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Christoffer Green-Pedersen Christoffer Green-Pedersen The Politics of Justification The Politics of Justification is an investigation of welfare retrenchment in Denmark and the Netherlands from 1982 Party Competition and Welfare-State to 1998. Welfare retrenchment is politically highly contro- versial, but still governments do retrench. This book argues Retrenchment in Denmark and that governments can implement retrenchment if they can achieve a party political consensus allowing them to frame the Netherlands from 1982 to 1998 retrenchment in a way that makes it seem justified to the The Politics of Justification electorate. In the Netherlands, such a consensus emerged in the mid 1980s due to the power of the CDA. It has allowed Dutch governments to implement a number of welfare retrench- ments. In Denmark, a consensus did not emerge until the Social Democratic Party re-entered government in 1993 explaining why the Danish welfare state has seen less retrenchment than the Dutch one. With its focus on the strategies of the political parties, the book differs from many other studies of the subject focusing on the role of political institutions. Christoffer Green-Pedersen is assistant professor at the Department of Political Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark. ISBN 90 5356 590 6 www.aup.nl Amsterdam University Press 9 789053 565902 Amsterdam University Press The politics of justification 22-08-2002 15:44 Pagina 1 The Politics of Justification The politics of justification 22-08-2002 15:44 Pagina 2 The politics of justification 22-08-2002 15:44 Pagina 3 The Politics of Justification Party Competition and Welfare-State Retrenchment in Denmark and the Netherlands from 1982 to 1998 Christoffer Green-Pedersen Amsterdam University Press The politics of justification 22-08-2002 15:44 Pagina 4 For the memory of my father Cover illustration: Jozef Israëls, Working-class family at a meal, 1882 Cover design: Jaak Crasborn bno, Valkenburg a/d Geul Lay-out: Adriaan de Jonge, Amsterdam isbn 905356 590 6 nur 754 © Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2002 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. The politics of justification 22-08-2002 15:44 Pagina 5 Acknowledgments This book is a significantly revised version of my Ph.D.-dissertation enti- tled: ‘How Politics Still Matters. Retrenchment of old-age pensions, unem- ployment benefits, and disability pensions/early-retirement benefits in Den- mark and in the Netherlands from 1982 to 1998.’ Some of the ideas and data in the book have also appeared as ‘The Puzzle of Dutch Welfare State Retrenchment’, West European Politics, 24, 3, pp. 135-150 and ‘Welfare State Retrenchment in Denmark and the Netherlands, 1982-1998. The Role of Party Competition and Party Consensus’, Comparative Political Studies, 34, 9, pp. 963-985. The Department of Political Science at the University of Aarhus constitut- ed my working base both as Ph.D.-student and now as an assistant profes- sor. Sincere thanks are due to both faculty and staff for providing a nice working environment. Together with the Research Foundation of the Uni- versity of Aarhus, the department has also generously sponsored my differ- ent activities, which lead to this book. I owe a debt of gratitude to many peo- ple at the department who have been crucial to my success in completing first the dissertation and now the book. First of all, my Ph.D.-supervisor, Pe- ter Nannestad has been generous with his time and helpful advice. His insis- tence of my spending a great amount of time on both research design and conceptualization and measurement of the dependent variable has not only proved invaluable for this book, but also in realizing the research standards at which political science should aim. Asbjørn Sonne Nørgaard has likewise been a source of enormous inspiration. He has influenced my view of the welfare state, political science and many other things in life much more than he knows. I am also grateful to Jens Peter Frølund Thomsen and Jørn Lof- tager for many inspiring discussions about my work, the welfare state and many other things, and to Jørgen Elklit for taking the time to introduce me to the departmental life. While still at the department, Erik Albæk and Pe- ter Munk Christiansen got me interested in the welfare state in the first place and have continued to help and encourage me. I am also thankful to my two office mates Christian Bertelsen and Asbjørn Skjæveland and to my fellow 5 The politics of justification 22-08-2002 15:44 Pagina 6 Ph.D.-students for many discussions about the frustrating life as a Ph.D.- student. Finally, I am pleased to acknowledge the support of Helle Bundgaard, Jonna Kjær, Lone Winther Matias, Else Løvdal Nielsen, and Tina Ro Thomsen with the manuscript at its various stages. The dissertation allowed me to experience the implications of a compara- tive study. I do not regret it for a moment, not least because it provided me with the opportunity to spend time in such a friendly place as the Nether- lands. The Political Science Department at the University of Nijmegen served as my working base and I am grateful to Kees van Kersbergen and everyone at the department for a warm welcoming atmosphere. Kees has shown me how high academic standards and friendliness can ideally be combined and he and Inger have shown genuine hospitality. Taco Brandsen, Romke van der Veen, and especially Duco Bannink at the University of Twente have patiently corrected my worst misunderstandings about the Dutch welfare state and have commented on my work in general. Anton Hemerijck, Wim van Oorschot, and Jelle Visser have taken time for some very interesting discussions about the changes in the Dutch welfare state. Finally, many thanks are also due to Welmoet Boenders, Christiaan de Jong, and Remco Peijs for showing me that there is much more to the Netherlands than welfare-state reforms. A number of people have read parts of this manuscript or several of the pa- pers written as part of the work. I am very thankful to Robert Henry Cox, Markus Haverland, Fiona Ross, Herman Schwartz, John D. Stephens, and Christa van Wijnbergen for many critical but very helpful comments. At the final stages, the dissertation, and thus this book, benefited greatly from comments from a group consisting of Karen Anderson, Sven Jochem, An- ders Lindbom, Bruno Palier, Paul Pierson, and Nico Siegel who met for a workshop on welfare-state retrenchment in Århus. My dissertation committee consisting of Hans Keman, Jørgen Goul An- dersen, and Asbjørn Sonne Nørgaard provided me with excellent criticism and opportunity to think through several elements of the work again. In- creasingly during recent years, Centre for Comparative Welfare Studies (ccws) at the University of Aalborg has also been a forum for many stimu- lating discussions about the welfare state. A generous invitation by Fritz W. Scharpf and the Max-Planck Institute for the Study of Societies in Cologne also encouraged me to work more intensively with the Danish case. My gratitude is due to the politicians and political advisers who were inter- viewed for this study, but whose names I unfortunately cannot mention, for spending an often great amount of their sparse time on me. Thanks are also due to Jaap Wagenaar at the aup who has been a very 6 acknowledgments The politics of justification 22-08-2002 15:44 Pagina 7 helpful and friendly editor, and to Steve Martin for improvements of the manuscript. However, my deepest gratitude goes to my wife Lone for her love and sup- port, and to Jacob, who entered this world when this project was almost completed and taught me that there are much more important things in life than work. Århus, August 2002 Christoffer Green-Pedersen acknowledgments 7 The politics of justification 22-08-2002 15:44 Pagina 8 The politics of justification 22-08-2002 15:44 Pagina 9 Contents Acknowledgements / 5 List of abbreviations / 11 1 Introduction / 13 The arguments in brief / 14 The structure of the book / 16 2 From theories of expansion to theories of retrenchment / 19 Theories of welfare-state expansion / 19 Theories of welfare-state retrenchment / 23 3A framework for government choice on retrenchment 31 / Political parties: their objectives and incentives for retrenchment / 31 A justification strategy of blame avoidance / 33 Systems of party competition and their effects on the possibilities of pur- suing a justification strategy / 35 Connection to the labour market: which social-security schemes will be retrenched the most? / 39 The theoretical argument in brief / 41 4 Research strategy and research design / 43 Denmark and the Netherlands – a most similar systems design / 43 The choice of social-security schemes / 49 The choice of time period / 50 Definition and measurement of retrenchment / 58 Some hypotheses / 62 9 The politics of justification 22-08-2002 15:44 Pagina 10 5 Retrenchments in Denmark and the Netherlands / 65 Retrenchment in Denmark and the Netherlands / 65 Actual variation in extent of retrenchment / 87 The match between the actual and expected variation in retrenchment / 89 6 Dutch Politics and welfare-state retrenchment.How party competition produced consensus / 93 Depillarisation and fumbling response to the oil crises / 93 The first and second Lubbers
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  • Integrated Assessment of Vulnerability to Climate Change and Adaptation Options in the Netherlands

    Integrated Assessment of Vulnerability to Climate Change and Adaptation Options in the Netherlands

    o GLOBALCHANGE Dutch National Research Programme onGloba lAi r Pollution andClimat e Change Integrated assessment of vulnerability to climate change and adaptation options inth e Netherlands Report no.: 410 200 088 (2001) ISBN: 90 5851 065 4 E.C.va n Ierland, R.S. de Groot, P.J. Kuikman, P. Martens, B.Amelung , N. Daan, M. Huynen, K. Kramer, J. Szönyi, J.A. Veraart, A. Verhagen,A . van Vliet, P.E.V.va n Walsum, E. Westein InternationalCentr efo r Integrative Studies(ICIS ) Alterra International Centre for Wageningen Integrative Studies The Netherlands Maastricht University The Netherlands This project was carried out in the framework of the Dutch National Research Programme on GlobalAi r Pollution and Climate Change, registered under no. 952274, entitled: "Integrated assessment of vulnerability and adaptation options to climate change inth e Netherlands" o GLOBAL CHANGE Nationaal Onderzoek Programma Mondiale Luchtverontreiniging en Klimaatverandering (NOP) Het Nationaal Onderzoek Programma Mondiale Luchtverontreiniging en Klimaatverandering (NOP) bevindt zich thans in de twee fase (1995-2001). De eerste fase, waarin 150 projecten zijn uitgevoerd, liep van 1990 tot 1995.Naa r verwachting zullen in de tweede fase uiteindelijk circa 80 projecten worden uitgevoerd. Gezien de aard van het klimaatprobleem is een multi-disciplinaire benadering binnen het NOP noodzakelijk. Het programma is onderverdeeld in vier thema's: I Gedrag van het klimaatsysteem als geheel en in onderdelen II Kwetsbaarheid van natuurlijke en maatschappelijke systemen voor klimaatverandering III Maatschappelijke oorzaken en oplossingen IV Integratie en assessment Het primaire doel van het NOP, als strategisch en lange termijn onderzoekprogramma, is te voorzien in de behoefte aan beleidsrelevante informatie voor de ontwikkeling van het nationale en internationale klimaatbeleid.