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Estudio E Integración De Sistemas De Bajo Coste Para El Diseño Digital Y El Prototipado Rápido

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Estudio E Integración De Sistemas De Bajo Coste Para El Diseño Digital Y El Prototipado Rápido Máster Universitario en Diseño y Fabricación Integrada Asistidos por Computador Tesis de máster Estudio e Integración de Sistemas de Bajo Coste para el Diseño Digital y el Prototipado Rápido Presentada por: Miguel Fernández Vicente Dirigida por: Manuel Martínez Torán Andrés Conejero Rodilla Valencia, Julio de 2012 Agradecimientos Quiero agradecer a mis directores de tesis de master Dr. D. Manuel Martínez Torán y Dr. D. Andrés Conejero Rodilla la oportunidad de desarrollar la esta investigación en las instalaciones del Instituto de Diseño y Fabricación (IDF) y de poner a mi disposición el equipamiento necesario para investigar sobre estas tecnologías. También quiero agradecer su motivación a D. Antonio Hijano Martel por su apoyo durante este trayecto y a D. René Hoto por sus consejos en los temas referentes a la estructura de este texto. Finalmente, mi más sincero agradecimiento a mi familia por apoyarme en los momentos difíciles, especialmente a Estefanía Lopez Jaén por estar ahí. i ii Índice 1 Introducción ............................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Introducción .................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Objetivos generales ......................................................................................... 5 1.3 Metodología .................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Estructura ........................................................................................................ 6 2 Marco teórico .......................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Por qué “bajo coste”?...................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Democratizando el diseño: el diseño “open source”............................... 9 2.1.2 Un nuevo modelo de producción cooperativa ...................................... 10 2.1.3 La WWW como dominio público ........................................................... 12 2.1.4 Del software libre a la cultura libre ....................................................... 15 2.1.5 Hardware libre....................................................................................... 16 2.2 La fabricación personal o "fabbing"............................................................... 17 2.2.1 Impresoras 3D de escritorio .................................................................. 19 2.2.2 Fresadoras de escritorio y máquinas de mecanizado............................ 21 2.2.3 Grabadoras y Cortadoras láser de escritorio ......................................... 22 2.2.4 Máquinas de cosido y bordado.............................................................. 23 3 CAD e Ingeniería Inversa........................................................................................ 27 3.1 Contenido teórico.......................................................................................... 27 3.1.1 Evolución histórica de las herramientas digitales.................................. 27 3.1.2 La evolución del prototipo digital.......................................................... 29 3.2 Ingeniería inversa .......................................................................................... 31 3.2.1 Técnicas de escaneado 3D..................................................................... 31 3.2.2 Hardware ............................................................................................... 38 3.2.3 Sistemas de bajo coste .......................................................................... 39 3.3 CAD ................................................................................................................ 47 3.3.1 Tipos de representación de sólidos ....................................................... 51 3.3.2 Software CAD de bajo coste .................................................................. 55 4 Prototipado físico digital ....................................................................................... 65 4.1 Contenido teórico.......................................................................................... 65 4.1.1 Distinción entre fabricación aditiva y mecanizado CNC ........................ 65 4.1.2 Evolución de los ordenadores................................................................ 68 4.2 Rapid Prototyping / Additive Manufacturing ................................................ 70 4.2.1 Clasificación de procesos....................................................................... 71 4.2.2 Sistemas low-cost .................................................................................. 77 4.3 Sistemas híbridos........................................................................................... 85 5 Conclusiones y trabajo futuro ............................................................................... 91 6 Referencias ............................................................................................................ 97 7 Apéndice.............................................................................................................. 109 7.1 Índice de ilustraciones................................................................................. 109 iii 7.2 Índice de Imágenes...................................................................................... 110 7.3 Abreviaciones y acrónimos.......................................................................... 112 iv Capítulo 1 INTRODUCCIÓN Capítulo 1. Introducción 1 2 Capítulo 1. Introducción Capítulo 1. Introducción 3 1 Introducción 1.1 Introducción Este trabajo viene motivado por la necesidad de realizar un estudio sobre los sistemas actuales de bajo coste para el diseño y desarrollo de prototipos en el ámbito de la investigación en dicho campo. Concretamente este documento es el resultado del trabajo realizado por el autor en la división de Diseño y Desarrollo de Producto en el Instituto de Diseño y Fabricación durante su estancia como becario de colaboración. Actualmente, el proceso de diseño de producto está muy determinado por la rápida evolución de los sistemas TIC, que “digitalizan” casi todo el proceso, y por tanto, generan una dependencia de los ordenadores. Por ejemplo, el bocetado de conceptos que históricamente se ha realizado en papel y rotulador, actualmente es muy común el uso de tabletas gráficas. El impulso de crear es la característica humana ineludible que nos ha impulsado a partir de la edad de piedra a la era moderna saturada de tecnología. En el camino, ha cambiado el paradigma de “hacer cosas” comercialmente. Lo que solía ser una búsqueda personal llevada a cabo por expertos artesanos es ahora el esfuerzo coordinado y muy segmentado de la producción en masa. Este cambio ha mejorado muchos aspectos de la vida, y es en muchos aspectos necesario para apoyar la creciente complejidad de los productos modernos. Mucho más esfuerzo en diseño y capital puede ser invertido en la creación de un objeto cuando el costo se distribuye entre millones de unidades. Por desgracia, los mismos aspectos que potencian la producción en masa han tenido un impacto negativo en la facultad creativa del individuo. Hacer las cosas a nivel profesional exige un equipo caro y el conocimiento general conferido sólo con un título de ingeniero. Esto es por supuesto una evaluación relativa. Cualquier persona con un equipo para trabajar la madera y la habilidad puede hacer mesas a nivel profesional, tal como lo hicieron hace 100 años. Pero pedir a una persona producir por sí solo un ordenador portátil está actualmente más allá de las expectativas razonables. Sin embargo, el deseo de crear (un impulso de la mente individual) es más fuerte que nunca. Y la insatisfactoria filosofía de la “talla única” de la producción en masa sólo ha amplificado el impulso. Un nuevo y atractivo conjunto de tecnologías desarrolladas para la industria poco a poco están siendo secuestradas para este propósito. Las empresas en la fase desarrollo que precede a la producción en masa y el fabricante individual se enfrentan a problemas similares. Antes de comprometerse a producir un millón de copias de un diseño, es imperativo que pequeñas cantidades de prototipos se generen y se validen. La maquinaria para la producción, cuyo funcionamiento se basa en economías de escala, no es práctica para la terea. Así nació el campo del prototipado rápido (RP, por su origen en inglés, Rapid Prototyping). Aunque el término generalmente evoca imágenes mentales de impresoras 4 Capítulo 1. Introducción tridimensionales, el espíritu subyacente puede expresarse simplemente: La creación automática de un objeto físico a partir de una representación digital. Ilustración 2.1.1-1 El proceso de prototipado rápido El primer paso en el proceso es crear la representación digital del concepto. Esto se logra utilizando un programa informático conocido como herramienta de Diseño Asistido por Computador. La mayoría de las herramientas CAD incluyen funciones de visualización avanzadas que muestran el objeto tal y como aparecerá en la vida real. Para entender el paso intermedio, Fabricación Asistida por Computador (CAM), es necesario saltar hacia delante al camino final del proceso. Las máquinas de prototipado rápido interactúan con la materia física de una manera sustractiva o aditiva para conseguir la forma deseada. Muchas herramientas han sido creadas con este propósito, cada una con un modus operandi. Máquinas CNC como
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