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Graham County, Arizona Flora of the Pinaleno Mountains, Graham County, Arizona Item Type Article Authors Johnson, William Theodore Publisher University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Journal Desert Plants Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona. Download date 09/10/2021 22:18:53 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/609089 Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 147 Abstract Flora of the The Pinaleno Mountains lie between the San Simon and Sulphur Springs Valleys in southeastern Arizona. The Pinalenos are one of three mountain ranges in Graham Pinaleno Mountains, County managed by the Coronado National Forest. Forest Service management of this range is currently at a cross- Graham County, roads. Either a strict preservation policy will prevail or the development of an astrophysical observatory will Arizona be allowed. The most notable features of the Pinalenos, the third highest range in Arizona, are the abundance of perennial streams and the significant elevational range of 2050 m William Theodore Johnson (6,720 ft.) on the northeast slope. Recognized in the study Arizona State University area of this northwest -southeast oriented range are six habitats: Aquatic /Semi -aquatic, Isolated Rock Outcrops, Mixed Conifer Forest, Mountain Meadows, Ponderosa Pine Forest, and Woodland. Documented vascular plant resources consist of 449 taxa including 4 taxa of subspecific rank and 438 species in 306 genera and 95 families. Introduction The Pinaleno Mountains, sometimes referred to as the Graham Mountains or the Grahams, are one of three mountain ranges in Graham County managed by the Cor- onado National Forest. The other two, the Galiuro Moun- tains to the west and the Santa Teresa Mountains to the northwest are smaller in area and stature. The Pinaleno Mountains are the third highest range in Arizona after the San Francisco Peaks and Mt. Baldy in the White Moun- tains. The elevation of the summit atop Mt. Graham, sometimes called High Peak, is 3270 m (10,720) ft.). Two unique features of the Pinalenos are the 8 or more peren- nial streams and the 2050 m (6,720 ft.) elevational range on the northeast slope. The purpose of this study is to: 1) document the current floristic resources of the Pinaleno Mountains, 2) describe the present habitats, 3) review pertinent literature, 4) dis- cuss the past and present influences of man on the area, and 5) make recommendations concerning the future management of the Pinaleno Mountains. Information regarding the distribution, range, and ecological asso- ciations of the taxa in the Pinalenos as outlined herein, should contribute to a better understanding of biology in the Southwest. Field collections and habitat observations were made from the lower edge of the woodland habitat (approx. 1220 m or 4000 ft.) to the summit of Mt. Graham, between May, 1983, and May, 1985. The study area included the entire Pinaleno Mountain range from Stockton Pass at the southern end to Tripp Canyon at the northern end. Collecting was concentrated between March and August in drainages and meadows though dry slopes were also searched. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Arizona State University Herbarium (ASU). Also examined were speci- mens from the study area collected by others (Herbarium at Arizona State University and the Bureau of Land Man- agement Office in Safford). Based upon the literature, the history and ecology of the Pinaleno Mountains is presented. From field observa- tions, six habitats are described: Aquatic /Semi- aquatic, Grant Creek. To Sat ford 1 k CC//t N 41. j). Cedar Mountain .N Blue Jay o y ar PeakpauP .. a I Clark Peak COpONADOs , p PINALENO MOUNTAINS GRAHAM COUNTY, ARIZONA 0671 2 3 4 5 k SCaN Q I/7 1 2 3 4,144 LEGEND Forest Boundary - Pass Paved Road O Ranger Station Gravel Road Campground Trail Camp w, Live Stream O US Route .% Intermittent Stream O State Route á 0 Reservoir CI Forest Route 4I Mountain Peak Dave E Muelo. Aartwe.k Figure 1. Map of the Pinaleno Mountains, Graham County, Arizona. Isolated Rock Outcrops, Mixed Conifer Forest, Mountain serves to separate the bulk of the range from the north- Meadows, Ponderosa Pine Forest, and Woodland. Field west section (Figure 1). Two normally dry canyons, North collections account for 449 taxa, including 4 taxa of sub - and South Taylor Canyons, drop from Taylor Pass. All of specific rank and 438 species in 306 genera and 95 the canyons in the northwest section of the Pinalenos are families. normally dry. The canyons to the north of Blue Jay Peak include: Sawmill, Johns, Tripp, and Cottonwood; to the Abiotic Section south: Durkee, Van Valer, President, Kit, 2E Wash, and Topography. The Pinaleno Mountains rise rather Lindsey. There are 3 named peaks in this section: West abruptly, a slope of 60 percent is not uncommon, from Peak, elevation 2649 m (8,684 ft.), the second highest and relatively level plains or valleys (U.S.D.A. Forest Service, most southern; Blue Jay Peak, approximately 0.8 km (0.5 1976a). The orientation of this range is northwest to mi.) northeast of West Peak; and Cedar Mountain, eleva- southeast. To the southwest lies Sulphur Springs Valley, tion 2040 m (6,690 ft.) about 4 km (2.5 mi.) northwest of approximate elevation, 1250 m (4100 ft). The distance West Peak. In the northwest section only a handful of from Mt. Graham to the center of the Sulphur Springs springs may be found: Government, Mineshaft, Man - Valley is approximately 23 km (14 air miles). To the zanita, Coulter, and South Taylor; all on the southwest northeast lies the San Simon Valley and the Gila River. slope. Two Trough, Lookout, Turkey, and Sawmill The approximate elevation of this valley, in the vicinity Springs are found on the northeast slope. These springs of the Pinaleno Mountains is 884 m (2,900 ft.). The dis- are at best intermittent. Access to this section is provided tance from Mt. Graham to the Gila River is approx- by Forest Roads 286, 156, 509, and 675. Several poorly imately 19 km (12 air miles). To the northwest lies a pass, maintained foot trails also penetrate the area. separating the Pinaleno Mountains from the Santa Teresa The bulk of the Pinaleno Mountains lies between Tay- Mountains. The elevation of this pass is 1372 m (4,500 lor Pass and Stockton Pass (Figure 1). Many of the can- ft.). To the southeast lies Stockton Pass at an elevation of yons in this southeast section of the Pinalenos have per- 1708 m (5,600 ft.), between the Pinalenos and the manent streams (Figure 1). The uniquely mesic Greasewood Mountains. The overall range in altitude of conditions in the Pinaleno Mountains cannot be over em- the Pinalenos is 2050 m (6,720 ft.) on the northeast slope phasized. A number of peaks form the crest of the and 1745 m (5,720 ft.) on the southwest slope. Pinalenos (Figure 1). Roads lead to fire lookout towers on Topographically, the Pinaleno Mountains could be di- Heliograph Peak and Webb Peak as well as to the summit vided into two sections; a small northwestern section of Mt. Graham. The springs, parks, and exposed rock dominated by Blue Jay Peak 2696 m (8,840 ft.), and a slabs in this section are too numerous to list. The final much larger section to the southeast, forming the bulk of significant topographic features of the Pinalenos are three the range. Taylor Pass at an elevation of 2180 m (7,150 ft.), impoundments: Riggs Flat Lake, elevation 2672 m (8,760 150 Desert Plants 8(4) 1988 Pinaleno Mountains from a Creosotebush flat near Safford. The sunlit mesa in the foreground is Frye Mesa. ft.), Snow Flat, elevation 2677 m (8,776 ft.), and Frye Mesa Reservoir, elevation 1464 m (4,800 ft.). Access to this southeast section of the range is provided primarily by Swift Trail (State Routh 366) which is paved to the Shannon Campground turnoff. A number of dirt roads and trails branch from Swift Road. The most heav- ily used roads which approach the Pinalenos from Sul- phur Springs Valley include State Route 266 and Forest Roads 198 and 157. Access is provided from San Simon Valley by Forest Roads 119, 57, 103 and 681. Soils. The chemical, physical, and biological proper- ties of soil are very complex. The importance of these properties to soil development, ecology, and classification Frye Mesa Reservoir. lies in the strong correlation between soil types and vege- tation types. Described below are soils of the Coniferous Forests, Mountain Meadows, and Woodland habitats in creases significantly. Microbiologically, the coniferous the Pinaleno Mountains. forest soils are relatively depauperate except for fungi The coniferous forest soils normally extend to a depth which are well represented (Martin and Fletcher, 1943). of less than 1.0 m (40 in.) (Martin and Fletcher, 1943). The population of aerobic bacteria responsible for the de- These soils are covered with non -decomposed layer of composition of cellulose is notably small in the forest conifer needles, the acidic leachate of which causes the soils, even though these soils contain the most cellulose. pH of these soils to vary from 5.19 to 5.82 (Martin and The soils from mountain meadows are Mollisols, Fletcher, 1943). The surface of the soil immediately below equivalent in depth to the forest soils. These soils are this litter layer is relatively spongy due to the tightly protected by a dense herbaceous cover of grasses and interwoven roots and fungal mycelia. This surface hori- forbs, causing the pH of these soils to be, on the average, zon has a carbon dioxide soluble phosphate content half a unit higher than the forest soils (Martin and higher than any subsurface horizon, over thirty parts per Fletcher, 1943).
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