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'-~\ ~- REF ID:A66161 A fJREET/NfJ FROM The Chief
The resumption of publication of the Army Security Agency Review affords a most welcome opportunity for me to extend greetings to each individual member of the Agency and to share with you the benefits gained by closer association in our common interests.
When the review first appeared three years ago, the initial response through the Agency was most enthusiastic, and it was with regret that circumstances beyond our control forced us to discontinue its publication.
The purpose of the ASA Review remains the same as before: to provide the Army Security Agency with a semi-technical bi monthly publication for articles on the sub ject matter of the work and activities of the Agency insofar as the classification CON FIDENTIAL wlll permit.
As Chief, Army Security Agency, I am interested primarily in two obj e ct iv e s: maintaining excellent morale and improving the high technical standards which the Agency has achieved. Morale is a most important factor in all military and techni cal services, and only through improving our technical skills can we enhance the quality and value of our work.
General Bradley once said, "Good ideas must not be kept secret; let's share them." By putting our ideas together through the medium of the ASA Review, by learning something of the way and manner in which we live, work, and play in the various installations, a further contri bution can be made toward the future success of the Agency by the publication of the ASA Review -- our own service journal.
I REF ID:A66161 c "".. ~' Bti" "i'IAL Cover
A fair breeze blows in Washington - scene across the treetops of the Capitol grounds from the portico of the Supreme Court Building. Vol. I No.3 May-June 1950 -- Photo by A.H. Feeney, Photographer, ASA
ASA Review, the successor to the monthly publication R-5, is the official Contents: technical and operational bulletin of the Army Security Agency and is issued every two months at ASA headquarters, Washington 25, D.C. The publication of ASA Review is in accordance with Army regulations governing military period icals. ARTICLES
...... Signalman' s Odyssey . • . • ...... Michael Maslak • • • • • • • • . 4 . . William F. Friedman . . . . • • • • . 12 Contributions from readers are welcomed. Unclassified contributions from Edgar Allan Poe, Cryptographer individuals may be sent either as personal mail or through Agency mail chan Radio Position Finding Authentication Systems . • • • • • • Vernon E. Cooley • • • ••• 18 nels to the Editor, ASA Review, CSGAS-27, Army Security Agency, The Pentagon, Radio Position Finding • • • • • ...... •• 23 Washington 25, D.C. Personal contributions of a classified nature, and the Diurnal and Seasonal Changes. • ...... ••• 4~ contributions of ASA units, should be forwarded only as official Agency mail. Military Intelligence Before G-2 . . . . • Adapted by John D. Frost. . . . • •• 42
Oi DEPARTMENTS The War in the Ether ••••••• • Dr. Evert Conder and Dr. R. W. Pettengill •••••••••• 21 ASA Hams ••••.••••••...... W4LOI ...... • . . 25 NOTICE. This document contains information affecting The Cryptanalyst' s Easy Chair • • • • • • • • • Lambros D. Callimahos • • • • • • • • 26 the national defense of the United States within the Around the Globe in ASA • • meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title 18 U.S.C., sec The ASA School • • • ...... • • ...... 28 tions 793 and 794. The transmission or the revelation Two Rock station • • • • • ...... 31 of its contents in any manner to an unauthorized per- 7th Detachment • • • • • ...... 33 son is prohibited by law. (See AR 380-5.) Caribbean Detachment • • • • • . . . . • •• 34 HQ - ASA Europe • • . • • ...... • 35 HQ - ASA Hawaii • ••• 36 HQ - ASA Pacific ...... 37 126th Detachment ...... 38 HQ ASA . • • . • . . • . . • • • • . • ...... 39 Puzzle Corner • • • • • • • • ...... • 44 Books in Review • An Historical and Analytical Bibliography of the Literature of Cryptography • • • • Albert Howard Carter ...... 46 Scientists Against Time ••.•••• John D. Frost . • 48 Scanning the Shelves •••••..•. John D. Frost •.•••• ...... 49
f38NFIBENTIAt; I REF ID:A66161
could swing as if on parallel bars, prob The coconuts and bananas we had squeezed Signalman's Odyssey ably four or five feet wide. Having no in with the firewood. Tea, salt and a few keel, then Buckwheat" was kept upright by limes co5pleted our larder. A small bot ( Suufld@iitihl J two heavy balance-poles suspended from the tle of gin, which we radiomen had quietly outriggers. A bd!:lboo catwalk three feet taken charge of, for medicinal purposes, we were saving for chilly occasions. The Story Thus Far: wirie stretched to the fore-tips of each pole. Fresh rattan rigging served as guy At the outbreak of the War, Michael Maslak, then a PFC of the 2d Sig lines for the wooden mast, which was about On the night of June 9 we had been visi nal Service Company, was stationed at Baguio in north-central Luzon. fifteen feet high. We braided our own ted by three young Filipinos who had heard When Baguio was evacuated, Maslak and the rest managed to make their way lines from newly harvested hemp. The jib of our trir and wanted to accompany us. south to Corregidor. Late in March, eleven of the original seventeen men was a triangular section made of cotton Max, Sperry, and Trench were their nick were selected to go to .Australia as a cadre for the RI organization which material, while the mainsail was quadri names. They explained their reasons as a was to serve General MacArthur 1 s GHQ. lateral in shape, also made from cotton, desire for revenge for suffering at Davao; but a little heavier. Two small pulleys for the death of a brother in the Fhilip Flown to Mindanao, the 2d Sig men found only five were to be flown to worked the lines for raisine and lowering pine Army, and a wish to carry on the war Australia. The remaining six men were buffeted from one point to another the bamboo boom and the mainsail. A guide with the American forces. Our knowledge in their fight for a plane out of Mindanao. When the last American plane line for playing the sail was attached to of handling a banca was nil, and since had come and gone, they were left behind on Delmonte airfield, which even one end of the lower boom and freely held they claimed to know how, we took them Aided by friendly natives, who taught them to supplement their diet The First Night with jungle fare, they pressed on to the coast. Weeks after their de parture from Valencia, they arrived at Bislig. There they pooled their resources and bought a banca--a sailing canoe with outriggers. Here That first night out, with a favorable they waited for seven days for Rhen and Gill, realizing that with each running tide, and excellent sailing weath day their chance for escape grew slilmner. Finally, on 10 June, a month er, we made good headway under an offshore after the surrender of Mindanao, they set sail for Australia. breeze. During the first four days, every thing was in our favor, even to the com (Chapters 1 & 2 first appeared in the May-June and July plete absence of Japanese vessels plying August issues of the ASA Review in 1947. ED.) the waters between Surigao and Davao. That was what we feared most. Before we were aware of it we were sail By Mlchael Maslak ing through the Nenoesa Islands, a Dutch group southeast of Mindanao. We didn't SAILING stop - just ::mrmised the identity of these SOUTHWARD Flight from Mindanao specks of land from the National Geograph Our boat was a sailing banca of the type termined to ship out on the high seas in a ic Magazine of the Far East which we were used to transport a load of about 60 bags thing like that. The hull was open except for the loose using as one of the navigational aids: the of rice between neighboring coastal towns. board "deck" forward uf the mast, and a other two being the celestial bodies and a The ''Buckwheat 11 , which got its name from The HBuckwheat" small planked area abuut seven feet to the twentyfive cent compass which gave a read the efforts of the Filipinos to pronounce stern. The unly raised part of the boat ing if shaken hard enough. Heading a bit the word "evacuate", now seems too ridicu The hull waR a dug-out canoe some thirty was an eight-foot section with a "benig" east of south we figured that in four days lous to describe. At the end of its voy or thirty-five feet long, and planked on mat over bamboo strips for flooring and that port stern breeze had favored us with age, the boat drew a lot of smiles from the sides to give it depth. If one of us the roof. The cabin housed our perish 250 miles. At this rate we'd be in Aus people who had been used to a more luxur were standing on the bottom, he would be able goods and was a shelter for Kapp and tralia in no time. But fate enjoyed her ious form of military transportation. You able to touch the gunwales at about waist Stein when they fell ill. Four could hud tricks with us, and we saw no more land have to be rthalf-tetched" or superbly de- height. If he reached out both arms, he dle inside when necessary. for twenty-three days. 4 ASA Review May-June 1950 5 REF ID:A66161 Becalmed welcome sight. retrieving the halves at the stern cross The mountain ranges had seemed insur beam. Gne lucky day, I was able to make mountable, but we had passed them safely. We thought of the rivers we had had to We were nearing the area of the dol In the daylight, with the soaked and rip a miraculous addition to our larder. Hav ped sails hauled down, we had to play the ing tossed a feathered hook and line into cross, the Cagayan swamps, and knew that drums when a three-day calm beset us. The we ha.ct made it; and though things still creaking booms and flapping sails reminded boat around and actually head north rather a school of fish, I joined the fish-story looked pretty rugged we said, "We'll get me of Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient than south, in order to keep us on an even tellers' club when I caught eight tuna a Mariner. Rather tha.Ildrift aiml--eBsly like keel and save the outriggers from the ma bout six pounds each, in less than two mi through this too." licious pounding of the waves. a painted ship upon a painted ocean, we nutes! Lindahl was the man who kept our hopes decided to ply our two oars and two pad high; every time the rest of us fell into dles in the hope of trying to maintain a despair, he gave forth with a resounding pace of twenty-five miles a day. pep-talK. After his enlightening sessions on how the infallible strategy and the fi A hot sun beat down ort old" Buckwheat'! When the sky was clear and the sails ghting heart of the Americans would turn Stein got sunstroke and needed care for a were in good repair, we could tack, close back the enemy on all sides, we could not week in the cabin. The watches were leng hauled, into the stiff south wind despite help but feel there was life and hope for thened. If Kapp was· at the tiller, Lin the waves; during a storm, with the sails us. We 1 d soon rejoin our own forces. dahl, the Artillery Captain, and I would torn and the boom broken, we had to hold be pulling the long, heavy oars through on and just ride it out. Once the broad Twice schools of whales passed near us. "Okay then, Kappy, forget about that rope locks on the forward deck, Biss and side waves split an outrigger beam, and if Twenty-foot sharks provided us with frigh pain. And you, Stein, let's get a little Trench would be making line from hemp and we hadn't tied it with a long piece of tening anxiety.(l estimate them at twenty riove on. How about ~,rou and Biss, Mike? repairing the sheet, while Sperry and Max carhonera rope salvaged from a drifting feet for they stretched from the catwalk If you can't think about anything but would be out on the catwalk sculling with Dayak fishing canoe we'd have been goners. back to the rudder.) These sharks would worry when you're back there and we're ri paddles. We might have been satisfied with follow the tuna r1hich in turn were follow ding sea-anchor, then just dream about the only a mile an hour if we had known what A sudden gust of wind twice caught us ing smaller fish that were following us. good times we got coming. That's it! Wipe was in store for us. For the next twenty unawares, lifted one outrigger balance Often, when a shark lunged for a tuna, he the rain from your face. We got things days, such weather, terrible as any sea pole clean off the water and nearly had us smacked his huge tail - fins against the to dot" faring man could bo~st of hit us. Squalls, turned turtle. Immediately, four of us stern planks, threatening to spring leaks. stonns, and high winos buffeted us inces dove along the catwalk, th~ew our hanging The helmsman could have reached down and santly. Mountainous waves lifted us, then, weights onto the poles and just in time From my glance at his pre-war 1r touched these monsters, if he had been photo in his personal sack, I managed to bring the boat on keel. The foolish enough to want to. We could stop as we hovered on the crest, plunged us to would say Captain Lindahl -- he the trough to begin the next cycle. The their antics hy shooting a couple, for the one sand-bag we'd brought for ballast ap was always "George" to us in the parently wasn't enough. others would then lay back at the scent of boat shipped water, and each hour of the boat -- with his dark mustache, blood, making short work of the wounded day saw the bilge can in operation. was quite a handsoJlle fellow. Of ones, Flying fish frequently sailed along In dry weather we had slept on top of mediUM build, he was, although you'd think For the rest of our trip, there was rain the deck, on the catwalks, and on top of side and infront of us, but we never both he should be taller, coming from Danish each day, sometimes for a few hours, some the cabin, but only snatches of rest ered each other. ,;.nother phenomenon was an ancestors. He had plenty of that gift of times all day. There was no shelter for us could be had when it started to rain con enormous waterspout which appeared one day gab. He learned part of that while get except the space under our remaining half tinously. Our limbs soon became cramped a quarter - mile a•~ay. It was now hea 7 6 ASA Review May-June 1950 • REF ID:A66161 usually calm, quiet and indifferent, al We were all in the same boat, and it most to the point of irritation, to the our work.Biss was as skeptical was a lot more than a figure of speech. We as the Air Corps itself had rest of us. He belonged to a New York ooerated that way -- we Americans, that State family who had come over from the been when our detachment told i~. The Filirinos could scarcely converse them of the intended bombings SOUTIH Carpatho-Ukraine. He had a round nose and with us and although they were sharing our a fat face which seemed even fatter when over Manila and Cavite. He aaventure we made the decisions. The ex re IHII! /NJ /.l'. he smiled. Although somewhat large-boned couldn't understand how it was he was very adept with his hands--very! As perience we had had convinced us their that by interception of recon SEt'A JP ff1 reJJ JI? II re our sailmaker and rigger, Biss patched the judgrient could not be relied upon. This plane traffic we were able to sheets, and repaired and made line; we had was evident from the way in which they warn his own branch of danger, use of his handy tricks on nttnerous occa handled the canoe, Arnone the five white Naturally, we couldn't gi~te sions. Voluminous curls of sandy locks men, there was no such thing as rank. We them the working details -- i ({)fCJBAN spilled down towards the nape of his neck, agreed early in the voyage that we should would probably have been over and he was the first of us to wind the all have an equal voice in any decisions their heads' anyhow. George' ends of his long, strange whiskers into which had to be made; and there were plen too looked doubtful when we spirals -- a la Jerry Colonna. His glis ty of them. We were frequently not all told about the results of 813 tening grin, and ruddy face with that agreed, but dissenters very willingly went work. Perhaps he thought.we along with the majority's will. We were were exaggerating our exploits smooth flowing blond beard gave him quite 140 a dashing appearance. determined to avoid trouble among our maybe he just didn't like our selves at all costs. In this we were not telling him how we did it. un the other hand, Stein, a lanky Jew completely successful. I believe that our AnyWay, he used to say we were ish boy from Passaic, New Jersey, gave a experience shows that there are means oth the most overconfident, con very different impression. He was kept er than the iron-handed leadership of a ceited, boastful, and proud in low spirits by his bad ankle which was Captain Bligh of steering throueh such a soldiers he had ever met. I fast becoming gangrenous. The lack of voyage, guess he really didn't mind fresh food lowered our resistance to in too much or he wouldn't have fection and Stein obviously· suffered far Thoughts of Home stuck with us the way he did. more than the rest of us in this respect, He reminded me of SOMe Biblical character We were only three weeks out in tattered clothes, his long, dark hair, By this time, three weeks out, we were hut our physical health as.a be,1innine to know each other pretty well, and jet-black whiskers streaming, bravely o II group wasn't the best. The s~ I!N JlJ II.IA INl tugeing at a wet sail line. consequently much of our "bull sessions tuation reminded me of tne covered intimate personal affairs. George endowment of cripples that a OC!C.IAIN! had been married and divorced; Biss, often baseball team receives halfway Robinson Crusoe self-conscious and reticent, occasionally through the season. Stein was buzzed forth with boyhood reminiscences. on his feet, but still grobgy. Stein dwelled on his father's delicatessen Kapp, feeling worse, ha~ only 20 where he had helpea to guzzle the soda If there was anything of the authentic a few drops of gin left in the . . . Hobinson Crusoe about this rueged crew, fountain profits; Kapp, overseas on ac bottle. The sum total of our medicine kit Southward We Go Kapp was it. The scenes on the boat ran count of a girl, often told of unhappiness was a dozen quinine tablets, and of what in his home. like a movie. I never doubted who ~tan was use were they in an open sea! Nu raossies We were glad our shoes had worn out hiki!16. portraying as I watched his husky form yet, thank Heaven; Each of us was still through Mindanao. Thumps on spikes or strutting up and down the limits of our Uow and then, we SIS members of the sporting body sores from our Mindanao rubbing on bamboo and rattan edges now crew talked about how the 2d Signal Ser space, waving his hands as he spoke. He leec h f rien· d s. The salt - stinging sores• d•ctn•t bother our feet at all. We would vice was started back in 1939. It seemed was of Polish lineage by way of Brooklyn, leaked and grew in area. I can 1 t ~elieve it tch our feet and legs on the catwalk, as we could tell by his speech, but we a long time, but we had come up from raw we actually had scurvy, but we did have sand re compare them, hwnorous 1 y, as to who couldn't unaerstand his beard; it varied operators, had seen it gro~, and were n~w bleeding gums, cracked lips, and dry sor~s had the to\.l&hest pair of soles. in shade from light brown; the color of in a position to hold key Jobs when U. S. in the mouth. Every scratch or break in his hair, to flaming red, Strongest in my Signal Intelligence undertook a mission the skin soon became infected. Then when As far as clothing goes, each of us had far bigger than anything it had done up to memory of him is the pose he struck on the our soaked suntans clung stickily to our a suntan shirt and trousers. I owned a~ now -- if we could only get ourselves to foredeck -- stroking and fondling his backs and legs, the sores starte~ spread extra tattered and short - sleeved kh~ki beard and happily twirling his whisker one of those large-scale intercept loca ing. Our eyes were slightly i:Ulru:ied, shirt besides my old orange-trimmed Sig tions we imagined ~ust be springing up probably due to both the lack of vitamins, tipn. Sometimes he was merry; sometimes, in Australia. nal C~rps cap. Lindahl had a rain~oat but c1espondent; but most of the time, he was and the constant glare of the sun. ~ven the rainproofing had worn off of it. .we just good old Stan. Nevertheless I counted our buttocks had sores from sitting on the each had a billfold or pocketbook holding Upon questioning by George and Biss, as on him for I knew he would be the last man hard wet planks. Nonetheless, there was a few souvenirs, Filipino coins, s~apsh?ts to what kind ~f work we did, we hemmed and among us to develop any semblance of a one part of our aching and tired bodie~ of Stateside girl friends, a family pic hawed for a time but eventually let them yellow streak. J that wasn't ailing--the soles of our feet, ture and the remaining thirteen pesos of have a few stories of general incidents in they were calloused and as hard as leather Kapp~s winnings from the Corregidor poker 8 ASA Review May-June 1950 9 REF ID:A66161 Land Ho! marathon. Stein still sported his high Japs thought it strange to see such a ves EDITOR'S NOTE: school ring. Biss contributed to our nav sel so far out to sea -- a banca was built igation equipment with a patched-up wrist for sailing only within sight of land. The -.., It was on the morning of the eighth day The disappointed sailors soon learned watch which ran long enough, intermittent first incident occurred ten davs and about of July that Kapp yelled through the mist that they were not in Australia but in New ly, to tell us when the tricks ended. Ex four hundred miles out, when ~ large cam Guinea, not far from Sansapor, to which cept for my .45 automatic, my most pre ouflaged and well armed Jap merchant ship II LAND AHEAD" "LAND AHEAD!" they went the next morning for supplies. cious possession was a GI blanket which I crossed our port bow a half-mile away. Two had kept with me for almost three-and-a weeks later, an even closer call brought . We threatened hi~ with all kind of pun They spent five weeks on a tiny island half years. our hearts into our throats. A smaller Jap ishment for this ill - timed joke but he owned by a Chinese, which was situated be freighter slowly crawled past our boat persisted. and pointed to a small ' hazy tween Waigeo and the southernmost tip of less than a quarter-mile across the water. grayish cone jutting out of the w~ter awa~ Halr.lahera where the oriental allowed them Well Armed Luckily it was neai' dusk; so perhaps they off in the distance. to repair their boat and await favorable didn't see us. We certainly didn't hanker monsoon winds; a native missionary sent to have our adventure cut short at this "Hooray! This is land! What is it? them kasavas, sago, and bananas. In 1>.~ind.::i.nao, and on the sea, our most stage, Where are we?" priceless weapon and tool was the bolo. This manuscript was never finished; Smaller and lighter than a machete, our A number of times Biss, always alert What if it turned out to be Australia? Maslak (and the other men) were captured bolo was fabricated from vanadium steel for moving objects even to scampering Everyone was elated. Land at last! on 24 September 1942 on the same unnamed automobile springs. We used it in cutting up the mast to his imaginary crow's nest, island, which they called Little Pam. They through the interminable jungle growth, thought he spied submarine periscopes in The next afternoon a much more wonder were taken to a prison camp at Amboina, and on the banca, for cleaying cocoanut the distance. Closer observation always ful sight rewarded our prayers when we be N.~.I., where Maslak spent the next three shells, chopping firewood, and performing revealed they were only drifting deadwood. held the same cone, but this time we could years until he was freed. He tnen made many other duties: -- we had two of them, Biss, a camera fiend in pre-war days, oft see its base and even a laree expanse of his way back to Luzon, arriving there 12 each purchased for ten pesos, Just as we remarked how he wished he ha May.June 1950 11 10 ASA Review • REF ID:A66161 to Poe? Let us take a D:lok at the c~ear presented as a simple test to the same four Edgar Allan Poe, Cryptographer text, and the matter may become apparent: students referred to in the preceding in st~llment of this ~rticle. In three hours By William F. Friedman In one of those peripatetic circumro all had recovered or reconstructed the tations I obviated a rustic whom I sub phrase upon which the cipher alphabet was jected to catechetical interrogation re based, which was "But find this out and I (Uncla:isified) specting the nosocomial characteristic give l t up. " of the edifice to which I was approxi The terms in which Poe issued his chal Since the publication of articles on Poa mate. With a volubility uncongealed by as a cryptographer by Mr. Friedman a dec ar~icles* . have tJeen amended to include the frigorific powers of villatic bash lenge in regard to the Frailey cipher are this l~te lnformativn, ade ago, new light has been cast on tnis fuJ ness, he ejaculated a voluminous re startling enough in themselves, but the subject through the discovery of a consid The first section appeared in tn' e J plication from the universal tenor of esteem in which he really held the crypto ~rable o.m~unt of Poe•~ cryptographic writ A ' t 1947 . , u 1 y- ings previously unavailable. The original ugus issue of the Review, -&iitor, whose contents I deduce the subsequent gram is shown and, in addition an inter amalgamation of heterogeneous facts. esting sidelight on his character is re Without dubiety incipient pretension is vea1eu by some correspondence which ap- .. .. apt to terminate in final vulgarity, as peared in the November 15, 1925, issue of .. .. parturient mountains have been fabulated the Memphis Commercial Appeal. Mr. Richard In. the August (1841) number of Graham's.. to produce muscupular abortions. The in Bolton, of Pontotoc, Miss., on November l~ able readers. We now append its solu- Magazine, Poe published a cryptogram com ti on. stitution the subject of my remarks, has 1841, addressed a letter to Poe, taking posed by a Dr. Frailey, of Washington and not been without cause the theme of the hirr. to task in the following terms: ~ent to him f Y his well - known friend, ephemeral colwnns of quotidian journal F. W. Thomas. Poe says that the solutivn ism, and enthusiastic in conversational The November number of your valuable Poe did not abide by the terms of his intercourse • .> magazine has just arrived. To my great was forwarded to its author by return mail August agreement, in which he stated that ~nd offers "~ year's subscription to the surprise no notice is taken of my solu he would furnish the key and again offer a Despite a long experience with the ab tion of the cryptoeraph proposed to your Saturday Evening ~' ~ any person; ()'i: year's subscription to any person who rathe7 to.the first person, read sured texts that cryptographic "inventors" · readers in the August n1lil!ber. This I can who~ would solve it with the key. Perhaps his us this riddle~He goes on to sav• ~ are prone to employ, this, I confess, is attribute only to accident or oversight. .. exuberance over his achievement had some quite a gem. It is a curious thing that As you had thrown the bauntlet which I what di~d d~wn after the August issue. But We have no expectai:.ion that it will persons who offer samples of cryptographic took up, I r.mst call upon you as a true an examination of Frailey •s cipher should puzzles of their own "invention" almost be rea~, therefore, should the month show what there is about it that so excit man and no craven to render me according pass without an answer forthcoming we ed Poe. invariably contrive to produce a monstro to the terms of the defiance the honors will furnish the key to the c· h ' sity of diction like the foregoing.Perhaps of a field worthily contested and fairly • f' lp er, and it tickles their sense of htunor - the un won. again_o~fer a year's subscription to the It is unnecessary to illustrate the cryptogram here; one need only indicate reasonableness of their language seems ~~ga~ine, to any person who shall solve never to occur to them. it ~ the ke,y-. that it followed very closely the Berryer A friend lent l!le for perusci.l .four mae; type (wherein a key phrase is merely writ azine for that month. On the 9th of Sep !he Sep~ember number of the magazine is ten under the alphabet and each letter of Outrageous Diction tember, within a month after the arrival entirely silent on the subject.In the Oct the latter is represented by the letter of the magazine, my solution was mailed ober number, Poe says: appearing under it,so that the same cipher postage paid, addressed to the editor. letter may have several different plain If Frailey 1 s cipher was difficult, Accompanying it were certificates of two Tht cipher sub~itted thro11oh Mr F w text equivalents), with the sole modifica therefore, it became so nut because of an subscribers, Messrs. Glokenau and L. C. Thomas ' . b Y Dr. Frailey, · of-Q Washington • • • tion that a few words and the terminations inherent cvmplexity in the method employed Draper (the latter assistant postmaster) and, deciphered by us, nlso in return of SIUN and TION were represented not by let but solely because the diction was so out that I had effected the solution unaided mail as stated in our August number, has ters, but by single symbols. For example, rageous. B~t after the preliminary stages by the key and that the September number not yet been read by any of our innumer- the pound sign stood for IN, and figure 7 in solution - that is, after a few of the in which the key was exposed had not ar for ON; there were nineteen such symbols most important values had been obtained, rived. all instances of this sort. That they wer~ which certainly should not consume more * Americ!ln Llt"ratu · l VTI ·w• , . • 're, vo • I, no. 3, November l'-}'l6 1 not the representatives of individual let than one or two hours at the utmost - the ·"-·• the Signa" Corps Rulletin no,•;. 97 and "8 T l· - • ' My solution fully agrees with your C'('',4 "lh' l(J'r7 ' J ' LU y ., -., ,,.,1. er 7.' an.! October-DPccmber 1 937. ters was obvious from a mere ocular exami completion of the puzzle was merely a mat published solution except in two words 1 nation. Compared with the use made of the ter of patience and the use of an unabrid about which I will soon take occasion to Professor Wimsatt •s article ( ''Wh t p k Crypto h 11 a oe new about ordinary letters of the alphabet, the sym- ged dictionary. Certainly very little use remark. I therefore claim to have fully . ~rap Y ; Publications of the Modern Language As soc~at1on of America, 3eptember 1)4)) notes that Thoma~ bols were relatively insignificant. In of the analytical faculties so lauded by complied with the terms of the challenge sen nvt one but two cryptograms composed by Fraile . fact, the solution can practically be ac Poe was requisite. The Frailey cipher and to be entitled to all the rights, ~%~ afc~hy ~~ the shorter one see the plate facing pa~~ complished without an analysis of these (naturally, without any information) was privileges,and honors therein expressed, . ,tlo e 1.rn.satt paper. Both cryptograms were written ln 1e same system, symbols, the meanings of which can then be .. .. 2 m~rely inserted from the context. What Works, Th Poe's prompt reply, couched in the most XIV, 134 • e underlines (originally italic~; then made the cryptogram seem so intricate are Poe's. ~. Jlbid., XIV, l)B-139. friendly terl'!lS, offered a very clear and 12 ASA Review May-June 1950 13 • REF ID:A66161 unquesticmable explanation of what appear It is with some regret that I must place ed to Bolton as an unwillingness to a di beside this frank acknowledgment an extract The key to the cryptogram did not appe~r which "no letter is ever represented twice vision of the honors of victory and a par from a letter written by Poe to F.W. Thomas in the September number, as Bolton inad by the same character" is entirely incor ticipation in the spoils. The explanation, dated November 26, 1841 (for which I am in vertently stated (a slip of the pen which rect. Furthermore, Poe's statement rela of course, lay in the fact that the forms debted to Dr. T. O. Mabbott). Bolton's let adds weight to his claim), but appeared tive to the possibility of solving this of any periodical of fair size must go to ter, Poe declared, in the October number, which could not type of cryptogram. leaves room for doubt press long in advance of issue, Poe then possibly have arrived before September. as to what he meant to convey by the qual 11 continued as follows: ••• was dated at a period long after ifying phrase under peculiar circumstan In fact, as the matter stands, one could ces" - jf he intended to give the impres Upon this hlnt you will easily see the the reception of our Magazine in Pontotoc •.• He pretends not having seen my solu in truth,impute to Poe an unwillingness to sion that the circumstances are unusual, possibility of your letter not having share the honors with Bolton, but we may his statement is erroneous. come to hand in season for acknowledge tion - but his own contains internal evi dence of the fact. Three blunders in mine accept in good faith the explanation he The Bacon Cipher ment in the November number. Otherwise offered the latter.4 I should have had high gratification in are copied in his own and two or three sharing with you then the reputation of corrections of Dr. Frailey's original, by Another, almost glaring inaccuracy of myself, are also faithfully repeated. I Several inaccurate statements by foe a bottle conjurer - for thus the matter also occur in connection with his very Poe's is found in connection with a refer seems to stand. In our December mlr.'lber had the alternative of denying his claim ence made by him to the Francis Bacon ci and thus appearing invidious or of shar brief description of a well-known crypto (which has been ready for 10 days) you pher.Jn the August 1841 number of Graham's ing with him an honor which in the eyes graphic metho1 often ref erred to ;s t~e Magazine, Poe begins with the following: will find an 1mqualified acknowledgment of the mob at least, is not much above chiffre quarre. In the December article in of your claims - without even allusion that of a bottle-conjuror. So I chose the Graham's, speaking of the difficulty of to the slight discrepancies for which I composing impenetrable cryptograms, Poe Our remarks on this head [.Secret writ last and have put a finale to this busj ini:/ in the July number have excited believe the printer is chargeable.I mean said: to say that you have (I believe) solved ness. much interest. The subject is un the cipher as printed. Mz solution fol Dou btfu I of Poe We may say, in addition,that the near questionably one of importance, when we lows the MS. - both are correct. est approach to perfecti9n in this mat regard cryptography as an exercise for If Poe honestly entertained the suspi er, is the chiffre quarre of ~he French the analytical faculties. In this view, Allow me, Dear Sir, now to say that I cion which he directed against Bolton, the Academy. This consists of a table some men of the finest abilities have given was never more astonished in my life course which he followed and the compli what in the form of our ordinary multi it ~uch of their attention; and the in than at your solution. Will you honest mentary letter he sent to Bolton, redotmd plication tables, from which the secret vention of a perfect cipher was a point ly tell me? -- did you not owe it to the to his great credit. But I am sorry to say to be conveyed is so written that no t0 which Lord Chancellor Bacon devoted accident of the refetition of the word that after a minute investigation of the letter is ever represented twice by the many months - devoted them in vain, for "itagi" for "those?" This repetition whole matter, in which no detail was too same character. Out of a thousand indi the cryptograph which he thought worthy of a place in his ue Augmentia, is one does not appear in the MS. at least, I insignificant to be overlooked, I must de viduals 999 would at once pronounce this 6 am pretty sure that it was interpolated clare that Foe had utterly no foundation mode inscrutable. It is yet susceptible, which can be solved. by one of our compositors - a "genius 11 for his suspicion. Internal evidence in under peculiar circt.lr:lStartces, of prompt who takes much interest in these matters Bolton's solution, which also appears in and certain solution.5 Again, in the December number in con - and many unauthorized liberties. the newspaper mentioned, as well as all nection with the question of the so-called the attendant circur.istances, serve to in indecipherable cipher, Poe writes: dicate conclusivel~' that his work was ac In Dr.Frailey's MS were many errors - In the first place, even in Poe's day Perhaps no good cipher was ever in the chief of which I corrected for press complished without the key. Nowhere can one find "three blunders in mine which are to say that the chiffre quarr~ "is the vented which its originator did not con - but mere blunders do not much affect nearest approach to perfection in this ceive insoluble; yet, so far, no impene the difficulty of cypher solution as coried in his own"; and so far as regards the "two or three corrections of Dr. Frai matter" was absurd, for almost any example trable cryptograph has been discovered. you, no doubt, perceive. I had also to of it could have been solved within an Our correspondent will be less startled encounter the embarrassment of a misera ley' s original, by myself", are concerned, who can duubt that Bolton did what every hour or two by anyone who was worthy of at this, our assertion, when he bears in bly cramped and confused penmanship.Here being considered an expert cryptographer. mind that he who has been termed "the you had the advantage of me - a very im cryptographer does constantly - correct er In the second place, the chiffre quarri, 11 portant advantage. rors from the context? And there were er wisest of mankind -we mean Lord Verularn rors - many of them in the cipher text as which Poe attributed to the French Academy -was so confident of the absolute insol published by Poe, of which the latter was was first illustrated by Vigenere,in' 1586. ubility of his own mode as our present Be all this as it may - your solution Note that I say described, and not invent- astonished me. You will accuse me of possibly not aware, though he was aware of cryptographist is of his. What he said ed, for to all intents and purposes the vanity in so saying - but truth is truth. the errors in the original. Furthermore, upon the subject in his De Augmentis was same method, without actually employ I make no question that it even aston it will be noted that Poe did not, in his at the day of its publication, consider ing the square table of Vigenere, was oc ished yourself - and well it might - for letter to Bolton, deny having received the ed unanswerable. Yet his cipher has been latter's solution mailed on September 9. casionally used at least as early as 1560 repeatedly unriddled.7 from at least 100,000 readers - a great by certain Italian cryptographers in the number of whom, to my certain knowledge, Now if Bolton mailed his solution on the date indicated,even allowing a whole month employ of the papacy. In the third place, 5Ibid., XIV, 148. busied themselves in the investigation - to say of the method that it is one in you and I are the only ones who have suc for its transit, Poe must have received it 61bid., XIV, 133. ceeded. by October. 4willsatt is a bit more severe in his analysis of this incident, concluding that Poe offered Bolton "an expla 7Ibid., XIV, 147-148. nation which is open to the most serious suspicion", 14 ASA Review 15 May-June 1950 • REF ID:A66161 detail in papr.;rs written by Italian cryp It is far from being the case that the in tographers uefore the dawn of the six It is rather a late day to take up the Few persons can be made to believe vention of such ciphers had to wait modern 111 cudgel for the Lord Chancellor, but to do that it is not quite an easy thing to advances in cryptographic science; their teenth eentury • him justice I will say in the first place, invent a method of secret writing which devising was possible from the very earli The serious stuuent of cryptography can, that he certainly did not present his mode shall baffle investigation. Yet it may est dc_ys of secret writing. The difficulty if he takes the trouble,see in Poe's essay of secret writing accompanied by any be roundly asserted that human ingenuity has ucen to make such systems practicable and in his other writini.:,s on this subject assertion relative to its indecipherabili cannot concoct a cipher which human in for regular usage by persons having a need ty; he merely said that he had invented it genuity cannot resolve.8 for the highest degree of cryptographic many things which are not appCiI'ent to the layman. Against his will he is uriven to while a youth in Paris, and that (forty security.12 five years afterward) he still thought it the conclusion that Poe was only a dabbler He repeated the declaration in one of in cryptography. Ac the same tirne it is worthy of preservation. In the second pla his supplementary articles, and, again, in Thomas Jefferson - Inventor only fair to say that as compared with the ce, the cryptogram he presented as an ex almost the same form, in The Gold Bug. vast majority of other persons of his time ample was accompanied not only by a full Even to critical readers without crypto A system which is now consiaered to be in this country or abroad,his knowledge of explanation of the system, but also by the graphic training9 it is apparent that his one of the very best for practical usage the subject, as an BJnateur, was sufficient key. Poe's remarks lead one, indeed, to dictum goes far beyond what he actually was discovered recently to have been in to warrant notice. Had he had opportunity believe that he could not himself have ex demonstrated in any of his cryptographic vented by the amazing A.~erican genius to make cryptography a vocation, there is amined Bacon's cipher in the De Augmentis, writings; and to the professional crypto Thomas Jefferson.U There can be no ques no reason to doubt thaf he would have gone hut was writing upon the matter merely grapher it appears about time that Poe's tion that had Poe been cognizant of the far in the profession. 5 from hearsay. assertion be challenged.10 method proposed by Jefferson he would have - The End - pronounced it absolutely inscrutable, for, In the course of this discussion only So far as the professional cryptograph casual reference has been made to The Gold as compared with the chiffre quarr~ (of er is concerned, there has never been any which it will be remembered he said that 12since 1936, when this was first published, we have Bug. It is fairly certain that Poe iden question about the theoretical possibility it was the ·nearest approach to perfection) developed the know-how,but at the time the difficulties tified himself with its principal charact of constructing at least one or two cipher appeared almost insurmountable considering the size of er Legrand,whuse very name is significant. systems which are mathematically demonstr Jeffersun's system is of a very much great our organization and the paucity of funds for machinery --we had but four pieces of IBM equipment and no tape Regarding the cryptogram in this tale Poe able as being absolutely indecipherable.11 er security. In fact, some of the Ameri 11 making machinery whatever! says that it "was of a sim;:ile species , can patriots of Revolutionary days were that he solved it "readily", and that he 8lbid., XIV, ll6. far better informed on secure methods of 13Jefferson's Papers, vol. CCXXXII, item 41575. Lib had also "solved others of an abstruseness secret writing than was Foe. rary of Congress, Washington. 9For example, Joseph Wood !Crutch, in "A Study in Gen 10,000 times greater". ius" (New York, 1926), p. 107, says: "In the course of lt way perhaps be charged that it is 14Aloys Meister, Die Anfange der Modernen diplomati the articles on cryptography his speculations went far schen Geheimschriften (Paderborn, 1902). The Frailey Cipher beyond the concrete demonstrations which he affords, unfair to expect of Poe a knowledge of the 'Human ingenuity', he declared triumphantly, •could not modern intricacies of a science which, 15Possibly the reader will be interested in addition devise a CYPher which human ingenuity could not We have seen that so far as the actual al light on poe 1 s knowledge of cryptograpny, especially solve• ••• ". like ether sciences, must have undergone record goes it is doubtful whether Poe ev as regards the sources tnereuf, anu if so, I feel sure rapid development in the past half-century. he will derive pleasure and benefit from readiri;, what er so~ved any cryptogr2lll that can properly lOrt is interesting to note the wording Poe employed On the contrary, although ~t i~ true that Professor Wimsatt has to say on this scure. I can here be said to fall outside the class of sim in the earliest statement of his famous dictum, and I the state of the science is greatly in ad but sununad.ze: Poe must, of course, be credited with a ple substitution. The Frailey cipher,which am indebted to Professor Wimsatt for quoting it as it vance of what it was in Pue's day, long high degree of native ability,and he began his writings by appeared in one of the Alexander's articles: "We assert un crYPtugraphy with little besides that inborn talent was the most difficult of those shown roundly, and in general terms, that human ingenuity can before his time it was much beyond what for "ratiocination". It was only after he found, as an the record, and a.bout which Poe wrote so not concoct a proper CYPher which we cannot resolve." his remarks lead one to assu~e. As has al- editor, that he had hit upon a guod source of publicity In the letter to Thomas after Poe haClsolved the Frail enthusiastically, was only a little more 01 nd an excellent vein for prospecting for additional ey cipher he said: "Nothing intelligiple can be writ ready been intimated, four hundred years reader-interest that he began to lowk into the sub~ect complicated than that in The Gold Bug of ten, which, with time, I cannot decipher." I feel sure before Poe lived, professional cryptogra more carefully. And then he sought li,;ht only in the which he himself made light. Therefore; to Poe hardly realized his immodesty in presenting a claim phers were daily employing and solving ci standard works of reference - the various encyclopedias say that he had "solved others of an ab of such remarkable breadth and he had occasion soon to available to him. It is very doubtful if he read a sin retreat a fair distance from the untenable position in phers of much greater complexity than any gle foreign work devoted tu the subject.William Blair's struseness 10,000 times greater" is a con to which his enthusiasm had led him, for later he stat which Poe illustrates and terms intricate. excellent article on ciphers in tiees 1 Cyclopaedia, the siderable exaggeration, even in a tale of ed: "To be sure, we said, in our last number, that •hu• The basic principles for solving the type most complete treatise in !£.nglish on the subject up to pure fancy. man ingenuity could not construct a cipher which human its appearance (1819) and for almost one-nunured years ingenuity could not resolve' -- but then we do not pro of ciphers Poe discusses were described in thereafter, was used by Poe as a source -- ne copied pose, just now, to make ourselves individually the test liberally therefrom on the envelope which brought the It cannot be denied that Poe was greatly of 'human ingenuity• in general. We do not propose to Thomas letter (with the Frailey cryptograms) tu him and given to exaggeration. It was this foible so solve all ciphers. Whether we can or cannot do this possibility of employing non-repeating, unintelligible, which is still extant. It is interesting also to note •hich led him to make his most fa.rnous,and, is a question for another day - a day when we have more unsystematically - ccnstructed keying ~e~uences for ac the errors Poe made in that copying and how he carried leisure than at present we have any hope of enjoying. complishing transposition of lengthy texts, but today I them over into The Gold Bug. The reader will also ue for him,a most unwarranted,dictum on cryp The most simple cryptograph requires, in its solution, am not so sure of the absolute indecipherability of the ri ve some interesting sidelights on that story by read tography, namely, that relative to the im labor, patience, and much time." latter system; certainly its indecipherability cannot ing the introductory remarks concerning it by Raymond T possibility of devising the aocalled indc be de~onstrated mathematically. It is an interesting Bond, the editor of a very recent bouk, ~ Stories 11 point on which to speculate--how rr,any "goo~ ~olution.s" of Code and Cipher ( Hhinehart & Co., New York, 194 7) • ci pherable cipher. It will be well to give What I had in mind at the time this statement was could one obtain by assuming Q' transposition keys, Mr.~d""ffiight have profited from a caref'.11 perusal.of the exact form in which he ma.de the asser written is that a truly holocryptic system such as a ;o;h.ire !l = t,the length of the text? une and only one ?f Professor Wimsatt's article, especially in connection one-time (literal or numerical) pad or a one-time tape the n' transpositions is the correct one and theoreti ~itt the origin of the urder of frequency given in the tion. In ''A Few Words on Secret Writing", system when correctly employed is absolutely indeci cally it can be establishcu,but how many of the remain Gold Bug. published in Graham's Yagazine for July pherable without possession of the key, that is, not ing transpositions might 1:ive "valid" texts or at least 1841, he states: susceptible to cryptanalysis. I also had in mind the texts that wight, with a "correction" here and there, appear to be correct? 17 16 ASA Review May-June 1950 I REF ID:A66161 one instance no modification of the prin By the nature 01" the system the range of Authentication Systems ciples .v.:i.:; made at all. The challenge replies is limited to values from ¢ to 18. consisted of any two letters within the If all the possible challenges are arrang Playfair square and the reply the equiva ed in numerical order according to their lent two letters taken out in the normal replies and recorded on a graph, aparabola Playfair manner. Solution of such a sys shaped curve will be generated. The re By Vernon E. Cooley tem requires only as much time as is need plies ¢, 1, 17, and 18 will be at the low ed to reconstruct a regular Playfair extremities of the curve and the replies (ftesttlcttll.\) square with the plain and cipher t.ext 8, 9, and 1¢ will be at the peak. This is When the Germans suddenly sailed two ments or letters challenged are selected values given. The process may be complet true because there is onlv one combination cruisers and several destroyers escorting from the message being authenticated ac ed in approximately ten minutes with less in Gich case which wuuld yield 1, 1, 17,or troop transports and supply ships into the cording to some predetermined arrangement, than 15 messages. 18, while there are five combinations re harbor at Bergen in 1940, much wonder was and the Authenticator character or group spectively yielding 8, 9, or 1¢. Moreover, felt at the lack and futility of Norwegian is included in the preamble or at the end only the sum 9 can be formed by combina resistance, How were the Nazis able to ac of the message, Station authentication is Modified Playf air tions invoving all of the ten digits. complish the occupation and insure a mini used to establish the identities of two or All other swns are-limited in some manner mun of opposition? Largely by means of a more stations which are in communication with respect to the number of digits en communications swindle irt the course of with each other. The "elements" in sta A second method of authentication based tering into their formation, Use is made which Norwegian officers in command of tion authentication are selected at ran on a Playfair square has exhibited a rea of these facts as the entering wedge to harbor defenses received orders from Nazis dom and a "challenge" and reply proce sonable degree of security when limited in solution of the problem. Reconstruction in control of communications to abandon dure is employed. Usually, but not always its use. The ~layfair square of 25 let may be long and tedious in some cases, the fortifications several hours before the time of transmission enters into the ters is employed, and each letter is as but with certain repetitions available, the Germans arrived, Similar tactics were situation as an element of the authentica signed a number from¢ to 9. The repeti solution can often be accomplished within employed all through the campaign and were tion procedure. tions 0f the numbers assigned should be a reasonable time with only a small amount highly effective in preventing the mobi random and about equal, The challenge of traffic. lization of Norwegian troops. The most elementary type of authentica consists of any two letter combination tion system is one in which a series of within the square, but the reply is the These examples are by no means inclu Numerous other incidents of World War numbers from 1 through 26 is set down be normal addition sum of the numbers assign sive of all varieties of authentica II can be cited wherein military corrunand neath the letters of a normal alphabet. ed to the letters which wuuld ordinarily tion systems examined by ASA. They are ers were deceived into accepting and act The challenge consists of any three let be the response in normal Playfair opera merely representative of types which were ing upon fraudulent c~mmunications, Like ters and the reply is the normal addition tion. An illustration of such a square tound to be least secure, Some have been wise, there were times when the true ad sum of the numbers assigned to those let follows, with examples of challenge and tested which exhibited a high degree of dressee of a bona fide, imµortant message ters. The security of such a system is of security but for reasons of impracticabil reply. Ql H7 !5 W3 E8 remained ignorant of its contents because a very low order, lt is only r.ecessary to ity in use or preparation of materials have nut proved acceptable. What is de an enemy station succeeded in posing as group those challenges having two letters 4 5 4 the intended recipient, in common, and by subtracting one from the ,; z A~ u K sired is a system i.41 which th.;; colllbi.4led other, to aetermine the space between the requirements of security, speed, and prac All such incidents point to the neces remaining two letters on an arbitrary num s~ B6 P2 as ,3 ticability are present in a degree which sity for a rapid, reliable means of estab ber scale. The process is continued until will meet the standards set by ASA. These lishing the origin and authenticity of a complete chain of relative positions is y2 M9 08 C~ R7 standards are: messages by whatever means transnritted, built up, As soon as a challenge is re and a means whereby the various members of ceived whose three letters have alreaely L4 v6 xl D2 •9 1. Impregnable security for not less a corrununications net can mutually identi been placed in the chain, alsolute identi than 500 authentications per cryp fy themselves. Such security measures are ties are established. 'liith an average of Challen~e ~ tographic period. cumrnonly referred to as authentication JO authentications available for study the systems. complete alpnabet can usually be recon ZP 6 2. Operating speed of not more than structed in 20 minutes or less. three seconds per authentication. Under normal conditions an authentica EO 12 tion consists of a two or three letter A variation of the foregoing is the 3, A small, wristwatch or pocket challenge, each letter being referred to system in which the fi5ures l through 9 NB 9 watch size, mechanical device as an "element" and the reply as an "au are repeated at random beneath the normal rather than a pencil and paper thenticator". Since radio transmissions alphabet. The method of analysis is very FY 4 device, may be intercepted, or wire lines tapped, similar to the other case and the increase each challenge and subsequent reply must in security, if any, is negligible. Successful solution in this case de differ as much as possible from any pre pends entirely upon the repetitions of A good many types of systems have beer. ceding challenge and reply. There are two The principles of the well-known Play letters as they occur accidentally in the used from time to ti.me under various con types of authentication: Message and Sta fair Cipher have been utilized in certain challenges, and upon the number of chal ditions but for one reason of another have tion. In messarie authentication the ele- cases with varying degrees of success. In lenges having either high or low replies. been found unsatisfactory for general use. 18 ASA Review May-June 1950 19 REF ID:A66161 • It is hoped that this brief article, with J. Playfair Square, 5 x 5. Letter U the problems appended, may stimulate an omitted. The War 1n the Ether interest in the subject to the end that new ideas for authentication systems or Prcblem: Reconstruct square: aevices may be forthcoming. Challenge Reply The following problems will afford a little practice in the s0lution of the HC KF EDITOR'S NOTE: simple ty-pes of authentication systems IM 1'T just described, Af1SWera will appear in a HJ CP THE WAR IN THE ETHER is the title of a book written subsequent issue of the ASA REVIEW. LA SJ since the War by a former official of the German Inter AX PY cept Service. The manuscript of the book was obtained 1. The numbers l through 26 are plac IQ Zlf by the United States Army. Selected sections of interest ed at random unaer a normal alphabet. BR RD will appear from time to time in the Il.EVIEW. I.G NC Problem: Hecunstruct the random nurneri YA AB .. cal sequence: EI OD HV FX THE WINIKER CASE Challenge-Heply: Challen,,ge-iteply: CM FL DP ZE 1. AJY - 54 16. OXJ - ~9 2. UHI - 30 17. QVW - b4 GB KI 3. TGF - 34 18. FMO - 26 4. ?layfair Square. Numbers ¢ to 9 In 1906 in the vicinity of Berlin, there ~e had procured a Captain's uniform, and 4. NAH - 54 19. ROV - 48 within the Square. relying correctly encugh on the aQsolute 20. VPQ distributed at random occurred an episode under the title "The 5. DIB - 35 - 52 Letter J omitted. Captain of Koepenick 11which formed a favor obedience in the German Army to the insig 6. SBC - 42 21. MRP - 31 ite subject of conversation for many years nia of a higher rank, had used this occas EKZ 22. CNlS 50 7. - 35 - Problem: Reconstruct the square, plac and in a sense even bec~~e part of German ion to aprropriate, with the aid of the 8. BLD 22 23. FBC 20 - - ing numbers and letters in proper cells: history. small detachment of soldiers,all the mon 9. RSA - 59 24. BCD - 24 ey he could lay hands on in the city hall, KWU ~1 25. KDS 42 10. - - He ply On a beautiful summer Sunday morning a and then had vanished with it. He was 11. XQM - 58 26. GAR - 52 finally caught after some mvnths. There JHT snall detachment of German soldiers under 12. YUS - 47 27. - 32 ¢-YI MI a non-commissioned officer was marching was a great deal of laughter about the 13. JCT - 30 28. CKB - 30 1-MP QI YS affair later on,and it was called typical AVS through the little old city of Koepenick, 14. CDK 25 29. - 75 2-CG AR UK MQ southeast of Berlin. Near the city hall a ly Prussian, although people were inclined - O#X 15. LER - 40 30. - 47 3-MC VC YK AT CZ man in a captain's uniform met them. The to admit that it probably could happen but 2. The nu:nbers l through 9 are re- 4-PT CU YU RT KZ ES Captain ordered the detail to march with once. peated at random under a normal alphabet. 5-YQ YZ MZ LH RP KI KS him to the Koepenick City Hall, since he 6-DL AI WI IH UI OZ M'I' QZ had the mission of arrestine tne mayor be The event described above has been men Problem: Reconstruct the random nurneri- 7-DQ XA MU PQ AN Wll C'f CI AS cause of serious malfeasance in office. tioned here because an event which took 'W'l' cal seouence: 8-SL XI FI LY EA FU MA QU XU place in the summer of 1919 in the Border 9-HQ YG PW SQ ER Rll FP XS VI FA VU Guard Command South in Breslau reminds one QG The non-com saluted snappily, had his Challenge-Reply: Challenge-Reply: 10-FM YR RC NC RS OP SP VD VY formation about-face, and marched his lit vividly of the Cc:;.ptain of Koepenick, save ll-HM HW DG NV BC SN XP 03 FS that in Breslau matters were far more ~er- 12-YW HR FG EC RE RB SI VO tle force under the command of the Captain l. PAS 22 16. GRP 17 to the city hall. The entrances were occu ious. 13-RK RV NK DR FR QF OD pied, and the Captain, together with the 2. OPA· 19 1i· IXM 26 14-HY HF BQ BV SD OI One forenoon in March 1919 then;, appea· l . PPB 21 non-com and two priv~tes, went to the of 3. 'WPB 16 15-DW HG SC B1' XD red in 11 St. Petersburg Court" in the CO! LGY 6 fice of the mayor. The t,;aptain told the .\ . 11 19. 16-HD QW EQ JlQ Teichstrasse in Breslau, where the Arm;/ ZAT mayor he was under arrest because of seri 5. IZB 12 20. 18 High Comm.and (South) was stationed, a gen 20 ESll 12 17-DF SV YF ous irregularities, and to turn over his 6. Jl'HA 21. 18-RQ tleman in army uniforn1, having the insignia VllC 12 22. CMQ 15 keys, particul~rly the one to the city strong box, at once. This was done,where of a high technical officer with the rank i: RPC 14 23. FPM 25 of major, to see the head of the intercept 9. IPZ 22 24. RAU 19 DID YOU KNOW THAT: upon the mayor was led away;the detachment ASK 21 of troops departed; the Captain remained service. He introduced him.self as Dr.Win 10. CQK 9 25. iker, private scholar and teacher a.t the 11. A1'L 12 26. WAL 11 When the United States entered World War in the building. SJC JAP 18 Institute of Technology in Berlin, and des. 12. 9 2~. I,the Signal Curps had 21 20 ASA Review May-June 1950 • REF ID:A66161 The Winiker Case Radio Position Finding J'oland, He himself had been ordered to the h~s salary was insnfficient, bo~stea "'bout Army High Cumrnand (3outh)in Breslau by the his go0d connections in Berlin anu his head of the communication system in the private wealth,~nd, wherever possible, in ceiver. By the use of azimuths from tw0 or Defense Ministry because of his lingi__:::_:..; t,j c When the average person (a beginner in curred debts. more receivers located at known positions ability,and was now plA.cing himself at it.9 the mysteries of radio position finding), • and at soffie distance from each other, the disposal. comes face to face with a textbook on the . The months passed until the be~inning of location of a transmitter can be found. ~ugust 1919. Then on a Saturday forenoon subject of radio position finding, he is, Winiker gave the impression of a man there vanished from the orivate office of to put it mildly,"slightly confused". This finding well versed in the ways of the world and confusion is the greater if the person is Antennas: Military direction the head of the communications system a of a in a short time was known all over the not a radio operator. The confusion is receivers may employ a combination strictly secret map,on which were minutely loop and vertical antenna, crossed loops, place, He l1as not a friend of much work orawn the complete wire c0nnections of the due to the fact that the majority, if not types, in. contr1>st to this, however, a friend of' all, of the available texts, pamphlets, Adcock antennas, and other special southern arr.iy. This disappearance was ir.J. depending upon the frequency range to be long drawn-out cunversations and bossip. mediately discovered and created r;reat ex etc., on this subject are highly tech system ~ince he possessed a complete conmand of nical; hence, "too deep" for the average covered, and the type of indicating citement. Not until Monc.ia;, when Dr. Win used in the equipment. the Polish languae::e, he was employed in iker failed to report for duty, did they student. Nith this in mind, the subject as the translations of Polish documents. He presented here will be made as non-tech become suspicious and r:12.ke inuuiries at Signal voltages induced in a properly telephoned to Berlin almost daily, especi ~is hotel, only to discover that iJr. Hin nical as possible. ally to the Defense Ministry, and made a balanced loop antenna by a passing radio iker had'vanished, leavin5 behind him no wave are cancelled out when the plane of 0reat showing of his far-reaching connec thing but an unpaid hotel bill. I. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DIRECTION FINDING t.ions. S~nce his family -- as he declared the loop is perpendicular to the direction -- was living in Berlin, he sometimes tra Now an jnvestigation was bet;un which Direction Finding: It is possible to of approach of the wave. Figure l shows veled from Breslau to Berlin over the week showed thut Winiker was neither a doctor design and construct antennas which re the directional response pattern of a pro end, and as a rule, did not return until nor a professor at the Institute of Tech spond differently to radio waves arriving perly balanced locp. The lengths of the sometime on the following Monday. These ndog;r in Berlin, but an excellent spy who from different directions; that is di vectors (light arrowed lines) indicate the trips always furnished him with more mat had brazened his way into the Defense Min rectional antennas. It is also established relative response of the luop to waves ar erial for chats in his circle of cuQrades istry in Berlin by his personality and that radio waves generally travel in riving from the directions indicated. With in Breslau. It was rather remarkable that rei'erence to his outside connections in great circle paths about the earth's sur the loop in the position shown in the fig on his journeys between Berlin and Breslau Dreslau. T:1ey now found out that ;'iiniker face. These two characteristics are em ure, a wave of given strength will cause he nearly always met someone who was very had undertaken, while in Breslau to obtain ployed in radio direction finding to de the greatest response when approaching from B or D. If, therefore, a wave ap well informed on the situation in Poland. ~orr h.imse l f knowledte of the most' secret tennine the azimuth (or arc of the hori proaches from ~ given direction, and the At that time no one in Breslau attached matters, which he then delivered on his zon) of the great circle arc J01ning the signal in the receiver to which the loop significance to this circumstance, but on journe:rs between Breslau ano Berlin to li- transmitter with the direction finding re- 0 the contrary, they were only interested in aison men of the Polish Secret., ,,ervice,• Winiker's stories. AXl.S Or The incident was hushed up as mucn as ROTATION 6 A few weeks after Winiker 1 s arrival va possible in the office of the ,\rmy High rious secret papers began to disaprear Command (So~th) because the affair was too c fr·ou. Ll1t: ruain office of the int..,rceJ,-t ser shameful. All inc1uiries as to wris.t had be vice, as well as from the office of the coi;ie of Dr. Winiker yielded nu results.The head of the communications system,to which euisode has been related here because it the ·intercept service was subordinate; is,on the one hand,syrnbolic of German con these, however, generally reappeared else '~itions, .and c.lso because the results of where. As a rule, it so happened that they this i~cident in regard to the Geman Int disapreared toward the weekend, and reap ercept 3ervice were very far-reacning.Win peared on one of the first days of the iker had communiciited to the Poles ever" following week. result of the German Intercept Servic~ and had given them valuable pointers on ~hat not to do in radio traffic. This gave the It was a very long time before one be Poles their first lesson in regard to cam gan to pay attention to the legality of ouflage and one must adr:iit that they lear A these happenings. After some time it was ned to adapt themselves to these instruc established that the Poles at different tions in a comparatively short time. times had information at their disposal In Plane of the Loop Response Pattern of a Loop which they coW.d have gotten only through Antenna Properly Balanced Have YOU checked your Security procedures (top view) treachery. In the meantime, Winiker lived lately? Remember YOU can be fooled just in Breslau in a good hotel,complained that as easily! YOU may be next l YAKE SURE! Figure 1 - Loop Antenru:i May-June 1950 22 ASA Review 23 I REF ID:A66161 8 ------ A %/.f "F .t.P Figure 3 - One Type of Adcock Antenna TtJ.P .f'/E ff sponse pattern similar to that of the loop tenna is the 11 U11 Adcock, in which the low antenna, and may be operated for direction er sections of the vertical members of the finding in a manner similar to the loop. antenna are absent. The Adcock antenna has particular useful ness for direction finding of radio waves Other types of antennas used for direc about 2,000 kilocycles in frequency in tion finding are crossed loops, spaced ~ER..fl'fCT!J/E that it is responsive only to the radio loops, directional arrays, and combina )llEW waves of a single Polarization, in con tions thereof. For some applications, a trast to a loop antenna, which is respon continually rotating loop is also usea. sive to radio waves polarized in all di rections. This eq_uipment markedly reduces All radio direction finders necessa the night-effect er1·or. Antennas of this rily must include an indicatin[;, device. type may also have a third vertical member The aurri1 - null is the most common metnoC1 Figure 2 - Combination Loop & Vertical Antenna that~ located between the outer di-poles. of indicating the measured bearing of a This setup provides a cardioid direction received station when using a loop antenna is connected will become very weak or dis combination, the loop may be rotated and a al response characteristic in the azimuth receiver with an azimuth scale. Other appear. The loop is then said to be in the single null obtained for a given wave al plane the same as for the loop and ver types of indicators include cathode - ray "null" pcsition with respect to that wave. tical antenna; however, unlike the loop devices crosses or single p0inter instru- which will indicate its direction.In prac . With a loop alone, the use 0f the null, tice, after the direction of the wave has antenna, the Adcock and vertical antenna ments, 'and direction - reacu.ng. devices. due to its sharpness, is a much more pre been sensed the vertical antenna is dis combination is still responsive only to cise method of direction determination connected from the circuit, and the loop waves of a single polari~ation, as men In the next issue the factors affecting than use of the points of m.inimwn res is rotated to the position at which the tioned abcve, the accuracy of direction finding will be ponse, and is used almost exclusively in azimuth is then read. This azimuth (deter discussed. aural direction finders, mined from the use of the loop alone) is A different version of this type of an- empLoyed because a more precise null ind It can be seen from Figure l that there ication can be obtained by using the com are two null positions in the 10op direc bination of loop and vertical antennas. In tional response characteristic and that it the practical application of the loop to WITH ASA HAMS is impossible to determine whether the military direction finding equipment, pro (Restricted) wave is approaching from B or LJ, using the vision is made for careful orientation of loop alone. Through the use of a vertical the loop to true north for azimuth read antenna in combination with a loop it is ings or a given base line. }·rovision for possible to determine, or "sense", whether The 5th Detachment, 2d Signal Service 50th Signal Service Detachrr.ent Active the wave is approaching from B or D by reception of all types of transmission, Batallion, Hawaii, is represented in KH6 In Tokyo Arsenal Amateur Radio Club properly balancing the loop, obtaining combining in proper phase relation the re- land by Lt. Hichard Ferrell (KH6VV) heard nulls, sensing, and interconnecting with nightly on ten and twenty phone. Dick is Fiftieth Signal Service Detachment per sponse characteristics of a loop and a other direction finding stations for a VFO, running 500 watts input to a BC 610 sonnel are showing great interest in the vertical antenna so that the resultant comparison of signals being received are with a three element rotary on ten, Lt. operation and maintenance of the Tokyo Ar characteristic has but one null. As usual all included. John R. Bell (KH6VO) bas a new rig running senal Amateur Radio Club. The club was or ly employed in signal radio intelligence about 250 watts to a single ended 813,mod ganized 1 September 49 with 28 charter equipment, the vertical antenna is mounted Adcock antennas, one type of which is ulated by a pair of 807's in Cl AB. members. in the axis of rotation of the loop, as is illustrated in Figure 3, are designed so shown in Figure 2. By means of proper de that only the vertical members (or di The ~teur Radio Club station operates The MARS network for the Hawaiian Isl sign of the antennas and the receiving poles) of the antennas are effective in on 40, 20, and 10 meter phone or CW using ands is all set up with two nets known as circuits to which they are connected, the receiving radio waves, as the horizontal a 3-element beam and a sloping vee. The ~esponse pattern of the combination be Oahu Net No. 1 and Oahu Net No. 2. AB USA equipment is a BC-610 with two home-made members are rendered ineffective either by is currently rebroadcasting traffic from rigs, Handling traffic tu and from st~te comes a cardioid. It will be noted that shielding or by neutralizing them electri WAR every Wednesday night and works reg side the station is a great morale build- the null position is 90 degrees away from cally. This type of antenna, when per ular skeds with 5USA,6USA,AlJAB,and AilAH. er, the' men find, those of the loop alone. Thus, with this fectly balanced, has a figure-eight re- 24 ASA Review May-June 1950 25 REF ID:A66161 Problem 1 BOXIW IPLDR EFOYM IVQJ3L IQPVE OQHCM IQJ3LS QOIVV GECTK LCSAQ BCVWQ B'rXYS VWHSW LIAHH BW HLS EFWKD YJIEK FBHLD REFOY OOEHL GXSCP CYSDL VSCZI IHBVC YVLII BMJEB DQDEC TKVIX NWRBS SDY JI UCYVQ BTHMD HGQVQ CBIQB HBHPN RKFBM SCLYL VPGXX • VHSSQ VCSNI VCDSH UCPPH BGVWL VLQSD LVSCZ IAHIH BVVCZ CULVH VWHPQ IIQJ3T HMDHG QVQCB ILBGK Problem 6 LSBVW HPCXQ PDHBG QJ3TWC IVQZH LGJLB UHCBC YSSQT WVXZL BRXXX EMRZU EMMSF EMMSJ AEAWG FUMDA EMMSS AUMDA ANTRX PCSPG KYDPG TUMDA GWLUQ FCSXS VRMSX RZEZZ Gather 'round the fireplace, ye votaries grace and dexterity that the cipher let Problem 2 FCSUJ BEQFJ AWNIX IPHRK ATWUA of the unholy art, and prepare to commune ters are transformed into their plain-text equivalents with the minimum butchery in KMRUA XVHFJ QNFZT XNNZF VAYFV with Esoterica, the goddess of nonmatching ZUCKO YMPCQ USVOO DNVFW TUYUM FCKAX JRFDN KMRUA KMRUA KMRUA distributions. The initiation of this re the minimum of time. Volume of blood drawn FHBEY YFPBS ONTLK MPKTM PVQCO XVHFJ QNFZT XNISF WXMFD SPQXS gular department in ABA Review has been or maiming of sections is not the goal of SMVYY UKSQU ODTVM PQODP PDBOP KCTUS SRQMW DMNRV XWTRO XGRRX undertaken to satisfy the gnawing feeling the true artist: his honor is satisfied DBTJT POTSV QSTFM PVVMR QCAAO PCSMF QTNZF VCSUJ BHHRS IJQXS in the pit of the medulla experienced by with a cut on the cheek (i.e., reconstruc NXDPP DTMPS HPETF NKTFB CNVMD VRMSX RVQEV LOPBV KWSZJ AEAWG the stud?nt of cryptanalytics - namely, tion of the first hundred letters of plain BKTJK AQOCA OQOPK PYKZM OTKXU FUMDD XJFZT XNNPG RWSPG KYDPG the craving for extra problems upon which text), and the surgeon's decision (recov QKSMD ZYEDZ SEQAA YFTTM POTSD TZHZI FTEXX to test his swordsmanship. He will have ery of all components, keywords and enci SOKVQ AOVTF QQOAO OPVTV MHGST the opportunity of parrying the non-casual pher~ diato1.rWD.8) terminating t.he duel.. PDFI'T MPOXX phemomena of accidental abberrations, and Therefore, in the solution of these pro blems, delicacy of entering wedge and Gal of thrusting his intellectual rapier into The Army Signal Corps has developed & the heart of the valid manifestations to lic finesse in subsequent methodology are Problem 3 miniature magnetron radio tube that will draw the blood of consecutive plain-textu the primary desiderata of analytic crite operate on less than 100 volts from dry al elements. ria. FRBSF OLNGS EPKZE QITF'Z CYFWB batteries, as compared with 20,000 to THXLS CTLQI ZGTKY CQIOF UHNIS 30,000 volts normally required by commer The analytic boor is the savage who beats Would-be devotees with the thirst (sic) of Dr. Faustus who have not yet been inoc LTLYA TIXDP BTLSD NLYAQ ESlflJA cial - type magnetrons. The new tube is a cryptogram into submission with mace and said to offer possibilities of i..rnpartant ulated with the fanatic fervor peculiar to SIXDZ GPIOH ULTHR LXATH PGSET bludgeon; whereas ehe lofty artist is an GTISC OCNCY KSFNB SDZCX CQLUH in:provements in radio and radar operat habitues in our voluntary enslavement, are aesthete who handles his foil with such NBSCO ESFUI TBRCS APLOG SISKT ion. The basic theory was derived from counseled to apply for the Army Security ASEZC YCXMU LQCQM PDPLY DUFNG a captured German magnetron, and greatly agency's series of subcourses in crypto TFZCY EXDTK XEOBT BOLXA ZFWIS improved by Signal Corps technicians. graphy and cryptanalysis. These courses MZKQI TFPLQ KTFUI TBWIZ CQBXL (JPS) are progressive in nature, and have re NMRLY GPHNE ZCYFR cently been undergoing a complete revision to bring them up-to-date through an expan ~R..Yf?I9PN/' - sion of subject .matter and sophistication Problem 4 1 -1 of methods and techniques. Satiation, and I not saturation, will be the reward of the OBELQ LTEPD ELDME OPJEE WIRPK communicant in our IQYStic order. AOUUL NJTXK ZCPXC HMQGC MATUX MVIAY BUREW DSFEH GOEEF YTTXV Several problems will appear in each is SZWET ZMORD TQCOO OCDAS THREX sue of the Review, allocated into crypto AOFKP DNVQL TEPGJ LDZKO PGEMX logic strata of varying degrees of ditfi WRSOU FQHMB HQFVV JVAHK GVIEZ culty, and thus will reach the neophyte as ITPBM KOAFF UDELD MGHRE ZBHXE well as the more advanced student of cryp UKACE WWXRK AFXDS FMSGO GCMRU tanalytics. Proble1118 1, 2, and J below are ZEEFC XFKTO YMHMF OBBYY JPKOP at the level of Military Cryptanalysis, OSZDS YJPFV VJVAH KGDEZ MBXXX Part I; Problems 4, 5, and 6 are in the I realm of Military Cryptanalysis Part II. ' Problem 5 Clues to the solution of the problems XPQPL GQJ3ML DREFO YLLWA JVOFE will be published in this feature the REFOY RIVQQ PVZHR EFOMI VQGXD "Sometimes I think Lambros month following their initial appearance. MEPBQ GINWN DKOQO XTWLW DXQRZ is full of Demetrios". En garde! LD'WQP IRNZC MFHQE PYCLR BKDZH L 26 ASA Review May-June 1950 27 • REF ID:A66161 and basketball teams, on which ASA School provides most of the personnel, help round oat the excellent recreational program which is adequately supplemented by the efforts of local civilian agencies. For those inclined to continue their ed ucation, Dickinson College,located in Car lisle, offers a number of off duty courses (Confl clentlal) on the Post. Some 35 persons from the ASA School permanent party are enrolled in The A SA School this program. and equipment repair or maintenance shops, reproduction department and the remaining The bringing together of the various di The Army Security Agency School is lo agencies of the School c~ncerned with aca visions and necessary functions concerned cated at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, demic training. with training of Agency personnel, greatly on the fonner site of the famous Carlisle facilitated the instructional program of Indian School. The school is situated ap Ml11lon Of School the School, since it enabled joint utili proximately one mile east of the center of that adorned the roof in Indian School zation of training facilities, e4uipment, days, and a covered porch on the west side the picturesque old town of Carlisle which The mission of the .4.rrny Security Agency and personnel. dates back to pre-revolutionary days. Har are gone. Today it serves as a museum for School is to train selected Army and Air early American relics. risburg, the state capital, is some nine Force officers in the execution of the teen miles to the east of Carlisle. The He11lan Guarclhou1e command , staff, and technical functions . of ASA School Extension communications intelligence and security If you were to visit Carlisle Barracks, It is here that the School has been lo activities, and to train enlisted person cated since 1949 when the Chief, Army Se home of the Army Security Agency School, The Ar£n¥ Security Agency School for the n~l as specialists and technicians in .Army one of the more familiar landmarks to cap curity .Agency,on 18 March ordered it moved and Air Force security, communications se month of February 1950 had a total enroll to Carlisle Barracks. In compliance with ture your interest would be the Hessian ment of 1483 non-resident students in its curity and .intelligence. The School in Guardhouse, which dates back to 1777 and this order the Headquarters of the Comman cludes three main divisions: Extension Training Division. dant, Army Security Agency School, was es the Continental Army of General iiashington tablished at Carlisle on 21 April 1949. By 1. The Officers' Training Division Throughout the whole year many officers, 21 August the entire move was completed. 2. The Enlisted Training Division History tells that Hessian prisoners, enlisted men and specially authorized ci a. "A" Branch captured by General Washington at Trenton vilians continue to avail themselves of One large building now houses the entire b. "B" Branch the day after Christmas, 1776, built the the opportunity of keeping up with their academic section of the School,the Comman c. "C" Branch structure. An urder of Congress shows that fields through the media of extension sub dant and staff, the supply section includ 3. The Extension Training Division 40 Hessian prisoners of war were detailed jects. It is much more interesting than ing the carpentry shop,training aids,radio to Carlisle and it is assumed that work on cross-word puzzles and less hazardous than The School functions under the command the "guard house" was done by these pri bridge playing or canasta. of the Commandant, who is directly respon soners. sible to the Chief of the A-nny Security In order to enroll in the AJA Extension Agency. Through its 172 years of service, the School subcourses: "guard house" has served as a.powder maga The Staff zine, warehouse, post office and photogra (1) If you are in the Regular Army, phic laboratory. During the era of the National Guard or organized Heserve (on Carlisle Indian School, 1879 to 1918, the The instructional staff is composed of active duty or in a regularly organized building was used as a guard house for the unit) and desire to enroll in any course offj.cers, enlisted men,and a few civilians Indian students. When Carlisle Barracks who are specialists in their field, Most offered by the Agency, application may became the Medical Field Service School in be made through channels to the Command of the faculty members have been with the 1920, the structure was used as a quarter J.gency for years. Many of the instructors, ant, Army Security Agency School, Car master and medical supply storehouse, and lisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, ATTN: Dir including the civilians, have had overseas as a film laboratory. duty, serving for the most part in their ector, Extension Training Divislon. specialties. Many changes have been made in recent (~) Members of the Organized Reserve Recreational facilities on the Post are years to accommodate the building to uses ~orps not assigned to any organized unit shared jointly by the ~hool personnel and other than the storing of powder or pri should apply to the CoillllB.Ildant, Army Se Carlisle Barracks the various other service units stationed soners -- openings have been made in the curity Agency School, through the Senior at Carlisle Barracks. Outstanding baseball walls and glass windows set in the solid Army Instructor of the State in which plank doors; the chifnney and ventilators their records are located. 28 ASA Review May-June 1950 29 REF ID:A66161 International Morse Code 40 huurs (3) Civilian employees of the Armed Lieutenant Fields - Air Force Security Two Rock Ranch Station Forces, should make application to the Service Weapons and MarJ.csmanship Commandant, Army Security Agency School Lieutenant Head - ASA School, Carlisle (Carbine M 2) JO hours NO HUNTlNG through channels beginning with their The Commandant of the School Col, immediate section or branch chief, B. Marches and Bivouacs 16 h0urs F. Hurless, gave the Graduation' address Perhaps some members of !WA have been t0 and presented diplomas. 12 hours Fort 0ill, Oklahoma, and recall seeing in (4) Members of all components of the Physical Training the Headquart.ers there, copies of old Or Armed Forces are eligihle for enrollment ders, issued in the 1800's,wherein person Drills, Parades and in Extension Training courses upon ap Summer Camp nel were prohibited from shooting game or Ceremonies 12 hours proval of appropriate authorities, Indians from the windows of the barracks. Army Security Agency - Reserve Officers Nine Graduate From Carllsle Training Corps A number of other subjects are to be in cluded in the course of instruction, to Well, here at Two Rock we don't go that Six Army officers and three Air Force A summer camp for RCTC cadets who are round out a well balanced program. far - but, forgetting the Indians, Colonel officers were graduated from the Army training for service with the Army Securi Laux could issue an order prohibitine the Security Agency·School at Carlisle Bar ty Agency, Reserve, is part of the overall This 240 hour program is designed to shooting of game from windows, give the cadets the practical experience racks, Pennsylvania, on 1 February and program for ~raining personnel for the du were given assignments. They constituted ties they will normally assume in the e of both the production of Communicati0ns This writer has seen fror.'1 the windows of Class IV, Part II, Advanced Officers Gen vent of a national emergency, Intelligence and the Maintenance of Commu his quarters and office all sorts of game eral Course. One was assigned to the Armed nications Security in the field.The c~dets such as: deer, rabbits,quail, pheasant and Forces Sec~rity Agency, three went to the Colonel B. F. Hurless, Commandant O'f the will receive instruction and practical ex ducks, Too barl th.\t Post Regulations pro pttrience in the use of particular i terns of Army Security Agency, two to the Air Force A~ Security Aeency School, has been de hibit the keeping of firearms in our of Security Service, and three were placed signated as Camp Cummanaer of the six-week intercept equipment, such as receivers, fic~s or we could have great sport during on ~uty at the ASA School. They started training program to be conducted at Car recorders, frequency meters, several types our coffee breaks, Then too, we could in the~r 41-wee]< course on 4 April 1949 at lisle Barracks, Pa., from 17 June to 29 of D/F equipment, etc. They Nill also re vite you all to a duck dinner, and v May-June 1950 31 30 ASA Review • REF ID:A66161 pcor old "black-sides" (there is an "L" in CONGRATULATIONS to wake the races the greatest event of t..r:at word) covered by outside shiplap sid (Or Balance of Power) 7th Detachment the year. ing, as well as other improvements, in the 11ay of painting, etc. So next time you pass The following members of TRRS have been We who are stationed here in Fairbanl<:s through here we will be able to make your Since this is Spring, it seems only natu receiving congratulations during the past ral thFtt residents of Fairb3.nks, of Alaskd are uri;ed to partici1•ate in any und all sta~' a bit more co'llfortable. month or so on the arrival of their new D.nd we of the Seventh DetachrHent are look events as much as the civilians, and we offspring: ing forw.:ird to tne winter carnivi.il. 1very enjoy the cc.rnival as a welcome forrr. of di version after a lc!ng, cold Alask 32 ASA Review May-June 1950 33 • REF ID:A66161r The Detachment WilS assigned an operating Caribbean Detachment site atop Ancc;n Hill at &.n altitude of 550 ENTIRE ll4TH SIGNAL Sl!:hVICE CLMPANY PLANS HQ AS A Europe Tu PARTICIPATE IN MARCH E.CEfiCISES (Our Newest Unit) feet. It h<10 already b.:en nickn':1IT1ed "Duz ~ard 1 s Eoost" because it is believed that every buzzard in the Hepublic of Pana.ma 52d SIGNAL SERVICE DETAC~T IN G~ANY The 114th Signal Service Company of Her Since the SecuritJ·Monitoring Det4ch::i.ent makes his hume there. There are many other WINS lLANEUVilli CWMENDATIUN F'R(.]J CHIEF zo Base, Germany was represented in the (CaribbeQn) is a fairly new A3A Unit,it is occupants of the "Hill" besides buzzards, 1949 maneuvers which were known as "GPEfil best that we raure or less introuuce our including such playmates as Boa-Constric Maneuvers in the field and sports events TiuN' HARVEST", and in early 1950 completed scl ves bc;fore diggin6 into the finer tors, Bus~nasters, Coral 3nakes, Elack at home have provided variety for the mem plans for the entire unit's participation points of uur eAistense. Panthers, Monkeys, Honey-beo.rs, "Iguanas 11 bers of the 52d Signal Service Detachment in the EUCCM exercises which are known as (a species of large lizzard which luoks at Herzo Base in Germany. A game attempt CpX-50 scheduled for sometime in March. A somewhat like an alli~ator), and Deer. Gne was made to give all units at the base a ci ta ti on was received fr um t.he Comnianding thing is for sure - we won't be lonesome. tas.te of athletic competition.Although the General, U.:> Constabulary, for the success It 1 s not bad-if you pack enou8h artillerj basketball team had not won a single game, ful completion of the unit's assigned around, all takers were much aware of their pre "HAHVEST" mission. sence. On the bowling side of the ledger Inasmuch as the Detac~aent has unly just a better balance was shown with 12 games Since returning from HARVEST a training begun operRtions in this area, we h0ve had played and half of them won. program was inaugurated in order to famil very little technical difficulty with e iarize each man in the unit with the field quipment. Hov;ever, we have learned one During January, the Unit carried on nor type equipment. thing - brass corrodes and tarnishes over mal operational duties, and in addition nir,ht, and must be continually cleaned and participated in two maneuvers with a suc As for sports the 114th is well repre polished. Extreme care must be taken with cessful outcome in both. sented on the Herzo Base Basketball Team. 34 ASA Review May-June 1950 35 • REF ID:A66161 ''liudpacs" of 5th Detachment, Hawaii NENS AND VI.EitS HQ AS A Hawaii Take U.S. Anny Pacific Cage Title HQ AS A Pacific Special Services Hobby Shop is busily ASA, HAWAII, CHIEF DEPAHTS FOR ADVANCED The ASA ''Mudpacs 11 (basketball team of f turning out some beautiful model airplanes OFFICERS' COURSE AT MCNMOUTH SIGNAL SCHOOL 5th Detachment, 2d Signal Service Battal and stagecoaches. ion, Hawaii), mentored by Lt. Ed Woody won In January, Major Thomas J. Sawyer re the National League Basketball Chanpion The Fnlisted Mens• Club now has a new lieved Captain Wilfred C.Washcoe as Chief, ship of the U. s. Army, Pacific by de Snack Bar in full swing. Army Security Agency, Hawaii. feating the 2d Battalion cagers of the 5th Infantry Regiment 41+ to 43 in a thrill Head.quarters, Army Security Agency, Pa Major Sawyer enlisted in the United packed play-off game before 3,000 fans at cific, was fortunate enough to be enter States National Guard in June 1936, was the Schofield Bowl on 12 January. The tained by two very good Special Service co.ll'Jllissioned a 2d Lieutenant (:tl;) November "Mudpacs"' were trailing in the first three Road shows with top stars filling the bill 1936. He served in the Asiatic - Pacific quarters of the game but rallied in the One entitled "RHYTHM REVUE", was presented Theater, was a Prisoner of War of Japan final quarter and won with the deciding to us on 13 February 1950, and the other, from April 1942 to September 1945. A July basket being made by the "M.udpacs" cen "LAUGHS AND LYRICS" on 4 March 1950. Both 1949 graduate of the Anny Security Agency, ter, Dick Wille,in the last few seconds of met with huge success and we hope to have Officer General Course, Part II, Sawyer play. more in the near future.Some of the stars, served the interim period at Headquarters, including JAD PAUL, famous guitar player, l.:rmy Security Agency, Washington, where he This season an outstanding forward ap were impressed enough so that they came performed duties in KOS 9600. peared on the ASA team in Cpl. Roger E. back on their own free time and entertain Mac Bain, who averaged 25 points per game ed one night at the Enlisted Mens Club. "MUSHY! ! :U:USHY l ! Captain Wa!hcoe has been Chief, Army in 31 cont es ts. Security .Agency, Hawaii for the past three (Translated) years. He is scheduled to attend the Sig Last year the "M.udpacs", coached by Lt. "HELLO!! HELLO!! SPORTS nal Corps Advanced Officers Course at Fort Ross Taylor, won the Schofield basketball Mushy! Mushy! is a daily greeting around Monmouth, New Jersey. Championship. Headquarters, ASAPAC, Volleyball Team Ill Headquarters, Army Security Agency, Paci went undefeated for the season to cop the fic. A simple way of saying "Hello! 11 in league title, but went down in two succes At ASA Hawaii, sixteen of the twenty the Japanese language. sive losses in the finals of the Headquar four men assigned went out for baseball ters and Service Group Championship pl!U" Many which has an early season in Hawaii. Quite miles and lots of water separates offs. We still consjder it an excellent a team is being developed from this squad us here in the Orient, from Arlington Hall accomplishment. in practice after working hours. Station and other Army Security Agency Units, so we are interested in news from All the athletic competitors in the NEWCCl4.EE.S our people around the globe. Tokyo, Japan, area have learned to respect the Headquarters, ASAPAC "ARSENAL" Basket oportunity to We are pleased to announce that Capt. We do want to take this ball team. After walking of! with their Charles R. Rambo,Capt. James Upenshaw, and extend our "Well Wishes" for the future 2d Lt. Glenn U. Kent,are scheduled for as success of the forthcoming publication of signment to this Agency.We here in Hawaii the ASA. Review. will be pleased to welcome these officers and their families among us. Coporal John Captain Washcoe Ma jar Sawyer PERSuNAL ~ J. Glode arrived in Hawaii on 29 February. Kajor and llra. Sawyer and daughter, Sgt and Mrs. H.R. Rumery became the par Dianne, arrived on 21 December. On 6 Jan PRCMOTIONS1 ents of a son, on the 10th of January 1950 1 uary a dinner party was given by the per TO CPL.: PFC. s llartin W• .Agger, at the Tokyo General Hospital. eonnel of Headquarters, ASA, Hawaii, for Arthur Williams, Jr. Major and llrs. Sawyer and Captain Washcoe. Tu PFC. : PVT. Rief. A Farewell Party was given at the Wash lt was referred to as an •Aloha" occasion .... ington Heights Club, Saturday, 21 January for the guests of honor. This gathering 1950, in honor of the following officers was the second of its kind. A few days be FLASH! returning to stateside in February, Cap··· fore twenty-two guests representing the We are pleased to announce the birth of tain J. G. 0 1 Neal, Lt. W. H. Mason, Lt. G. Left tu right,seated: F. Brown, J. H.Vail, an eight pound one ounce baby boy born to 5th Detachment, Second Signal Service Bat V. Connellan and Lt. H. Porter. E. F. Patton, W. F. Hoese, E.G. Osburn, rt. talion, and Headquarters, ASA, Hawaii, Major and Mr1. Tom J. Sawyer on the 9th of L. Peet, and I. M. Guiles. Standing: W. G. were present at the home of Captain and March. Both doing mighty fine tool llajor Captain and Mrs. R. G. Ligon were proud Nechanicky, Coach, H.B.Hanaen, A.D.Miller, j(rs. Gilbert D. Zensen in Schofield Bar Sawyer is the new Chief of Army Security parents of a son, James Madison Ligon, on M. E. Ulson, J. H. Lafferty, J. R. LaDove, racks. Agency, Hawaii. 4 March 1950. T. J. Newman, and W. L. Kline. 36 ASA Review May-June 1950 37 REF ID:A66161 team has shown real spirit and Capt. G.I. cumpany league suftball championship, the Cpls. Kline and vlson, Pfcs. Brown, Laf HQ ASA Kealey, the Special Services Officer has "AhSENAL 11 found itself promoted into the ferty anu r.!iller attended try-outs fur the expressed great hopes for the season. Tokyo Battalion level basketball league, GHi.,! "Athletics 11 1950 Far &st Champs, but Coached by Captain Vernon E. Robbins and which is the fastest league in the Tokyo only Lafferty (inset picture) won a berth f 1st Lieutenant Samuel Brown, who took over Mr. Linehan is the civilian Manager of area. This statement is borne out by the for the trip to the United States, striv in mid-season, the Headquarters basketball the Inner Pust Softball League which has fact that all members of the GH~ "Athlet ing to help the Far Ea.st "Athletics"attain team has more than equalled the showing of 15 teams, 4 Navy, 2 Arn13" (1 Air Corps) and 11 ics , n.11 Far East Armed Forces Champions, the All Army Basketball Championship. all of the squads of the past few years. 9 Civilian. Practice games are well under and FEC Army representatives at the All As a member of the Military District of way.~~~~~~~~~~~~------Army Championship playoffs at Ft. Belvoir, Games of special interest were Arsenals 37-24 victory over our Johnson Field coun Washington Basketball League,the team end Lt. Col. Charles H. Hiser, Deputy Chief Virginia, were members of the top four ed up in second place in a playoff with teams of this league. terparts, the 1st Radio Squadron Mobile, ASA, and Mrs. Sue M. Hiser left the Post in and the Arsenals 56-54 victory over the Fort Myer. In the Travers Trophy League January for Fort Monmouth, N. J., where he the team nosed out tl;S in a three - game Toe following men, not S'howR in the pic 126th Signal Service Compan~ of Kyoto, Ja will be on duty with the Signal Corps. He pan. The "SHARP" 12bth Signal Service Com playoff by taking the first two games for served as Assistant Chief in the old"C" or ture, also played with the Arsenal Basket 1st place. ball Tea!!l: F. G. Lormand; h. L. Lang; J.P. pany Team had romped unmercifully over all Cryptographic Branch when he first came to the Agency,later in Europe, and on his re Mauldin; h, J. Scott; C. E. ~dkins and R. opposition in the Kyoto area and was se lected as the First Corps representative The Bowling team entered the play turn to this country was assigned to Plans LJ. Clouse. Cpl. P~tton and Ffc. Lafferty offs at Fort Belvoir and placed 4th in the in the 8th Army playoffs held at Sendai. and Operations in Staff,and ultimately be were elected captains, Sgt. H. J. Banaszek M.D.W. League. The Volley Ball Jd place In administering them one of their few de came Deputy Chief. Mrs. Hiser (nee Murphy) manager, with Captain N. G. Nechanicky as was taken by the team at the tournament feats, the Arsenal didn't exactly play the has been with the Agency since 1fay 1943, coach. playoffs at the Army Medical Center on the pai·t of a perfect host to the First Corps most of the time in the Fiscal Office (AS- 5th, 6th, and 7th of April. The Arsenal finished fourth in the representatives during their Tokyo s~up 17). Before they left,the Hisera were hon ored by a reception at the Officers Club. league with the seasons record standing of over, enroute to Sendai. Under the able guidance of Captain Riley eleven (11) victories as against six (6) the baseball squad has shaped up to be a defeats. real threat in the M.D.W. League. Approx KARRI ED The 126th imately 80 men came out for tryouts and of these the 22 best have been selected to Fort Myer Chapel was the scene of the Personnel of the 126th Signal Service 'play ball'. In their practice games the afternoon wedding of Miss Mildred Virginia Cor:i.pany in Kyoto, Japan, have won a spe Racey, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Raymond M. cial place for therr~elves in the far:uly of Racey and lst Lt. John Francis Georger,son Army Security Agency organi~ations through of Mr. and Mrs. Walter Joseph Georger of the honors they have gained in ball games, Fayetteville, N.Y. on Saturday, April 15. tournament play, and in USAFI scholastics. Second Lieutenant Thomas B. Rachels, Jr., Walter Joseph Georger,Jr., was best man ASA Review representative, gives the story for his brother and ushers were: Major in his own words: Clair Keena, Major Kenneth Barnaby,lst Lt. George Snrl.th,and 1st Lt. Shellace Calhoun. In sports we won the championship for the Kyoto Post Corrunand(including I Corps Following a reception at the Officers Headquarters) S0ftball League, and cap Club,the newly - weds departed on a South- tured first place in the I Corps Horse ern wedding trip and upon their return, shoe Tournament. will make their home in North Arlington. The bride has for sometime been emplo In our scholastic improvement we have, yed by the Agency, where she met her hus unofficially, the highest educational band, who is the aide-de-camp to General level in the Far East Command. This was Carter ft.. Clarke. made possible by the initiative that en abled a half-hundred of our men to gain Kneeling, Lt - Rt, Russell Meyers, Marliss high school diplomas during 1949, and an Hawkinson, James Gannon, Donald Demonge, We need about two and a half months to get out each issue of the ASA REVIEW. Even additional nine to complete the First Ronald Peterson, Richard Carpenter, Sher though some of the news is a little outda Year College tests. USAFI enrollments wood Lory; Standing, George Kealey, SSO, ted by the time the REVIEW reaches you,re are high, with one man successfully com Vernon Robbins, Coach, James Hurst, George member that the other readers are interes pleting three end-of-course tests in one Cave, Richard Satterlee, James Wright, Don ted in what your outfit has to say and da,y. McGreagor, David Sam, John Dempster, Ro what it does, So, keep the news coming. bert Vrablic, William Wolfendale • J. H. Lafferty .. May-June 1950 39 38 ASA Review REF ID:A66161 Diurnal and Seasonal Changes The F.1 & F-2 Layers The F -layer is similar in structure 1 In The Ionosphere and behavior to the E-layer, the maximum density of ionization occurs when the sun is at its highest, falling off as does the Otes tric ted) E ionization with the sun's altitude un til it finally is merged at night with the The ionosphere is the term which is ap During daylight hours all three layers rapidly descending F2-layer. plied to the heavili ionized region of the exist, the E-layer at about 100 kilome upper atmosphere extending iu height from ters, the F1-layer at about 140 km.s. and The F -layer is by day the most compli 2 approximately 80 to JOO kilometers above the F2- anywhere from 250-300 kms. above cated and least dependable layer of all. the earth. The ionosphere is the one rea the earth. At night, and in the regions Whereas the E- and F1-layers reveal daily son why long distance H/F communication is where the angle of the sun's altitude fluctuations of only a few percent, F - possible, for this ionized region re never gets very high, the Fi and F2 lay layer heights and densities may vary ~s flects or bends the radio waves back to ers merge into one layer whose height much as 30 percent from one day to the earth. ranges from 200-300 kms. next. This ionized region in the upper atmos The E Layer AB most of us have noticed, one can us phere can be examined or explored by var ually employ a higher frequency on a given I K3Ti • 1~[ ious radio techniques, probably the most During the night the E-layer ionization circuit during winter day than is possible For a given local time, the amount of common being the pulse method first con is very low; seldom can it reflect at ver during summer day. Contrary to what one ionization changes considerably with lati ceived by Briet and Tuve. In this method tical incidence signals in excess of l to would expect, this condition is due to a tude and longitude. Maximum ionization oc a very short pulse is sent vertically up 1.5 megacycles. However, E ionization is greater density of ionization during win curs in tropical latitudes, decreasing ward, and the height at which the pulse is built. up very rapidly after sunrise and,in ter daytime than in summer daytime. This with increasing latitude, while for the reflected is determined by the time inter general, follows the zenethal angle of the can be explained by a so-called expansion same latitude ionization is greater in val before the return of the echo pulse. sun, reaching a maximum at local noon. effect, i.e., the ionosphere expands under East longitude regions than in West. At the same time one can calculate the Typical diurnal curves of E-layer ioniza the increased heat of the summer sun so density of the ionization reflecting the tion, here expressed as critical or pene that although the total ionization is much Finally, a long - term variation in io pulse, for the ionization density (i. e. , tration frequencies, appear in Figure 1. greater than that existing during the nosphere conditions is that due to the 11- the ntunber of free electrons) necessary As can be seen, there is a slight change t· winter, the density of any specific unit year solar cycle, called the sunspot cy for reflection is simply dependent upon in criticd.l frequencies from winter to volume will be less. cle. In general, intensity of the sun's the frequency employed. Since the elec summer seasons. The layer height, however, radiation varies with the number and size tron density, and hence the height neces is fairly constant, showing only slight Winter Night Ionization of the sunspots. Hence it is to be ex sary for reflection,differs with frequency diurnal and seasonal fluctuation. pected that high levels of ioniZtation will we can get a complete record either of occur during the sunspot m.:i.nimum. ln fact, Winter night ionization, on the other during 1948-49, the sunspot number curve height vs. frequency or density vs. fre hand, is much less than during the summer quency if we merely vary the frequency of has been at its peak and is now slowly de night, for due to longer hours of dark clining. It is expected to reach a minimum our pulse. This is now done automatically ness, recombination (i. e., the recombin by means of pulse equipment which sweeps during the year 1953. A comparison of the ation of free electrons with positive ions frequencies in Figures 2 and 3 will show the frequency band 1-20 megacycles in ap to form neutral atoms) is more complete. proximately thirty seconds. the changes in frequencies between the minimum and maximum sunspot number. Curves of F -layer critical frequencies From examination of such pulse records, for January and June, 1944, for the city'"------·-·-·-·--·-·-·--·-·------, which are now taken at least hourly at of Washington are shown in Figure 2. Dur- In order to enable a clear line of de various stations all over the world, we ing winter day ionization peaks up to a markation to be drawn between the intelli~ get a clear picture of the structure and fairly well - defined maximum near local gence interests and activities of the Army behavior of the ionosphere. Instead of noon, but during the equinox periods and Security Agency on the one hand and of th existing as one single region of ioniza summer the peaks of maximum density occur Signal Corps on the other, the term "signal tion, we find the ionosphere divided in slightly after noon and near sunset time, intelligence" has been redefined so that to two and in some cases three regions of respectively. it can no longer be used interchangeabl ionization called the &-layer, the F1- with "communication intelligence". The us layer, and the F2-layer. The term layer is Fi-layer heights are greater in sum of "signal intelligence" in reference t used because each region has a maximum mer day than winter day, but show no ap ASA activities is discontinued,this agenc density at the center, the ionization greciable difference in heigh t between being concerned rather with co.amunicatio falling off fairly rapidly both above and summer and winter night. intelliizence. below, r b:3T1 '''" 40 ASA Review May-June 1950 41 -- REF ID:A66161 Military Intelligence Before G-2 traveling abroad, and digests of military staff personnel included 12 officers, 10 attache reports. Maps, monographs, publi clerks, and 2 messengers. The extent of (Unclassified) cations, and other information were to be Spanish strength in Cuba was estimated Gccasionally an embarrassing incident The Office of Naval Intelligence, estab- issued to the Army. Some of the functions from the reports of the military attache has stimulated progressive accomplishraent. lished in 1882,extended its cooperation in then provided, including liaison with the in Madrid,from reports of infonnation div Such an incident occurred one day in 1885, acquiring information and a study was made states and territories reg2rding strength ision officers in the United States, and when Brigadier General Drum, then Adjutant of its procedures. The card system used by and mobilization, were outside the scope from data disclosed by the message to Gar General, was unable to satisfy i.l.n urt:,ent O.NI was adopted, with modifications, for of G-2 as it is known today. In a sense, cia. The estimated total, running into request from the Secretary of War for in- making the growing mass of information ac Military Information Division was some lurge numbers for those a.ays, was correct formation regarding a particular foreign cessible for use. Captain Daniel Taylor, thing of a whole general staff in itself, to within less than 2,000 men. Uther aid army. The information was needed at unce, Ordnance Department, wa• placed un special its similarity to J!:uropean General .:)taffs was from an officer dispatched to Spanish but the General had no recourse to infur- duty with the Division in 1886. being noted. In it the modern general held Puerto Rico ahead of U. S. troops. mation files for then there was nu General staff was foreshadowed. Staff as we know it, and no consiueration First Miiitary Attaches Due to the fact that the Military Infor had been given to the collection of mili With the reorganization of 1892, Colonel mation Division had been busy collecting tary information by any division of the Robert 1\lilliams, assisted by M.ajor Arthur this data, it had not issued any new pub War Department. A new source of military information MacArthur, headed the Division until Colo lications. It had to justify its exist concerning foreign countries was added by nel Williams became ii.djutant General in ence to Congress, satisfying Congressional Stung into action by the incident, Gen an Act of Congress of 22 September 1888 July of that year. Of particular interest impatience by a collection of papers on eral Drum moved to correct the weakness in which provided for a system of military in the area of foreign activities was the "Pioneer Tools in Foreign .Armies". During the Department. He directed Major William attaches. The first military Attaches were seven months tour of Germany by Maj. Theo the war, all but two officers and five at J. Vclkmar, chief of the Military Reserva detailed to the London and Berlin lega dore Schwan in 1892-93, at the initiation taches were relieved for field duty with tion Division of the Miscellaneous Branch, tions on 11 March 1889 with instructions of the Military Information Division. His out replacement. Adjutant General's Office, to submit an to report to the Secretary of War at least mission resulted in a publication entitled once a month. During the fiscal year 1891, ur0 anizational plan for a Division of Mil Organization of the German ~· Another By 1903, appropriations for the contin itary Information within the Office of the $1,500 was appropriated to pay a clerk for mission, made widely known by Elbert Hub gent expenses of the Military Information Adjutant General. Major Volkmar, who had collecting and classifying military infor bard's essay, was that of Lieutenant An Division had been raised to only $10,000, been sent by the Secretary of War to at mation from abroad. The Military Informa drew s. Rowan in Cuba to establish contact of which $J,OOO went to the Manila Office tend French Cavalry maneuvers, appeared a tion Division, previously under the Mis with Garcia, the leader of the insurgent of the Division. logical choice. In excellent official re cellaneous Branch, became a separate unit forces. ports, he had advocated an exchange of directly under the Adjutant General; Cap t· When the War Department General Staff tain Taylor was placed in charge. views with high officers of other nations, Many Use Materl al was organized under the Act of 14 February comparing our service with that of foreign 1903,the Military Information Division was countries. In 1891, in response to an Act of Con transferred to the Office of the Chief of gress of the previous year, an officers' In 1895 the Secretary of ,far pointed out Staff, the change taking place by order of Forerunner of General Staff lycewn was established at every post gar in his annual report that civil officers the Secretary of War of 8 August 1903, risoned by troops of the line, providing of government and members of Congress were linking this forerunner of G-2 with the an examination system in connection with among th~ many users of the material from continuing organization of today. In this way, some of the most important the promotion of officers below Lieutenant the files of the Military Information Di .. ... functions of the present General staff or Colonel. The Military Information Division vision. He reported that frivolous inquir ganization, which is in close command re assembled much of the data and sources ies were exceptional! lations with ASA, were started. Assisted used for the courses and the Adjutant Gen Daniel, of Biblical fame, was apparently by several clerks of his Military Reserva eral received copies of the studies devel Colonel Thomas M. Vincent, author o! the first cryptanalyst in history (as well tion Division,Kajor Vollonar began the ted oped in these schools. "Jtaff Organizations -- a Plea for Staff" as one of the earliest interpreters of ious work of collecting items of military and a Civil War staff officer with long dreams)) for he solved the cryptogram in interest from all available sources. For By 1892, office space was still limited experience in AGO, served as chief of the the "handwriting on the wall", obtaining many years, however, not more than one or to a single room in the State, War, and Division for a little more than a year in as his deciphennent words which he inter two officers were detailed to the Division Navy Building; the clerical force consist 1895-96,being succeeded by Major Arthur L. preted as predicting the downfall of B;l in Washington. To obtain results with this ed of three clerks and a messenger. Four Wagner, author of a book on the Service of s hazzar and h:is dynasty. small staff,commanders of military depart thousand items, mostly concerning military Security and a former instructor in the ments and chiefs of War Department bureaus matters abroad, had been processed. Fol Cavalry School at Leavenworth. According to an article in the Jewish were requested to send in reports concern lowing a reorganization of 1892, indicated Encyclopedia, the words MENE, MENE, TEKIL, ing resources and transportation systems duties were the collection and classifica The alertness of the Division was dem UPHARSIN were meaningless to everyone ex of neighboring foreign nations. All offi tion of both foreign and domestic military onstrated by its activities in connection cept Daniel because a type of transposi cers were requested to report on anything data, particularly in regard to materiel with the war of 1898. Anticipating possi tfon had been employed. Scholars have two which it might be desirable for the Gov and manpower, preparation of guidance in ble military operations, the Division is opinions: either each word was written ernment to know in case of a sudden war. structions for Anny officers serving or sued maps of Cuba and Puerto Rico and lat backwards,or the first two letters of each er of the Philippines. When war broke out, word were transposed. ( 42 ASA Review May-June: 1950 43 REF ID:A66161 WOfill FILL-IN THE SOLDIERS PUZZLE Puzzle Corner 1. A S ____ A Conducted by PAT PENDING ff·· S-R-E (Unclassified) 2. A S A Miss Frobish, secretary to both of them, f_J_i ANAGRAM ANTICS J. A 0 A I 1 was the first to notice the break - in. o-s-.I One form of anagrl:iJTlS consists in captur 4. AS A ing your opponent's word by aciding another "Gentlemen", she said. "This is plain Here is a challenging little puzzle. letter, then rearranging the letters to text from which the same vowel has been 5. A S A form a new word. removed throughout. Replace it at the pro Draw a square with three lines in both di rections and place eight lettered counters per intervals and you will have no diffic 6. A S A For example, the word DARE can be cap ulty reading the message". 0n the intersecting points, as shown in the illustration. The puzzle is to move tured with the letter T by reshuffling to 7. A S A spell TRADE. "Odd", uttered Brain No. 1. tne counters, one at a time, following the lines from point to vacant point until you 8. A S A How long will it take you to capture the "Very peculiar", muttered Brain No. 2. Get them in the order SOLDIERS thus: combinations below? 9. A S A And forthwith they accomplished solution. S O L DIE 1. Capture STAMINA with Y 10. AS A Here is the message: R S • 2. Capture GIRLS with Y 11. A ____ SA RFRNC LTTRS PTMBR LVNTH RMSSN GR.SSL CTDLS There is a solution possible in just J6 moves. It is easy to record your moves, J. Capture LOADING with A 12. A S A WHHXW R.JCTT HSMNX WPRFR RSRVS SLCTD HRXSS as you merely have to write the letters thus, as an example: S D I O, etc. 4. Capture COUPLE with S lJ. A s A VNTHS NTNCR CNTSC RTLTT RXBST LTMMB RSFLW 5. Capture BUTTER with I 14. A S A XPCTL SSXFN SSXRG RTSVR NSSX.W STRSS RTRNC 6_. Capture OHGANDIE with S Definitions HMNTN DXPTB. ?. Capture VARIES with c 1. A noble, 2, Sensible. 8. Capture SCYTHE with K: J. Diplomatic agent. DELIVEIUNG THE MILK 4. Disguise. 9. Capture RADISH with G 5. Interpreter. 6. Rickety. 10. Capture CURTAIN with T A farmer one morning was driving into town with two 10-gallon cans full of milk, 7. Help. 8. Ardent. 11. Capture HAFMONICA with S when he was stopped by two neighbors, who asked him to sell them a quart of milk 9. Settle in another place. 10. War personnel losses. 12. Capture MECHANIZE with P each. Mrs. Jones had a jug holding exactly 5 pints, and Yrs. Brown a jug holding ex 11. Appetizing dish, 12. Judicial officer. •• actly 4 pints, but the farmer had no meas ure whatever. How did he manage to put an lJ. French colony. SECRET STUFF exact quart into each of the jugs? It was 14. Mercy-killing. the second quart that gave him all the Great excitement reigned in the Black difficulty. But he managed to do it in as To inform Air Force communica Chamber of Sotamia.The master spy of Quin few as nine transactions-and by "transac tions personnel of trends, new de topia had been captured. Within the hollow tion" we mean the pouring from a can into velopments, and procedural changes, of his wisdom tooth, a cryptogram had been a jug, or from one jug to another, or from a Communications Security Informa found. Now the great minds of Sotamia were a jug back to the can. How did he do it? tion Letter is published by The ' THE'(P BETTER. EITH~ BUILD A N£\/J BUILDING poring over the secret characters. .. .. •• United States Air Force Security ()12. lfOVE 61'.0WN !>.ND HIS FILES . . . " Service. It is an 8-page, offset, "Very peculiar", muttered Brain No. 1. Answers to these problem8 will appear magazine-type issue carrying the _ 1n the next. issue. classification of CONFIDENTIAL. TI-.e "udd", uttered Brain No. 2. Contribution11 are welcomed. first number was for Karch 1950. ASA Review May-June 1950 45 REF ID:A66161 ··BOONS in REVIEW·· --BOOKS in REVIEW-- graphy in connection with many of th~ "it is the first scientifically-organized, works. Thus, he has an excellent little practically - useful book on cryptanalysis essay on Friderici 1s CryPtographia, oder in any language". Geheime Schrift- Mund- und Wilrkliche Cor respondentz of 1685 presenting the several Despite its virtues, Galland 1s list is A Crypto-bibliography: opinions concerning the date and place of far from perfect. For one thing his bib publication and evaluating its signifi liographical fonn is not alwa,ys consistent cance. His thumbnail sketches of Herodotus and for some strange reason each page is and Polybius, his discussions of Dominicus headed by the name of some author on the de Hottinga and of the problems of the se page but not always the first or the last An Historical and Analytical Bibliography veral translations of Trithemius, and his (could there be a hidden message?). One of short biography of'Wallis are all notewor the dangers of the loose terminology of of the Literature of Cryptography thy. those who are not used to thinking in ab By Joseph s. Galland. "Northwestern University stract terms about the science is apparent Studies in the Humanities." No. 10, Evanston, In addition, he has not feared to tread in this book. For example, when Galland in byways which the professional may well talks of "decipherment", we cannot tell Ill., 1945, ix plus 200 pp., $5. overlook, for example, the language of the whether he means "decipherment", "decode ( rtes t1 :l:c ted) flowers, alphabets for the blind, and ment", "decryptment", or "cryptanalysis". those popular seventeenth - century novels He also speaks of "crypts" and "crypto with characters whom Society of the time graphs" (apparently the same as crypto (For centuries, cryptography has had a fairly extensive literature were supposed to recognize, the romans a grams) and "cipher codes", whatever they but no comprehensive bibliography of that literature. The publication clef. Althou~h he has missed some useful may be. of a book filling this gap is a significant contribution to the field bibliographies of shorthand systems (for of knowledge with which ASA is concerned. Since the ASA Review is one example, a List of foreign books in the Sometimes he seems to go far afield in the few journals able to make a professional evaluation of Dr. Gal shorthand library of John ~· ~ ~ The specialized works, and there one questions land' s work, it is given a thorough review in these pages. However, catalogue of ~ Phonetic Institute Libra his choice. One of the best sources of it has been impossible to list here any appreciable number of the EZ:), Galland's book has a good collect~on cryptologic infonnation - patents - be bas many cryptologic works covered by Dr. Galland. These suggest a wide of the earlier inventors of systems, espe failed to tap. Another is newspaper sto field of supplementary reading for the professional worker in cryptol cially those around Shakespeare's time. We ries; these are especially important for ogy; those interested in such reading may refer to Dr. Galland' s bib also find titles like Fact §El Stories Ma Poe material. Another is the Jefferson pa liography in the ASA Library. - Editor.) gazine, "Chain of Death" from Shadow Maga pers in the Library of Congress. To be zine, and "The Sacred Number" from the sure, works on cryptology published under ...... Ladies' tlepository of April 1856. Other official auspices are hard to come by in titles are equally engaging. libraries, even when they are not classi fied for security reasons, but it does rhyming dictionaries, glossaries of abbre seem strange that he did not get the Eng Dr. Galland's bibliography is the first first Work on Cryptanalysis serious attempt to bring together in a via~ions, gazetteers, and mathematical and lish translations printed by the Govern single list all the works dealing with electrical studies. ment Printing Office of the works of Gyl cryptography and cryptanalysis available Another point of interest is the evalua den, Sacco, and Lange and Soudart.Nor does to the scholar outside the profession. As Even though the purpose of the biblio tions which Galland occasionally makes. It he record the translation to Japanese of such, the professional worker may be in graphy is not that of a technical paper is heart-warming to the professional work Yardley's book published as the Buratsuku clined to regard it with the same kind of oreoared within an operating branch of one er to read (p. 69) that Mr. Friedman's Chiemba. suspicion that a medical specialist might of the cryptologic services, it is not Elements £!. CryPtana.lysis o! 1923 is "the regard a man who had no access to case without considerable value to the profes first official publication on cryptanaly Galland's bibliography is an excellent histories and no modern laboratory data. sional worker. In some ways it is unexcel sis ot the U. S. Government and the first book and one which we will be far richer Though the list of Mr. Friedman's works led. Nowhere else is such a guide avail book in any language to employ the word for having. Had we had it in the early runs to thirty - one items occupying over able to the documents in the history of cryptanalysis", which Kr. Friedman coined. stages of our lexicographical work at ASA three pages, it includes none of his writ cryptology. Moreover, the author has gen Galland goes on to say that the work "is we might have had a better selection of ings classified higher than Restricted (e. erously analyzed the contents of the more in1portant because it is the first book in nonprofessional works to read as sources g.,The Analysis of! Mechanical-Electrical important works he lists, indicating the arzy language which brought some semblance of terms. And it is a stimulating book. of order in a chaos of confusion in ter Cryptograph; ~ Codes Used E,l ~ Ger significant portions of works not exclu Though it is after all only a list, it is minology, organization of systems, etc.Its ~ !:£JE;i. During ~ ~ !g; The Princi sively devoted to the subject and comment fun to page through it, for it suggests ples of Indirect Symmetry). The book does ing on the scope and plan of some of the classification of methods and its termi many studies. not pretend to list works which modern more important monuments, and he has re nology are still the standard in modern cryptanalysts demand: frequency lists, viewed problems of bibliography and bio- practice•. He concludes by saying that --Albert Howard Carter 46 ASA Review May-June 1950 47 REF ID:A66161 --8001(1 in REVIEW-- --8001(1 in REV/EW-- and the concentration of Normandy invasion light throughout the story is the teamwork Seienee In World War II: forces. Whether the missile would contain and cooperation of the military men, the gas,high explosives, or a biological toxin scientists and engineers, and in between was a matter of conjecture to both scien the two, the industrialists. This cooper tists and intelligence officers. It was ation was achieved in a democratic manner Scientists Against Time. By James Phinney Baxter hoped that it would be radio-controlled and indeed it was probably this very fac and thus subject to jamming but, as later tor which permitted Allied scientists to III. An Atlantic Monthly Press Book. Little, Brown events proved, this was not the case. Six achieve supremacy over those of the Axis and Company, Boston, 1946; 450 pp., with foreword by months, however, before the first robot powers. Vannevar Bush. bomb was launched at England, our scien tists had made full-scale tests on a com The author concludes the book with a bit (l:hclassified) plete mock-up of the missile. Three months of advice concerning the future. In World later, a shipment of VT (pro?tl.mity) fuzes War II we had a better organization of to be used in combination with SCR-584 ra science for war than our enemies and we dar and M-9 electrical predictor reached had time to mobilize. We may not have that England. When the first V-1 bombs arrived valuable time in the future, for time in This book by President Baxter of Will one instance refers to the use of Signal over Britain in June 1944, they met with this scientific age is measured by hours iams College,is according to the foreword, Corps personnel by this laboratory. There effective resistance from these devices. and days, not months or years. Dr. Baxter "the brief official history of the Office is scarcely a hint of the vast progress in declares that America must keep her powder of Scientific Research and Development". cryptographic science through the develop The success of the VT-fuze was not with dry and, most important of all, maintain a Aa such, it is the forerunner of a series ment of new mechanical devices. out attendant difficulties, however, which well-organized scientific research program can serve as typical of similar problems of volumes dealing with the activities of of high quality. • .•• John D. F'rost that office, published under the title of In spite of these defects, the book con in other instances. For example, it was Science in World War II. The Office of tains much of interest. As Dr. Baxter in apparent that the VT-fuze would give our Scientific Research and Development,headed dicates, warfare before 1939 was a matter ground forces devastating advantages when Scanning the Shelves: by Dr.Vannevar Bush,sought to organize and of strategy in maneuvering large groups of used with artillery fire. Nevertheless, correlate scientific effort for the armed armed men; World War II made it a matter other considerations had led to the deci services. also of technology--of the proximity fuse, sion that its general use over land areas All the books reviewed in the following radar, guided missiles, and atomic bombs. could not be permitted at this time. It thwr~-nail summaries have been added to The book is the very human and f asci was feared that duds might reveal the sec the Library. na ting story of democracy and science at ret of the fuse to the Germans and thus The Damoclean sword was time. The race (Unclassified) work. The old saw·that democracy is slow to develop the proximity fuze was against imperil the 8th Air Force and the R.A.F. and inefficient compared to dictatorship Japanese bombers who scored nineteen tor If the recovery were relayed to the Japan is effectively disproved. Starting in 1940 pedo hits on our fleet at Pearl Harbor and ese, we might lose one of our greatest ad with the establishment of the National De sank the Prince of Wales and the Repulse. vantages in that area. However,the VT-fuze fense Research Committee,the author traces Could we maintain a defensive and offen was later released for use during the Bat Russian Methods and Mentality the story of democracy and science through sive scientific developmental program to tle of the Bulge. At that time it was, as the fateful days when the events at Hiro the author puts it, "as timely as the ar the extent that we would not fall helpless 11 shima and Nagasaki inaugurated a new age. before the dictators? Would German scien rival of the :.tonitor at Hampton RoadB • FISCHER, RUTH. Stalin and German Commu tists be able to produce an atomic bomb nism. Harvard University Press, 1948. Contributions by scientists of the Army first? Even after w.e had defeated Germany, It is impossible within the scope of this Security Agency and its equivalent agency the fateful question was: "Could success review to touch upon all the subjects dis in the Navy are overlooked by Dr. Baxter, cussed by the author. The peculiar prob ·iiriting from direct personal experience with the atomic bomb tests be achieved be and from documented sources, the author who may have chosen not to include refer fore the scheduled invasion of Japan?" lems of amphibious warfare,the development ence to the subject for security reasons. of Radar and Loran, the role of chemistry, traces the history of world Communism from 1917 to 1929 with chief emphasis on He makes brief references to radiogoniome The desperate race of the scientists the amazing advances in medicine, poison try ana the jamming of enemy circuits. The gas(and why it wasn't used),rockets, prox means used by Stalin to gain control of against ti.me involved efforts not only to the Russian and Germ.an Communist Parties. breaking of Japanese communication securi keep ahead of the enemy but also to antic imity fuzes, and the development of the ty ,however, though widely publicized in the ipate and evaluate any new developments he atomic bomb have received a well-balanced press, remains unchronicled in his pages. treatment within the limits of space im Db.lJTSCHER, ISAAC. Stalin. Oxford Univer might make in eechnological warfare.A case sity Press, 1949. Indications of the accomplishments in the in point described by the author was that posed upon the author. The book is direct communications field are few and scanty. ed largely to the general reader. Tech of the buzz bomb V-1. In the Fall of 1943 A "political biography" of Stalin by There is a brief discussion of the Radio nical aspects are illuminated by conc1·ete the Allies learned through secret intelli a man who lived in Poland from to Coordination Division of the OSRD and its examples which are a part of the average 1907 gence that Ge:nnany was engaged on a huge 1939 and traveled in Russia. Radio Research Laboratory, to which sole program for large robot bombs. Such weap person's experience. Clearly brought to credit seems to be given. The author in ons would threaten southern English ports May-June 1950 49 48 ASA Review REF IRAJa9§161 -- vvv"lil in REVIEW•• WERTH, ALEXANDER. ~ of Stalingrad. The World and Its Problems Knopf, 1947. "An historical record and a study of JONES, FRANCIS C. Manchuria Since fil1· Russian mentality, methods and policies 11 Oxford, 1949. which is largely an eye-witness account of life and thought in Hussia, particu NThis is a survey of Japanese activi larly Moscow, during the crisis. ties in Manchuria since September 1931, Review Readers: with a concluding chapter on the situa tion during 1945-47. It is concerned For Scientists and Lay Scientists primarily with internal developments •.• " BYNG, EDWARD J. The World of the Arabs. CHEV ALLEY, CLAUDE. Theory of Lie Groups. Little, Brown and Co~,""'I9~ ~ You can extract individual items :from this journal Princeton University Press, 1946. provided you handle each according to its own The book's principal aim is to appraise classification. An attempt to state ana prove the 1uc.iu the contemporary life,historical signif basic principles of Lie groups. Chapter j cance, culture and future importance of titles include: Classical Linear Groups; the Arabic-speaking world. Topological groups; .Manifolds; Analytic In each issue every article, puzzle, cartoon, Grou~s-Lie Groups; Differential Calculus etc., will be classi:fied individually. This will of Cartani Compact Lie Groups and Their MIDDLETON, DREW. The Struggle for Germany~ enable you, by making extracts, to take unclass Representations. Bobbs-Merrill, 1949. ified and Restricted items off the military reser vation where local regulations permit. Middleton, chief of The New York Times bureau in Berlin,rnaintains that the fate KNEDLER, JOHN W. (Editor). Masterworks of of the world may depend upon whether Science. Doubleday, 1947. Germany 11 faces east or west, 11 Some items having several distinct parts carry a separate classification :for each part. "Digests of 1.3 ~reat classics" which Others are given a single classification applying have influenced the course of scj_ence. Looking Backward to the entire article. Included are Euclid's "Elements", Dal ton's "Atomic Theory", and Einstein's "Relativity: The Special and General CHURCHILL, WINSTON S. Their Finest Hour. Theory". Houghton JJ.ifflin, 1949-;--- To any item or portion of an item not clearly marked as to classification, the REVIEW'S overall CONANT, JAMES B. On Understanding Science, The second volume of Churchill's mem classification of CONFIDENTIAL applies and in all Yale University Press, 1947. oirs; it covers the course of the war cases the security regulations of AR 3Bo-5 must be from mid-May 1940 to early Junuary 1941. followed. The author concludes that the best way for a non-scientific scholar to gain an GIBSON, HUGH (Editor). The Ciano Diaries understanding of pure or basic science (1939-1943). With introduction by Sumner is to study the historical development Welles. Doubleday, 1946. of science itself. "The complete, unabridged diaries" of Count Galeazzo CianoJlussolini's son-in GUILLBlIN, ERNST A. Mathematics of Circuit.. la!!i'who was Italian Minister for Foreign Analysis. Wiley, 1949. Affairs, 1936-43. Volume four of the Principles of Elec MARTIENSSEN, ANTHONY. Hitler and his Ad trical Engineering series, a coopyrative mirals. Dutton, 1949. staff project of M.I.T.'s Department of Electrical Engineering. Subjects treat Based on the minutes of the so-called ed include vector analysis,linear trans "Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs" formations, matrices, and Fourier series captured near Coburg and on evidence and integrals. given at Nuremburg. 50 ASA Review ,. ' REF ID:A66161 E•torlal Staff Evert Conder ••••••••••••••••••• Editor Barbara C. Keener •••• Assistant Editor Bead.quarters, ~ CS}AS-17 •••••••••••Mildred R. Georger CSGAS-23 •••••••••• Lt. Russel B. Jones CSGAS-40 ••••••••••••••• Robert R. Heck CSGAS-50 •••••• ~ ••• George W. Belliveau Field. Installations Headquarters, ASA Europe ••••••••••••••••••••••.•.••••••••••••••• Lt. Robert T. Bar ~ · -.HQ Berzo :Base ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·•••••• ~ ••• capt. Walter -E. N;ygard - ll6th Signal Service Compe..riy •••••· •••••••••••••••••••••••• ··.Lt. Ro;y O. lliabet ·.Headquarters, ·ASA Pacific •• • •••••••••••••• • ••••••••••••• capt. Bovard G. Comfort 50tb Signal Service Detachmen~ •••••••••••••••••••••••• Lt. Mack c. Stephenson Slst Signal Se:rvice Detaehment ••••••••••••••••••••••• Lt. Charles R. Re111old& lllth Signal Service Compa.D3 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• WOJG Harold K. Berglund 126th Signal Service C~ •••••••••••• ~ •••••••••••••• Lt. Thomas B. Rachele Headquarters, ASA Bawaii·~··••••••••••••••••••~•••••••••••Capt. Walter J. ll'lynn· Army Security- Agency School •••••••••••••••• ~ ••••••••• ~tt. ·col. James c. Barnett Vint Bill Farms Station · lat Detachment, Second Signal Service Battalion••••• Lt. William M. Higginson HQ & HQ Company ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•• Lt. Milton J. Boltmeier 53d Signal Service Compan,y ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Lt. Curtis w. Do7le Two Rock Ranch Station••••••••••••••••••••• -•••••••.••••••• capt. ·Jean E•. Trautman -lat Detachment, ASA Liaison Section.· •• ~ •••••••••••••••••••• Lt. l"re_derick A. Geb 2d Detachment, ASA Liaison Section •••••••••••• -•• -••••••••• SFC John E. McGlothlin 5th Detachment, Second Signal. Service Battalion •••••••••••••••• Lt. John R. Bell 7th Detachment, Second Signal Service Battalion •••••••••••• Sgt George D. Easton 9th Detachment, Second Signal Service Battalion••••••••••• Lt. John P. Henrietta Security Moni torlng Detachment. (Geribbean) ••••••.•..•••• Sl"C Kennet.~ G. Mcnnn~ j .\l',, c REF ID:A66161 t;;O~WID"ENTIAl::i ,, fUll"LEEZ •• LEMME OUTA HEllE r • I'm l••t a younwater, llut I Ilk• to w•t around And I don't like to be locked up in file-cabi nets except when necessary. I'm not supposed to stay in the file-cabinets. During working hours I•m supposed to be left around on tables and desks so that people can spend their coffee breaks and their other odd moments with me. I won't take up much of anybody's time -- just an hour or so in two months. Besides, I'm supposed to be read while you're working. So please ...••• LET ME GET AROUND! tJ8NFIBENCf IAL