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Flora of the Pinaleno Mountains, Graham County, Arizona

Item Type Article

Authors Johnson, William Theodore

Publisher University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ)

Journal Desert Plants

Download date 09/10/2021 22:18:53

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/609089 Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 147

Abstract Flora of the The Pinaleno Mountains lie between the San Simon and Sulphur Springs Valleys in southeastern Arizona. The Pinalenos are one of three mountain ranges in Graham Pinaleno Mountains, County managed by the Coronado National Forest. Forest Service management of this range is currently at a cross- Graham County, roads. Either a strict preservation policy will prevail or the development of an astrophysical observatory will Arizona be allowed. The most notable features of the Pinalenos, the third highest range in Arizona, are the abundance of perennial streams and the significant elevational range of 2050 m William Theodore Johnson (6,720 ft.) on the northeast slope. Recognized in the study Arizona State University area of this northwest -southeast oriented range are six habitats: Aquatic /Semi -aquatic, Isolated Rock Outcrops, Mixed Conifer Forest, Mountain Meadows, Ponderosa Pine Forest, and Woodland. Documented vascular plant resources consist of 449 taxa including 4 taxa of subspecific rank and 438 species in 306 genera and 95 families. Introduction The Pinaleno Mountains, sometimes referred to as the Graham Mountains or the Grahams, are one of three mountain ranges in Graham County managed by the Cor- onado National Forest. The other two, the Galiuro Moun- tains to the west and the Santa Teresa Mountains to the northwest are smaller in area and stature. The Pinaleno Mountains are the third highest range in Arizona after the San Francisco Peaks and Mt. Baldy in the White Moun- tains. The elevation of the summit atop Mt. Graham, sometimes called High Peak, is 3270 m (10,720) ft.). Two unique features of the Pinalenos are the 8 or more perennial streams and the 2050 m (6,720 ft.) elevational range on the northeast slope. The purpose of this study is to: 1) document the current floristic resources of the Pinaleno Mountains, 2) describe the present habitats, 3) review pertinent literature, 4) dis- cuss the past and present influences of man on the area, and 5) make recommendations concerning the future management of the Pinaleno Mountains. Information regarding the distribution, range, and ecological asso- ciations of the taxa in the Pinalenos as outlined herein, should contribute to a better understanding of biology in the Southwest. Field collections and habitat observations were made from the lower edge of the woodland habitat (approx. 1220 m or 4000 ft.) to the summit of Mt. Graham, between May, 1983, and May, 1985. The study area included the entire Pinaleno Mountain range from Stockton Pass at the southern end to Tripp Canyon at the northern end. Collecting was concentrated between March and August in drainages and meadows though dry slopes were also searched. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Arizona State University Herbarium (ASU). Also examined were specimens from the study area collected by others (Herbarium at Arizona State University and the Bureau of Land Man- agement Office in Safford). Based upon the literature, the history and ecology of the Pinaleno Mountains is presented. From field observations, six habitats are described: Aquatic /Semi- aquatic, Grant Creek. To Sat ford 1 k

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Figure 1. Map of the Pinaleno Mountains, Graham County, Arizona. Isolated Rock Outcrops, Mixed Conifer Forest, Mountain serves to separate the bulk of the range from the north- Meadows, Ponderosa Pine Forest, and Woodland. Field west section (Figure 1). Two normally dry canyons, North collections account for 449 taxa, including 4 taxa of sub - and South Taylor Canyons, drop from Taylor Pass. All of specific rank and 438 species in 306 genera and 95 the canyons in the northwest section of the Pinalenos are families. normally dry. The canyons to the north of Blue Jay Peak include: Sawmill, Johns, Tripp, and Cottonwood; to the Abiotic Section south: Durkee, Van Valer, President, Kit, 2E Wash, and Topography. The Pinaleno Mountains rise rather Lindsey. There are 3 named peaks in this section: West abruptly, a slope of 60 percent is not uncommon, from Peak, elevation 2649 m (8,684 ft.), the second highest and relatively level plains or valleys (U.S.D.A. Forest Service, most southern; Blue Jay Peak, approximately 0.8 km (0.5 1976a). The orientation of this range is northwest to mi.) northeast of West Peak; and Cedar Mountain, eleva- southeast. To the southwest lies Sulphur Springs Valley, tion 2040 m (6,690 ft.) about 4 km (2.5 mi.) northwest of approximate elevation, 1250 m (4100 ft). The distance West Peak. In the northwest section only a handful of from Mt. Graham to the center of the Sulphur Springs springs may be found: Government, Mineshaft, Man - Valley is approximately 23 km (14 air miles). To the zanita, Coulter, and South Taylor; all on the southwest northeast lies the San Simon Valley and the Gila River. slope. Two Trough, Lookout, Turkey, and Sawmill The approximate elevation of this valley, in the vicinity Springs are found on the northeast slope. These springs of the Pinaleno Mountains is 884 m (2,900 ft.). The dis- are at best intermittent. Access to this section is provided tance from Mt. Graham to the Gila River is approx- by Forest Roads 286, 156, 509, and 675. Several poorly imately 19 km (12 air miles). To the northwest lies a pass, maintained foot trails also penetrate the area. separating the Pinaleno Mountains from the Santa Teresa The bulk of the Pinaleno Mountains lies between Tay- Mountains. The elevation of this pass is 1372 m (4,500 lor Pass and Stockton Pass (Figure 1). Many of the can- ft.). To the southeast lies Stockton Pass at an elevation of yons in this southeast section of the Pinalenos have per- 1708 m (5,600 ft.), between the Pinalenos and the manent streams (Figure 1). The uniquely mesic Greasewood Mountains. The overall range in altitude of conditions in the Pinaleno Mountains cannot be over em- the Pinalenos is 2050 m (6,720 ft.) on the northeast slope phasized. A number of peaks form the crest of the and 1745 m (5,720 ft.) on the southwest slope. Pinalenos (Figure 1). Roads lead to fire lookout towers on Topographically, the Pinaleno Mountains could be di- Heliograph Peak and Webb Peak as well as to the summit vided into two sections; a small northwestern section of Mt. Graham. The springs, parks, and exposed rock dominated by Blue Jay Peak 2696 m (8,840 ft.), and a slabs in this section are too numerous to list. The final much larger section to the southeast, forming the bulk of significant topographic features of the Pinalenos are three the range. Taylor Pass at an elevation of 2180 m (7,150 ft.), impoundments: Riggs Flat Lake, elevation 2672 m (8,760 150 Desert Plants 8(4) 1988

Pinaleno Mountains from a Creosotebush flat near Safford. The sunlit mesa in the foreground is Frye Mesa.

ft.), Snow Flat, elevation 2677 m (8,776 ft.), and Frye Mesa Reservoir, elevation 1464 m (4,800 ft.). Access to this southeast section of the range is provided primarily by Swift Trail (State Routh 366) which is paved to the Shannon Campground turnoff. A number of dirt roads and trails branch from Swift Road. The most heav- ily used roads which approach the Pinalenos from Sul- phur Springs Valley include State Route 266 and Forest Roads 198 and 157. Access is provided from San Simon Valley by Forest Roads 119, 57, 103 and 681. Soils. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil are very complex. The importance of these properties to soil development, ecology, and classification Frye Mesa Reservoir. lies in the strong correlation between soil types and vegetation types. Described below are soils of the Coniferous Forests, Mountain Meadows, and Woodland habitats in creases significantly. Microbiologically, the coniferous the Pinaleno Mountains. forest soils are relatively depauperate except for fungi The coniferous forest soils normally extend to a depth which are well represented (Martin and Fletcher, 1943). of less than 1.0 m (40 in.) (Martin and Fletcher, 1943). The population of aerobic bacteria responsible for the de- These soils are covered with non -decomposed layer of composition of cellulose is notably small in the forest conifer needles, the acidic leachate of which causes the soils, even though these soils contain the most cellulose. pH of these soils to vary from 5.19 to 5.82 (Martin and The soils from mountain meadows are Mollisols, Fletcher, 1943). The surface of the soil immediately below equivalent in depth to the forest soils. These soils are this litter layer is relatively spongy due to the tightly protected by a dense herbaceous cover of grasses and interwoven roots and fungal mycelia. This surface hori- forbs, causing the pH of these soils to be, on the average, zon has a carbon dioxide soluble phosphate content half a unit higher than the forest soils (Martin and higher than any subsurface horizon, over thirty parts per Fletcher, 1943). As with the forest soils, the soils from million on an air dry soil basis (Martin and Fletcher, mountain meadows are more acidic with depth. These 1943). The forest soils, while containing larger amounts soils contain comparable levels of carbon dioxide -soluble of total nitrogen than meadow or woodland soils, have phosphorus, organic carbon, and total nitrogen to the con- the least amount of nitrate. Nitrifying bacteria are very iferous forest and woodland soils. Meadow soils, inactive in these soils. The total organic carbon content however, contain much more nitrate than do forest soils. and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the forest soils is The C:N ratio for the meadow soils is relatively low, also much higher than in the other soils. Organic matter averaging 5:1. The texture, structure, and color of these and the C:N ratio decrease with soil depth and increase soils varies little with depth; coarse, granular, and dark with elevation throughout the Pinalenos. The texture of throughout. The total pore space is also rather consistent, the surface horizon of the forest, meadow, and woodland ranging from 41.2 percent to 54.8 percent (Martin and soils is consistently coarse. The total pore space of the Fletcher, 1943). The water -holding capacity of these soils coniferous forest soils ranges from 72 percent to 48 decreases slightly with depth. The microflora of the percent (Martin and Fletcher, 1943). The water holding meadow soils is not exceptionally rich, yet it is well - capacity of these soils is directly proportional to the represented in diversity and distribution of organisms organic matter or clay content. When organic matter is throughout the soil profile. present in large amounts, the water -holding capacity in- The classification of woodland soils varies with ele- Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 151

Riggs Flat Lake

Geology. The oldest rocks in the Pinaleno Mountains are Precambrian in age, ranging from 1,700 to 1,100 million years old (Thorman, 1981). These rocks consist of gneiss, granite, quartz, and modified basalt. The first Pre- cambrian event took place approximately 1,650 million years ago, with the accumulation of gneiss. This was fol- lowed by regional metamorphism and the development of granitic plutons, approximately 1,400 million years ago. All of the rocks in the Pinaleno Mountains were re- crystallized at this time. No relict minerals or textures are recognized. The final Precambrian event involved the formation of feldspar and mica dikes, 1,100 million years Snow Flat. ago (Thorman, 1981). These dikes occur mainly in the northwest part of the range. Recent geologic events began in the early Tertiary, vation. Gray -brown Podzolic soils occur at higher with the Laramide Orogeny, Mid -Tertiary Orogeny, and elevations, while Shantung Brown soils occur at lower the Basin and Range Disturbance. The Laramide Orogeny elevations (Martin and Fletcher, 1943). The Shantung resulted in a broad uplift of Arizona, forcing the shallow Brown soils tend to have a lighter colored surface horizon Cretaceous Seas, which had occupied portions of the and an argillic subsurface horizon (U.S.D.A. Soil Conser- southwest, to retreat. The Mid -Tertiary Orogeny (35-18 vation Service, 1975). In contrast to the forest soils, the million years ago) was a time of crustal heating and meta- litter overlying the woodland soil is quite variable in morphism, which resulted in the formation of meta- composition and thickness. The pH values associated morphic core complexes, such as those found recently in with the Shantung Brown soils increase slightly with the Pinaleno Mountains (Nations et al., 1982). These core depth and they contain, on the average, more carbon diox- complexes are in the midst of a belt of deformation, ide- soluble phosphates than the Gray -brown Podzolic which differs considerably from the thrust belts to the soils. The highest nitrate values of any soil in the north of Arizona (Crittenden et al., 1980). A large granitic Pinalenos are found in the surface horizon of the higher pluton in the Oligocene led to the formation of an erup- elevation woodland soils, namely 63.2 parts per million tive center in the Miocene in the southern Pinalenos. (Martin and Fletcher, 1943). The total organic carbon con- This pluton then intruded the gneiss of the Pinalenos and tent in the woodland soils is rather low, resulting in low the granite of Stockton Pass. With the development of an C:N ratios, as low as 8:7 in one horizon (Martin and eruptive center in the Miocene, one might expect to find Fletcher, 1943). The subsurface texture of the Shantung a major vent, yet none has been discovered. It may be that Brown soils is relatively fine. The fine subsurface texture the center of the volcanic activity was buried under its occurs in the forest soils as well, yet the explanation is own material (Thorman, 1981). Once these metamorphic very different. It is suggested that these soils previously core complexes had formed, Basin and Range faulting underwent a period of significant leaching which moved took place 18 -15 million years ago. This event resulted in the finer particles to a lower depth (U.S.D.A. Soil Conser- high -angle normal faulting and basaltic volcanism. Many vation Service, 1975). These soils contain fewer pores closed drainages were created at this time. than the Gray-brown Podzolic soils, found in the higher Structurally, the Pinalenos consist of three elements: elevation woodland. Therefore, their water holding capac- the Stockton Pass fault zone, the Oak Draw fault zone, ity is also less. The woodland soils support a much richer and the fine grained metamorphic rocks in the eastern microflora than do the forest or meadow soils. portion of the range. The Stockton Pass fault zone is con- 152 Desert Plants 8(4) 1988

Perennial stream in Marijilda Canyon. sidered a major fault, with movement beginning in the and temperature data from stations in the vicinity of Precambrian (Thorman, 1981). The most recent move- the Pinalenos, Fort Grant and Safford. The influence of ment occurred in the mid -Tertiary. The extent of defor- elevation upon these factors must then be considered, mation along the fault is unknown. Movement along the in order to accurately portray the climate for the Oak Draw fault was mainly dip -slip, with a minor hori- Pinaleno Mountains. zontal component, as recent as 23 million years ago. The The regional uplift of the early Tertiary initiated wide- fine -grained metamorphic rocks (mylonites) in the east- spread erosion of the moist subtropical forests that had ern portion of the range contain light -colored mineral ag- become established after the retreat of inland seas, wide- gregates set in a matrix of quartz, feldspar, and mica. spread during the Cretaceous. These forests persisted into The Pinaleno Mountains are the most eastern and least the Eocene (Nations et al., 1982). Oligocene climates be- complex of the metamorphic core complex ranges in the came cooler, drier, and more variable than in the Eocene. Southwest. Two features are absent in the Pinalenos, This trend continued into the Pliocene (Nations et al., Mesozoic -aged tectonic slivers and Mesozoic volcanic 1982). Pollen of high elevation conifers is essentially ab- rocks. sent from Tertiary samples in Northern Arizona, suggest- Climate. Climate influences the distribution and es- ing that suitable migration corridors may not have ex- tablishment of plants through the complex interaction of isted for fhése taxa until the Pleistocene (Nations et al., many factors over long periods of time. Data describing 1982). The pine pollen record from the Pleistocene sug- all of these factors, however, is not available for the pres- gests a much cooler and wetter climate (Martin, 1963). A ent, much less the past. Therefore, climates of the past general drying trend since the Pleistocene has led to a must be reconstructed using a variety of indirect records. desert expansion and a contraction of forest communities From fossilized plants and animals, Tertiary through in the Southwest (Van Devender, 1977). Pleistocene climates have been described. The climate Tree rings also provide a reliable index to growing con- since 1630 may be reconstructed from tree -ring data. Two ditions of the recent past. High tree -ring indices indicate tree -ring chronologies have been published, based upon moist conditions and favorable temperatures. The tree - cores from the Pinaleno Mountains (Drew, 1972). The ring chronologies from the Pinalenos portray the fluctua- present climate may be generalized using precipitation tions in growing conditions which have dominated the Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 153

Unnamed stream crossing Swift Trail. Highwater Cienega.

region since 1630 (Drew, 1972). While long -term trends (Green and Sellers, 1964). cannot be established using these records, these tree -ring The climate of Safford, an elevation of 890 m (2,920 ft.), chronologies may be used to demonstrate the pattern as- is warmer and drier than at Fort Grant. Safford is located sociated with short term cycles. on the Gila River, northeast of Mt. Graham. The pattern The present climate in the vicinity of Mt. Graham may of summer thunderstorms and gentle winter rains is like be described based on temperature and precipitation data that of Fort Grant (Table 1). Maximum winter tempera- since 1900 at Fort Grant and Safford. Temperature and tures in Safford normally do not exceed 21 °C (70°F) but precipitation directly influence the distribution and es- 27 °C (80 °F) has been recorded (Green and Sellers, 1964). tablishment of plants. It is not only the quantity of pre- Summer temperatures often exceed 38° (100°F). cipitation that is important, but how it is distributed. The precipitation of the higher elevations in the Intermittent conditions and extremes resulting in Pinalenos varies quantitatively from the data recorded at drought, perpetual saturation, or freezing temperatures Fort Grant and Safford yet the seasonality is the same. may serve to ultimately restrict the establishment of The influence of elevation upon precipitation is not al- various taxa (Taylor, 1943). ways directly proportional. Shreve (1919) recorded a grad- The climate at Fort Grant will serve to characterize ual increase in summer precipitation from 915 m (3000 the climate of the woodland habitat at the base of ft.) to 1220 m (4000 ft.), then a slight decline to 1525 m the Pinaleno Mountains. Fort Grant at the elevation of (5000 ft.). From 1525 m (5000 ft.) to 2135 m (7000 ft.), 1486 m (4,875 ft.) is located at the mouth of Grant precipitation increases by 25 cm (10 in.), then the Creek. Summer precipitation is characterized by moder- amounts decline through 2745 m (9000 ft.) to 30 cm (12 ate to violent thundershowers that drift over the area in in.) (Shreve 1919). The information presented by Turnage the afternoon or early evening. The Gulf of Mexico is and Mallery (1941) suggests a 5 cm (2 in.) increase in the source of moisture for these storms. Most of the summer precipitation per 305 m (1000 ft.) interval, remaining precipitation, which falls over Fort Grant, through an elevation of 2135 m (7000 ft.). They provide occurs from October through March, as gentle, wide data suggesting a 2.5 cm (1 in.) increase in winter pre- spread showers. Average minimum temperatures during cipitation per 305 m (1000 ft.) interval through an eleva- winter are above freezing. Average maximum tempera- tion of 2135 m (7000 ft.). Therefore, the precipitation at tures during the summer slightly exceed 32 °C (90 °F) 2135 m (7000 ft.) on Mt. Graham would be approximately 154 Desert Plants 8(41 1988

Table 1. Average monthly temperature and precipitation, Fort Grant and Safford (Green and Sellers, 1964).

Safford Ft. Grant Temp °C / °F Precip cm /in Temp °C / °F Precip cm /in Ian 8/45 1.85/0.74 8/45 2.75/1.10 Feb 10/49 1.18/0.47 9/48 2.2 /0.88 Mar 13/54 1.6 /0.64 12/53 2.58/1.03 Apr 18/63 .7 /0.28 16/60 1.28/0.51 May 22/71 .25/0.10 20/68 0.5/0.20 Jun 27/80 .83/0.33 25/77 1.35/0.54 Jul 30/85 4.6/1.84 27/79 5.15/2.06 Aug 28/82 3.38/1.35 25/77 6.63/2.65 Sep 25/77 2.55/1.02 24/74 3.55/1.42 Oct 19/66 1.6 /0.64 18/64 2.25/0.90 Nov 12/53 0.88/0.35 12/53 1.7 /0.68 Dec 8/46 1.48/0.59 9/47 2.75/1.10

30 cm (12 in.) in summer and 15 cm (6 in.) in winter, a total of 45 cm (18 in.). Snow levels at any elevation and the relationship between elevation and precipitation above 2135 m (7000 ft.) is poorly known for the Pinalenos. In addition to elevation, relief, and topography, the nature of precipitation events will affect precipitation levels. The effects of relief and topography are local, causing a slight rain shadow of winter storms over Safford and a lowering of the altitudinal limit of various riparian taxa due to cold air drainage. The effects of precipitation events are regional. Graham County and southeast Ari- zona receive 50 percent more precipitation in the summer than in winter (Turnage and Mallery, 1941). The variability in precipitation appears to be greater in winter In Mountain Meadow habitat: Bluebells (Mertensia when small areas are sampled, less than 1.6km2 (1 mi2). franciscana). When larger areas are sampled, summer precipitation is more variable (Turnage and Mallery, 1941). Precipitation influences the lower altitude limit of forest and woodland upon available data, yet the zonation and diversity of for- communities, whereas temperature sets the upper alti- est communities in the Pinaleno Mountains are sure to tude limit (Pearson, 1930). be affected (Sawyer and Kinraide, 1980). Temperatures for the Pinaleno Mountains are also based upon extrapolation of data from near the base of the Biotic Section mountain. Whittaker and Niering (1965) follow the rela- Introduction. The composition and distribution of tionship of -7.5 °C/+ 1,000 m ( -1 °F /+ 177 ft.) given by taxa in the Pinaleno Mountains is a function of the in- Shreve (Leithliter, 1980). Based on this relationship, the trinsic attributes of the taxa, the extrinsic factors of the temperature at the summit of Mt. Graham is approx- environment and the taxa that have previously occupied imately 33 °F less than that recorded at Fort Grant. Heald the area (Vankat, 1979; Brown and Gibson, 1983). The (1951) recorded a relationship of -1 °F /+ 132 ft. in the intrinsic attributes include a number of vegetative as well Pinalenos. This relationship suggests that the tempera- as regenerative strategies. The vegetative strategies in- ture at the'summit of Mt. Graham is approximately 44 °F clude: competitiveness, stress tolerance, and the ability less than that recorded at Fort Grant. The actual tempera- to exploit disturbance. The regenerative strategies in- ture at any elevation in the Pinaleno Mountains will of clude: vegetative expansion, a persistent seed bank, a per- course he modified by microclimatic conditions. sistent seedling bank, and various mechanisms of seed or Fire. Fire has played an important role in the distribu- fruit dispersal (Grime, 1979). The extrinsic factors in the tion of woodland, forest, and grassland communities Pinaleno Mountains include: elevation, slope, topogra- across the western United States. The suppression of fire phy, the Merriam Effect (Lowe, 1961), wildlife and man. during the past century has led to a decline of forage These factors will be discussed in greater detail in the availability in forest and woodland communities and to next section. The historical and evolutionary processes an increased fire hazard in western forests (Cooper, 1960). that have operated in this region are exceedingly complex The historic role of fire in the Pinaleno Mountains is not and the fossil record is very incomplete. Despite these clear. Data based upon tree -rings, suggests that the last shortcomings, Van Devender (1977) and Axelrod (1979) major fire in the Pinalenos occurred in 1870. Between the have reconstructed a large portion of the vegetation of the years of 1738 and 1870, fourteen fire scars are recorded in Southwest through the Quaternary and Tertiary, tree rings (Walt Frialf, pers. comm.). The frequency, in- respectively. tensity, and effect of fires cannot be determined based The biological, environmental and historical factors in- Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 155

In Mountain Meadow habitat: Polygonum bistortoides In Mountain Meadow habitat: Common Dandelion var. oblongifolium. (Taraxacum officinale).

teract, producing the current terrestrial and wetland hab- Pinaleno Mountains are as follows: Woodland (1220 -2135 itats of the Pinaleno Mountains. Six habitats occur be- m /or 4,000 -7,000 ft.), Ponderosa Pine Forest (1830 -2745 tween Stockton Pass and Tripp Canyon and from the m /or 6,000 -9,000 ft.), Mixed Conifer Forest (2288-3270 summit of Mt. Graham to the woodland near the base of m/ or 7,500-10,720 ft.), and Mountain Meadows (2440- the mountains. These habitats (described later) may have 3050 m /or 8,000 -10,000 ft.). The Aquatic /Semi- aquatic narrow boundaries, as with Wetlands, Isolated Rock Out- habitats (wetlands) and Isolated Rock Outcrops occur at crops and Mountain Meadows; or the boundaries may be all elevations. The variation in elevation is largely a func- broad, as with Woodland, Ponderosa Pine Forest and tion of the next most striking aspect of the distribution of Mixed Conifer Forest. vegetation in the mountains of the Southwest, slope. The Extrinsic Factors. The extrinsic factors acting upon variation in elevation due to slope may be as great as 915 the habitats of the Pinaleno Mountains are no different meters or 3,000 feet (Martin, 1963). The influence of from those of the geologic past or from those of the sur- topography upon the vegetation is one of overall species rounding region, though the rate, intensity, and gene pool diversity (Bowers and McLaughlin, 1982). The many are different. The result is a vegetation and flora which is steep, wet canyons found in the Pinaleno Mountains ac- similar to that of neighboring mountain ranges, yet the count for a vegetation distinct from other ranges in south- individualistic expression of life is apparent (Martin, east Arizona (Shreve, 1919). Another major extrinsic 1963). The local extrinsic factors, in addition to the abio- factor producing differences between the Pinaleno tic ones discussed earlier, include: elevation, slope, to- Mountains and other ranges in the Southwest, is the Mer- pography, the Merriam Effect (Lowe, 1961), wildlife and riam Effect (Shreve, 1919). Merriam suggested that a man. mountain's bulk and maximum elevation, as well as the One of the most consistent biotic features of moun- elevation of the plain from which the mountain rises, tains in the Southwest, is the change in vegetation that greatly influenced the vegetation that may become estab- accompanies a change in elevation; yet elevation alone is lished (Lowe, 1961; Daubenmire, 1938). not responsible for this pattern (Layser and Schubert, The influence of certain biotic elements upon the vege- 1979). The elevational bounds of the habitats in the tation has in some cases been significant. For the most 156 Desert Plants 8(4) 1988

part, the effect of herbivory has been relatively insig- nificant (Cooper, 1960). Few natural populations reach the proportions necessary to cause extensive damage. Zoochory (Brown and Gibson, 1983) is the primary role through which wildlife influences the vegetation, yet the greatest influence will be felt by specific taxa rather than by the overall community. Man, on the other hand, has significantly influenced the vegetation of southeastern Arizona, via the grazing and timber industries, fire suppression, farming, and the destruction or modification of riparian habitats (Cooper, 1960). Historical Factors. The influence of biotic migra- tions in the Southwest, during the past 1.5 million years has been significant relative to the rather subtle influence that evolutionary processes have played. Major families, genera and species of essentially modern aspect were in Southwestern communities at this time (Brown, 1982). During the Quaternary there have been significant bio- geographic shifts relative to elevation and latitude (Van Devender, 1977; Axelrod, 1979). In general, woodland and forest communities migrated to lower elevations during pluvial periods. As recently as 8000 years ago, woodland communities occupied extensive areas that are currently Chihuahuan, Sonoran or Mojave desert (Van Devender, 1977). The early Pleistocene pollen record near Safford bears evidence of pine, oak and juniper where creosote now grows (Axelrod, 1979). Based upon the direct fossil record, it is difficult, if not impossible, to draw firm con- clusions regarding the previous habitats in the Pinaleno Mountains. Human presence in the Pinaleno Mountains has always been transitory. The temporary human activity has allowed natural processes to continue largely undisturbed. Isolated Rock Outcrops. Only within the past three years has the threat of permanent human habitation been raised (U.S.D.A. Forest Ser- vice, 1984). Paleo- Indians inhabited the valleys of southeastern Arizona between 12,000 and 6,000 years ago vation by agent Tiffany was often cited as a disgrace (Martin, 1963). The fauna which supported these people (McClintock, 1930). Discontent on the reservation led was very different than the fauna of today (Martin, 1963). to raids during the 1880's. The most famous of the Climate fluctuations may have led to the extinction of renegades, Geronimo, was finally captured in 1886 with the paleofauna. Martin (1963) suggested that the extinc- the help of a signaling system, using mirrors from atop tions were largely the result of hunting by Paleo- Indians. the higher peaks in the area, including Heliograph Peak in As conditions changed, the Cochise Culture and the Bas- the Pinalenos (McClintock, 1930). ket Maker -Pueblos developed agriculture, built perma- Europeans arrived in the area in 1540 as the Coronado nent dwellings, and eventually moved on (Martin, 1963; Expedition searched for the fabled Seven Cities of Gold Ridgway, 1968). A number of dwellings from the Pueblo (Graham County Historical Society 1977). Due to the period have been found in Graham County, which reflect failure of this expedition and the increased activity of the the occupation of these early dwellers (Ridgway, 1968). Apaches, few explorers are known to have ventured into Since 1500, the Indian groups to take up residence near this area during the seventeenth century. Searching for the Pinalenos included the Aravaipa and Pinaleno (San Apaches in 1784, Pedro de Allande mentioned the Sierra Carlos) Apaches (McClintock, 1930). "Apache" derived de Florida, a name applied to the Pinalenos for some time from the Zuni word "Apachu" for the Navajos means (Ridgway, 1968). Conflicts between the United States and "enemy." The Apaches referred to themselves as "Tin - Mexico in 1846 led to war and the split of present day neh" or "Pine" which is interpreted as "people" (McClin- Graham County (Graham County Historical Society, tock, 1930). The life of the Apache was one of chase. 1973). The United States held the area north of the Gila Many battles were fought and many lives were lost as the River, while Mexico held the land to the south. An Amer- Apaches and whites chased each other through 1872, ican expedition led by General Stephan Watts Kearny and when a temporary peace treaty was finally established guided by frontiersman Kitt Carson and Mountainman with Cochise. Subsequently, most Apaches returned to a Antoine Robidaux camped along the Gila River in Octo- reservation in the Sulphur Springs Valley, established by ber 1846 (Graham County Historical Society 1873). Major Vincent Collyer, agent of President Hiram Ulysses Grant W. H. Emory and Captain H. S. Turner kept a record of (McClintock, 1930). The administration of this reser- this expedition bound for California. Emory's record, On Rock Outcrops: Hedgehog Cactus (Echinocereus On Rock Outcrops: Alum Root (Heuchera versicolor) triglochidiatus var. neomexicanus). Stockton Pass, Woodland habitat.

In Woodland habitat: Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tu- In Woodland habitat: Spiderwort (Tradescantia occi- berosa ssp. interior). dentalis). 158 Desert Plants 8(4) 1988

Woodland habitat at Stockton Pass.

"Notes of a Military Reconnaissance," included a sketch Arizona Community College system (Graham County of the Pinalenos and the name of Graham was first ap- Historical Society, 1977). Agriculture remained the base plied to the highest point in the range, possibly in honor of the economy in Graham County. The Pinaleno Moun- of Lieutenant Colonel James D. Graham of the Corps of tains served às a recreational site, provided water to the Topographical Engineers (Ridgway, 1968). In 1853, the growing communities in the valleys below, offered United States purchased (Gadsden Purchase) an area trees to feed the growing demands for lumber, and sup- south of the Gila River and made peace with Mexico plied a few pelts to trappers (Graham County Historical (Ridgway, 1968). Society, 1977). Little activity relating to the Civil War took place in Modern access to the range was not provided until the Graham County except for the establishment of Fort construction of Swift Trail in 1927 (U.S.D.A. Forest Ser- Goodwin near the present town of Geronimo (Ridgway, vice, 1976a). Named in honor of Theodore T. Swift, Forest 1968). Most of the fighting that took place during this Supervisor of the Crook National Forest (now the Coro- period was waged against the Apaches until they were nado National Forest), Swift Trail winds up the east side conquered by General George Crook in 1886. Once a rela- of the mountains and finally ends thirty miles westward tive peace had settled over the area, the way was clear to at Clark Peak (Whitaker, 1968). Many of the place -names develop the land of the Sulphur Springs and San Simon encountered along this trail have an interesting history. valleys for agricultural purposes. Early Mormon settlers Marijilda Canyon was named for an Apache woman who found a steady market in the mining centers of Clifton, hid with her brave husband to avoid capture by the army. Miami and Bisbee (Graham County Historical Society This attempt failed, however, resulting in his death and 1977). Graham County, including present day Greenlee her capture (Whitaker, 1968). Noon Creek provided a good County, was formally organized in 1881, mostly through lunch stop, since it took half -a -day to reach there by the efforts of J. K. Roger (McClintock, 1930). The county horse and buggy from Safford (Anonymous, 1977). Trea- seat was moved to Safford from Solomonville in 1883. A sure Park was the site of a gold and silver stash by bandits few years later, in 1888, the Gila Academy was estab- shortly before the Gadsden Purchase (Whitaker, 1968). lished which eventually became the first college in the Hospital Flat was the site of a medical facility used by Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 159 soldiers from Fort Grant, who sought relief from the oppressive summer heat (Whitaker, 1968). The history of botanical collections from the Pinalenos is not well known. Shreve (1919) suggested that no collections had been made from the range between the 1874 collections of J. T. Rothrock of the Wheeler Expedi- tion and the collections of Shreve in 1914. However, it is possible that J. G. Lemmon and his wife Sara Allen Plummer Lemmon collected from the area late in the 1870's (Crosswhite, 1979). Significant collections of the twentieth century include those of Whitaker and Niering in 1965. Management. Management of the Pinaleno Moun- tains by the Coronado National Forest follows the phi- losophies of multiple use and sustained yield. Use of the Pinaleno Mountains may be either consumptive or non - consumptive. Consumptive uses include grazing, timber, and on -site non -wilderness recreation. Non -consumptive uses include on -site wilderness recreation, off -site recreation, wildlife, watershed, a wildlife and plant genetic reservoir, and scientific research. Consumptive uses significantly alter the landscape via development or artificial modification of the environment. Grazing was restricted from the highest elevations in the Pinalenos during the mid- 1960's (U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 1976a). Presently there are 16 grazing allotments in the Pinalenos. During fiscal year 1984, 17,069 Animal Unit Months (AUM) were allowed on these allotments (Safford Ranger, pers. comm.). The capacity of these allotments is the same as the AUM's allowed (Safford Ranger, pers. comm.). Over- all, livestock production has exceeded the forage capacity of the range on the Coronado National Forest since 1977 (U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 1982a). Continually removing more forage than the range produces, is an environmen- In Woodland habitat: Banana Yucca (Yucca baccata). tally unsound practice of the past. The timber harvest from the Pinaleno Mountains, fiscal year 1984, was 207,- derosa Pine Forest at an elevation of 2037 m (6,700 ft.), 500 board feet (Safford Ranger, pers. comm.). A regulated Shannon in the Mixed Conifer Forest at 2766 m (9,100 ft.), timber harvest is marginal in the Pinalenos due to long Hospital Flat in the Mountain Meadow habitat at 2745 m hauling distances, an absence of large sawmills, stand (9,000 ft.), Soldier Creek in the Mountain Meadow hab- susceptibility to blow down, and management emphasis itat at 2836 m (9,300 ft.), and Riggs Flat in Mixed Conifer on recreation (U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 1982a). A timber Forest at 2592 m (8,500 ft.) (U.S.D.A. Forest Service, sale of 1000 board feet was advertised in 1981 but did not 1982b). The number of camping sites in each area varies attract any buyers. Most sales are less than 300 board feet from 10 at Shannon to 23 at Riggs Flat. In addition to and are purchased by small sawmills or fuelwood inter- developed recreation sites, there are 88 developed sum- ests (U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 1982a). The demand for fu- mer home sites in the Pinalenos, 14 at Columbine, and 74 elwood has increased significantly since 1977. Demand at Turkey Flat (U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 1982a). has already exceeded the supply in some areas (U.S.D.A. Non -consumptive uses do not significantly alter the Forest Service, 1982a). landscape. On -site primitive forms of recreation include On -site, non -wilderness recreation use has also in- hiking, backpacking, nature study, nature photography, creased over the past few years. There are eight recreation rock climbing, cross -country skiing, snowshoeing, and developments in the Pinalenos. Three of these sites are camping. Levels of on -site, non -consumptive use are not for picnicking only: Noon Creek, Wet Canyon, and known. This type of use is essentially unregulated and Stockton Pass. Noon Creek, on Swift Trail has 16 picnic without fees. Increasing use of primitive forms of recrea- sites in the Woodland habitat at an elevation of 1580 m tion will force changes in the future management of this (5,200 ft.). Wet Canyon, also on the Swift Trail, has 3 pic- resource (Hendee et al., 1978). Many modern campers are nic sites in the Ponderosa Pine Forest at an elevation of unfamiliar with non -impact use, causing degredation of 1830 m (6,000 ft.). Stockton Pass, on State Route 266 has the resource. In order to manage the increasing impact, eleven picnic sites in the Woodland habitat at an eleva- user fees and a reservation system may have to be tion of 1672 m (5,500 ft.) (U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 1982b). established. The remaining five sites offer camping facilities. All are Most of the opportunities to experience primitive located on Swift Trail and include: Arcadia in the Pon- forms of recreation lie within the Mt. Graham Wilderness In Ponderosa Pine Forest: Birch -Leaf Buckthorn (Rham- In Ponderosa Pine Forest: New Mexican Locust (Robinia nus betulaefolia). neomexicana).

In Ponderosa Pine Forest: Lupine (Lupinus neo- In Ponderosa Pine Forest: Common Mullein (Verbascum mexicanus). thapsus). Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 161

Study Area, as established in the 1984 Arizona Wilderness President Jimmy Carter in 1977 also carefully regulates Bill (H. R. 4707). This bill sets aside approximately 26,325 developments involving watersheds. ha (65,000 a.), primarily along the flanks of the Pinalenos, The genetic integrity of native populations is worth to be studied for possible inclusion into the Wilderness maintaining because future human generations may re- Preservation System. This Wilderness Study Area offers quire this resource. Wild lands provide critically impor- many opportunities to experience solitude in spectacular tant habitats for plants, animals, and the genetic informa- surroundings that are historically interesting. The rugged tion which has been crucial to their survival in stressful terrain, cut by many permanent streams may be reached or competitive environments. It would be most short- via 200 km (125 miles) of trails. This Wilderness Study sighted and careless to put this irreplaceable resource Area is prime wildlife habitat with a diverse assemblage in jeopardy by permanently damaging the habitat of any of plant life. sensitive organism. Off -site recreation use may be enjoyed by anyone who Opportunities for scientific research are endless in pris- views the Pinalenos from afar or by anyone who learns of tine communities. While the entire range is well- suited the natural resources available in the area. The present to many types of research, the Goudy Canyon Research visual appeal of these mountains to the people in the Natural Area has been established solely for this rea- surrounding valleys is quite high, with the possible ex- son. The Research Natural Area consists of 227 ha ception of Jacobson Canyon due to the presence of Swift (560 a.), ranging in elevation from 2135 m (7000 ft.) to Trail. The outstanding natural resources of the Pinaleno 2867 m (9400 ft.) on the southwestern side of the range Mountains may also benefit those who never visit or see (Smith, 1974). the mountains. Just as it is reassuring to have a high In June of 1982, the Smithsonian Institute formally re- savings account balance so it is reassuring to be aware of quested that the Coronado National Forest consider Mt. an environmental savings account sufficiently large to Graham for development as an astrophysical research ensure that future generations may enjoy the opportunity site. The area under consideration consists of approx- to experience wild lands. imately 13 km2 (5 mi.2) above an elevation of 2745 m The Mt. Graham Wilderness Study Area is inherently (9000 ft.) (U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1984). They have pro- compatible with undisturbed wildlife habitat, proper wa- posed placing up to 18 telescopes and various support tershed management and the maintenance of high genetic facilities, such as a dormitory, on peaks and ridges. diversity in native populations of plants and animals, and Habitats. The habitats of the Pinaleno Mountains are scientific research. Wildlife particularly sensitive to the within the realm of the Apachian Biotic Province (Dice, disturbance associated with humans include the Apache 1943). Ths province includes the grassy and desert plains Trout (Salmo apache), Mt. Graham Red Squirrel (Tam - and mountains of southeastern Arizona, southwestern iasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis), Mt. Graham Longtail New Mexico, northeastern Sonora, and northwestern Vole (Microtus longicaudus leucophaeus), and the Botte Chihuahua. For the purpose of this discussion, habitat Pocket Gopher (Thomomys bottae grahamensis) refers to the physical conditions associated with a spe- (U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 1976a). cific site or the prevalent type of vegetation which Plants listed as Threatened or Endangered by the U.S. occupies a site. Six habitats: Aquatic /Semi- aquatic Fish and Wildlife Service do not occur in the Pinaleno (wetlands), Isolated Rock Outcrops, Mountain Mountains (U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Meadows, Woodland, Ponderosa Pine Forest, and Mixed Wildlife Service, 1984). The distribution and reproductive Conifer Forest are outlined in the key below. potential of several plant species are sufficiently limited to warrant extreme care in the management of the sites 1. Habitat boundaries sharp; ecotones very narrow ...2 where these taxa occur. These sensitive plant species in- 2. Habitat usually submerged in or saturated with clude: Hedgehog Cactus (Echinocereus ledingii), Fish- water Aquatic /Semi -aquatic hook Cactus (Mammillaria viridiflora), Plummera am- 2. Habitat not or temporarily submerged in or satu- bigens, Enchanter's Nightshade (Circaea alpina ssp. rated with water 3 pacifica), Cinquefoil (Potentilla albiflora), and Indian 3. Canopy open; soils well -developed; plants not Paint Brush (Castilleja cruenta) (U.S.D.A. Forest Service, occupying crevices in rock 1976a). The second collection in Arizona of Parsley Fern Mountain Meadows (Cryptograma acrostichoides) suggests that land man- 3. Canopy open or closed; soils poorly developed; agers take great care not to disturb the sites where this plants occupying crevices in rock taxon occurs. Isolated Rock Outcrop Watersheds are of particular importance in the arid 1. Habitat boundaries not sharp; ecotones broad 4 Southwest. Fortunately, adequate vegetation cover and 4. Canopy open; herbaceous understory well - careful fire management minimize erosion in the developed; trees widely- spaced Woodland Pinaleno Mountains despite the steepness of the terrain. 4. Canopy closed; herbaceous understory poorly Frye Canyon has received special consideration since the developed to absent; trees closely spaced 5 communities of Safford and Thatcher rely on this water- 5. Canopy consisting primarily of Ponderosa Pine shed to provide water to their citizens. This watershed Ponderosa Pine Forest was closed in 1930 to camping, summer homes, resorts, 5. Canopy consisting of a mixture of conifers; and commercial recreation uses by order of R. W. Dunlap, Ponderosa Pine is not the primary constituent then Secretary of Agriculture. Executive order 11990 by Mixed Conifer Forest 162 Desert Plants 8(4) 1988

Aquatic /Semi- aquatic. The truly unique feature of bescens), Crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis), Sedges ( Carex the Pinaleno Mountains is the abundance of permanent spp.), Rushes (Juncus spp., Luzula spp.), Mudwort (Lim - surface water. There are at least seven perennial streams: osella aquatica ), Necklace Weed (Veronica peregrina ssp. Marijilda, Deadman, Frye, Ash, Grant, Moonshine, and exalapensis), Pondweed (Potamogeton pusillus), Bog Post. There are three small impoundments: Riggs Flat Orchid (Platanthera stricta, P. hyperborea), Manna Lake (4.4 ha, 11 acres), Snow Flat (0.4 ha, 1 acre), and Frye grass (Glyceria elata, G. grandis), Short -awn Foxtail Mesa Reservoir (1.6 ha, 4 acres) (U.S.D.A. Forest Service (Alopecurus aequalis) and Corn -lily (Veratrum cali- 1976a). In general, water quality is good except for some fornicum). A few of the riparian species, usually asso- contamination in upper Ash Creek and Riggs Flat Lake ciated with wetlands in the Pinalenos, include: Fremont (U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1976a). There are also a number Cottonwood (Populus fremontii), Bebb Willow (Salix of springs and wet meadows that provide essential hab- bebbiana), Arizona Sycamore (Platanus wrightii), itats for flora and fauna. These Aquatic /Semi- aquatic hab- Arizona Walnut (Juglans major), Thin -leaf Alder (Alnus itats (Figures 3 and 4) are usually submerged or saturated incana ssp. tenuifolia), Poison -ivy (Toxicodendron landscapes that support a flora and fauna that are distinct rydbergii), Red Osier Dogwood (Cornus stolonifera), from immediately adjacent habitats. An unusual feature Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus vitacea) and Canyon of wetlands that traverse a series of communities is the Grape ( Vitis arizonica). mixing of normally distinct taxa, as high elevation spe- Mountain Meadows. The only true grassland com- cies may become established at exceptionally low alti- munities to occur in the study area are mountain mead- tudes. While the diversity of aquatic and semi -aquatic ows, or parks, between 2440 m (8,000 ft.) and 3050 m taxa is normally low, the diversity of associated species (10,000 ft.) elevation. This habitat is currently protected (riparian) is often very high, though the number of domi- from livestock grazing, though severe damage is possible nant taxa remains low (Brown, 1982). The frequency of from careless recreation use. While some of these hab- disturbance (floods, waves, inundation, or exposure) in itats are saturated with water, most support terrestrial these habitats may explain these observations. vegetation. The importance of this habitat to wildlife The high interest in wetlands has not resulted in a cannot be overstated. Information regarding aeration of satisfactory classification of these habitats. Correll and soils in these meadows is contradictory, yet this aspect of Correll (1975) duplicate an outline provided by Herbert L. the meadow certainly influences the rate of invasion by Mason. This qualitative outline should form the basis for woody plants (Brown, 1982; Martin and Fletcher, 1943). schemes. Brown (1982) discusses Following the classification of Brown and Lowe (1974), wetlands and explains some of the difficulties associated the mountain meadows in the Pinaleno Mountains would with their classification. Brown and Lowe ( 1974) classify be classified as follows: some types of marshland, yet their treatment is too brief. 352. Temperate Grassland Based upon a synthesis of these works, a classification 352.1 Mountane Grassland (Mountain Meadow) scheme for the Aquatic /Semi- aquatic habitats of the 352.12 Forb -grass Communities Pinaleno Mountains follows: Many taxa occupy this habitat, including Bluebells (Mertensia franciscana) , Bell Flower (Campanula rotun- 370. Freshwater Wetlands. difolia), Yarrow (Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa), 371. Water standing Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), Peavine 371.1 Water permanent (Lathyrus lanzuerttii var. arizonicus), Vetch (Vicia

371.11 Cold temperate pond or lake .. . pulchella, V. americana var. minor), Knotweed (Poly - e g. Riggs Flat Lake gonum bistortoides var. oblongifolium) , Shooting Star 371.12 Warm temperate pond or lake (Dodecatheon pulchellum), Common Plantain (Plantago e g. Frye Mesa Reservoir major), Blue Flax (Linum lewisii), Hairy Dropseed

372. Water flowing (Blepharoneuron tricholepis), Arizona Fescue ( Festuca ar-

372.1 Water permanent; wet riparian izonica), Velvet Grass (Holcus lanatus ) and Annual Blue- e g. Ash Creek grass (Poa annua ). 372.2 Water temporary (seasonal), wet /dry Isolated Rock Outcrops. Isolated rock outcrops oc- riparian e g. Tripp Canyon cur throughout the study area. The species diversity of 373. Saturated soil adjacent to standing or flowing vascular flora is low, perhaps resulting from the stressful water. conditions associated with poor soil development and 373.1 Canopy mostly open poor water relations. Relatively little is known, regarding 373.11 Wet Meadows the morphology, physiology and reproductive biology as- e g. High Peak Cienega sociated with plants that consistently occupy rock out- 373.12 Lakeside e g. Snow Flat crops. These habitats are rarely classified, considering 373.2 Canopy mostly closed. their small area and low economic value. Yet, even flo- 373.21 Springs e g. Trap Spring ristically inconspicuous habitats deserve some mention. 373.22 Streamside ... e.g. Frye Creek Following the numerical system of Brown and Lowe (1974), these habitats in the Pinaleno Mountains might be A number of aquatic /semi- aquatic taxa inhabit the Pinaleno Mountains including: Water Starwort (Call - Continued on itriche heterophylla ), Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum exal- page 175 Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 175

Continued from Table 2. Taxonomic Composition of the Flora. page 162 Division /Class Families Genera Species Subspecific classified as follows: Equisetophyta 1 1 2 0 380. Isolated Rock Outcrops (Cliffs) Polypodiophyta 5 9 10 0 381. Igneous Rocks Pinophyta 3 6 13 0 381.1 Cold Temperate Magnoliophyta 86 290 420 4 381.2 Warm Temperate Magnoliopsida 77 236 336 3 The taxa that regularly occupy these habitats are few. Liliopsida 9 54 84 1 In the Pinaleno Mountains they include: Maidenhair Totals 95 306 445 4 Spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), Parsley Fern (Cryp- tograma acrostichoides), Hedgehog Cactus (Echinocereus broad elevation range over which Ponderosa Pine may triglochidiatus var. neomexicanus), Alum Root occur, from 1830 m (6,000 ft.) to 2745 m (9,000 ft.). The

(Heuchera versicolor) and Bedstraw (Galium fendleri) . extremely steep slopes that typically occur at these eleva- Woodland. Depending upon the author and his classi- tions limit the development of this habitat in the fication scheme, this habitat may be referred to by a vari- Pinalenos (Shreve, 1919). When this habitat does occur, it ety of names, such as: Savanna (Martin, 1963), Madrean is often difficult to determine its bounds (Sawyer & Evergreen Woodland (Brown, 1982), Oak -fringe Pine Vege- Kinraide, 1980). The classification of this habitat is not as tation Type (U.S.D.A., Forest Service, 1976a), Encinal Life complex as that of the woodland habitat. Yet, Ponderosa Belt (Dice, 1943; Shreve, 1919), Upper Austral Zone (Mer- Pine Forest in southeastern Arizona is much more com- riam in Daubenmire, 1938), Woodland Formation (Brown plicated than in the northern Rocky Mountains, due to and Lowe, 1974), Upper Sonoran Zone (U.S.D.A., Forest the kinds of associated conifers and due to the taxonomic Service, 1983), Woodland Biotic Community (Lowe, 1961) variability of Ponderosa Pine (Layser and Schubert, 1979). and Evergreen Needle -leaved Subformation (Layser and This habitat is a Transition Life Zone between the Schubert, 1979). The woodland habitat in the Pinaleno Sonoran Zone and the Canadian Zone (Lowe, 1961). Fol- Mountains is characterized by widely separated trees, pri- lowing the classification of Brown and Lowe (1974), the marily junipers. This habitat occurs at the base of the Ponderosa Pine habitat in the Pinalenos is classified Pinalenos at approximately 1220 m (4,000 ft.) upward ir- as follows: regularly to 2135 m (7,000 ft.), depending on slope and 320. Forest Formation topography. Precipitation may vary by as much as ten 322. Temperate Forest inches over this elevation range (Shreve, 1919). Soil 322.1 Montane Conifer Forest groups may vary as well. Martin and Fletcher (1943) listed 322.12 Pine Communities Gray -brown Podzolic soils at the upper elevations and The soils associated with this habitat are occasionally Shantung Brown soils at the lower elevations. As the ele- shallow, Gray -brown Podzolic (Martin and Fletcher, vation increases through this habitat, the density of ac- 1943). The precipitation values presented by Shreve (1919) cessory species (Oaks, Yucca, Manzanita, Pinyon Pine) suggest that this habitat receives a greater amount of also increases. This habitat supports extended utilization summer precipitation than any other habitat in the by livestock and wildlife, but not by recreationists. Fol- Pinalenos. The Ponderosa Pine Forest, and the Mixed lowing the classification of Brown and Lowe (1974), as Conifer Forest, are among the most valuable natural re- modified by Layser and Schubert (1979), the woodland sources in the regions where they occur. These habitats habitat in the Pinaleno Mountains would be classified are important for wildlife, watershed, recreation, wilder- as follows: ness, timber and occasionally grazing. 330. Woodland Formation A number of taxa may occur in the Ponderosa Pine 332. Temperate Woodland habitat, including: Common Horsetail (Equisetum ar- 332.1 Evergreen Needle -leaved vense), Fragile Bladder Fern (Cystopteris fragilis), Western 332.11 Juniper Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum), Bromegrass (Bro- 332.12 Juniper /Oak mus marginatus), Bulb Panicum (Panicum bulbosum), The taxa that occur in this habitat include: Tangle Mutton Grass (Poa fendleriana) , Shinleaf (Pyrola picta), Head (Heteropogon contortus) , Slender Hairgrass (De- Mexican Campion (Silene laciniata), Pine Drops schampsia elongata), Three -awn (Aristida hamulosa), (Pterospora andromeda), Buck Brush (Ceanothus Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa), Blue Curls (Tri- fendleri), Locust (Robinia neomexicana), Mountain Lover chostema arizonica), Desert Wind Flower (Anemone tu- (Pachystima myrsinites), Ponderosa Pine (Pinus pon- berosa) , Cane Cholla (Opuntia spinosior), Fishhook Cac- derosa var. arizonica), Rocky Mountain Douglas -fir tus (Mammillaria viridiflora), Hedgehog Cactus (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) and Alligator Juniper (Echinocereus ledingii) , Squaw Bush (Rhus trilobata var. (Juniperus deppeana var. pachyphlaea). pilosissima), Mexican Manzanita (Arctostaphylos Mixed Conifer Forest. This habitat extends from pungens), Silk Tassel (Garrya wrightii), Juniper (Juniperus the Ponderosa Pine Forest through the Spruce /Fir Forest erythrocarpa), Emory Oak (Quercus emoryi) and White at the summit of Mt. Graham. The elevation range is Thorn (Acacia constricta). approximately 2280 m (7,500 ft.) to 3270 m (10,720 ft.). Ponderosa Pina Forest. This habitat is not par- The most detailed vegetation surveys conducted in the ticularly well developed in the Pinalenos, despite the Pinalenos were by Whittaker and Niering (1965). They 176 Desert Plants 8(4) 1988 examined the vegetation from 2745 m (9,000 ft.) to the summit of Mt. Graham. They described a very low species diversity and a sparse herbaceous ground cover. They listed the following dominant trees as they occured along a moisture gradient: Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca, Pinus strobiformis and Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica. The most dominant life form they recorded was that of the hemicryptophyte, a plant with buds near ground level. The soils of this habitat vary little from those of the Ponderosa Pine For- est. Summer precipitation apparently drops slightly between 2135 m (7,000 ft.) and 2745 m (9,000 ft.) in elevation, a pattern not observed in the Santa Catalina Mountains (Shreve 1919). Shreve (1919) was unable to gather precipitation data for elevations above 9,000 feet. The classification of this habitat has been thoroughly worked by Moir and Ludwig (1979), and Brown (1982). Moir and Ludwig described nine habitat types within the Mixed Conifer Forests and Spruce /Fir Forests in the Pinalenos including: 1) Picea engelmannii -Moss, 2) Abies lasiocarpa - Vaccinium scoparium, 3) Abies concolor- Pseudotsuga menziesii /Acer glabrum, 4) Abies concolor- Pseudotsuga menziesii, 5) Abies concolor -Acer grandidentatum, 6) Pseudotsuga menziesii -Pinus strobiformis/ Muhlenbergia virescens, 7) Picea engelmannii -Carex foenea, 8) Abies concolor -Carex foenea, and 9) Pseudot- suga menziesii -Quercus hypoleucoides. The last three are of limited occurrence (Moir and Ludwig 1979). Brown and Lowe (1974) classify the mixed conifer forests in the Pinalenos as follows: 320. Forest Formation 321. Boreal Forest In Mixed Conifer Forest: Cow Parsnip (Heracleum 321.1 Subalpine Conifer Forest lanatum). 321.12 Spruce- Alpine Fir Communities osoideae, Caesalpinioideae, and Papilionoideae. The re- Temperate Forest 322. mainder of the list is arranged alphabetically. The 322.1 Montane Conifer Forest. taxonomic composition of the flora is presented in Table 322.11 Douglas fir -White fir Communities 2. The five largest families are: Compositae (59 species), The following taxa were collected from the mixed con- Gramineae (46 species), Leguminosae (30 species), ifer forest in the Pinalenos: Slender Wheat Grass Rosaceae (19 species and 1 variety), and Scrophulariaceae (Agropyron trachycaulum), Blue Wild Rye (Elymus (15 species). Nomenclature primarily follows Kearney et glaucus), Seneca Grass (Hierochloe odorata) , Onion al. (1960). In order to bring the nomenclature up to date, (Allium biseptrum var. palmeri), Shooting -star the following sources were consulted where pertinent: (Dodecatheon dentatum) , Fire Weed (Epilobium an- Lehr (1978), Lehr and Pinkava (1980, 1982), and Cronquist gustifolium ssp. circumvagum), Cliff Bush (jamesia et al. (1966). Nomenclature for Agavaceae and Cactaceae americana), Orange Gooseberry (Ribes pinetorum), Snow - follows Gentry (1982) and Benson (1982) respectively. berry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus), White Fir (Abies con - The annotations for each taxon include the complete color), Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii), and Rocky scientific name; important synonymy; common name(s); Mountain Maple (Acer glabrum var. neomexicanurn ). and location, the site from which a collection was made. The frequency of each taxon is numerically represented Annotated Flora as either 1 (frequent), commonly encountered in the habitat listed; '/2 (infrequent), scattered throughout the hab- of the Pinaleno Mountains, itat listed; or 0 (rare), not likely to be found despite a Graham County, Arizona diligent search. The habitat, dominant vegetation or spe- The known vascular flora of the Pinaleno Mountains cific environmental conditions associated with the site consists of 442 taxa, including 4 taxa of subspecific rank where the taxon was collected, is represented alpha- and 438 species in 304 genera and 93 families. The flora is betically as either A, Aquatic or Semi -aquatic; CF, Mixed arranged phylogenetically by division: Equisetophyta, Conifer Forest; MM, Mountain Meadow; PF, Ponderosa Polypodiophyta, Pinophyta and Magnoliophyta; by Pine Forest; ROC, Isolated Rock Outcrops; or W, Wood- classes within the Magnoliophyta: Magnoliopsida, Liliop- land. A description of each habitat may be found in the sida; and by subfamilies within the Leguminosae: Mim- section on habitat. The elevation of a collection is given In Mixed Conifer Forest: White Fir (Abies concolor). In Mixed Conifer Forest: Rocky Mountain Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca). in meters (feet) above mean sea level and the flowering period for each taxon in the Magnoliophyta is listed in months. The lifeform of each taxon is represented alphabetically as either a/s herb, aquatic /semi- aquatic herb; e herb, epiphytic herb; f, succulent; p herb, parasitic herb; s, shrub; t, tree; t herb, terrestrial herb; and v, vine. This is a classification scheme reflecting adaptations of phylogenetically unrelated plants to various environmental conditions in the Pinaleno Mountains. More than one life -form may be listed for each taxon, when applicable. Each collection is cited with a number. Letters preced- ing a collection number represent the following collectors whose specimens are in the Herbarium at ASU or at the BLM Office in Safford: C = Dennis Clark (ASU), K = David J. Keil (ASU), L = Elinor Lehto (ASU), M = Richard J. Moore (ASU), Mc = Lyle A. McGill (ASU), P = Donald J. Pinkava (ASU), SB = Steve Bingham (BLM). When a collec- tor is cited only once, his entire name is presented. This is the case with a few collections from the BLM office in Safford. Unlettered citations are my collections. EQUISETOPHYTA EQUISETACEAE Horesetail Family Equisetum arvense L. COMMON HORSETAIL. Wet Canyon; 1/2; PF; 1830(6000); t herb. 11472. Equisetum hiemale L. var. affine (Engelm.) A.A. Eaton (E. prealtum Raf.). SCOURING -RUSH. Grant Creek; 1/2; PF; 1952(6400); t herb. 11109. POLYPODIOPHYTA ADIANTACEAE Mixed Conifer Forest at the summit of Heliograph Peak. Cheilanthes wootoni Maxon. BEADED LIP FERN. Jacobson 178 Desert Plants 8(4) 1988

Canyon; PF; 1830(6000); t herb. P. K. C. L. 12911b. 2623(8600); t, evergreen. 1136. Cryptograma acrostichoides R. Brown (C. crispa var. acrostichoides (R. Brown) Clarke). PARSLEY FERN; AMERICAN MAGNOLIOPHYTA ROCK -BRAKE. Mt. Graham; O; ROC; 2928(9600); t herb. 11222. MAGNOLIOPSIDA Apparently the second collection in Arizona. Pellaea ternifolia (Cay.) Link var. wrightiana (Hook.) A.F. ACANTHACEAE Acanthus Family Tryon (p. wrightiana Hook.). CLIFF BRAKE. Frye Mesa Reservoir; Anisacanthus thurberi (Torr.) Gray. DESERT -HONEYSUCKLE. ' /2; W; 1524(5000); t herb. 11543. Grant Creek; 1/2; W; 1586(5200); March -Oct.; s. 11127. Pellaea truncata Goodding (P. longimucronata Hook.). CLIFF BRAKE. Trap Spring; 1/2; W; 2013(6000); t herb. 1120. ACERACEAE Maple Family Acer glabrum Torr. var. neomexicanum (Greene) K. & P. ASPLENIACEAE ROCKY MOUNTAIN MAPLE. Mt. Graham; 1/2; CR; 2745(9000); May - Asplenium trichomanes L. MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT. Mt. June; t, deciduous. 11133. Graham; V2; ROC; 2928(9600); t herb. 11215. Acer grandidentatum Nutt. var. grandidentatum. BIG Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. fragilis. FRAGILE BLAD- TOOTH MAPLE. Wet Canyon; PF; 1860(6100); May; t, deciduous. DER FERN. Goudy Canyon; '/2; PF; 2684(8800); t herb. 11250. M.P.L. 6354. Dryopteris filix -mas (L.) Schott. MALE FERN. Grant Creek; '/2; Acer negundo L. var. interius (Britt.) Sarg. BOX ELDER. Mt. PF; 2074(6800); t herb. 11228. Graham; 1/2; CF; 2776(9100); April-May; t, deciduous. 11407. BLECHNACEAE AMARANTHACEAE Amaranth Family FERN. Woodwardia fimbriata J.E. Smith. GIANT CHAIN Ash Amaranthus hybridus L. SPLEEN AMARANTH. Turkey Flat; 1/2; Creek; W; 1525(5000); t herb. SB 1490. PF; 2135 (7000); June -Aug.; t herb. 11519. DENNSTAEDIACEAE Gomphrena caespitosa Ton. BALL -CLOVER. Grant Creek; ' /2; W; 1616 (5300); June -Aug.; t herb. 11119. Pteridium aquilin' um (L.) Kuhn var. pubescens Underw. WEST- ERN BRACKEN FERN. Webb Peak; 1; PF; 2593(8500); t herb. 11245. ANACARDIACEAE Sumac Family MARSILEACEAE Water Clover Family Rhus trilobata Nutt. var. pilosissima Engler. SQUAW BUSH. Grant Creek; 'h; W; 1708(5600); March -June (Aug.); s. 11114. Marsilea Mollis Robinson & Fernald. WATER CLOVER. West Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene (Rhus rad - Peak; A; a/s herb. W. L. Minckley s.n. New name for Arizona, icans L. var. rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Rheder). POISON -IVY. Wet though not a new taxon. M. vestita Hook. & Grey. (M. mucro- Canyon; W; 1525(5000); April- Sept.; s. Daniel O'Connor 33. nato A. Br.) has been misapplied to this taxon. APOCYNACEAE Dogbane Family PINOPHYTA Apocynum androsaemifolium L. SPREADING DOGBANE. Ar- CUPRESSACEAE Cypress Family cadia Campground; PF; 2044(6700); June -Aug.; t herb. SB 1550. Juniperus deppeana Steud. var. pachyphlaea (Torr.) Mar- Macrosiphonia brachysiphon (Torr.) Gray. ROCK TRUMPET. W; 1525(5000); Sept.; t 1648. tinez. ALLIGATOR JUNIPER. Shake Spring Trail; '/2; PF; 2135(7000); Marijilda Canyon; July- herb. SB t, evergreen. 1115. ARALIACEAE Juniperus Cory. Jacobson Canyon; 1; W; erythrocarpa Aralia racemosa L. AMERICAN SPIKENARD. Twilight Canyon; 1220(4000); t, evergreen. M.P.L. 6374. PF; 2195 (7200); July -Aug.; S. T. Reeves 3889. EPHEDRACEAE Joint -fir Family ASCLEPIADACEAE Milkweed Family Ephedra A. Nels. JOINT -FIR. Tripp Canyon; '/2; W; fasiculata Asclepias asperula (Decne.) Woodson ssp. capricornu (Wood- 1220 (4000); s. 11446. son) Woodson (A. capricornu Woodson). ANTELOPE -HORNS. Shake Ephedra Ton. LONG-LEAVED JOINT-FIR. Tripp Canyon; trifurca Spring Trail; 'h; PF; 2044(6700); April -Aug.; t herb. 1126. '/2; W; 1220(4000); s. 11447 . Asclepias quinquedentata Gray. MILKWEED. Mt. Graham; '/2; PINACEAE Pine Family PF; 2135(7000); June- Aug.; t herb. 11295. L. ssp. Woodson. BUTTERFLY Abies concolor (Gordon and Glendinning) Hoopes. WHITE FIR. Asclepias tuberosa interior WEED. Creek; 'h; W; 1856(5200); Sept.; t herb. 11132. Mt. Graham; 1; CF; 2745(9000); t, evergreen. 11265. Grant May- Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. var. arizonica (Merriam) Lem - BERBERIDACEAE Barberry Family mon. CORKBARK FIR. (Niering and Lowe, 1984). Berberis repens Lindl. CREEPING BARBERRY. Frye Canyon; PF; Picea engelmannii Parry. ENGELMANN SPRUCE. Mt. Graham; 1; 1982 (6500); April -June; s. SB 1587. CF; 2806(9200); t, evergreen. 11263. Pinus discolor Bailey and Hawksworth (P. cembroides Zucc. BETULACEAE Birch Family var. bicolor Little). BORDER PINYON. Grant Creek; '/2; W; Alnus incana (L.) Moench ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung (A. 1769(5800); t, evergreen. 11105. tenuifolia Nutt.). THIN-LEAF ALDER. Webb Peak; '/2; CF; 2745 Pinus flexilis James. LIMBER PINE. Merrill Peak; '/2; CF; 2745 (9000); July-Aug.; t, deciduous. 11279. (9000); t, evergreen. 1149. Pinus leiophylla Schiede and Deppe var. chihuahana (En- BORAGINACEAE Borage Family gelm.) Shaw. CHIHUAHUA PINE. Jacobson Canyon; PF; 1830(6000; Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Meyer. COAST FIDDLENECK. t, evergreen. SB 1794. Stockton Pass; '/2; W; 1680(5500); April -May; t herb. 11563. Pinus ponderosa Lawson var. arizonica (Engelm.) Shaw (P. Cryptantha muricata (H. & A.) Nels. & Macbr. var. den - arizonica Engelm.). ARIZONA PINE; PONDEROSA PINE. Mt. ticulata (Greene) Jeps. Tripp Canyon; 'h; W; 1220(4000); April - Graham; 1; PF; 2623(8600); t, evergreen. 1137. May; t herb. 11369.

Pinus strobiformis Engelm. SOUTHWESTERN WHITE PINE. Frye Lappula redowskii ( Homem.) Greene var. cupulatum (Gray) Canyon; '/2; PF; 2318(7600); t, evergreen. 11308. Jones (L. texana (Scheele) Britt. var. coronata (Greene) Nels. & Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Macbr.). STICKSEED. West Peak; '/2; PF; 2623(8600); April -June; Franco. ROCKY MOUNTAIN DOUGLAS-FIR. Goudy Canyon; 1; PF; t herb. 11441. Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 179

Lithospermum cobrense Greene. GROMWELL. Mt. Graham; ' /2; CF; 2623 (8600); July-Aug.; t herb. 11296. Mertensia franciscana Heller. BLUEBELLS. Soldier Creek; ' /2; MM; 2745(9000); July- Sept.; t herb. 11183. Plagiobothrys tenellus (Nutt.) Gray. Marijilda Canyon; W; 1525 (5000); March -May; t herb. SB 1168. CACTACEAE Cactus Family Echinocereus fasiculatus (Engelm.) L. Benson var. fasiculatus (E. fendleri Engelm. var. robustus L. Benson and Mammillaria fasiculata Engelm.). HEDGEHOG CACTUS. Tripp Canyon; 1/2; W; 1220(4000); March; f. 11531. Echinocereus ledingii Peebles. HEDGEHOG CACTUS. Jacobson Canyon; 1/2; W; 1220(4000); May; f. P.K.L. 10204, 129068. Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm. var. neomexicanus (Standl.) Standl. ex W. T. Marshall (E. triglochidiatus Engelm. var. polycanthus (Engelm.) L. Benson). HEDGEHOG CAC- TUS. Shake Spring Trail; '/2; ROC; 2440(8000); June; f. 1147. Ferocactus wislizenii (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose. BARREL

CACTUS. Jacobson Canyon; ' /2; W; 1525(5000); July- Sept.; f. 11511. Mammillaria heyderi Muehlenfordt var. macdougalii L. Benson (M. gummifera Engelm. var. macdougalii (Rose) L. Ben- son and M. macdougalii Rose). Tripp Canyon; ' /2; W; 1220(4000); March -April; f. 11532. Mammillaria viridiflora (Britt. & Rose) Bodeker (incl. M. orestera L. Benson). FISHHOOK CACTUS. Tripp Canyon; 'h; W; 1220(4000); April; f. 11533. Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. var. discata (Griffiths) Ben- son and Walkington. ENGELMANN PRICKLY-PEAR. Grant Creek; '/2; W; 1647(5400); April -June; f. 11379. Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. var. major Engelm. PRICKLY-PEAR. Tripp Canyon; '/2; W; 1586(5200); April -June; f. 11379. Opuntia spinosior (Engelm.) Tourney. CANE CHOLLA. Tripp Canyon; /2;' W; 1586(5200); May -June; f. 11382. Water Starwort (Callitriche heterophylla). CALLITRICHACEAE Water Starwort Family Callitriche heterophylla PUIsh. WATER STARWORT. Snow Cerastium sordidum Robins. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Flat; 1/2; A; 2684(8800); July- Sept.; a/s herb. 11462. Mt. Graham; MM; 2865 (9400); July-Aug.; t herb. T. Reeves CAMPANULACEAE Bellflower Family 3901. Campanula rotundifolia L. BELL FLOWER. Mt. Graham; '/2; Cerastium texanum Britt. MOUSE -EAR CHICKWEED. Webb MM; 2989(9800); June- Sept.; t herb. 11237. Peak; 'h; CF; 2806(9200); May -June; t herb. 11350. Lobelia cardinalis L. ssp. graminea (Lam.) McVaugh. Pseudostellaria jamesiana (Torr.) Weber & Hartman CARDINAL FLOWER. Deadman Canyon; W; 1525(5000); June -Oct.; (Stellaria jamesiana Torr.). STARWORT. Snow Flat; '/2; MM; t herb. SB 1681. 2684(8800); July-Aug.; t herb. 11454. Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. VENUS LOOKING GLASS. Frye Silene laciniata Cay. ssp. greggii (Gray) Hitchc. & Maguire. Mesa Reservoir; '/2; W; 1525(5000); May -Aug.; t herb. 11552. MEXICAN CAMPION. Mt. Graham; 1; PF; 2623(8600); July-Oct.; t herb. 11226. CANNABINACEAE Marijuana Family Silene scouleri Hook. ssp. pringlei (Wats.) Hitchc. & Humulus lupulus L. var. lupuloides E. Small. HOP. Frye Can- Maguire var. pringlei. CATCHFLY CAMPION. Mt. Graham; 1/2; yon; PF; 1982(6500); May -Aug.; t herb. SB 1579. MM; 2989(9800); July- Sept.; t herb. 11362. Stellaria nitens Nutt. CHICKWEED. Tripp Canyon; '/2; W; CAPRIFOLIACEAE Honeysuckle Family 1220(4000); Feb.- March; t herb. 11373. Lonicera arizonica Rehd. ARIZONA HONEYSUCKLE. Mt. Graham; 'h; CF; 2776(9100); June -July; s. 11143. CELASTRACEAE Bitter -sweet Family Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks. BEARBERRY Canotia holacantha Torr. CRUCIFIXION THORN. Tripp Canyon; HONEYSUCKLE. Mt. Graham; '/2; CF; 2684(8800); June -July; V2; W; 1220(4000); May -Aug.; t, evergreen. 11429. s. 11172. Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. MOUNTAIN LOVER; Sambucus glauca Nutt. BLUEBERRY ELDER. Mt. Graham; '/2; OREGON BOXWOOD. Goudy Canyon; ' /2; PF; 2684(8800); May - CF; 2684 (8800); July -Aug.; s. 11311. July; s. 1168. Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray. SNOWBERRY. Mt. Graham; '/2; CF; 2989 (9800); May -Aug; s. 11238. CHENOPODIACEAE Goose -foot Family Atriplex canescens (PUIsh) Nutt. FOUR-WING SALTBUSH. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Pink Family Tripp Canyon; 1/2; W; 1220(4000); July-Aug.; s. 11443. Arenaria lanuginosa ( Michx.) Rohrb. ssp. saxosa (A. Gray) Chenopodium fremontii Wats. var. fremontii. West Peak; Maguire (Sergulastrum lanuginosum Michx. ssp. saxosum (A. 1/2; PF; 2500 (8200); July-Aug.; t herb. 11349. Gray) Weber). SANDWORT. Webb Peak; 1; CF; 3050(10000); July - Chenopodium graveolens Willd. var. neomexicanum Sept.; t herb. 11358. ( Aellen) Aellen. GOOSE -FOOT. West Peak; '/2; PF; 2500(8200); Barrel Cactus (Ferocactus wislizenii).

Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens). Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 181

July -Aug.; t herb. 11419. Eupatorium pauperculum Gray. THOROUGHWORT. Frye Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller var. elatum Mesa; W; 1525(5000); March-May; t herb. Robert Wright 32. Crawford. GOOSE -FOOT. West Peak; 1/2; PF; 2500(8200); July- Euryops multifidus (L.f.) DC. Frye Mesa; 1/2; W; 1525(5000); Aug.; t herb. 11420. s. 11566. Gnaphalium wrightii Gray. CUDWEED. Jacobson Canyon; W; COMPOSITAE Sunflower Family 1676(5500); May-Oct.; t herb. L. Mc. L20591A. Achillea millefolium L. var. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper (A. lan- Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) Gray (incl. G. linoides ulosa Nutt.). YARROW. Mt. Graham; 1/2; MM; 2745(9000); June - Greene and G. lucida Greene). THREE -LEAF SNAKEWEED. Jacobson July; t herb. 11203. Cayon; '/2; W; 1525(5000); June -Oct.; t herb. 11512. '/2; Agoseris glauca ( Pursh) D. Dietr. var. parviflora (Nutt.) Helianthella quinquenervis (Hook.) Gray. Mt. Graham; Rydb. MOUNTAIN-DANDELION. Snow Flat; ' /2; MM; 2684(8800); CF; 2806 (9200); July-Oct.; t herb. 11214. May -Oct.; t herb. 11455. Heterotheca psammophila Wagenkn. (H. subaxillaris (Lam.) Ambrosia confertiflora DC. (Franseria confertiflora (DC.) Britt. & Rusby sensu K. & P.). CAMPHOR WEED. Jacobson Canyon; Rydb.). SLIMLEAF BURSAGE. Deadman Canyon; W; 1678(5500); '/2; W; 1525(5000); March-Nov.; t herb. 11515. April -Oct.; t herb. SB10000. Hieracium fendleri Schultz Bip. var. fendleri. HAWKWEED. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Gray. PEARLY EVERLASTING. Webb Peak; 'h; CF; 2745(9000); May -Aug.; t herb. 1156. Mt. Graham; '/2; CF; 2684(8800); July -Oct.; t herb. 11270. Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. var. lugens (Greene) Jeps. Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. PUSSY -TOES. Mt. Graham; ' /z; CF; Ash Creek; W; 1676(5500); May -July; t herb. SB1493. 3050 (10000); July- Sept.; t herb. 11248. Lactuca graminifolia Michx. LETTUCE. Mt. Graham; '/2; PF; Artemisia dracunculus L. (A. dracunculoides Pursh and its 2623(8600); May -Oct.; t herb. 11163. var. dracunulina (Wats.) Blake). SAGEBRUSH. Webb Peak; V2; PF; Machaeranthera gracilis (Nutt.) Shinners (Haplopappus gra- 2654(8700); July -Nov.; t herb. 11460. cilis (Nutt.) Gray). Tripp Canyon; W; 1676(5500); Feb. -Nov.; Baccharis pteronioides DC. YERBA DE PASMO. Stockton Pass; t herb. SB 3041. 1/2; W; 1680(5500); May -June; s. 11553. Machaeranthera tephrodes (Gray) Greene (Aster tephrodes Baccharis salicifolia (R. & P.) Pers. (B. glutinosa Pers.) SEEP (Gray) Blake). Gibson Canyon; PF; 2135(7000); March -Oct.; WILLOW. Stockton Pass; 1/2; W; 1680(5500); March -May; s. 11551. t herb. SB 1961. Baccharis sarathroides Gray. DESERT BROOM. Grant Creek; Malacothrix clevelandi Gray. CLEVELAND YELLOW SAUCERS. 1/2; W; 1586(5200); Oct. -Nov.; s. 1196. Wet Canyon; PF; 1830(6000); March-May; t herb. P.K.C.L. 13001. Bahia dissecta (Gray) Britt. YELLOW RAGWEED. Mt. Graham; Pectis longipes Gray. Mt. Graham; 1586(5200); April- Sept.; 'h; PF; 2684(8800); Aug. -Oct.; t herb. 11155. t herb. SB 1332. Brickellia fendleri Gray. West Peak; 1/2; PF; 2135(7000); Aug. - Perityle lemmoni (Gray) MacBride (Laphamia lemmonii Gray Sept.; s. 11437. and L. dissecta Torr. sensu DAISY. Jacobson Can- Brickellia rusbyi Gray. Clark Peak; 'h; CF; 2745(9000); Aug. - yon; PF; 1982(6500); May -Oct.; t herb. SB 1823. Oct.; s. 11494. Plummera ambigens Blake. Grant Creek; 'h; W; 1586(5200); Carphochaete bigelovii Gray. BRISTLEHEAD. Frye Mesa Reser- July -Oct.; t herb. 11102. voir; 'h; W; 1525(5000); March-July; s. 11546. Psilostrophe cooperi (Gray) Greene. PAPER FLOWER. Tripp Cirsium calcareum (M. E. Jones) Woot. & Standl. (C. bipin- Canyon; 1/2; W; 1220(4000); April -Oct.; s. 11444. natum (Eastw.) Rydb.). THISTLE. Turkey Flat; 1/2; PF; 2135(7000); Rudbeckia laciniata L. CONEFLOWER; BROWN -EYED SUSAN. June -Aug.; t herb. 11528. Wet Canyon; ' /2; PF; 1830(6000); July- Sept.; t herb. 11473. Cirsium neomexicanum Gray. THISTLE. Shake Spring Trail; Senecio bigelovii Gray var. bigelovii (Ligularia bigelovii 1/2; W; 2013(6600); March -Sept.; t herb. 1118. (Gray) Weber). GROUNDSEL. Webb Peak; ' /2; CF; 3050(10000); Cirsium parryi (Gray) Petrak. THISTLE. West Peak; 1/2; PF; July- Sept.; t herb. 11482. 2135(7000); July- Sept.; t herb. 11440. Senecio neomexicanus Gray (Packera neomexicana (Gray) Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. (Erigeron canadensis L.). Weber and Love). Shake Spring Trail; 1/2; PF; 2440(8000); July- HORSEWEED. West Peak; '/2; PF; 2135(7000); June -Aug.; t herb. Aug.; t herb. 11103. 11436. Senecio parryi Gray. MOUNTAIN GROUNDSEL. West Peak; '/2; Conyza schiedeana (Less.) Cronq. (Erigeron schiedeanus W; 1525 (5000); July- Sept.; t herb. 11431. Less.). West peak; 1/2; PF; 2135(7000); July -Aug.; t herb. 11435. Senecio wootonii Greene. GROUNDSEL. Hagens Point; 'h; CF; Dugaldia hoopesii (Gray) Rydb. (Helenium hoopesii Gray). 2745(9000); May- Sept.; t herb. 11185. SNEEZEWEED. Mt. Graham; 'h; CF; 2928(9600); July-Aug.; t herb. Solidago missouriensis Nutt. var. missouriensis. Arcadia 11219. Camp; 'h; PF; 2044(6700); June -Aug.; t herb. 11507. Erigeron concinnus (H. & A.) Torr. and Gray var. concinnus. Solidago wrightii Gray var. adenophora Blake. GOLDENROD. Shake Spring Trail; 1/2; PF; 2318(7600); April -Oct.; t herb. 1113. Webb Peak; 'h; CF; 2928(9600); Aug.-Nov.; t herb. 11353. Erigeron concinnus (H. & A.) Torr. and Gray var. conden- Stevia serrate Cay. var. haplopappa Robins. Riggs Flat Lake; satus D.C. Eaton. TIDY FLEABANE. Tripp Canyon; 1/2; W; CF; 2745(9000); July-Oct.; t herb. SB 1609. 1525(5000); April -Oct.; t herb. 11376. Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) OC. RED-SEEDED DANDELION. Erigeron divergens Torr. and Gray. SPREADING FLEABANE. Mt. Graham; 'h; CF; 2684(8800); March-Aug.; t herb. 11168. West Peak; 1/2; PF; 2440(8000); Feb. -Oct.; t herb. 11121. Taraxacum officinale Weber. COMMON DANDELION. Goudy Erigeron flagellaris Gray. RUNNING FLEABANE. Mt. Graham; Canyon; 1/2; MM; 2745(9000); April- Sept.; t herb. 1155. 1/2; CF; 2928(9600); April- Sept.; t herb. 11218. Tragopogon dubius Scop. GOATS BEARD. Mt. Graham; 'h; Erigeron macranthus Nutt. FLEABANE. Turkey Flat; '/2; PF; MM; 2745(9000); July- Sept.; t herb. 11205. 2257(7400); July -Oct.; t herb. 11505. Trixis californica Kellogg. Grant Creek; 1/2; W; 1586(5200); Erigeron oreophilus Greenm. FLEABANE. Mt. Graham; '/2; PF; March -Oct.; s. 11126. 2684(8800); May -Oct.; t herb. 11162. Viguiera longifolia (Robins. & Greenm.) Blake. GOLDEN -EYE. Erigeron platyphyllus Greene. FLEABANE. Mt. Graham V2; Clark Peak; 1/2; CF; 2745(9000); July -Oct.; t herb. 11490. MM; 2689(9800); July-Oct.; t herb. 11240. Viguiera multiflora (Nutt.) Blake. var. multiflora. Erigeron pringlei Greene. FLEABANE. Mt. Graham; V2; CF; Mt. Graham; 1/2; PF; 2135(7000); May -Oct.; t herb. 11293. 2745(9000); May -July; t herb. 1146. Wyethia arizonica Gray. MULES EARS. Frye Canyon; PF; 182 Desert Plants 8(4) 1988

1982(6500); June -Aug.; t herb. SB 567. Quercus rugosa Nee. NETLEAF OAK. Mt. Graham; 1; CF; Zinnia acerosa (DC.) Gray (Z. pumila Gray). Tripp Canyon; 1/2; 2623(8600); July; s or t. 11287. W; 1220(4000); April -Oct.; s. 11445. FOUQUIERIACEAE Ocotillo Family CONVOLVULACEAE Morning Glory Family Fouguiera splendens Engelm. ssp. splendens. OCOTILLO. Evolvulus arizonicus Gray var. arizonicus. Grant Creek; Jacobson Canyon; 'h; W; 1525(5000); April -June; s. 11526. 'h; W; 1616(5300); April -Oct.; t herb. 11125. Ipomoea barbatisepala Gray. MORNING GLORY. Marijilda FUMARIACEAE Fumatory Family Canyon; W; 1525(5000); Aug.- Sept.; t herb. SB 1652. Corydalis aurea Willd. ssp. occidentalis (Engelm.) G.B. Ownbey. GOLDEN CORYDALIS. Turkey Flat; PF; 2288(7500); May - CORNACEAE Dogwood Family June; t herb. P.K.C.L. 12921. Cornus stolonifera Michx. RED OSIER DOGWOOD. Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; 2745(9000); July- Sept.; s. 11146. GARRYACEAE Silk Tassel Family

Garrya wrightii Torr. SILK TASSEL. West Peak; ' /2; W; CRASSULACEAE Orpine Family 1830(6000) March -Aug.; s. 11439. Sedum cockerellii Britt. STONECROP; ORPINE. Arcadia Camp- ground; PF; 2044(6700); June -Oct.; f. SB 3005. GENTIANACEAE Gentian Family Gentianella amarella (L.) Borner ssp. heterosepala CRUCIFERAE Mustard Family ( Engelm.) J. M. Gillet (Gentiana heterosepala Engelm.). GENTIAN. Arabis perennans Wats. ROCK CRESS. Marijilda Canyon; O; W; Riggs Flat Lake; MM; 2740(9000); June- Sept.; t herb. SB 593. 1220(4000); March -April; t herb. 11555. Swertia radiata (Kell.) Kuntze. DEERS EARS. Mt. Graham; '/2; Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb. (incl. var. dolichocarpa Fern.). CF; 2684(8800); June -Aug.; t herb. 11262. AMERICAN WINTER CRESS. Webb Peak; 1/2; CF; 2745(9000); July - Aug.;t herb. 11267. GERANIACEAE Geranium Family Brassica campestris L. FIELD MUSTARD. Shannon Camp- Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. FILAREE. Tripp Canyon; '/2; W; ground; CF; 2745(9000); July-Aug.; t herb. SB 1508. 1220(4000); May -June; t herb. 11370. Draba petrophila Greene var. petrophila. Mt. Graham; 1/2; Geranium caespitosum James var. parryi (Engelm.) Weber CF; 2928(9600); July -Aug.; t herb. 11217. (G. fremontii Torr. var. parryi Engelm. and G. parryi (Engelm.) Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. var. purshii Durand Heller). CRANES BILL. Grant Creek; '/2; W; 1796(5800); May -June; (E. capitatum (Dougl.) Greene). WALL FLOWER. Mt. Graham; 1/2; t herb. 11107. CF; 2 745(9000); June- Sept.; t herb. 11204. Geranium richardsonii Fisch. & Trautv. CRANES BILL. Mt. Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) Wats. BLADDERPOD. Tripp Can- Graham; 1; CF; 2776(9100); July -Aug.; t herb. 11275. yon; 1/2; W; 1586(5200); April -June; t herb. 11384. HALORAGACEAE Water Milfoil Family Pennellia longifolia (Benth.) Roll. (Thelypodium longifolia Myriophyllum exalbescens Fern. (M. spicatum L. ssp. exal- Benth.). Clark Peak; 1/2; CF; 2745(9000); July- Sept.; t herb. 11487. bescens (Fern.) Hult.). WATER MILFOIL. Snow Flat; '/2; A; Thelypodiopsis linearifolia (Gray) Al- Shehbaz (Sisymbrium 2684(8800); July -Aug.; a/s herb. 11461. linearifolium (Gray) Payson). Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; 2623(8600); July- Sept.; t herb. 1154. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Water Leaf Family Thlaspi montanum L. var. fendleri (Gray) P. Holmgren Phacelia distans Benth. var. australis Brand. WILD HELIO- (T. fendleri ' Gray). WILD CANDYTUFT. Tripp Canyon; /2; W; TROPE. Tripp Canyon; '/2; W; 1220(4000); April -June; t herb. 1830(6000); May -July; t herb. 11378. 11368. Hook. & Thysanocarpus curvipes var. elegans (F. M.) Phacelia magellanica (Lam.) Coy. Mt. Graham; 1/2; PF; Robins. (T. amplectans Greene). LACEPOD. Jacobson Canyon; W; 2684(8800); June -Aug.; t herb. 11161. 1678(5500); April -July; t herb. P.K.C.L. 12902b. HYPERICACEAE St. John's Wort Family CUCURBITACEAE Gourd Family Hypericum anagalloides C. & S. TINKER'S PENNEY. Mt. Marah gilensis Greene. WILD CUCUMBER. Marijilda Canyon; Graham; '/2; CF; 2745(9000); June -Aug.; t herb. 11199. O; W; 1220(4000); March -April; v. 11559. Hypericum formosum H.B.K. ST. JOHN'S WORT. Snow Flat; ' /2; ERICACEAE Heather Family MM; 2684(8800); June -Aug.; t herb. 11467. Arbutus arizonica (Gray) Sarg. ARIZONA MADRONE. Grant JUGLANDACEAE Walnut Family Creek; 1/2; W; 1952(6400); April- Sept.; t. 11523. Juglans major (Torr.) Heller. ARIZONA WALNUT. Frye Canyon; Arctostaphylos pungens H.B.K. MEXICAN MANZANITA. Tripp 1/2; PF; 2135(7000); June -July; t. 11302. Canyon; 1/2; W; 1586(5200); March -May; s. 1113. Vaccinium myrtillus L. (incl. V. oreophilum Rydb.). BLUE- KRAMERIACEAE Ratany Family BERRY. Gibson Canyon; CF; 2898(9500); June -July; s. SB 1976. Krameria parvifolia Benth. (incl. var. glandulosa (Rose. & Painter) Macbr. and var. imparata Macbr.). RANGE RATANY. Tripp EUPHORBIACEAE Spurge Family Canyon; 1/2; W; 1220(4000); April -Oct.; s. 11427. Euphorbia albomarginata Torr. & Gray. RATTLESNAKE WEED. Grant Creek; 1/2; W; 1586(5200); March -Oct.; t herb. 1193. LABIATAE Mint Family Euphorbia robusta (Engelm.) Small. SPURGE. Mt. Graham; 1/2; Agastache breviflora (Gray) Epling. GIANT HYSSOP. Snow CF; 2989(9800); July -Aug.; t herb. 11234. Flat; 1/2; MM; 2684(8800); July -Aug.; t herb. 11457. Agastache pallidiflora (Heller) Rydb. FAGACEAE Family ssp. neomexicana Beech (Brig.) Lint & Epling. GIANT HYSSOP. Turkey Flat; 1/2; PF; Quercus emoryi Torr. EMORY OAK. Grant Creek; 1/2; W; 2135(7000); June -Aug.; t herb. 11521. 1647(5400); June; t. 1195. Agastache pallidiflora (Heller) Rydb. ssp. pallidiflora. GIANT Quercus gambelii Nutt. GAMBEL OAK. Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; HYSSOP. Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; 2989(9800); July -Aug.; t herb. 2684(8800); July; t. 1134. 11236. Quercus hypoleucoides Camus. SILVER-LEAF OAK. Mt. Hedeoma hyssopifolium Gray. MOCK -PENNYROYAL. Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; 2623(8600); July; s or t. 11288. Graham; 1; PF; 2654(8700); July- Sept.; t herb. 11292. Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 183

Monarda austromontana Epling. BEE BALM; HORSE MINT. Lotus wrightii (Gray) Greene. WRIGHT LOTUS. Riggs Flat Lake; Frye Canyon; 1/2; PF; 1982(6500); May-July; t herb. 11298. 1/2; MM; 2745(9000); July -Aug.; t herb. 11324. Monarda menthaefolia Graham. BEE BALM; HORSE MINT. Frye Lupinus neomexicanus Greene. LUPINE. Lady Bug Saddle; 1; Canyon; 1/2; PF; 2135(7000); May-July; t herb. 11306. PF; 2562(8400); May -July; t herb. 1133. Prunella vulgaris L. HEAL ALL. Riggs Flat Lake; 1; CF; Macroptilium gibbosifolium (Ortega) A. Delgado (incl. M. 2745(9000); July- Sept.; t herb. 11498. heterophyllum (Willd.) Marechal & Baudet and its var. rotun- Salvia amissa Epling. SAGE. Clark Peak; 'h; CF; 2745(9000); difolium (A. Gray) Marechal, Mascherpa, & Stanier; Phaseolus July- Sept.; t herb. 11495. heterophyllus Willd. var. rotundifolius (Gray) Piper). BEAN. Tripp Salvia arizonica Gray. SAGE. Mt. Graham; 'h; CF; 2989(9800); Canyon; 'h; W; 1556(5100); July- Sept.; t herb. 11433. July -Aug.; t herb. 11235. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. YELLOW SWEET CLOVER. Turkey Stachys coccinea Jacq. TEXAS BETONY. Tripp Canyon; 'h; W; Flat; 1/2; PF; 2135(7000); June -Aug.; t herb. 11520. 1525(5000); April -June; t herb. 11432. Robinia neomexicana Gray (incl. var. luxurians Dieck. and Trichostema arizonica Gray. BLUE CURLS. Tripp Canyon; 1/2; var. subvelutina (Rydb.) K. & P.). NEW MEXICAN LOCUST. W; 1525(5000); June- Sept.; t herb. 11424. Mt. Graham; 1; PF; 2623(8600); June -July; s. 11139. Thermopsis rhombifolia Nutt. ex Richards var. montana LEGUMINOSAE Pea Family (Nutt.) Isely (T. pinetorum Greene). GOLDEN PEA. Goudy Canyon; MIMOSOIDEAE Mimosa Subfamily 1/2; CF; 2745(9000); June -July; t herb. 11244. Acacia constricta Benth. WHITE THORN. Tripp Canyon; 1/2; W; Trifolium pinetorum Greene. CLOVER. Chesley Flat; 'h; MM; 1220(4000); April -Oct.; t. 11451. 2928(9600); July-Aug.; t herb. 11335. Calliandra eriophylla Benth. FAIRY DUSTER. Tripp Canyon; 1/2; Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. var. minor Hook. V. amer - W; 1220(4000); March-May; s. 11428. icana Muhl. var. linearis (Nutt.) Wats.). VETCH. Mt. Graham; 1; Desmanthus cooleyi (Eaton) Trel. BUNDLE FLOWER. Grant MM; 2989(9800); July -Aug.; t herb. 11357. Creek; '/2; W; 1616(5300); April -May; s. 11122. Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. (V. exigua Nutt.). VETCH. Tripp Can- Mimosa biuncifera (Benth.) Britt. & Rose. WAIT -A- MINUTE yon; 'h; W; 1220(4000); March -May; t herb. 11374. BUSH; CAT'S CLAW. Grant Creek; 1/2; W; 1708(5600); May-July; s. Vicia pulchella H.B.K. VETCH. Webb Peak; '/2; MM; 11118. 2745(9000); July- Sept.; t herb. 11422. Prosopis velutina Woot. (P. juliflora (Swartz) DC. var. LINACEAE Flax Family velutina (Woot.) Sarg.). VELVET MESQUITE. Grant Creek; '/2; W; Pursh. BLUE FLAX. Webb Peak; 1/2; MM; 1586(5200); May -Oct.; t. 11123. Linum lewisii 2806(9200); July- Sept.; t herb. 11352. CAESALPINIOIDEAE Senna Subfamily Linum neomexicanum Greene. Arcadia Campground; 1/2; PF; Cercidium floridum Benth. BLUE PALO VERDE. Tripp Canyon; 2044(6700); May -July; t herb. 11508. PLAINS FLAX. 1/2; W; 1220(4000); May; t. 11448. Linum puberulum (Engelm.) Heller. Tripp Can- Senna bauhinioides (Gray) Irwin & Barneby (Cassia yon; 'h; W; 1220(4000); July-Sept; t herb. 11426. bauhinioides Gray). TWO-LEAF DESERT SENNA. Tripp Canyon; '/2; LOASACEAE Stick Leaf Family W; 1220(4000); July- Sept.; t herb. 11453. Mentzelia asperula Woot. & Standl. BLAZING STAR. Jacobson PAPILIONOIDEAE Bean Subfamily Canyon; PF; 1982(6500); Aug.; s. SB 1833. Amorpha californica Nutt. STINKING -WILLOW. Mt. Graham; 'h; PF; 2135(7000); June -July; s. 11310. MALVACEAE Mallow Family WILD HOLLYHOCK. Frye Amorpha fruticosa L. var. occidentalis (Abrams) K. & P. Iliamna grandiflora (Rydb.) Wiggins. t 11300. BASTARD -INDIGO. Grant Creek; '/2; W; 1586(5200); June- July; Canyon; O; PF; 2135(7000); June -Aug.; herb. s. 11130. Sphaeralcea rusbyi Gray var. gilensis Kearney. ALKALI PINK. Astragalus allochrous Gray. HALFMOON LOCO. Shake Spring Turkey Flat; 1/2; PF; 2135(7000); May- Sept.; t herb. 11522. Trail; 1/2; W; 2013(6600); May; t herb. 1119. MONOTROPACEAE Pinesap Family Astragalus cobrensis Gray. MILK-VETCH; LOCO WEED. Tripp Monotropa latisquama (Rydb.) Hulten. PINESAP. Shannon Canyon; ' /2; W; 1647(5400); April -May; t herb. 11381. Campground; CF; 2745(9000); July- Sept.; p, t herb. SB 1517. Astragalus nothoxys Gray. MILK-VETCH; LOCO WEED. Grant Pterospora andromeda Nutt. PINE DROPS. Arcadia Camp- Creek; 'h; W; 1708(5600); June -July; t herb. 11115. ground; PF; 2044(6700); May -July; p, t herb. SB 3013. Dalea albiflora Gray (incl. ssp. villosa (Rydb) Wiggins and D. ordiae Gray). INDIGO -BUSH; PEA -BUSH. Arcadia Campground; MORACEAE Mulberry Family 'h; PF; 2043(6700); June- Sept.; s. 11518. Morus microphylla Buckl. TEXAS MULBERRY. Frye Mesa Reser- Dalea pogathera Gray. BEARDED DALEA. Tripp Canyon; '/2; W; voir; O; W; 1525(5000); March -April; t, deciduous. 11544. 1250(4100); March -July; s. 11430. Dalea versicolor Zucc. ssp. versicolor var. sessilis (Gray) NYCTAGINACEAE Four -O'Clock Family Barneby (D. wislizeni Gray ssp. sessilis (Gray) Gentry). Allionia incarnata L. TRAILING FOUR -O'CLOCK. Grant Creek; INDIGO -BUSH. Grant Creek; 1/2; W; 1616(6300); May -July; s. 1176. 1/2; W; 1616(5300); April- Sept.; t herb. 11510. Desmodium retinens Schlect. TICK -CLOVER; TICK-TREFOIL. Boerhaavia erecta L. SPIDERLING. Gibson Canyon; PF; Jacobson Canyon; 'h; W; 1525(5000); June- Sept.; S. 11529. 2135(7000); June -July; t herb. SB 1971. Lathyrus graminifolius (Wats.) White. PEAVINE. Grand View Boerhaavia intermedia Jones. FIVE -WINGED RINGSTEM. Dead - Peak; 1; CF; 2745(9000); July-Aug.; t herb. 11491. man Canyon; W; 1678(5500); May -June; t herb. SB 1015. Lathyrus lanzuertii Kellog var. arizonicus (Britt.) Welsh (L. Mirabilis oblongifolia (Gray) Heimerl. (Oxybaphus comatus arizonicus Britt.) PEAVINE. Goudy Canyon; 1; MM; 2806(9200); (Small) Weatherby). Jacobson Canyon; PF; 1982(6500); May -Oct.; July -Aug.; t herb. 11202. t herb. SB 1963, 1841. Lotus greenei (Woot. & Standl.) Ottley. DEER-VETCH; BIRD'S Mirabilis oxybaphoides Gray. SPREADING FOUR-O'CLOCK. FOOT TREFOIL. Tripp Canyon; 1/2; W; 1525(5000); March -May; t Clark Peak; 1/2; CF; 2745(9000); Aug. -Sept.; t herb. 11488. herb. 11377 . Lotus utahensis Ottley. DEER -VETCH. Grant Creek; 1/2; W; OLEACEAE Olive Family 1586(5200); May -July; t herb. 1194. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. ssp. velutina (Torr.) G. N. 184 Desert Plants 8(4) 1988

Miller (F. velutina Torr.). VELVET ASH. Frye Canyon; PF; key Flat; V2; PF; 2135(7000); July -Oct.; t herb. 11525. 1982(6500); May -June; t. SB 1585. Polygonum aviculare L. PROSTRATE KNOTWEED. West Peak; Menodora scabra Gray. var. scabra. Stockton Pass; W; 1/2; PF; 2135(7000); April -Oct.; t herb. 11438. 1586(5200); March -Sept.; t herb. SB 1330. Polygonum bistortoides Pursh var. oblongifolium (Meisn.) St. John. Grand View Peak; 1/2; MM; 2836(9300); June- Sept.; ONAGRACEAE Evening -primose Family t herb. 11192. Circaea alpina L. ssp. pacifica (Asch. & Magnus) M. E. Jones Rumex acetosella L. SHEEP SORREL. Webb Peak; 1; CF; (C. pacifica Asch. & Magnus). ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Wet 2745(9000); July; t herb. 11266. Canyon; O; PF; 1830(6000); June- Sept.; t herb. 11471. Rumex altissimus Wood. PEACH-LEAF DOCK; PALE DOCK. Webb L. Epilobium angustifolium ssp. circumvagum Mosquin. Peak; 1/2; CF; 2745(9000); June; t herb. 11181. FIRE WEED; BLOOMING SALLY. Mt. Graham; V2; CF; 2928(9600); Rumex mexicanus Meisn. (R. triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. July-Aug.; t herb. 11232. f.). Webb Peak; 1/2; CF; 2745(9000); July -Aug.; t herb. 1131 7. Epilobium californicum Hausskn. WILLOW -WEED. Riggs Flat Lake; '/; A; 2684(8800); July -Oct.; t herb. 11344. PORTULACACEAE Portulaca Family Oenothera hookeri Torr. & Gray ssp. hewettii Ckll. EVE- Calyptridium monandrum Nutt. SAND -CRESS. Stockton Pass; NING- PRIMROSE. Mt. Graham; 1/2; PF; 2745(9000); July -Oct.; W; 1586(5200); March -May; t herb. SB 1337. t herb. 11166. Claytonia perfoliata Donn (Montia perfoliata (Donn) Oenothera laciniata Hill var. pubescens (Willd.) Munz. Howell). MINER'S LETTUCE. Marijilda Canyon; 1/2; W; 1220(4000); CUT -LEAVED EVENING -PRIMROSE. Mt. GIaham; '/2; CF; 2745(9000); Feb. -May; t herb. 11560. July-Oct.; t herb. 11200. Oenothera neomexicana (Small) Munz. EVENING-PRIMROSE. PRIMULACEAE Primrose Family Clark Peak; 1/2; CF; 2745(9000); July-Oct.; t herb. 11517. Androsace septentrionalis L. var. subulifera Gray. ROCK - JASMINE. Mt. Graham; '/2; MM; 2745(9000); April- Sept.; OROBANCHACEAE Broom Rape Family t herb. 11149. Conopholis alpina Leibmann var. mexicana (Gray ex Wat- Dodecatheon dentatum Hook. ssp. ellisiae (Standl.) H. J. son) Haynes (C. mexicana Gray). MEXICAN SQUAW ROOT. Grant Thompson. SHOOTING -STAR. Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; 1989(9800); Creek; 1/2; W; 2013(6600); June -July; p, t herb. 1192. June -Aug.; t herb. 11239. Orobanche fasiculata Nutt. var. lutea (Parry) Achey. PINYON Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merrill. SHOOTING -STAR. STRANGLEROOT. Jacobson Canyon; W; 1982(6500); May -Aug.; Mt. Graham; 1/2; MM; 2745(9000); July -Aug.; t herb. 11255. p, t herb. P.K.C. L. 128948. PYROLACEAE Pyrola Family OXALIDACEAE Wood Family Sorrel Pyrola picta J. E. Smith forma picta. WINTERGREEN; SHINLEAF. Oxalis alpina (Rose) Knuth (O. metcalfei (Small) Knuth). Mt. Graham; 1/2; PF; 2623(8600); July -Aug.; t herb. 11294. WOOD SORREL. Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; 2745(9000); July -Aug.; Pyrola secunda L. (Ramischia secunda (L.) Garcke.). t herb. 11280. SIDE -BELLS PYROLA. Webb Peak; 1/2; CF; 2745(9000); July -Aug.; t PLANTAGINACEAE Plantain Family herb. 11343. Plantago major L. COMMON PLANTAIN. Riggs Flat Lake; 1/2; RANUNCULACEAE Crowfoot Family MM; t herb. 2684(8800); July- Sept.; 11497. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. ssp. arguta (Nutt.) Hult. BANEBERRY. Jacq. var. Plantago patagonica gnaphalioides (Nutt.) Gray Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; 2745(9000); May -July; t herb. 117 2. (P. R. & S.). PLANTAIN; INDIAN-WHEAT. '/2; purshii Grant Creek; Anemone tuberosa Rydb. DESERT WIND- FLOWER. Tripp Can- W; 1586(5200); June -July; t herb. 11128. yon; 1/2; W; 1525(5000); Feb. -April; t herb. 11385. PLANTANACEAE Plane Tree Family Aquilegia chrysantha Gray. COLUMBINE. Grant Creek; '/2; W; 1922(6300); April- Sept.; t herb. 11151. Platanus wrightii Wats. ARIZONA SYCAMORE. Tripp Canyon; DC. ELK'S LIP. Mt. Graham; '/2; A; '/2; W; 1616(5300); April -May; t, deciduous. 11434. Caltha leptosepala 2745(9000); June- Sept.; a/s herb. 11194. POLEMONIACEAE Phlox Family Clematis drummondii Torr. & Gray. TEXAS VIRGIN'S BOWER. Ipomopsis aggregata (Pursh) V. Grant (Gilia aggregata (Pursh) Pinaleno Mountains, W; 1556(5100); March -Sept.; t herb. SB Spreng.). SKY ROCKET. Webb Peak; 1/2; CF; 2928(9600); May- Sept.; 3051. t herb. 11334. Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Frye Canyon; PF; 1830(6000); Sept.; t SB 555. Ipomopsis multiflora (Nutt.) V. Grant ( Gilia multiflora May- herb. Nutt.). Jacobson Canyon; 'h; W; 1525(5000); July -Oct.; t herb. Delphinium scaposum Greene. BARESTEM LARKSPUR. Mari - 11513. jilda Canyon; O; W; 1220(4000); April -May; t herb. 11565. Linanthus aureus (Nutt.) Greene var. aureus. Stockton Pass; Delphinium wootonii Rydb. (D. virescens Nutt. ssp. wootoni O; W; 1680(5500); April -May; t herb. 11549. (Rydb.) Ewan). PLAINS LARKSPUR. Stockton Pass; W; 1678(5500); Polemonium flavum Greene. JACOB'S LADDER. Wet Canyon; May; t herb. SB 1339. PF; 2044(6700); July- Sept.; t herb. SB 1563. Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. capillaceus DC. BUTTERCUP. Polemonium foliosissimum Gray var. foliosissimum. Snow Flat; ' /2; A; 2684(8800); June -Aug.; a/s herb. 11463. JACOB'S LADDER. Twilight Canyon; PF; 2195(7200); June -July; Thalictrum fendleri Engelm. var. fendleri. MEADOW RUE. t herb. T. Reeves 3888. Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; 2928(9600); April -Aug.; t herb. 11223. POLYGALACEAE Milk Wort Family RHAMNACEAE Buck -thorn Family Polygala obscura Benth. MILK WORT. Frye Canyon; PF; Ceanothus fendleri Gray. BUCK BRUSH; DEER -BRIER. Mt. 1830(6000); July- Sept.; t herb. SB 562. Graham; 1; CF; 2684(8800); April -Oct.; s. 11286. POLYGONACEAE Buckwheat Family Rhamnus betulaefolia Greene. BIRCH -LEAF BUCK-THORN. Mt. Graham; ' /z; PF; 2135(7000); May -June; s. 11309. Eriogonum abertianum Torr. WILD BUCKWHEAT. West Peak; Rhamnus californica Esch. ssp. ursina (Greene) Wolf. '/2; PF; 2440(8000); March -Sept.; t herb. 11423. CALIFORNIA BUCK -THORN. Grant Creek; 1/2; W; 1647(5400); May - Eriogonum jamesii Benth. var. jamesii. ANTELOPE SAGE. Tur- June; s. 11104. Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 185

Rhamnus crocea Nutt. var. illicifolia (Kell.) Greene. PF; 2074(6800); May -June; s. 11312. HOLLY-LEAF BUCK -THORN. Grant Creek; '/2; W; 1830(6000); Mar. - May; s. 11101. SALICACEAE Willow Family Populus fremontii Wats. ssp. fremontii. FREMONT COTTON- ROSACEAE Rose Family WOOD. Tripp Canyon; 1/2; W; 1525(5000); March; t, deciduous. Cercocarpus montanus Raf. var. paucidentatus (S. Wats.) 11366. F. L. Martin (C. breviflorus Gray and its var. eximius C. K. Populus tremuloides Michx. (P. tremula L. ssp. tremuloides Schneid.). MOUNTAIN -MAHOGANY. Swift Trail; '/2; W; 1647(5600); (Michx.) Love & Love). Mt. Graham; '/2; CF; 2989(9800); May - May-July; s. 11524. June; t, deciduous. 11241. Cowania mexicana D. Don. var. stansburiana (Torr.) Jeps. Salix bebbiana Sarg. BEBB WILLOW. Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; CLIFFROSE. Tripp Canyon; W; 1525(5000); April- Sept.; s. SB 3037. 2745(9000); June -July; t, deciduous. 11136. Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. POÑIL; APACHE PLUME. Salix gooddingii Ball (incl. var. variabilis Ball). GOODDING Stockton Pass; 1/2; W; 1586(5200); April -Oct.; s. 11556. WILLOW. Frye Mesa Reservoir; 1/2; W; 1525(5000); April -May; Fragaria bracteata Heller. STRAWBERRY. Webb Peak; 'h; PF; t. 11569. 2562(8400); May- Sept.; t herb. 1160. Fragaria ovalis (Lehm.) Rydb. STRAWBERRY. Mt. Graham; 'h; SANTALACEAE Sandlewood Family CF; 2745(9000); May -Oct.; t herb. 11177. Comandra pallida A. DC. BASTARD TOADFLAX. Frye Canyon; Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt.) Heller. SHRUBBY CREAM BUSH. '/2; W; 1525(5000); April -Aug.; p & t herb. 11570. Mt. Graham; 1/2; PF; 2654(8700); June- Sept.; s. 11164. Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt.) Heller var. australis (Heller) SAPINDACEAE Soapberry Family Ley. Webb Peak; 'h; CF; 3050(10000); June- Sept.; s. 11481. Sapindus saponaria L. var. drummondii (H. & A.) Benson. Physocarpus malvaceus (Greene) Kuntze (incl. P. mono - WESTERN SOAPBERRY. Deadman Canyon; W; 1678(5500); May- gynus (Torr.) Coult.). Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; 2684(8800); June -July; Aug.; t, deciduous. SB 1021. s. 11307. SAXIFRAGACEAE Saxifrage Family Potentilla albiflora L. CINQUEFOIL. Heliograph Peak; '/2; CF; 3050(10000); May -Aug.; t herb. 112. Fendlera rupicola Gray. Frye Mesa Reservoir; '/2; W; Potentilla hippiana Lehm. var. diffusa Lehm. CINQUEFOIL; 1525(5000); March -June; s. 11571. Rosendahl et al. ALUM ROOT. Mt. FIVE FINGER. Soldier Creek; ' /2; MM/ 2867(9400); June- Sept.; Heuchera glomerulata t herb. 11484. Graham; 1/2; ROC; 2745(9000); July -Aug.; t herb. 1144. Greene var. forma - Potentilla pulcherrima Lehm. CINQUEFOIL. Webb Peak; 1/2; Heuchera versicolor versicolor ver CF; 2928(9600); July -Aug.; t herb. 11338. sicolor. ALUM ROOT. Mt. Graham; 1/2; ROC; 2928(9600); May- Prunus emarginata (Dougl.) D. Dietr. BITTER CHERRY. Oct.; t herb. 11225. Mt. Graham; 'h; CF; 2623(8600); April -June; s or t. 1141. Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray. CLIFF BUSH. Mt. Graham; 'h; Prunus serotina Ehrh. ssp. virens (Woot. & Standl.) CF; 3270(10720); June -July; s. 11257. McVaugh var. virens. SOUTHWESTERN CHOKE -CHERRY. Frye Philadelphus microphyllus Gray. MOCK-ORANGE. Mesa Reservoir; 'h; W; 1525(5000); April -May; t. 11545. Mt. Graham; 'h; CF; 2623(8600); June -July; s. 11301. A. Nels. MOCK-ORANGE. Rosa arizonica Rydb. ROSE. Grant Creek; 1/2; PF; 1982(6500); Philadelphus occidentalis May -July; s. 1181. Mt. Graham; 'h; CF; 2623(8600); June -July; s. 11303. Lindl. WHITESTEM GOOSEBERRY. Pinaleno Rosa fendleri Crepin. ROSE. Grant Creek; 1/2; W; 1738(5700); Ribes inebrians June -Aug.; s. 11110. Mountains; S. T. Reeves 3915. Rubus arizonensis Focke. ARIZONA DEWBERRY. Grant Creek; Ribes pinetorum Greene. ORANGE GOOSEBERRY. Goudy Can- yon; 'h; CF; 2745(9000); Sept.; s. 1154. 1/2; W; 1708(5600); March -May; s. 11117. April- Rubus neomexicanus Gray. NEW MEXICAN RASPBERRY. Shake Ribes wolfi Rothrock. GOOSEBERRY. Shannon Campground; CF; Spring Trail; 'h; PF; 2501(8200); May- Sept.; s. 1130. 2745(9000), July -Aug.; s. SB 1518. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. var. parviflorus. THIMBLEBERRY. SCROPHULARIACEAE Figwort Family Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; 2745(9000); July- Sept.; s. 11138. Standl. INDIAN PAINT BRUSH. Webb Peak; Rubus strigosus Michx. var. arizonicus (Greene) K. & P. Castilleja cruenta 'h; CF; 2989(9800); June -Aug.; t herb. 11242. AMERICAN RED RASPBERRY. Grant Creek; 1; W; 1982(6500); June- Gray. INDIAN PAINT BRUSH. Shake Spring July; s. 1182. Castilleja lanata Trail; 'h; W; 2013(6600)' May -July; t herb. 1122. Sorbus dumosus Greene. MOUNTAIN -ASH. Mt. Graham; '/2; CF; Limosella aquatica L. MUDWORT. Riggs Flat Lake; ' /2; A; 2745(9000); June -July; s. 11137 . 2684(8800); July -Aug.; a/s herb. 11500. RUBIACEAE Madder Family Linaria texana Scheele. TEXAS TOAD FLAX. Jacobson Canyon; Bouvardia glaberrima Engelm. Grant Creek; 1/2; W; W; 1678(5500); Feb. -May; t herb. P. K. C. L. 12891B. 1708(5600); May-Oct.; s. 11116. Maurandya antirrhiniflora Humb. & Bonpl. BLUE Galium aparine L. BEDSTRAW. Tripp Canyon; 1; W; 1220(4000); SNAPDRAGON VINE. Frye Mesa Reservoir; 0; W; 1525(5000); April -June; t herb. 11372. April -May; v. 11547. Galium fendleri Gray. BEDSTRAW. Mt. Graham; '/2; ROC; Mimulus cardinalis Dougl. var. cardinalis. RED MONKEY 2928(9600); July-Aug.; t herb. 11216. FLOWER. Grant Creek; '/2; A; 1922(6300); March -Oct.; a/s herb. Galium pilosum Ait. HAIRY BEDSTRAW. Grant Creek; '/2; W; 1175. 1922(6300); July; t herb. 1179. Mimulus guttatus DC. var. guttatus. MONKEY FLOWER. Galium triflorum MichX. FRAGRANT BEDSTRAW. Grant Creek; Mt. Graham; 'h; A; 2135(7000); April- Sept.; a/s herb. 11108. 1/2; PF; 1952(6400); June-Sept.; t herb. 11179. Mimulus nasutus Greene. MONKEY FLOWER. Webb Peak; 1/2; A; Hedyotis pygmaea R. & S. (Houstonia wrightii Gray). Snow 2745(9000); July- Sept.; a/s herb. 11196. 1/2; Flat; ' /2; MM; 2684(8800); May- Sept.; t herb. 11456. Pedicularis grayi A. Nels. LOUSEWORT. Mt. Graham; CF; 2684(8800); July -Aug.; p, t herb. 11276. RUTACEAE Rue Family Penstemon barbatus (Cay.) Roth ssp. torreyi (Benth.) Keck. Ptelea trifoliata L. ssp. angustifolia (Benth.) V. L. Bailey BEARD TONGUE. Grant Creek; 1; W; 1586(5200); June -Oct.; (P. angustifolia Benth.). NARROWLEAF HOPTREE. Mt. Graham; '/2; t herb. 11124. 186 Desert Plants 8(4) 1988

Penstemon deaveri Crosswhite (P. virgatus Gray ssp. ari- Shake Spring Trail; 1; PF; 2318(7600); May- Sept.; t herb. 11212. zonicus (GIay) Keck). BEARD TONGUE. Mt. Graham; 1; CF; Glandularia gooddingii (Brig.) Solbrig (Verbena gooddingii 2836(9300); June -Aug.; t herb. 11213. Brig. and its var. nepetifolia Tidestrom). VERVAIN. Snow Flat; '/2; Penstemon pseudospectabilis Jones ssp. connatifolius MM; 2684(8800); June -Aug.; t herb. 11466. (A. Nels.) Keck. BEARD TONGUE. Shake Spring Trail; '/2; PF; 2196(7200); May -July; t herb. 1117. VIOLACEAE Violet Family Scrophularia parviflora Woot. & Standl. FIGWORT. Viola canadensis L. var. canadensis. VIOLET. Mt. Graham; 1/2; 11341. Mt. Graham; 1/2; PF; 2379(7800); July -Oct.; t herb. 11282. CF; 2745(9000); April- Sept.; t herb. Verbascum thapsus L. COMMON MULLEIN. West Peak; 1/2; PF; Viola nephrophylla Greene var. arizonica (Greene) K. & P. 2135(7000); July -Aug.; t herb. 11442. VIOLET. Mt. Graham; '/2; CF; 2745(9000); June -Aug.; t herb. Veronica peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis (H.B.K.) Pennell. 11167. NECKLACE WEED. Mt. Graham; 1/2; A 2745(9000); July- Sept.; a/s VISCACEAE Mistletoe Family herb. 11206. Arceuthobium vaginatum (Willd.) Presl ssp. cryptopodum SOLANACEAE Nightshade Family (Engelm.) Hawksworth & Wiens (A. vaginatum (H.B.K.) Eichler). Datura meteloides DC. JIMSON WEED. Jacobson Canyon; 1/2; SOUTHWESTERN DWARF MISTLETOE. Shake Spring Trail; '/2; PF; W; 1525(5000); May -Oct.; t herb. 11514. 2257(7400); June; e, p herb. 1116. Lycium californicum Nutt. WOLFBERRY. Tripp Canyon; 'h; W; Phoradendron californicum Nutt. (incl. var. distans Trel.). 1220(4000); Feb.- March; s. 11425. DESERT MISTLETOE. Marijilda Canyon; O; W; 1220(4000); Feb. - Lycium pallidum Miers. RABBIT THORN. Stockton Pass; '/2; W; April; e, p herb. 11571. 1680(5500); April -May; s. 11554. Phoradendron capitellatum Torr. ex Trel. (P. bolleanum Solanum elaeagnifolium CaV. SILVERLEAF NIGHTSHADE. (Seem.) Eichler. var. capitellatum (Torr. ex Trel.) K. & P.). Grant Creek; 'h; W; 1586(5200); May -oct.; t herb. 1197. MISTLETOE. Frye Mesa Reservoir; O; W; 1525(5000); e, p herb. 11567. Parasitic on Juniperus erythrocarpa. ULMACEAE Elm Family Phoradendron villosum (Nutt.) Nutt. ssp. coryae (Trel.) Celtis reticulata Torr. NET LEAF HACKBERRY. Stockton Pass; O; Weins (P. coryae Trel.). MISTLETOE. Shake Spring Trail; '/2; W; W; 1680(5500); March -April; s, t. 11550. 1830(6000); e, p herb. 1127. UMBELLIFERAE Parsley Family VITACEAE Grape Family Cicuta maculata L. var. maculata. WATER-HEMLOCK. Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. (P. inserta (Kern.) Mt. Graham; ' /2; CF; 2745(9000); Aug.; t herb. 11176. K. Fritsch). THICKET CREEPER. Wet Canyon; '/2; PF; 1830(6000); Conium maculatum L. POISON -HEMLOCK. Heliograph Peak; May- Sept.; v. 11474. CF; 2745(9000); July -Aug.; t herb. SB 1528. Vitis arizonica Engelm. var. arizonica. CANYON GRAPE. Heracleum lanatum MichX. MASTERWORT; COW- PARSNIP. Mt. Grant Creek; '/2; W; 1738(5700); April -July; v. 11111. Graham; ' /2; CF; 2745(9000); July -Aug.; t herb. 11173. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Caltrop Family Ligusticum porteri Coult. & Rose. CHUCHUPATE; OSHA. Moonshine Creek; '/2; CF; 2745(9000); July-Aug.; t herb. 11480. Larrea divaricata Cay. ssp. tridentata (Sesse & Moc. ex DC.) Lomatium nevadense (Wats.) Coult. & Rose var. parishii Felger & Lowe (L. tridentata (Sesse & Moc. ex DC.) Cov.). CREOSOTEBUSH. Tripp Canyon; '/2; W; 1220(4000); variable; ( Coult. & Rose) Jeps. PARISH WILD PARSLEY. Frye Mesa Reservoir; O; W; 1525(5000); March -April; t herb. 11564. s. 11452. Osmorhiza chilensis H. & A. SWEET CICELY. Webb Peak; '/2; PF; 2440(8000); May -June; t herb. 1162. LILIOPSIDA Pseudocymopterus montanus (Gray) Coult. & Rose. AGAVACEAE Agave Family MOUNTAIN -PARSLEY. Mt. Graham; 1; CF; 2745(9000); June -Oct.; Agave chrysantha Peebles. CENTURY PLANT; MAGUEY. Tripp t herb. 11502. Canyon; ' /2; W; 1220(4000); June -Aug.; f, rosette. 11417. Yabea microcarpum (Hook. & Am.) K. Pol. (Caucalis micro - Agave deserti Engelm. ssp. simplex Gentry. DESERT AGAVE. carpa Hook. & Am.). Frye Mesa Reservoir; O; W; 1525(5000); Grant Creek; ' /2; W; 1647(5400); June; f, rosette. 1199. March -April; t herb. 11561. Dasylirion wheeleri Wats. SOTOL; DESERT SPOON. Grant Creek, 1/2; W; 1647(5400); May -Aug.; s, rosette. 11100. URTICACEAE Nettle Family Nolina microcarpa Wats. BEARGRASS. Jacobson Canyon; 1/2; W; Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (W.Ait.) Selander var. gracilis 1525(5000); May -June; s, rosette. 11414. (W. Ait.) Taylor & MacBryde (U. gracilis W. Ait.). NETTLE. Yucca baccata Torr. var. baccata. BANANA YUCCA. Shake Mt. Graham; O; PF; 2135(7000); July- Sept.; t herb. 11297 Spring Trail; ' /2; W; 2074(6800); April -July; s, rosette. 1128. Yucca elata Engelm. var. elata. SOAP TREE YUCCA. Tripp Can- VALERIANACEAE Valerian Family yon; O; W; 1220(4000); May -July; t, evergreen. 11386. Plectritis ciliosa (Greene) Jeps. ssp. ciliosa. Frye Mesa Reser- voir; O; W; 1525(5000); March -May; t herb. 11548. COMMELIANACEAE Spiderwort Family Valeriana arizonica Gray. TOBACCO ROOT. Webb Peak; '/2; PF; Commelina dianthifolia Delile. DAY FLOWER. Webb Peak; ' /2; 2440(8000); April -July; t herb. 11231. MM; 2806(9200); Aug.- Sept.; t herb. 11402. Valeriana edulis Nutt. TOBACCO ROOT. Webb Peak; ' /2; CF; Tradescantia occidentalis (Britt.) Smyth. SPIDERWORT. Grant 2745(9000); July- Sept.; t herb. 11348. Creek; 1/2; W; 1586(5200); April- Sept.; t herb. 11387. VERBENACEAE Vervain Family CYPERACEAE Sedge Family Aloysia wrightii (Gray) Heller. OREGANILLO; WRIGHT LIPPA. Carex albo -nigra Mack. SEDGE. Goudy Canyon; 1; A; Tripp Canyon; '/2; W; 1220(4000); Aug. -Oct.; s. 11449. 2684(8800); June -Aug.; a/s herb. 11268. Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt. var. bipinnatifida Carex aquatilis Wahl. SEDGE. Mt. Graham; '/2; MM; (Verbena ciliata Benth. and its var. pubera (Greene) Perry, 2745(9000); July-Aug.; a/s herb. 11189. V. ambrosifolia Rydb. ex Small and its forma eglandulosa Perry, Carex chihuahensis Mack. SEDGE. Mt. Graham; 1; MM; V. bipinnatifida Nutt. and its var. latilobata Perry). VERVAIN. 2745(9000); July -Aug.; a/s herb. 11229. Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 187

Carex lanuginosa Michx. WOOLY SEDGE. Riggs Flat Lake; 1/2; Glyceria grandis Wats. AMERICAN MANNAGRASS. Grant Creek; A; 2745(9000); July-Aug.; a/s herb. 11316. ' /2; A; 1952(6400); July -Aug.; a/s herb. 11315. Carex lenticularis Michx. var. lenticularis. (incl. C. Kellog- Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. TANGLE HEAD. Tripp gii Boott). SEDGE. Riggs Flat Lake; MM; 2745(9000); July-Aug.; Canyon; ' /2; W; 1220(4000); Sept. -Oct.; t herb. 11394. Mt. a/s herb. P. L. 6562. Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv. SENECA GRASS. Graham; Carex occidentalis Bailey. SEDGE. Pinaleno Mountains; July- 'h; CF; 2745(9000); June -July; t herb. 11191. Aug.; a/s herb. T. Reeves 3910. Hilaria belangen (Steud.) Nash. CURLY MESQUITE GRASS. Tripp Carex scoparia Schk. SEDGE. Mt. Graham; 1; MM; 2745(9000); Canyon; '/2; W; 1220(4000); March -Oct.; t herb. 11396. July-Aug.; a/s herb. 11530. Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth. TOBOSA GRASS. Tripp 11389. Carex stipata Muhl. SEDGE. Riggs Flat Lake; 1/2; A; 2745(9000); Canyon; '/2; W; 1220(4000); May -Oct.; t herb. July- Sept.; a/s herb. 11319. Holcus lanatus L. VELVET GRASS. Riggs Flat Lake; '/2; MM; Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. SPIKE -RUSH. Riggs Flat Lake; 2684(8800); June -Aug.; t herb. 11400. (L.) GRASS. Webb 1/2; A; 2684(8800); July -Aug.; a/s herb. 11399. Koeleria nitida Nutt. (K. cristata Pers.). JUNE Scirpus microcarpus Presi. BULRUSH. Grant Creek; 1; A; Peak; ' /z; CF; 2745(9000); May-Oct.; t herb. 11330. 1952(6400); June -July; a/s herb. 11272. Lycurus phleoides H.B.K. WOLF -TAIL. Tripp Canyon; W; 1678(5500); May -July; t herb. SB 3046. GRAMINEAE Grass Family Muhlenbergia longiligula Hitchc. LONG -TONGUE MUHLY. Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte. SLENDER WHEAT - Mt. Graham; 1; CF; 2684(8800); July -Oct.; t herb. 11398. GRASS. Mt. Graham; 'h; CF; 2928(9600); May -Oct.; t herb. 11210. Muhlenbergia microsperma (DC.) Kunth. LITTLESEED Agrostis idahoensis Nash. IDAHO RED TOP. Mt. Graham; '/2; MUHLY. Tripp Canyon; ' /2; W; 1220(4000); Feb. -May; t herb. CF; 2684(8800); July-Aug.; t herb. 11274. 11393. Agrostis stolonifera L. var. stolonifera (A. alba L.). RED Muhlenbergia montana (Nutt.) Hitchc. MOUNTAIN MUHLY. TOP. Grant Creek; 1/2; W; 1586(5200); July -Aug.; t herb. 11129. Webb Peak; 1; CF; 2745(9000); Aug. -Sept.; t herb. 11332. Alopecurus aequalis Sob01. SHORT -AWN FOXTAIL. Riggs Flat Muhlenbergia virescens (H.B.K.) Kunth. SCREWLEAF MUHLY. Lake; ' /z; A; 2745(9000); June -Aug.; a/s herb. 11406. Hagens Point; ' /z; CF; 2745(9000); April -June; t herb. 116. Aristida hamulosa Henr. THREE -AWN. Tripp Canyon; 1/2; W; Panicum bulbosum H.B.K. (incl. var. minus Vasey). BULB PAN- 1220(4000); June- Sept.; t herb. 11391. ICUM. Mt. Graham; '/2; PF; 2557(7400); July -Oct.; t herb. 11284. Blepharoneuron tricholepis (Torr.) Nash. HAIRY DROP -SEED. Phleum pratense L. COMMON TIMOTHY. Mt. Graham; ' /2; CF; Treasure Park; MM; 2745(9000); July-Oct.; t herb. SB 2867. 1918(9600); July -Aug.; t herb. 11401. Bothriochloa barbinodis (Lag.) Herter. (Andropogon barbi- Poa annua L. ANNUAL BLUEGRASS. Mt. Graham; 1/2; MM; nodis Lag.). Jacobson Canyon; 'h; W; 1525(5000); May -Oct.; 2989(9800); June -July; t herb. 11359. t Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey (incl. P. longiligula Scribn. & Bouteloua barbata Lag. var. rothrockii (Vasey) Gould (B. Williams). MUTTON GRASS. Shake Spring Trail; 1; PF; 2562(8400); rothrockii Vasey). SIX -WEEKS GRAMA. Tripp Canyon; '/2; W; April -Aug. t herb. 1173. 1220(4000); July-Oct.; t herb. 11395. Poa interior Rydb. INLAND BLUEGRASS. Mt. Graham; 1; CF;

Bouteloua curtipendula ( Michx.) Torr. var. curtipendula. 2684(8800); July-Aug.; t herb. 11356. SIDE-OATS GRAMA. Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; 2989(9800); April -Oct.; Poa nevadensis Vasey. NEVADA BLUEGRASS. Mt. Graham; '/2; t herb. 11390. CF; 2745(9000); July -Aug.; t herb. 1145. Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. var. glandulosa (Cerv.) Gould Setaria macrostachya H.B.K. PLAINS BRISTLEGRASS. Tripp (B. glandulosa (Cerv.) Swallen). GRAMAGRASS. Tripp Canyon; 'h; Canyon; 1/2; W; 1220(4000); May-Oct.; t herb. 11392. W; 1525(5000); Aug. -Oct.; t herb. 11388. Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith var. hystrix. SQUIRREL - Bromus inermis Leyss. SMOOTH BROME. Mt. Graham; 1; CF; TAIL. Trap Spring; 1; W; 2013(6600); March -Sept.; t herb. 11363. 2684(8800); July -Aug.; t herb. 11209. Stipa pringlei Scribn. PRINGLE NEEDLEGRASS. Mt. Graham; '/2; Bromus marginatus Nees. ex Steud. (Ceratochloa marginata PF; 2440(8800); June- Sept.; t herb. 11290. (Nees. ex Steud.) Weber). BROMEGRASS. Wet Canyon; 1/2; PF; Trichachne californica (Benth.) Chase. COTTON GRASS. Tripp 1830(6000); March -June; t herb. 11416. Canyon; W; 1678(5500); March -May; t herb. SB 3048. Bromus rubens L. RED BROME; FOXTAIL CHESS. Tripp Canyon; Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. var. octoflora (Festuca 1; W; 1220(4000); Feb. -April; t herb. 11371. octoflora Walt.). SIX -WEEKS FESCUE. Tripp Canyon; '/2; W;

Calamogrostis canadensis ( Michx.) Beauv. BLUE JOINT. 1220(4000); March -April; t herb. 11365. Mt. Graham; ' /z; CF; 2684(8800); July -Aug.; t herb. 11170. Family Dactylis glomerata L. ORCHARD GRASS. Mt. Graham; 1; CF; IRIDACEAE Iris 2684(8800); July-Aug.; t herb. 11208. Sisyrinchium longipes (Bickn.) K. & P. YELLOW -EYED-GRASS. Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro. SLENDER HAIRGRASS. Mt. Graham; '/2; MM; 2745(9000); July- Sept.; t herb. 11413. Grant Creek; ' /2; W; 1952(6400); April -July; t herb. 1187. JUNCACEAE Rush Family Diplachne dubia (Kunth) Scribn. (Leptochola dubia (Kunth) L. var. Fern. & Wieg. RUSH. Grant Nees). SPRANGLETOP. Deadman Canyon; W; 1982(6500); July - Juncus effusus exiguus Creek; ' /2; A; 1952(6400); March -July; a/s herb. 1185. Oct.; t herb. SB 1002. (Rydb.) Cronq. Echinochola colonum (L.) Link. JUNGLE RICE. Marijilda Juncus ensifolius Wikstr. var. brunnescens (J. A. Nels. forma brunnescens (Rydb.) Herm.) Canyon; W; 1525(5000); May -Oct.; t herb. SB 1690. saximontanus RUSH. Riggs Flat Lake; '/2; A; 2745(9000); July-Oct.; a/s herb. Elymus glaucus Buckl. BLUE WILD RYE. Webb Peak; ' /2; CF; 2745(9000); April- Sept.; t herb. 11328. 11318. Wikstr. var. montanus (Engelm.) C. L. Enneapogon desvauxii Beauv. SPIKE PAPPUSGRASS. Arcadia Juncus ensifolius Hichc. (J. tracyi Rydb. and J. saximontanus A. Nels.). RUSH. Campground; PF; 1982(6500); July -Oct. t herb. SB 991. Mt. Graham; 1; PF; 2288(7500); July -Aug.; a/s herb. 11283. Eragrostis intermedia Hitchc. PLAINS LOVEGRASS. Tripp Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak. Canyon; 1/2; W; 1220(4000); June- Sept.; t herb. 11379. (L. multiflora (Ehrh.) Lejeune). WOOD RUSH. Goudy Canyon; 1; Festuca arizonica Vasey. ARIZONA FESCUE. Snow Flat; ' /2; herb. 11411. MM; 2684(8800); June -Aug.; t herb. 11409. A; 2684(8800); July -Aug.; a/s Luzula (Ehrh.) Desr. WOOD RUSH. Mt. Graham; '/2; Glyceria elata (Nash) Hitchc. TALL MANNAGRASS. Mt. Graham; parviflora A; 2745(9000); July -Aug.; a/s herb. 11251. 1/2; PF; 2379(7800); Aug.- Sept.; a/s herb. 11405. 188 Desert Plants 8(4) 1988

Corn Lily (Veratrum californicum). Tall Northern Green Orchid (Plantanthera hyperborea var. hyperborea).

LILIACEAE Lily Family Corallorhiza striata Lindl. STRIPED CORAL ROOT. Mt. Graham; '/2; CF; 2623(8600); July; t, p herb. 11148. Allium biseptrum S. Wats. var. palmeti (S. Wats.) Cronq. Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad. SPRING CORAL ROOT. (A. palmen Wats.). ONION. Mt. Graham; 'h; CF; 2928(9600); Mt. Graham; 1/2; CF; 2806(9200); May -July; t, p herb. 1148. May -June; t herb. 11220. Plantanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindley var. hyperborea Allium macropetalum Rydb. ONION. Frye Mesa Reservoir; '/2; (Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br.). TALL NORTHERN GREEN W; 1525(5000); t herb. 11568. ORCHID. Mt. Graham; '/2; A; 3050(10000); July-Aug.; a/s herb. Anthericum Baker. CRAG LILY. Grand View Peak; ' /z; torreyi 11253. CF; 2745(9000); Aug.; t herb. 11333. Plantanthera stricta Lindley (Habenaria saccata Greene). Calochortus ambiguus (Jones) Ownbey. Frye Mesa; 1/2; W; SLENDER BOG ORCHID. Webb Peak; '/2; A; 2745(9000); July- Sept.; 1525(5000); April -June; t herb. 11573. a/s herb. 11346. Dichelostemma pulchellum (Salisb.) Heller. var. pulchellum. BLUEDICKS. Tripp Canyon; ' /2; W; 1220(4000); POTAMOGETONACEAE Pondweed Family Feb. -May; t herb. 11367. Potamogeton pusillus L. var. pusillus. PONDWEED. Snow Flat; Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt. FRITILLARY. Arcadia Camp- 1; A; 2684(8800); July -Aug.; a/s herb. 11412. ground; PF; 2074(6800); April -June; t herb. P.K.C. L. 12941. Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. (incl. var. amplexicaulis Recommendations (Nutt.) Wats. and var. cylindrata Fern.). FALSE SOLOMON SEAL. Is the unique natural setting in the Pinaleno Mountains Grant Creek; 1; W; 1952(6400); May -July; t herb. 11230. compatible with the development of an astrophysical Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. STARFLOWER. Goudy Canyon; '/2; observatory? I believe that conflicts exist between the PF; 2592(8500); May -June; t herb. 1165. recreation emphasis of current management and the Veratrum californicum Durand. CORN LILY. Mt. Graham; 1; development emphasis of an astrophysical observatory. A A; 2714(8900); July -Aug.; a/s herb. 11273. power corridor from Stockton Pass to Ladybug Saddle, a transportation system such as a tram, and a boundary ORCHIDACEAE Orchid Family adjustment of the Mt. Graham Wilderness Study Area Corallorhiza maculata Raf. SPOTTED CORAL ROOT. constitute conflicts. Indirect conflicts would include Mt. Graham; 1; CF; 2745(9000); June -July; t, p herb 11326. 1) disturbance to sensitive plant and wildlife habitats, Shooting Star (Dodecatheon pulchellum).

Sky Rocket (Ipomopsis aggregata). Red Monkey Flower (Mimulus cardinalis). 190 Desert Plants 8(4) 1988

2) adverse visual effects to areas within the Mt. Graham Southwest, United States and Mexico. Desert Plants 4: 1 -342. Wilderness Study Area and areas as far away as the San Brown, D. E. and C. H. Lowe. 1974. The Arizona system for Simon Valley, and 3) water use conflicts with the Frye natural and potential vegetation. Illustrated summary through Canyon Watershed Closure Order of 1930 by Secretary of the fifth digit for the North American Southwest. Ariz -Nev. Agriculture R. W. Dunlap and the 1977 Executive Order Acad. Sci. 9 (Suppl. 3): 1 -56. Brown, J. H. and A. 1983. Biogeography. V. 11990 by President James Carter. C. Gibson. C. Mosby Co. St. Louis. 643 pp. My personal desire would be that the astrophysical Carter, J. 1977. Protection of Wetlands. Executive Order 11990. observatory wanted by the Smithsonian Institute be built May 24, 1:44 P.M. 3 pp. elsewhere. I recommend that the Mt. Graham Wilderness Cooper, C. F. 1960. Changes in vegetation structure and growth Study Area be added to the Wilderness Preservation of Southwestern pine forests since white settlement. Ecol. System as set forth in the Wilderness Act of 1964. Monographs 30: 129 -163. Correll, D. S. and H. B. Correll. 1975. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southwestern United States. Stanford Univ. Press, Acknowledgments Stanford, Calif. 2 vols. 1777 pp. I am indebted to many people who contributed to my Crittenden, Jr. M.D., P. J. Coney and G. H. Davis (Eds.). 1980. thesis by providing encouragement, information, and Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes. Geol. Soc. Amer. suggestions. I am thankful to my wife Cindy who offered Memoir 153: 1 -140. support, patience, and companionship; and for my Cronquist, A., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren and J. L. Reveal. daughter Autumn, who at less than a year of age, 1972. Intermountain Flora, Vascular Plants of the Intermoun- accompanied me on many collecting trips. Sharing my tain West, U.S.A. Hafner Publ. Col., Inc., N.Y. vol. 1. 270 pp. Cronquist, A., A. Takhtajan and W. Zimmermann. 1966. On the love of botany and the outdoors with my family has been higher taxa of Embryobionta. Taxon 15: 129 -134. the most meaningful experience of my life. Crosswhite, F. S. 1979. J. G. Lemmon and wife, plant explorers in I of would like to thank the members my committee. Arizona, California, and Nevada., Desert Plants 1: 12 -21. Dr. Donald J. Pinkava, chairman, offered guidance and Daniel, T. C. and R. S. Boster. 1976. Measuring Landscape assistance with the identification of nearly all taxa. He Esthetics: the Scenic Beauty Estimation Method. U.S.D.A. reviewed the entire manuscript and offered many helpful Forest Serv. Research Paper RM -167. 66 pp. suggestions. Dr. Tom Daniel, curator of the Arizona State Daubenmire, R. F. 1938. Merriam's life zones of North America. University Herbarium, helped with the identification of Quart. Rev. Bio. 13: 327-332. various taxa and reviewed the manuscript. Dr. Duncan T. Davis, G. H. and J. J. Hardy, Jr. 1981. The Eagle Pass detachment, Patten also reviewed the manuscript and offered several southeastern Arizona: product of mid -Miocene listric normal helpful suggestions. Faulting in the southern Basin and Range. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. Part I, 92: 749 -762. I would like to thank those who provided information, Dice, L. R. 1943. The Biotic Provinces of North America. Univ. including: Gerry Conner, Pete James, and John Turner of Mich. Press. Ann Arbor. 78 pp. (Coronado National Forest); Tom Swetnum and Tom Drew, L. G. (Ed.). 1972. Tree -ring Chronologies of Western Amer- Harlan (Tree -ring Laboratory at the University of Ari- ica II: Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Chronology Series 1. zona); John Phelps, Richard Glinski, and Tom Waddel Lab. of Tree -ring Res. Univ. of Ariz. Tucson. 46 pp. (Arizona Game and Fish Department); Kevin Aitken Dunlap, R. W. 1930. Frye Canyon Watershed Order. Secretary of (Arizona State University); and Jack Reitz (Bureau of Agriculture. 5 May. Wash. D.C. 1 p. Land Management, Safford). Three prominent residents Gentry, H. S. 1982. Agaves of Continental North America. Univ. of the Gila Valley: Ryder Ridgway, Maude Porter, of Ariz. Press. Tucson. 670 pp. and Steve Bingham, provided valuable tips regarding Graham County Historical Society. 1973. Salute to the Kearny Command, General Stephan Kearny. Souvenir Ed. Safford, historical information, literature sources, and plant Arizona Historical Collection, Ryder Ridgway Collection. specimens. Graham County Historical Society. 1977. Mt. Graham Profiles. Special thanks go to Cecil Sims (Safford District Vol. 1. Graham County Historical Society, Safford, Ariz. Ranger) who granted permission to collect specimens Arizona Historical Collection, Ryder Ridgway Collection. from the Pinaleno Mountains, to Sylvia Forbes who en- Green, C. R. and W. D. Sellers. 1964. Arizona Climate. Univ. of couraged me to undertake graduate studies in botany, and Ariz. Press. Tucson. 503 pp. Steve Berman who accompanied me in the field. While I Grime, J. P. 1979. Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. received much help with this manuscript, I take full John Wiley & Sons. N.Y. 222 pp. responsibility for its contents. Heald, W. F. 1951. Sky islands of Arizona. Nat. Hist. 60: 56-63, 95 -96. Hendee, J. C., G. H. Stankey, and R. C. Lucas. 1978. Wilderness References Management. U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Misc. Pub. 1365. Axelrod, D. 1979. Age and origin of Sonoran Desert vegetation. Hoffmeister, D. F. 1956. Mammals of the Graham (Pinaleno) Occ. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci. 132: 1 -74. Mountains, Arizona. Amer. Midl. Nat. 55: 257 -288., Anonymous. 1977. Take a trek to Mt. Graham. Outdoor Ari- Horton, J. S. and C. J. Campbell. 1974. Management of zona. 49: 6-8. Phreatophyte and Riparian Vegetation for Maximum Multiple Benson, L. 1982. The Cacti of the United States and Canada. Use Value. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Research Paper RM -117. Stanford Univ. Press. Stanford, Calif. 1044 pp. Kearney, T. H., R. H. Peebles, and collaborators. 1960. Arizona Bowers, J. E. 1981. Local Floras of Arizona. An annotated bibli- Flora. Ed. 2 with Supplement by J. T. Howell, E. McClintock, ography. Madroño 28: 193 -209. and collaborators. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley. 1085 pp. Bowers, J. E. and S. P. McLaughlin. 1982. Plant species diversity Lawrence, G. H. M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. in Arizona. Madroño 29: 227 -233. MacMillan Publ. Co., N.Y. 823 pp. Brown, D. E. (Ed.). 1982. Biotic communities of the American Layser, E. F. and G. H. Schubert. 1979. Preliminary Classification Johnson Flora of Pinaleno Mountains 191

for the Coniferous Forest and Woodland Series of Arizona and Thorman, C. H. 1981. Geology of the Pinaleno Mountains, New Mexico U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Research Paper RM -208. Arizona. A preliminary report. Ariz. Geol. Digest 13: 5 -13. Lehr, J. H. 1978. A Catalogue of the Flora of Arizona. Northland Turnage, W. V. and T. D. Mallery. 1941. An Analysis of Rainfall Press. Flagstaff, Ariz. 203 pp. in the Sonoran Desert and Adjacent Territory. Carnegie Inst. Lehr, J. H. and D. J. Pinkava. 1980. a Catalogue of the Flora of of Washington Publication 529. Arizona Supplement I. Ariz. -Nev. Acad. Sci. 15: 17-32. U.S.D.A., Forest Service. 1976a. Final Environmental Impact Lehr, J. H. and D. J. Pinkava. 1982. A Catalogue of the Flora of Statement, Swift Trail, Forest Highway 34. Coronado National Arizona Supplement II. Ariz. -Nev. Acad. Sci. 17: 19 -26. Forest, Safford Ranger District. Leithliter, J. R. 1980. Vegetation and Flora of the Chiricahua U.S.D.A., Forest Service. 1976b. Map of Santa Catalina, Rincon, Wilderness Area. MS Thesis. Ariz. State Univ., Tempe. 105 pp. Winchester, Galiuro, Pinaleno, and Santa Teresa Mountain Lowe, C. H. 1961. Biotic communities in the sub -Mogollon re- Ranges on the Coronado National Forest in Arizona. Half - gion of the inland Southwest. J. Ariz. -Nev. Acad. Sci. 2: 40-49. inch scale. Albuquerque, N.M. Lowe, C. H. 1964. Arizona's Natural Environment. Univ. of Ariz. U.S.D.A., Forest Service. 1982a. Draft Environmental Impact Press. Tucson. 136 pp. Statement, Proposed Coronado National Forest Plan. Coro- Martin, P. S. 1963. The Last 10,000 Years. A Fossil Pollen Record nado National Forest, Tucson. of the American Southwest. Univ. of Ariz. Press. Tucson. U.S.D.A., Forest Service. 1982b. Recreation Sites in South- 87 pp. western National Forests. Southwestern Region. Albuquerque, Martin, W. P. and J. E. Fletcher. 1943. Vertical zonation of great N.M. soil groups on Mt. Graham, Arizona, as correlated with U.S.D.A., Forest Service. 1983. Mt. Graham Roadless Area Eval- climate, vegetation and profile characteristics. Univ. of Ariz. uation 03 -123. Coronado National Forest. Safford, Ariz. Exper. Sta. Techn. Bull. 99: 89 -153. U.S.D.A., Forest Service. 1984. Preliminary Analysis of Actions McClintock, J. H. 1930. Arizona's First Europeans. Union Oil for Proposed Mt. Graham Astrophysical Site. Coronado Co. of Arizona. Arizona Historical Collection. Ryder Ridgway National Forest. Safford, Ariz. Collection. U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil Taxonomy, A Minckley, W. L. (Ed.). 1967. Vertebrate Fauna of the Graham Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpret- ( Pinaleno) Mountains, Southeastern Arizona. Unpubl. ms. ing Soil Surveys. Agric. Handbook 436. 754 pp. Dept. of Zoology, Ariz. State Univ., Tempe. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Moir, W. H. and J. A. Ludwig. 1979. 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