013 « Trends in Village Life, The Early Bronze on the First Season, 1999 », Polish Age Phases at Tell Tuqan », Matthiae & Archaeology in the Mediterranean XI, MarChetti 2013, p. 195-214. Reports 1999, p. 285-296. braidwood (R. J.) & braidwood (L. S.) Mazurowski (R. F.) 1960 Excavations in the Plain of Antioch I. 2010 « Tell Qaramel, Excavations The Earlier Assemblages. Phases A-J 2007 », Polish Archaeology in the (OIP 61), Chicago. Mediterranean XIX, Reports 2007, CziChon (R. M.) & werner (P.) p. 565-585. 2008 Bronzezeitliche Keramik, Ausgrabungen Mazurowski (R. F.) & kanjou (Y.) ed. in Tall Munbāqa-Eqalte IV (WVDOG 2012 Tell Qaramel 1999-2007. 118), Wiesbaden. Protoneolithic and Early Pre-pottery Falb (C.), porter (A.) & prus (A.) Neolithic Settlement in Northern 2014 « North-Mesopotamian Metallic Syria / Un village protonéolithique et Ware, Jezirah Stone Ware, North- précéramique en Syrie du Nord (Polish Mesopotamian Grey Ware and Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology Euphrates Banded Wares », lebeau Excavation Series 2), Varsovie. 2014, p. 171-199. Mazurowski (R. F.) & Yartah (T.) FugMann (E.) 2002 « Tell Qaramel Excavations, 1958 Hama. Fouilles et recherches de la 2001 », Polish Archaeology in the Fondation Carlsberg 1931-1938, Mediterranean XIII, Reports 2001, II1, Architecture des périodes pré- p. 295-307. hellénistiques, Copenhague. Mazzoni (S.) heMpelMann (R.) 2002 « The Ancient Bronze Age Pottery 2005 Die bronzezeitliche Keramik von Tell Tradition in Northwestern Central Halawa A, Ausgrabungen in Halawa Syria », M. al-Maqdissi, V. Matoïan 3 (Schriften zur vorderasiatischen & C. niColle (ed.), Céramique de l’Âge Archäologie 9), Sarrebruck. du Bronze en Syrie, I, La Syrie du Sud et la Vallée de l’Oronte (BAH 161), iwasaki (T.) et al. (ed.) Beyrouth, p. 69-96. 2009 Tell Mastuma. An Iron Age settlement in Nortwest Syria (Memoirs of Ancient peYronel (L.) Orient Museum III), Tokyo. 2008 « Area P », F. baFFi (ed.), Tell Tuqan. Excavations 2006-2007, Galatina/ lebeau (M.) ed. Lecce, p. 21-69. 2014 Ceramics, Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near peYronel (L.) East and the Eastern Mediterranean 2011 « Area P », baFFi 2011, p. 61-139. Interregional (Arcane Interregional) I, Turnhout. porter (A.) 2007 « The Ceramic Assemblages of the Matthers (J.) Third Millennium in the Euphrates 1981 « Early Bronze IV », J. Matthers (ed.), Region », M. al-Maqdissi, V. Matoïan The River Queiq, Northern Syria and its & C. niColle (ed.), Céramique de l’Âge Catchments, Study Arising from the Tell du Bronze en Syrie, II, L’Euphrate et la Rifaʿat Survey 1977-79 (BAR IS 98), région de Jézireh (BAH 161), Beyrouth, Oxford, p. 327-348. p. 3-21. 210 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

roVa (E.) sConzo (P.) 2011 « Ceramic », M. lebeau (ed.), Jezirah, 2014 « Syrian Bottles », lebeau 2014, Associated Regional Chronologies for p. 215-235. the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean (Arcane), I, Turnhout, sConzo (P.) p. 49-127. 2015 « Ceramics », U. Finkbeiner et al. (ed.), Middle Euphrates, Associated Regional sala (M.) Chronologies for the Ancient Near 2012 « An Early Bronze IVB Pottery East and the Eastern Mediterranean Repertoire from Favissae P.9717 and (ARCANE), 4, Turnhout, p. 85-202. P.9719 in the Temple of the Rock at Tell Mardikh/Ancient Tell Mardikh », suleiMan (A.) Levant 44/1, p. 51-81. 1984 « Excavations at Ansari-Aleppo for the Seasons 1973-1980. Early and Middle sChwartz (G. M.) et al. Bronze Ages », Akkadica 40, p. 1-16. 2000 « Excavation and Survey in the Jabbul Plain, Western Syria: The Umm el- tsuneki (A.) Marra Project 1996-1997 », AJA 104/3, 2009 « Neolithic and Early Bronze Age p. 419-462. Layers in Square 15Gc », iwasaki 2009, p. 69-88. sChwartz (G. M.) et al. 2003 « A Third-Millennium bC Elite Tomb Van loon (M. N.) ed. and Other New Evidence from Tell 2001 Selenkahiye. Final report on the Umm el-Marra, Syria », AJA 107/3, University of Chicago and University p. 325-361. of Amsterdam Excavations in the Tabqa Reservoir, Northern Syria, 1967-1975, sChwartz (G. M.) et al. Leyde. 2006 « A Third Millennium bC Elite Mortuary Complex at Umm el-Marra, Syria: 2002 wakita (S.) and 2004 Excavations », AJA 110/4, 2009 « North Trench », iwasaki 2009, p. 62-68. p. 603-641. welton (L.) sChwartz (G. M.) et al. 2011 « The Amuq Plain and Tell Tayinat in the 2012 « From Urban Origins to Imperial Third Millennium bCe: The Historical Integration in Western Syria: Umm el- and Socio-Political Context », JCSMS Marra 2006, 2008 », AJA 116/1, p. 157-193. 6, p. 15-27. sConzo (P.) welton (L.) 2007 « Plain and luxury wares of the third 2014 « Revisiting the Amuq sequence: a millennium bC in the Carchemish preliminary investigation of the EBIVB region: two case-studies from Tell ceramic assemblage from Tell Tainat », Shiyukh Tahtani », E. peltenburg (ed.), Levant 46, p. 339-370. Euphrates River Valley Settlement: The Carchemish sector in the third welton (L.) & Cooper (L.) millennium bC (Levant Supplementary 2014 « Caliciform ware », lebeau 2014, Series 5), Oxford, p. 250-266. p. 325-353. Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 211

appendIx: comparIsons between the tell qaramel repertoIre and pottery from other northwestern syrIan sItes

Pl. Comparanda: site References Dating 1: 1 Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2003 p. 339, ig. 23:7 Terminal EB IVA 1: 2 Tell Mastuma wakita 2009, p. 67, ig. 3:8:4 Early EB IVB 1: 3 Tell Rifaʿat Matthers 1981, p. 339, ig. 206:7 EB IV 1: 4 Tell Kadrich Matthers 1981, p. 343, fig. 208:16 EB IV Ansari-Aleppo suleiMan 1984, pl. II:3 2400-2200 Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2012, p. 164, fig. 9:6 sChwartz EB IVB et al. 2006, p. 621, ig. 21:16 Mid-late EB IVA 1: 5 Ansari-Aleppo suleiMan 1984, pl. 2:6 2400-2200 Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2006, p. 621, ig. 21:16 Mid-late EB IVA 1: 8 Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2006, p. 621, ig. 21:15 Mid-late EB IVA 2: 1 Tell Kadrich Matthers 1981, p. 343, ig. 208:19 EB IV 2: 11 Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2012, p. 164, ig. 9:4 EB IVB 3: 1 Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2006, p. 621, ig. 21:12 Mid-late EB IVA 3: 6 Selenkahiye Van loon 2001, pl. 5A.5:d Late, 2250-2000 3: 14 Tell Tuqan peYronel 2008, p. 59, ig. 21:1 EB IV 3: 15 Zalaquiyate al-Maqdissi & Yabroudi 1987, p. 294, fig. 2:5 EB IV

Tell Mardikh Matthiae 2007, p. 510, ig. 25, second row EB IVB1 from the top, left side 3: 16 Tell Shiyukh sConzo 2007, p. 260, ig. 17:11:5 Late 3rd mill. Tahtani Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2006, p. 621, ig. 21:11 Mid-late EB IVA 3: 19 Tell Mardikh sala 2012: p. 60, ig. 8:22 Early EB IVB 3: 20 Tell Mastuma tsuneki 2009, p. 79, ig. 3.21:25 EB IVB 4: 2 Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2003, p. 339, ig. 23:2 Late EB IVA 4: 4 Tell Tuqan peYronel 2008, p. 59, fig. 21:1 EB IV Tell Halawa A heMpelMann 2005, Taf. 2:32 EB IV 4: 5 Tell Mardikh Matthiae 2007, p. 510, ig. 26, second row, EB IVB2 irst from the right 4: 6 Tell Mardikh sala 2012, p. 60, ig. 8:29 Early EB IVB 4: 7 Tell Kadrich Matthers 1981, p. 343, ig. 208:6 EB IV 4: 12 Tall Munbāqa CziChon & werner 2008, Taf. 11:4828 EB IV 4: 16 Tell Tuqan PeYronel 2008, p. 59, ig. 21:3 EB IVB 5: 11 Tell Tuqan peYronel 2008, p. 59, ig. 21:5 EB IVB 6: 4 Tell Tuqan peYronel 2008, p. 59, ig. 21:13 EB IVB 6: 5 Tell Kadrich Matthers 1981, p. 343, ig. 208:31 EB IV 6: 9 Tell Rifaʿat Matthers 1981, p. 339, ig. 206:9 EB IV 6: 14 Tell Shiyukh sConzo 2007, p. 260, ig. 17.11:61 Late 3rd mill. Tahtani

Tell Halawa A heMpelMann 2005, Taf. 40:316 EB IV Selenkahiye Van loon 2001, pl. 5A.15:f. Late, 2250-2000 Tell Banat porter 2007, p. 19, pl. VI:18. 2300-2150 Tell Mastuma tsuneki 2009, p. 76, ig. 3.19:15 EB IVB 212 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

6: 15 Tell Halawa A heMpelMann 2005, Taf. 14:178 EB IV 6: 16 Tell Shiyukh sConzo 2007, p. 260, fig. 17.11:16 Late 3rd mill. Tahtani

Tell Halawa A heMpelMann 2005, Taf. 14:184 EB IV Hammam al- sConzo 2015, 183, pl. 23:2 EME 5 Turkman 6: 18 Tall Munbāqa CziChon & werner 2008, Taf. 27:5170 EB IV 7: 2 Tall Munbāqa CziChon & werner 2008, Taf. 36:5238 EB IV 7: 3 Tell Mardikh Matthiae 1993, p. 636, ig. 13:2 EB IVB Tell Rifaʿat Matthers 1981, p. 339, ig. 206:14 Lower level EB IV 7: 6 Tell Kadrich Matthers 1981, p. 343, fig. 208:33 EB IV Tell Rifaʿat Matthers 1981, p. 335, fig. 205:32 Upper level EB IV Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2003, p. 340, ig.24:1 Late EB IVA Tell Tuqan peYronel 2011, p. 101, ig. 29:16 Central-late EB IVB 7: 7 Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2000, p. 424, fig. 4:14 EB IVB Tell Rifaʿat Matthers 1981, p. 339, ig. 206:15 EB IV 7: 14 Tall Munbāqa CziChon & werner 2008, Taf. 45:5371 EB IV Tell Tuqan askalone 2011, p. 53, ig. 45:16 EB IVB 8: 6 Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2006, p. 621, ig. 21:6 Mid-late EB IVA 8: 16 Tell Halawa A heMpelMann 2005, Taf. 8:111 EB IV 8: 21 Tell Kadrich Matthers 1981, p. 343, ig. 208:21 EB IV 9: 7 Tell Rifaʿat Matthers 1981, p. 335, ig. 205:25 Upper level EB IV 9: 10 Tell Mardikh sala 2012, p. 64, ig.10:7 Early EB IVB 9: 15 Tell Tuqan peYronel 2008, p. 57, ig. 20:14 EB IVB Tell Mardikh baFFi & peYronel 2013, p. 204, fig. 9.3:4 EB IVB sala 2012, p. 66, ig. 11:28 Early EB IVB 9: 16 Tell Mardikh sala 2012, p. 66, ig. 11:2 Early EB IVB Tell Tayinat braidwood & braidwood 1960, p. 443, Phase J fig. 342:5 Tell Mastuma wakita 2009, p. 68, ig. 3.9:26 EB IVA 10: 4 Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2003, p. 340, fig. 24:2 Late EB IVA Tall Munbāqa CziChon & werner 2008, Taf. 20:5059 EB IV 10: 5 Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2000, p. 423, ig. 4:13 EB IV 10: 17 Tell Rifaʿat Matthers 1981, p. 339, ig. 206:12 Lower level EB IV 11: 3 Tell Mastuma tsuneki 2009, p. 81, ig. 3.23:3 EB IV 11: 5 Tall Munbāqa CziChon & werner 2008, Taf. 42:5290 EB IV Tell Tayinat welton 2014, p. 353, ig. 8:1 EB IVB 12: 17 Tell Tayinat braidwood & braidwood 1960, p. 448, Amuq J ig. 346 (but Smeared Wash Ware) 13, in Tell Ais Mazzoni 2002, p. 94, pl. XLIV:128, 129 EB IVB general Tell Mastuma wakita 2009, p. 66, ig. 3.7:18 EB IVB 13: 5 Umm el-Marra sChwartz et al. 2012, p. 164, ig. 9:2 EB IV Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 213

14: 3-5 Tell Mardikh sala 2012, fig. 11, 15 (painted decoration) Early EB IVB Matthiae 1993, p. 635, ig. 12:1-4, 2009, EB IVB p. 758, fig. 9 (painted decoration) Ansari-Aleppo suleiMan 1984, pl. II:9, 10 (painted decoration) EB IVB

Tell Tuqan peYronel 2008, p. 57, fig. 20:2, 3, 5-7 2200-2000 peYronel 2011, p. 101, ig. 29:1-4 (painted Central-late EB IVB decoration) baFFi & peYronel 2013, p. 204, ig. 9.3:1-3 (painted decoration) EB IVB 14: 3 Tell Tuqan asCalone 2011, p. 52, fig. 44:6 EB IVB Tell Mardikh Matthiae 2007, p. 510, ig. 25, middle row, EB IVB1 irst from the right 14: 4 Tell Tayinat braidwood & braidwood 1960, p. 445, Phase J fig. 344:13 Tell Mastuma wakita 2009, p. 67, ig. 3.8:3 Early EB IVB 14: 5 Tell Mardikh Matthiae 2007, p. 510, ig. 26, middle row, EB IVB2 first from the left Tell Mastuma wakita 2009, p. 66, ig. 3.7:7 Early EB IVB 14: 6 Selenkahiye Van loon 2001, pl. 5A.30d; Late 2250-2000 pl. 5B39B1 Early 2400-2250 15: 1, 2 Tell Tayinat braidwood & braidwood 1960, p. 434, Amuq J ig. 334:23, 25 15: 7 Tell Shiyukh sConzo 2007, p. 260, ig. 17.11:47 Late 3rd mill. Tahtani

Ansari-Aleppo suleiMan 1984, p. 69, pl. VII:65 EB IV 15: 8 Tell Shiyukh sConzo 2007, p. 260, ig. 17.11:49 Late 3rd mill. Tahtani 15: 9 Tell Shiyukh sConzo 2007, p. 260, ig. 17.11:57 Late 3rd mill. Tahtani PLATES

Pl. 1 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 488/75 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; intact vessel 2 488/7 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; intact vessel 3 488/76 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/4; intact vessel 4 309 40/2 Loc. 6 Surface: upper part 2,5Y 8/2, lower part 7,5YR7/2; core: brown 5 224 26/1 SW part of a Surface: 2,5Y8/2; core: greenish green trench 6 263 35/1 Loc. 6 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: brown 7 488/149 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5YR6/6; core: brick red-orange 8 434 9/6 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface:10YR7/2; core: beige 9 488/194 Loc. 12 Surface:10YR8/4; core: light brown 10 488/11 Loc. 12 Surface: upper part 2,5Y8/3, lower part 7,5YR7/4; core: beige-brick red

Pl. 2 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 488/77 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7,5/3; intact vessel 2 261 27/13 Above Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y7/2; core: greyish green 3 488/6 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y8/2; intact vessel 4 488/84 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y8/2; intact vessel 5 488/162 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y8/2; core: greyish green 6 488/193 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/3; core: light brown 7 344 5a/11 W part of trench Surface: 10YR8/4; core: light brown 8 261 27/28 Above Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/4; core: light brown 9 293 42/2 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR7/3; core: light brown 10 488/195 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: green 11 344 5a/1 W part of trench Surface: 2,5Y7,5/3; core: beige 12 204 26/3 SW part of trench Surface: 10YR7/3; core: light brown Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 215

Plate 1. Goblets.

Plate 2. Goblets. 216 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

Pl. 3 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 488/136+141 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/2,5; core: light brown 2 488/70 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/4; core: buff 3 488/94 Loc. 12 Surface: upper part 2,5YR8/3, lower part 2,5YR6/6; core: red-orange-red 4 488/93 Loc. 12 Surface: 5YR6/6; core: brick red 5 488/62 Loc. 12 Surface: 5YR 6/5; core: brick red 6 434 9/3 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5YR6/5; core: brick red 7 488/187 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y8/3; core: light brown 8 488/14 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/4; core: orange 9 333 1/1 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: upper part 7,5YR6,5/4, lower part 10YR7/3; core: brown 10 488/64 + 137 Loc. 12 Surface: 5YR7/4; core: pinkish 11 488/142 Loc. 12 Surface: upper part: 2,5Y8/2, lower part 10YR7/4; core: light brown 12 434 9/29 + 9/28 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR8/3, 7,5YR7/4; core: beige 13 434 9/30 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5Y6/1; core: brownish grey 14 223 25/7 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR8/2; core: greyish brown 15 488/5 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7,5/3; core: buff 16 434 9/33 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR7/3; core: beige 17 488/9 Loc. 12 Surface: upper part 10YR7/4, 2,5Y8/3, lower part: 10YR7/3; core: light brown 18 488/140 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: beige 19 352 8/2 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: brown 20 488/190 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y8/2; core: green 21 344 5a/14 W part of trench Surface: 7,5YR7/3; core: brown 22 488/9 + 138 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/3; core: light brown 23 488/139 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/3; core: beige with lighter outer layers 24 299 45/9 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR7/2; core: grey Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 217

Plate 3. Small cups. 218 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

Pl. 4 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 488/66 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5YR6/; core: red-buff 2 434 9/22 + 9/24 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 2,5Y7/2, lower part 10YR6/3; core: dark brown- dark grey-dark brown 3 434 9/10 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5YR7/6; core: buff 4 488/92 Loc. 12 Surface: rim outside 2,5Y8/3, lower part 2,5YR6/6; core: red-brown-red 5 488/55 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/2; core: brick red with slightly lighter inner layer 6 434 9/14 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 2,5Y7/1; core: pale greyish green 7 488/73 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: greyish green 8 488/27 + 95 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR7/6; core: buff-darker buff-buff 9 434 9/13 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR5/1; core: dark red-dark grey 10 488/68 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/3; core: buff-light grey-buff 11 261 27/19 Above loc. 12 Surface: 2,5YR6/6, rim:10YR8/3; core: reddish brown-beige 12 224 26/4 SW part of trench Surface: 10YR8/2; core: greyish olive with lighter edges 13 434 9/8 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: brick red 14 229 28/22 Loc. 6 Surface: upper part 10YR8/3, lower part 10R5/4; core colour not recorded 15 467 23/3 Stone rubble in the Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: light brown-light greyish brown-light entrance to Loc. 6 brown 16 488/103 Loc. 12 Surface: 5YR6/4; core: dark brown-brown-dark brown Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 219

Plate 4. Bowls. 220 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

Pl. 5 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 488/72 Loc. 12 Surface: upper part 2,5Y8/3, lower part 5YR7/6; core: buff-red 2 488/31 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y7,5/3; core: greyish green 3 261 27/4 Above Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5YR5/4; core: brown-grey 4 434 9/9 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 2,5Y7/2; core: dark grey 5 344 5a/2 W part of trench Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: light beige 6 488/90 Loc. 12 Surface: 5YR7/6; core: reddish-yellow 7 488/32 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/3; core: light brown-beige 8 223 25/23 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR7/3; core: light brown-beige 9 488/96 + 99 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/6; core: reddish brown-grey 10 488/144 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6,5/4; core: reddish brown 11 488/118 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/3; core: pinkish brown 12 488/127 Loc. 12 Surface: rim 2,5Y8/3, below 7,5YR6,5/4; core: light brown-dark red-light brown 13 261 27/11 Above Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR7/4; core: brown-dark brown, rim: grey core 14 488/34 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/4; core: grey 15 488/128 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: brick red-grey-brick red 16 488/129 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/3; core: beige 17 488/124 Loc. 12 Surface: upper part 5Y8/2, lower part 10YR7,5/4; core: light brown 18 488/30 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: orange 19 488/117 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y8/2; core: light green 20 488/29 Loc. 12 Surface: 5YR7/6; core: brick red-orange 21 434 9/1 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: rim 5Y8/2, below 10YR7/3; core: light brown Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 221

Plate 5. Bowls. 222 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

Pl. 6 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 488/26 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5YR6/6; core: red-buff-red 2 488/107 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y8/2; core: green 3 488/28 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y8/2; core: brown 4 434 9/34 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR8/3; core: beige 5 434 9/11 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5YR7/4; core: brick red-light brown-brick red 6 488/146 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: brick red 7 488/47 Loc. 12 Surface: 5YR5,5/4; core: dark reddish brown-pinkish-dark reddish brown 8 261 27/24 + 239 Above Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/2; core: yellowish green 32/4 9 488/50 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y7/3; core: brown 10 488/54 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/4; core: red-grey 11 261 27/17 Above Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/3; core: beige 12 488/101 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5YR6/6; core: reddish brown 13 488/120 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/4; core: light brown 14 488/122 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y8/2; core: dark grey-pinkish brown 15 488/125 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y8/2; core: yellowish green 16 488/84 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR7/6; core: orange-bluish grey 17 263 35/3 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR8/2; core: brown 18 488/25 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core color not registered

Pl. 7 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 488/156 Loc. 12 Body sherd 0.5-0.8 cm thick; surface: 10YR6/3; core: dark red; potter’s mark on the jar’s shoulder 2 434 9/45 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5Y8/2; core: green-pink-green; potter’s mark 3 488/197 + 131 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/2,5; core: pinkish grey 4 434 9/35 Corridor to Loc. 6 Body sherd 1 cm thick; surface: 5YR6/4; core: dark red; potter’s mark on the jar’s shoulder 5 488/60 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y7/2,5; core: brown 6 488/134+434 9/26 Loc. 12 + Corridor Surface: 5Y8/2; core: dark red to Loc. 6 7 488/132 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y8/2; core: light brown 8 488/42 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR7/4–2,5YR6/5; core: reddish brown-dark grey-reddish brown 9 488/133 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: light brown 10 434 9/21 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5Y8/2; core: greenish-greyish green-brown 11 488/58 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y7/3; core: brown 12 263 35/2 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR7/3; core color not registered 13 229 28/14 + 223 25/20 Loc. 6 Surface: 7,5YR7/4; core: reddish brown-olive 14 488/98 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/3; core: greyish brown, Potter’s mark 15 488/87 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y8/3; core: greenish yellow-greenish grey 16 488/185 Loc. 12 Body sherd with handle; surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: brick red 17 488/81 Loc. 12 Surface: 5YR7/6; core: reddish brown Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 223

Plate 6. Thin walled jars and pots.

Plate 7. Thin walled jars and pots. 224 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

Pl. 8 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 557 30/3 NE part of the Surface: 10YR7/3; core: light grey trench, outside Loc. 6 2 488/41 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5YR6/6; core: dark red-light brown-dark red 3 344 5a/3 W part of trench Surface: 10YR7/3; core: brownish beige 4 434 9/57 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 2,5Y7/3; core: light green-light brown-light green 5 223 25/2 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR7/2; core: brown-red-brown 6 434 9/46 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: dark grey 7 488/23 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: dark beige 8 229 28/8 Loc. 6 Surface: 2,5Y7/2; core: pink-grey 9 293 42/5 Loc. 6 Surface: 2,5Y7,5/2; core: buff-pink-buff 10 488/20 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR7,5/4; core: brown-grey-brown 11 263 35/7 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR8/4; core: beige 12 488/152 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/4; core: brown-dark red 13 488/151 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR7/4; core: pink with thin light brown edges 14 488/21 Loc. 12 Surface: 5YR6/4; core: brown-grey-brown 15 488/191 Loc. 12 Surface: 5Y8/2; core: greyish green 16 434 9/4 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: upper part 5Y8/2, lower part 10YR7/3; core: beige 17 434 9/53 + 9/61 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: upper part 5Y8/2, lower part 10YR7/3; core: brown 18 434 9/58 + 9/54 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5YR7/4; core: brick red-brown 19 434 9/56 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR7/2,5; core: grey 20 434 9/65 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5Y7,5/3; core: yellowish green-green; overired 21 223 25/19 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR7/2; core: brown 22 434 9/55 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR7/3; core: beige-brick red or (in the thinner part) beige Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 225

Plate 8. Ring bases. 226 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

Pl 9 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 491 21/1 N part of the Surface: 5Y8/3; core: yellowish grey trench 2 344 5a/8 W part of a trench Surface: 5YR6/4; core: reddish brown-thin reddish grey- reddish brown 3 261 27/18 Above Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/3; core: olive 4 284 41/1 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR6/2; core: reddish brown 5 488/114 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: buff-light brown 6 261 27/15 Above Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/2; core: beige-grey-beige 7 474 7/4 Dismantling walls Surface: 5Y8/2; core: greyish green; overired of Loc. 6 8 261 27/20 Above Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/2; core: greyish green 9 488/91 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/4; core: buff 10 488/100 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: buff 11 488/82 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR7/4; core: brown-beige-grey-beige 12 434 9/47 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 2,5Y6/1; core: dark grey 13 488/155 Loc. 12 Surface: 5YR6/4; core: dark pink-grey-orange 14 488/172 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: pinkish grey 15 309 40/8 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR8/3; core: beige; string cut 16 261 27/21 Above Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7,5/2; core: brown; string cut 17 488/71 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR7/4; core: reddish brown-buff-reddish brown 18 488/56 Loc. 12 Surface: 5YR6,5/4; core: reddish brown Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 227

Plate 9. Bowls, bases, sieves. 228 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

Pl. 10 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 488/193 Loc. 12 Body sherd 0.6 cm thick; surface: 10YR7/3; core: beige with thin orange outer layers; potter’s mark on the jar’s shoulder 2 434 9/78 Corridor to Loc. 6 Body sherd 0.5 cm thick; surface: 10YR7/3; core: brown-greyish brown-brown; potter’s mark, on the jar’s shoulder (?) 3 434 9/64 Corridor to Loc. 6 Body sherd 0.9 cm thick; surface: 5Y8/2; core: light green-greyish green; potter’s mark on the jar’s shoulder 4 488/119 Loc. 12 Surface: 2.5Y8/3; core: light brown 5 488/104 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/3; core: brick red-dark grey-brick red 6 434 9/15 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5Y8/2; core: yellow-light green 7 488/111 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/3; core: beige 8 263 35/4 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR7/3; core: grey with thin brick red outer layers 9 438 16/1 Loc. 6 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: pinkish 10 424 11/3 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: buff-greyish yellow-buff 11 299 45/3 Loc. 6 Surface: 2,5Y8/2; core colour not recorded 12 434 9/41 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5YR7/4; core: beige with thin red outer layers 13 434 9/42 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5Y8/2; core: greyish yellow with yellowish outer layers 14 488/51 Loc. 12 Surface: 5YR6/4; core: brown-grey-brown, lower part: brown-grey 15 467 23/1 Rubble in the Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: yellowish-beige-yellowish entrance to Loc. 6 16 299 45/4 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR8/2; core: dark brown 17 434 9/36 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5Y7,5/2; core: brown-grey-brown 18 434 15/1 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR8/3; core: brown-light grey-brown 19 434 9/27 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5Y8/3; core: light olive

Pl. 11 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 488/180 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR6/2; lower part blackened with smoke; core: reddish brown- grey-reddish brown; traces of wheel smoothing– upper part inside and outside 2 488/200 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4, blackened with smoke; core: greyish brown-grey-reddish brown Burnished outside, lower part roughened 3 488/166 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR7/4; lower half blackened with smoke and overheated; core: grey with thin reddish brown outer layers; traces of burnishing outside 4 488/23 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/3, lower part blackened with smoke; core: reddish brown- grey-reddish brown 5 488/201 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: reddish brown-grey; rim burnished inside, lower outer surface roughened, overheated 6 488/182 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/3, 10YR6/4, lower part blackened with smoke; core: dark brown-grey-dark brown; traces of wheel smoothing upper part inside; roughened outside 7 261 27/48 Above Loc. Surface: 10YR6/2; core: brown, bottom: brown-grey-brown; burnished both 12 sides 8 488/168 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR6/4; core: brown; ine traces of wheel smoothing inside 9 488/167 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4, lower part blackened with smoke; core: dark grey-thin reddish brown; burnished outside Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 229

Plate 10. Potter’s marks, pots, storage jars.

Plate 11. Kitchen Ware pots. 230 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

Pl. 12 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 488/186 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR5/3, blackened with smoke; core: dark brown. Burnished outside 2 488/199 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/3; core: light brown-dark grey-reddish brown; traces of wheel smoothing upper part inside, lower part roughened 3 488/163 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: reddish brown-grey-reddish brow 4 488/165 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6,5/4; core: reddish brown 5 434 9/19 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 2,5Y5/1; core: reddish-brown 6 488/174 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4, lower part blackened with smoke; core: brown 7 488/213 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR6/3; core: reddish brown-dark grey-reddish brown; traces of wheel smoothing 8 488/177 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y4/1; core: dark grey-greyish brown 9 488/171 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: brown 10 488/175 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: reddish brown-greyish brown-reddish brown 11 263 35/14 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR6/3; core: brown-grey Traces of wheel smoothing 12 434 9/18 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 5YR6/6; core: reddish brown Traces of wheel smoothing 13 263 35/11, Loc. 6 Surface: 7,5YR5/3; core: reddish brown 35/33 14 434 9/20 Corridor to Loc. 6 Surface: 7,5YR5/3; core: reddish brown 15 662/1 NE part of the Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: dark grey-dark beige trench 16 488/173 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR6/3; core: reddish brown-dark brown-dark grey 17 293 42/11 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR5/1; core: grey-dark grey-grey; traces of wheel smoothing? 18 488/178 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR7/3; core: reddish brown with dark grey core 19 293 42/12 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR6/2; core: brown; traces of wheel smoothing? 20 352 8/1 Loc. 12, upper part Surface: 10YR6/1; core: brown-dark grey-brown 21 299 45/1 + Loc. 6 Above Loc. Surface: 10YR5/1,5; core: light brown with dark grey core; outer 261 27/9 12 surface uneven. 22 488/170 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR6/3; core: brown-dark brown-brown 23 488/163a Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/3; core: greyish brown-brown 24 299 45/13 Loc. 6 Surface: 2,5Y5/1; core: dark grey-brownish grey-dark grey; burnished Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 231

Plate 12. Kitchen Ware pots and bowls. 232 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

Pl. 13 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 488/203 Loc. 12 Body sherd with horizontal handle; surface: 10YR7/3; core: dark brown-reddish brown-greyish brown 2 488/210 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: reddish brown with thin dark grey outer layers; wheel marks in upper part on both sides, lower part roughened outside, overheated 3 488/202 Loc. 12 Body sherd with horizontal handle; surface: 10YR6/2, 10YR4,5/1, blackened with smoke; core: dark grey (overheated)-brown 4 488/208 + Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR 6,5/3; core: dark brown-reddish brown-grey- 209 reddish brown; traces of wheel smoothing in upper part, lower part roughened outside 5 488/201a Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR6/3; core: reddish brown-grey-reddish brown; overheated, lower part roughened outside 6 488/207 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR6/3, core: reddish brown-greyish brown-reddish brown, dark brown outer layer; traces of wheel smoothing on rim on both sides 7 488/222 Loc. 12 Blackened with smoke; core: reddish brown with thin dark grey outer layers 8 488/206 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR6/3, core: dark brown-greyish brown-reddish brown; traces of wheel smoothing (rim), lower part roughened outside 9 488/218 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR6/2, core: dark brown-brown; traces of wheel +217 smoothing on upper inside 10 488/204 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR3/1, core: dark grey (overheated)-dark brown- brown, lower part roughened outside; horizontal handle, damaged 11 488/205 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR6/2, core: dark brown-reddish brown; horizontal handle ca 9 cm wide, damaged; traces of wheel smoothing in upper part on both sides, roughened below handle 12 488/215 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/; core: reddish brown-greyish brown-reddish brown; traces of wheel smoothing in upper part 13 488/220 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR6/3; core: dark brown-reddish brown-greyish brown-reddish brown; traces of wheel smoothing on upper inside

Pl. 14 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 229 28/1 Loc. 6 Surface: 10YR7/2,5; core: brown-grey-brown; incised 2 189/20 Roof of a layer Surface: 10YR7/3; core: reddish brown-grey-reddish brown; incised 3 261/2 Above Loc. 12 Painted dark red with thin incised waves; other details not available 4 488/67 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: yellowish; painted black 10YR3/1 5 488/61 Loc. 12 Surface: 10YR8/3; painted black 10YR4/1; core: beige; ine combed grooves 6 488/183 Loc. 12 Surface: 7,5YR6/4; core: reddish brown with grey core; close to the bottom: reddish brown; kitchen Ware, incised; base wheel- made, upper part hand-made; on the upper right edge fragment of the original opening preserved Syria 93 (2016) eb Ivb pottery from tell qaramel (western syrIa) 233

Plate 13. Kitchen Ware large bowls.

Plate 14. Decorated sherds. 234 d. ławecka Syria 93 (2016)

Plate 15. Decorated and burnished sherds.

Pl. 15 Excavation Findspot Description Nr nr QRM 1 488/65 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y8/3; core: brick red-olive-brick red; impressed/ incised decoration 2 434 9/44 Loc. 6 Surface: 5YR7/4; core: brown-dark grey-brown; kitchen Ware; impressed decoration 3 488/79+80 Loc. 12 Surface: 5YR7/4; core: reddish brown; kitchen Ware; impressed decoration 4 488/33 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5YR6/6; core: reddish brown; red burnished both sides 5 344 5a/5 W part of trench Surface: 5YR6/6; core: light pink-light grey-light pink; red burnished (upper inside and outside); approximate position 6 491 21/5 N part of trench Surface: 5YR6/6; core: dark red-brown-light red; brown burnished (rim inside and outside); approximate position 7 488/38 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y6/1; core: grey; burnished horizontal bands 8 488/39 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y/4/1; core: brown-grey; burnished horizontal bands 9 488/109 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y5,5/1; core: dark grey; burnished horizontal bands 10 488/16 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y6/2; core: dark grey-thin brown-beige; traces of burnishing, also on the bottom. 11 488/160 Loc. 12 Surface: 2,5Y6/6; core: thin red-dark grey-thin light brown; burnished