Downloaded From
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Turkey-Continues-To-Weaponize-Alok
www.stj-sy.org Turkey Continues to Weaponize Alok Water amid COVID-19 Outbreak in Syria Turkey Continues to Weaponize Alok Water amid COVID-19 Outbreak in Syria Turkey hampers the urgent response to Coronavirus Pandemic by cutting off water to over 600.000 population in northeast Syria Page | 2 www.stj-sy.org Turkey Continues to Weaponize Alok Water amid COVID-19 Outbreak in Syria 1. Legal analysis a) International Humanitarian Law Water is indispensable to civilian populations. It is not only essential to drink, but also for agricultural purposes and sanitation, all the more important in the wake of the COVID-19 sanitary crisis. Although at first neglecting the significance of water and food for civilian populations caught in armed conflicts, drafters of the Geneva Conventions’ Protocol remedied the gap by including, in Article 54 Additional Protocol I and in Article 14 Additional Protocol II for International and Non-International Armed Conflicts (IACs and NIACs) respectively, the protection of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population. Involving two states, that of Syria and that of Turkey, the ongoing conflict currently taking place in northeast Syria is of international character. As a result, and in application of these provisions, in IACs: It is prohibited to attack, destroy, remove or render useless objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population, such as foodstuffs, agricultural areas for the production of foodstuffs, crops, livestock, drinking water installations and supplies and irrigation works, for the specific purpose of denying them for their sustenance value to the civilian population or to the adverse Party, whatever the motive, whether in order to starve out civilians, to cause them to move away, or for any other motive. -
Download the Publication
Viewpoints No. 99 Mission Impossible? Triangulating U.S.- Turkish Relations with Syria’s Kurds Amberin Zaman Public Policy Fellow, Woodrow Wilson Center; Columnist, Diken.com.tr and Al-Monitor Pulse of the Middle East April 2016 The United States is trying to address Turkish concerns over its alliance with a Syrian Kurdish militia against the Islamic State. Striking a balance between a key NATO ally and a non-state actor is growing more and more difficult. Middle East Program ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ On April 7 Syrian opposition rebels backed by airpower from the U.S.-led Coalition against the Islamic State (ISIS) declared that they had wrested Al Rai, a strategic hub on the Turkish border from the jihadists. They hailed their victory as the harbinger of a new era of rebel cooperation with the United States against ISIS in the 98-kilometer strip of territory bordering Turkey that remains under the jihadists’ control. Their euphoria proved short-lived: On April 11 it emerged that ISIS had regained control of Al Rai and the rest of the areas the rebels had conquered in the past week. Details of what happened remain sketchy because poor weather conditions marred visibility. But it was still enough for Coalition officials to describe the reversal as a “total collapse.” The Al Rai fiasco is more than just a battleground defeat against the jihadists. It’s a further example of how Turkey’s conflicting goals with Washington are hampering the campaign against ISIS. For more than 18 months the Coalition has been striving to uproot ISIS from the 98- kilometer chunk of the Syrian-Turkish border that is generically referred to the “Manbij Pocket” or the Marea-Jarabulus line. -
Drying Euphrates Threatens Disaster in Syria 30 August 2021, by Delil Souleiman with Alice Hackman in Beirut
'Desert': drying Euphrates threatens disaster in Syria 30 August 2021, by Delil Souleiman With Alice Hackman In Beirut and archfoe Turkey of weaponising water by tightening the tap upstream, though a Turkish source denied this. Outside the village of Rumayleh where Khamees lives, black irrigation hoses lay in dusty coils after the river receded so far it became too expensive to operate the water pumps. Instead, much closer to the water's edge, Khamees and neighbours were busy planting corn and beans in soil just last year submerged under the current. Aid groups and engineers are warning of a looming humanitarian disaster in northeast Syria, where waning river flow is compounding woes after a decade of war. Syria's longest river used to flow by his olive grove, but today Khaled al-Khamees says it has receded into the distance, parching his trees and leaving his family with hardly a drop to drink. "It's as if we were in the desert," said the 50-year- old farmer, standing on what last year was the Euphrates riverbed. "We're thinking of leaving because there's no water People walk through what was the Euphrates riverbed left to drink or irrigate the trees." near the Syrian village of Rumayleh. Aid groups and engineers are warning of a looming humanitarian disaster in northeast Syria, where waning river flow is compounding woes after a The father of 12 said he had not seen the river so decade of war. far away from the village in decades. They say plummeting water levels at hydroelectric "The women have to walk seven kilometres (four dams since January are threatening water and miles) just to get a bucket of water for their children power cutoffs for up to five million Syrians, in the to drink," he said. -
Ryszard F. Mazurowski Tell Qaramel Excavations, 2002
Ryszard F. Mazurowski Tell Qaramel Excavations, 2002 Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 14, 315-330 2003 TELL QARAMEL SYRIA TELL QARAMEL EXCAVATIONS, 2002 Ryszard F. Mazurowski The fourth season of excavations at Tell Qaramel took place from April 10 to May 20, 2002.1) The season was devoted to a continued exploration of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A settlement located on the lowest part of the southern slope of the tell in squares K-6 a,c, K-5 b,d, L-4 a,c. The discovery of a “grill-building” necessitated the extension of the trench into squares L-3a, K-4 b,d and K-3b. New trenches K-7, K-6 b and L-6 a were opened east of square J-7 b,d, where the ruins of a PPNA circular tower had been found and excavated to the level of the foundations in the previous season. In order to reach the eastern half of this tower (and potential elements of a defense system) it was necessary to remove the 2-m thick accumulation representing later occupation from the Bronze and Early Iron ages. 1) The project is a joint undertaking of the Polish Centre of Archaeology of Warsaw University and the Direction Générale des Antiquités et Musées of Syria, with substantial support from the Institute of Archaeology of Warsaw University. The Mission is indebted to the then Director General Dr. Abdel Razzaq Moaz for his unfailing help, kindness and interest. Words of thanks are also due the staff of the Regional Directorate of Antiquities in Aleppo and its Director, Dr. -
Tell Qaramel. Excavations 2000. Polish Archaeology In
TELL QARAMEL SYRIA TELL QARAMEL EXCAVATIONS 2000 Ryszard F. Mazurowski, Bassam Jamous The archaeological excavations on Tell Qaramel are a Polish and Syrian joint project supervised by the Polish Center of Archaeology of Warsaw University and the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums in Damascus.1) The project is also partly sponsored by the Institute of Archaeology of Warsaw University. Excavations were conducted from April 14 to May 15, 2000. 1) The Mission would like to express its gratitude to Prof. Dr. Sultan Muheisen, Director General of the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums in Damascus, for his continuous help, kindness and friendly support. We also feel much indebted to the staff of the Regional Directorate of Antiquities in Aleppo, especially to the Director, Dr. Wahid Khayyata, and also to Engineer Yusef Mohammad Al Delidie and Mr. Samer Abdel Ghafour, who were working with us on the site. The expedition was directed by Prof. Dr. Ryszard F. Mazurowski and Mr. Nazir Awad. The staff included on the Polish side: Dr. Dorota £awecka, Ms Katarzyna Januszek, Mr. Grzegorz Ka³wak, Mr. Piotr Karczmarek, Mr. £ukasz Rutkowski, archaeologists; assisted by students from the Institute of Archaeology of Warsaw University: Ms Ma³gorzata Chaciñska, Mr. Artur Domañski, Ms Renata Maskowicz and Ms Wese³a Wojnarowicz. 327 TELL QARAMEL SYRIA GENERAL REMARKS The chief objectives of the second field situated on the right (western) bank of the season on Tell Qaramel,2) which is a site River Qoueiq, c. 25 km north of Aleppo Fig. 1. Tell Qaramel. Plan of the tell with trenches excavated in 1999-2000 (Drawing R. -
WATER CONFLICTS in NORTHERN SYRIA Sinan Uzundumlu Oğuzhan Akyener
AUGUST 2017 WATER CONFLICTS IN NORTHERN SYRIA Sinan Uzundumlu Oğuzhan Akyener INTRODUCTION Water although usually is not considered as the most important fluid in the public view, its importance and staminality can easily be understood during the privation. In today’s world, while some regions have plenty of water, in the other side, some parts are being lack of it. As mentioned above, the importance of water can be understood, while losing it. Then water becomes one of the most strategic items for countries, when there is a risk of drought. Turkey is one of the luckiest countries having plenty of fresh water resources. And some of its resources are huge rives flowing to the neighbor countries. Euphrates is one of them. It has more than 2800 km’s length and nearly 1 tones per second flow rate. It flows from Turkey to Northern Syria. To control the river, Turkey has Ataturk Dam in its borders. And in Syria there are Tishrin and Euphrates Dams in the entrance of the lake. There are many conflicts experienced between Syria and Turkey related with the utilization and flow rate homogeneity of the river. Currently, in the international public view, a new unfair perceptional operation is tried to be activated against Turkey, which claims that: • Turkey has cut the Euphrates and all the Northern innocent Syrians are left in a situation of being lack of water. • They are snatching to death due not to be able to reach drinking water. • Turkey is delinquent according to the 64/292 numbered decision of UN Res olution Agreement However, these accusations are directed and organized/financed by some dirty ene- mies of the humanity and the peace. -
PP8 Kibaroglu RCS Water Web.Pdf
Middle East Institute September 2016 Regional Cooperation Series Natural Cooperation Facing Water Challenges in the Middle East Aysegül Kibaroglu MEI Policy Paper 2016-8 © 2016 The Middle East Institute The Middle East Institute 1761 N Street NW Washington, D.C. 20036 Follow MEI: @MiddleEastInst /MiddleEastInstitute /user/middleastinstitute MEI Policy Paper 2016-8 Natural Cooperation Facing Water Challenges in the Middle East Aysegül Kibaroglu Middle East Institute Regional Cooperation Series Abbreviations D.o.P. Declaration of Principles F.o.E.M.E. Friends of the Earth Middle East I.P.O.E. International Panel of Experts ISIS Islamic State in Iraq and Syria J.T.C. Joint Technical Committee MENA Middle East and North Africa N.B.I. Nile Basin Initiative N.G.O. Non-governmental Organization S.A.D.C. Southern African Development Community Contents 1 Introduction 2 Existing Key Water Disputes 7 Where Are We Today in Terms of Regional Water Cooperation? 13 Where will the Region be in 2030 without Cooperation? 16 The Benefits of Regional Cooperation 20 Where Could the Region be in 2030 in a Scenario Involving Significant Regional Water Cooperation? 24 Endnotes Summary he Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is regarded as one of the most Twater-challenged regions in the world. The destabilizing impact of its resource constraints is compounded by the fact that some 60 percent of the region’s water flows across international borders, generating and exacerbating political tensions between states. Water insecurity will increase in the MENA region if the current situation of minimal water cooperation persists under the disabling conditions of political volatility, economic disintegration, institutional failure, and environmental degradation. -
11 Dja'de El-Mughara (Aleppo)
A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites edited by Access Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki Open Archaeopress Archaeopress Archaeology Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 381 6 ISBN 978 1 78491 382 3 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Access Cover Illustration: View of the excavation at Hummal site © The Syro-Swiss mission on the Palaeolithic of the El Kowm Area Open All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, Archaeopresswithout the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Contents Preface ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii Introduction: The Significance of Syria in Human History ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki Chapter 1: Prehistory 1� El Kowm Oasis (Homs) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Reto Jagher, Dorota Wojtczak and Jean-Marie Le Tensorer 2� Dederiyeh Cave (Aleppo) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 -
The Latest Aleppo Battle May Give the Islamic State Another Reprieve | the Washington Institute
MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 2611 The Latest Aleppo Battle May Give the Islamic State Another Reprieve by Fabrice Balanche Apr 26, 2016 Also available in Arabic ABOUT THE AUTHORS Fabrice Balanche Fabrice Balanche, an associate professor and research director at the University of Lyon 2, is an adjunct fellow at The Washington Institute. Brief Analysis Aside from President Obama, none of the main players in Syria has an interest in rushing toward Raqqa, so they will likely focus on exploiting the various campaigns around Aleppo instead. espite the ongoing peace negotiations in Geneva, each camp in the Syria war is preparing for a general D resumption of hostilities in the Aleppo area. In addition to the strategically important city itself, the Islamic State-occupied territory between Aleppo and the Euphrates is increasingly becoming a focal point, shifting attention away from the group's stronghold to the east and likely further delaying the Obama administration's goal of pushing IS out of its "capital" in Raqqa. CONTINUED ENCIRCLEMENT O n February 27, a ceasefire temporarily halted the Russian- and Iranian-backed Syrian army campaign to encircle the rebel-held portions of Aleppo city. By that point, the army had already cut the road to the border town of Azaz with the cooperation of the Kurdish Democratic Union Party, or PYD (see PolicyWatch 2554, "The Battle of Aleppo Is the Center of the Syrian Chessboard"). That resulted in a hostile reaction from Turkey, which fired on the Kurdish militia to prevent it from taking Azaz city and the nearby Bab al-Salam crossing point. -
Impacts of Turkey's Hydropolitic on Iraq and Syria
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 24, Issue 8, Ser. 1 (August. 2019) 14-21 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Impacts of Turkey's hydropolitic on Iraq and Syria 1 2 Masoud Rezapour , Amir Alizadeh Osalou , Amir Asgarzadeh3 1(M.A. in International Relations, Khatam al Anbiya University, Tehran, Iran) 2(M.A. in Passive Defense engineering, Khatam al Anbiya University, Tehran, Iran) 3(Lecturer in Khatam al Anbiya University, Tehran, Iran) Abstract: Climate change in some regions has led to an intense decline in water resources, so water issues in the adoption of government policies and decisions have a special place. Therefore, the use of these resources has led to considerably tensions, especially in low rainfall regions. On the other hand, the common use of these resources can be an opportunity for the realization of the process of regional cooperation and convergence. The Middle East, with 5 percent of the world's population, has less than 1 percent of the world's water resources, and is therefore one of the most critical regions of the globe. In addition, high population growth also adds to the severity of the crisis. In this context, common water resources have great importance and countries compete for their dominance. In this regard, less region in the world than in the Middle East is prone to conflict over water resources. The major cause of these conflicts is related to common water resources. One of the most important of these common water resources is the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that originate from Turkey, which cross Syria, Iran, and ultimately ends in Iraq. -
Acephalous Skeletons As Witnesses of Pre-Pottery Neolithic North-South Levant Connections and Disconnections Fanny Bocquentin, Ergul Kodas, Anabel Ortiz
Headless but still eloquent! Acephalous skeletons as witnesses of Pre-Pottery Neolithic North-South Levant connections and disconnections Fanny Bocquentin, Ergul Kodas, Anabel Ortiz To cite this version: Fanny Bocquentin, Ergul Kodas, Anabel Ortiz. Headless but still eloquent! Acephalous skeletons as witnesses of Pre-Pottery Neolithic North-South Levant connections and disconnections. Paléorient, CNRS, 2016, 42 (2), pp.33-52. hal-02010457 HAL Id: hal-02010457 https://hal.parisnanterre.fr//hal-02010457 Submitted on 7 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - ShareAlike| 4.0 International License Headless but still eloquent! Acephalous skeletons as witnesses of Pre-Pottery Neolithic North- South Levant connections and disconnections F. Bocquentin, E. Kodas and A. Ortiz Abstract: This paper discusses the practice of skull removal in the Late Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic in the Northern and Southern Levant, a feature which may serve as a basis for comparison of funerary customs between regions. Even though the topic of skull removal has been widely debated, factual data remain incomplete and funerary treatment is complex and highly variable. We have undertaken a preliminary synthesis based on 65 sites (MNI: 3001 individuals) distributed across the Southern and Northern Levant, the Upper Tigris and Central Anatolia from the Early Natufian period (13000 cal. -
Tell Qaramel: Excavations 2009
Title: Tell Qaramel: excavations 2009 Author(s): Ryszard F. Mazurowski Journal: Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 21 (Research 2009) Year: 2012 Pages: 559-582 ISSN 1234–5415 (Print), ISSN 2083–537X (Online) ISBN 978–83–235–1144–1 Publishers: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw (PCMA UW), Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (WUW) www.pcma.uw.edu.pl – www.wuw.pl TELL QARAMEL EXCAVATIONS 2009 Ryszard F. Mazurowski Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw Abstract: The deepest levels of Protoneolithic occupation were explored in Squares J-7b,d and K-7 during the 11th season of excavations on the site of Tell Qaramel. The oldest structure (Loc. 71), possibly of Epipaleolithic date, discovered so far proved to be a kind of oval hut with a round central hearth and a foundation deposit concealed nearby. Further exploration of squares L-5 and L-4/M-4 concentrated on layers from the Late and Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic A. Finds represented different material categories, including a clay sun-dried human figure. Keywords: Tell Qaramel, Protoneolithic, tower/shrine, building techniques Tell Qaramel excavations 2008 SYRIA TELL QARAMEL ExCAVATionS 2009 Ryszard F. Mazurowski Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw Abstract: The deepest levels of Protoneolithic occupation were explored in Squares J-7b,d and K-7 during the 11th season of excavations on the site of Tell Qaramel. The oldest structure (Loc. 71), possibly of Epipaleolithic date, discovered so far proved to be a kind of oval hut with a round central hearth and a foundation deposit concealed nearby. Further exploration of squares L-5 and L-4/M-4 concentrated on layers from the Late and Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic A.