Lrii.Ril Lheir Ldentity Tlu'ough Clothing. 30

275

with evil spirits; lU5,Af L976/O6/I7. It is also evident that witchc'aft accusations are linked nather wíth social relations of neigþbouring peoples thanolpersons livj¡g far apar:t. Tnis concerns also ethníc and cultu- ra1 affinlty; Beidelman L964:75; Gray 1!64:177-73. 28. In this respect the rema¡ks of Huntingfond (1953:111) and Jacobs (1965c: 31-36) that the Parakuyo are 'agricultural Maasai' are misleading. 29. Fxcept for the Enkjdong suþ-clan members, both men and thejr wives, ex- lrii.ril Lheir ldentity tlu'ough clothing. 30. Ttre equillbrium theory of sociecy and its special form, the cultural 1ag theor"y, seem to be applicable here. the cultural code system seems to attempt to perpetuate itself, but is, however, transformed by pressr¡¡:es towards change. Therefore, cultu¡e changes J-ag behind economlc and social changes, but through thls function culture stabilizes society and mai¡- tains a degr€e of integr"lty withi¡ it; Appelbaum I97Ot73-75; Barth 1978: 69-7I; Bonte 1978. 31. Ilmanki and Ilmaina occur as age-set names in ancient Southern Nllotic age-set cycles of eight age-sets; Ehret 1971:4!, 64. Ttre Dorobo had seven sets j¡ a cycJ.e (Huntingford 1951:31-32; Langley 1979:8) the above names included, althouglr in a slightly different form (Nyongi a¡rd Mai¡a). fholoculttrralt 32 Instead of the term 'cnoss-cu1tura1| a new term has been used in scrne recent ccrnparatlve studles. E.g. Levinson and lt{a1one 1980; Bourguigron and Bvascu 1977. ?76

APPENDI¡{ I

List d Figures Page 1 Paradígmatic and synt4gmaüÍc sbructures 46 2 The ínfluence of ecology and histor.y ln the formatjon of socjal. gtructr¡res 49

3 The channels thnough whlch a regearcher recelves l¡formahion ofl the p-sFuctures of a forelgn society 53

4 The phases of lieldwork 62

5 Recruitment d the Parakuyo age-sete 130

6 þ¡elìn¡¡ within age-setÉ 141

7 Dualjç,m between age-sete 141 I The ¡elation of, the rright-hand' and 'left-hand' generatlon li¡es to the age-sets in Parakuyo society 146

o A Parakuyo house ground plan 158 10. Panakuyo man's tenms fon cognates r62

11. Parakuyo manrs terms for afllnes L62

L2. A genealogy of the Parakuyo llolbonok kituaak 184 13. The place of varloue socia.l groupÊ i¡ r¡elation to natu¡e and culture L96

14. Panakuyo classificatlon of animals 20L

L5 Relatlons between sþuctunal entities 270

APPENDIX II List of Tables

1. Mindu Tulleni víllage population by age and sex. t7 2. Panakuyo population in the pastoral economlc a¡:ea of Lugoba, Febnuary 1983 18

3 Number of women ma¡:ried to men d varíous age-Êets in the pastoral economic area of Lugoba, February 1983 L9 277 Page

4 Number of difTenent types of Parakuyo marriages according to age-sets i¡ the pastoral economic area of Lugoba' February 1983 19

5. Distribution of diJferent types ofl marriages in four Pastoral Maasai areas, Tanzan)a (1948) 20

6. Parakuyo llvestock holdings i¡ the Lugoba atea, t966n\ BZ

7. Life cl1sis rituals where ritual ki1l-ing is i¡volved 96

B. Catble sales in Lugoba market, 1976-78 9B

9. Livestock holdlngs and sales in the Lugoba area, 1978 99

10. Cattle sold at Lugoba livestock mar:ket, August-September t976 100

11. Cattle sold l¡ Chamakweza, August-Septenber 1976 100

L2, Age-sets occupying different age-grades i-n 1971, the time of opening the i¡itiation Period 139

13. Age-sets occupyj¡g dlfferent age-grades j¡ 1978' the tjme of closing l¡itiation 140

14. Dístribution of Parakuyo kin groups in the pastonal- economic area of Lugoba, 1983 r52

15. The number of planüs used for medjcal and ritual purposes 205

16. The number of plants used for household purposes 207 I7. Summary of Parakuyo and Pastoral Maasai appropriation of flora 2LO

APPENDIX III

Lisf of Maps

10 1 Districts 1¡ Tanzania populated by the Parakuyo

2 Location of some of the ethnic groups of Eastern Afnica mentjoned i¡ the sLudY 11 13 3 Research area, tvestern Bagamoyo District

4 Parakuyo population of the Lugoba pastoral economic area' L976 14 area' 5 Parakuyo population of the Lugoba pastoral economic 1983 15 278

APPENDIT IV

List of Pictunes

1 The olaunonl of lhe Ilmedoti age-set 4 2 PauLo Chaparisi 6I 3 Author and an elder 6T 4 Paulo Chapar.isi with an o1a1em 6! 5 Engasemet, a water well 7B 6 Tree savannah 7B T Catt 1e B6 B Goats and chickens B6 9 A woman milking a cow 93 10. Calabashes 93 11. Preparation of decorations r20 12. Vlonen dancing and singlng L20 1 3 Male lnitlates after clncumcision r32 1 4 A male initiate after" circumcislon r32 1 5 A female initlate afler clitoridectomy r32 1 6 I'larriors and girls 133 1 7 I'Iarriors I decotations 133 1 B An elder with wlves r55 1 9 A mother with a child 155 20. A Parakuyo house, an older tYPe r57 2r. A Parakuyo house, the type of the research aîea 157 22. A girL cleaning a mI1k calabash 194 23. A father in an initiation ritual 194 2\. EnkoilaLei- (zízyphus mucronata) 203 25. oltim 203 26. Olkiloriti (Acacla abys si 203 27. Ritual head-shaving o f th"iåri.:.e father 219 28, Ritual head-shaving o f the lnltiate 2t9 29. Hair twining 227 30-32. Styles of hairdo 221 33. A deta11 1n a woman's maturity ritual 222 34. Rltual killing 222 35. A nltual processíon 222 36. Cattle and a kraal 223 37-39. Cattle bleeding 223 q0. Women dancing and slnging in a ritual 2?4 41. A girl with decorations 224 \2. A kraal of the Klsongo Maasai aÍea . 224 279

GLOSSARY ado - to be red, 22O ekedyenye - left (hand), ?38, adung' - to cut, 12! elati-m - lnltlatjon ritual, 2O5, 206 agir - to split, to fold c1oth, 153 emaho, p1. inahon - a ritual feast, an animal- kill-ed for ritual agurruma vomit, 89, 102 - to purpoges, a charm, 33 aibok - to hinder, detaln, hor:n used as ¡nusi- prevent, 21! emalo - a cudu a caf instrument, 191 pncphesy, albon - to make enanjano orange (colour) 228, medÍcine, I9O, 215 - | emanyata, p1. imanyat, wafz'iorst aiter - to begjn, 17? kraal camp, 150, 239, ?48, 258, akuiyaa - father's father, 161 269 16!', !7L enbe¡e aerþ - wa¡:r'jol's spear, sym- akuJyaa botor - elder brother of boltztug an undergraduate the father's father, 16J status, 264 akuiyaa kiti - the younger brot- e¡nbere ei¡wa - wat¡r'lon's spean, symbo- her of the fatherrs fathen, lizi¡g a graduate status, 264 163 embunuka - a stomach of a ritual akuJyaa kitok - fatherrs fatherrs animal, used for" ritual purpo- father, 16J sesr 1B0r 206 ¡'lak - to curse, 148 emonyo:dt - a metaL chaln worn by ma¡'r'ied r^romen in the right apu - a r"elative by marrlage, ear Lobe as a sign of marriage 164, t65 235 apula mother's brother, 163 - emur:ata - cjrcumcision, 102, 187, 198 parallel arz¡menye - man's cousin emurata ekedyenye - left-hand on fathar's slde, 161 cl¡cumcision, 137, 255, 265 paral- arangrotonye - manrs male emurata etatene - rjght-hand 1el cousi¡ on motherrg cl¡cumclsion, 137, 255, 265 side, manrs ma1e cross- cousin on father"'s side, emurua - a grass va:riety used in 161, 163 rituals, 2O8, 236 aun - to p1ant, erect, 1BB enamuke, pl. inamuka - leather sandals; such sandals are pre- ayieng - to slaughter, skin, JJ pared for a male initiate pnior edanyata o'1ol-rl-en - splltting of to circumcision, 180 the fl¡estlck, used of the ena¡1ga muki brown-red colour, 220 rltual which manks the end - of an initjation period, encan - rai¡, 258 95, T86 endere, p1. inderei - monkey, 200 eerr*ùÂ. enturuj breaking of the - endl¿masi - monster, 276 entur"uj pn¡hibition, 95 enclÍmi - a dense fonest wlth tall eibunglta embepo - splr,lt posses- trees, zlt, ?tz sion, 241 280 endobole - the flat counterpart enkaputani - wife's mother, wlfe's of two firestlcks, 2OB, 2I7 motherrs sister, 164 endcyoroto - west, 192 enkerai, p1. inkera - child, wjfe's brother's child, 164 endungrori - a l-eft-overr group of initiation, 128 enkldong' - a divining calabash, the sub-c1an of heal.ers and prophets, endurroto - white soil- used for 181-183, 185, 186, 2r5t 252, 226, 236 2t\, body-painti¡r, 225, 266, 275 enenaunir a monster, 174, 259, - enk{guena meeting, 111 260, 261, 274 - enkJ.magata orlaji - laying down of engelesure, pÌ. ingelesureni - an age-set, guinea-fowl, 200 95 p1-. inkishomin catble br"eath, 21ll enkishomi, - engiangret - I79, gate, clan, t7, 132, 152-L54, engjshui - breath, 179 L9O, 2?5, 23O, 234, 236, 252, 258,272 engtoki - breach, offence, sin, 181 enkjtenunoto - beginníng; myth of ori- engronno - milk flat, 94 glrr, 772, 23O nalbor white engtorno - butter, enkitoio p1 lnkitojon hare, 20o milk fat, !4 , - p1. inkltuaak an elderly engronm na{yiera boiled milk enkitok, - - woman, 195 flat, 94 enkitupukunoto - a coming-out rite, engudi, p1. ingudrsj¡ - cattle 225,23O,266 sbick, 155 enkiyieu chest fat of an animal, fBO enguk - black soot colour, 220 - enkoil¿.1ei Zlzyphus nucronata, 20J, wood ash, 226 - enguruo - 226, 23O, 232 enkai - clouds, heaven, sky, !75, p1. ilkolong'i sun, 1/6, 258 enkolong', - 258 72O, L73-t78, LB2, Enkal - God, enkop, pl-. inkuapi soil, 216, 258 tg3, 196, 798, 2r3, 224, 23O, - 257, 268, 27\ enkurma - cuftivated field, 89, 102 Enkat Naado - tRed' God, U4-U6, entawuo - heifer; man's brother, 161 257, 265 entito, p]. intoiyfu - uninltiated gir1, Enkai Naibor - rt'lhite' God, 1/4, 163, r7t, t96, 23o I75, 273 entu¡oto - white soil, 208, 232 Enkai Nanyokie - 'Redf God, 1/4 entu¡uj - prohlbition, a relation of Enkal Narok - 'Black' God, 174- avoidance, 95, t95, 266 776, 213, 257, 265 enyorri - gneen, 228 grass va::ietY, enkaJfcteiyai - a epeuti b1ue, 228 LBz, 2OB, 231 - graduatjon rAtual jnkajijil< 1!0, erikoto orlkerra - enkaJi, pl - house, ma¡ried woman, 1o2, 156, 795, 232 of a 96, r54, 158, 103, 117, t27, 225, 230-232, 257 enkanahe man's female - sister, eruat? p1. i¡uaiun bed, 137 cousln, 161, 163 - esajakinoEo fertlllty ritual, 226, 23? enkangr, p1. inkang'ltie - kraal, - family compound, 166, 269 281 effiji - milk stored for making Dwarakishu - clan name, known al-so milk fat, !4 as [aiser, 151-154, 170, 181, esekl, pl. ísek - Cordia ovalis, 266 209 isurutla - ma¡:ried womants bra8s coi-L decoratlons, J esindanl - manrs brother's wife' mants wife's sister, 164 jini, p1. majini (Sw.) - a sPirit, 26L, 262, 27\ esiteti - Ficus natalensis, 115, 118 kokoo - grandmother, father's sister, fatherrs brotherrg wifer gr'and- esoslan - Phoenjx reclinata, 140, grandmother" on father's slde; 169, 194 ãn o1d woman, 163, I7L (hand), etatene - rjSht 238 kopikop - north, L921 2t6 eunoto - promotion ritual of nonth of the 18, 21, kuJor.ok - the ni¡th warrjors, 3, 51 95, year, 211 t35, 737, r39, 147, 148 767 186-188, 190, 191, ?t6, 225, kule - mjlk, 92 230-232, 2\O, 255, 269, 273 kule naisames - cur"dled milk ' 92 gada - an age and generation kule nairobi cold nilk' !2 system of a number of main- - 1y Ethiopian PeoPles, e.g. kule nal¡owa - hot (or war¡n) mil-k, the Oromo, 144 92 Il¿jsæ - clan name, known bY the kule naitoldtok - fþesh mil-k (imme- Parakuyo also as lwaraklshu,

Rubía cordifolSa' olponoto , P1. ilPonot - ear marklng olng'erlandus - ' ownership - a red dYe, 236 of iatf,fe denotlng ' L59 oloho, pl. ilohon (or: olosho, P1' jloshon) - countrY, land; olpor:nor, p1-. ilporori - age-set divi- tribal sectjon, I29, 23L, 272 sion, 169 (titoX), lÌoibonok o1pu1, p1-. i1pu1i - $tamiorsr tralning oloiboni P1. ----'räu¿, 134, 13Þ, 158, (kituaak) - great ProPhet' 95, 96, a r:ltual head of the Para- 195, 198, 2O3, 2O5, ?O6t 22O, kuyo and the Pastoral Maa- 233, 239 sd, 3, 5, 27, 56, 591 60l olsagarami - Piliostigma thonningll' 74, 83, 95, tz$, r29ì r3l, used as a red dre, 236 L77-I79, 13,t, 135, 168, I7O, 209 181-191, L99, ?Q6, 2O7, zlq, olseki, p]. lleek - Cordia ovalis' 2t6t zt9, 23Ot 242, 252, 256, oltau - íeatt', I79 ?60, 266, 272 oltim - a branch placed 1n the cattle oloiltti - a graüng area r"eserved gate to Protect caütle' 2O3t 2221 for immature and weak ani- 230 rnals, 90, 211 oltogom - miiture of 22 mediclnes con- ofoirien - Olea chrYsoPhYlla' or ãume¿ e.g. in o1Pu1, 2o5t ?06, Olea aflricana, 14o, 169, 272 233 oLokor - r'itua1 fire, 212 oltone, p1. iltomia - elephant' 200 olokor1o 'lkeretil - a rituaL for oltribe. pl. ilFiben (also oltirbe' Preventing Plagues and dis- p1.- iltlrben) a flat-roofed hou- eases, 211 se, 156. I57 olotuno - age-set leader', 1it. 'th-" or€tett - Fjcus nata:lensi,s' a ritualJ'y one who Planted or erectedr' imPortant tree, L73, L76, 2O9, 1BB, 216 22t oloosaen - east, 192 orkoiyot, pl. orkolik (Nandi)-- aIi- 'tui-1eaoer, 182, 183 olorCka - a sEool, 219, 269 Prophet, country, savannah, olosokwan, Pl. ilosokwani - buf- oserþ - open bush falo' 200 ?!7, 2r2 house with a cent- o.lowuaru, P1. ilowuarak - a beast oeingira - a round of 2þ! ral Po1e, erected for the eunoto PreY ' ritual, t3T, 232 olpahe,- PI. ilPaheta - gate-Post goup, I5t), 156' 258 osl¡koüo lernkal - the song of God' LBz olpahe 1e'kedYenYe - left-hand - gate-post grrcuP, 1!4 osþo1jol, p1. islpolio - a male initiate during the rituals' 231 right-[and gate- olpahe 1e'tatene - 200 post group, 154, 258 osirua, P1. lsirual - eland, stone' rcck, 259 Olparakuoni' P1 llParakuYo - a osoit, p1. i¡oito - ParakuYo' 12 osokonoi - ltarburgia ugandensis, 94 olpirrcn, p1 ltpironito - flre-stick; paaiya - sister's daughter, 161 between alternate a relaüion female calf' age-sets, 30, 136, t3:1,' I32-- paashe - the giver of a r\2, 1.45'=147 , t6\ , 166,^ t89,, ).t6 191; 2oB, 277, 24O, 2\8, 255, pabungai - the giver of a bull, 116 256, 273 28\ pantawuo - the given of a heifen, tenbe (Sw.) - a fl¿t-roo'fed house, 116 756 papa kJtJ- - fathenrs younger urootho (Meru, Kenya) - south, 2L6 brothe:, 16J urio (Mer.u, Kenya) north, lg2, 276 papa - kJtok - fatherrs elder (Sw.) brrcther, 161 utafff,i - r€seanch, 58, 67 yieyjo mother"rs peuti - light b1ue, 211 - slster; an elderly woman, 163 pombe (Sw.) - 1oca1- beer, 12J, r95 shangazl- (Sw.) - man's fatherrs slster, 163 285

SOURCES AND LTTERATURE

I. Unpublished field material

The material collected by means of, fieldwork for thls study can be di- vided i¡to two categories according to the mode of recordirg. The texts recorded on tape and tnanscribed in vernacutar (Maa or swahi'li) a¡'e referred to by using the code UTA (the fi.rst letters of the word utama- duni = rcufture' j¡ gç¿þì11). The field notes, normally in English but material sometimes j:r Swahifi, have a reference code UTAf' This field ls avaltable in equal lorm ín the Archives of the Minist¡ry of Information and Culture, Daressalaam, and l¡ the A:rchlves of the Instltute of Deve- lopment Studies, Helsinki.

A. Taperecorded ¡naf,eria1

Key to the code: e.g. UTA !976/33/A3, Maa

UTA a code of the archival collectlon r976 year of recording 33 ðode number of the taPe in a¡:chives A side A of, the taPe 3 page of' the transcriPtion Ì1aâ language of the transcriPtlon

ur| r975/1\/A 1.-t3 Itlaa vTA 1976/\8/A 1-17 Maa, Swahili ur[ L975/t5/A r-T Maa ÍJT'A L976/\9/A (not transcribed) ur| r975/t6/A 1-6 Maa u'PA 1976/5ç/A L-3 Maa B1 lv1aa UTA 1976/59/A 1'-r2 Maa UTA t9T5/t7/A t_7 Maa vTA 1976/60/A I-2 M'aa $ry¿þili UTA L975/!B/A T Maa u,ll L976/7!/A l-4 urL r975/L9/A r-LL Maa, Swahili ur| 1976/72/A r-6 Swahili url 1975/2O/A t-6 Nlaa UTA 1976/82/A t-6 Maa urA t975/2r/A t-3 Maa u"tA 1976/9L/A' r-2 Maa, Swahili urL 1976/74/A t-U Maa, Swahlli ur[ 1976/96/A 7-t5 Ntaa urL 1976/33/A t-9 M,aa vtL 1976/97/A L-6 Maa url L976/3\/A L-5 lqaá UTA 1976/98/A r-4 Swahllì vlL 1976/36/A r-5 Ivlaa UTA t976/99/A I-B Swahifi urL 1976/39/A t-9 Swahil.i UTA tg76/I00/A (not transcribed) url t9T6/4r/A 1.-6 Maa ur| r976/tOL/A r-LL l',úaa urL t976/t12/A 1-7 Maa, Swahi'lì B I-7 llaa 286

ur/. L976/702/A 1-3 Maa UTA 7976/133/A r-3 Maa B ( not transcd-bed) UTA 1976/134/A 7-6 Maa, Swahili urp. |976/LO3/A 1-14 M,aa ¡t UTA I9B2/I1.1../A L-9 Sr4rah'111, Maa urA [976/LO4/A 1-2 Maa B 1-11 SwahJ']J urp. 1976/106/A F6 Swahif i UTA I9B2/L3.L. / A 1-12 Swahlli B 1-3 Maa B 1-11 Sw¿rhìf i ur¡. t976/1L3/A L-7 Maa, Swahili UTA t9g2/7yr7.t./ U'TA L976/I25/A 1-2O Maa, Swahili A 1-11 Sw¿rhjli ur4. 1976/t29/A L-6 Maa, Swahilì B 1-11 Sw¿rhili urL !9T6/ß2/A 1-B Maa, Swahjlì UTA r982/t7-79.1. / UTA 1983/72-L5 t/ A 1-13 SwahllJ A I-9 Swahili B 1-10 SwahJlr B 1-1O Swahíll UTA 1982/t9.L./A L-6 Maa, Swahí1i vr¡. r9B3/5.2./ UTA r9g3/t6-19./ A 1-11 Swahìlì A 7-2 SwahJlJ

The taper"ecorded materiâl covers the followi¡g topícs (numben of pages i¡ brackets): hlstory and mythoJ-ogy (31); circumcision, critoridectorny and 4ge-set rituals (69); martiage (11), ¿eatn (10); songs and. praye:s (39); storles and fables (21); medicl¡e (32); spi¡rit possession (23); education (7); trees and soiLs (20); economy and transactions (19); internal and external social nelations (17); colours (5); rain r.1tual (B); mater"j¿l culture (4); crlne (3).

B. Fleld notes

Key to the code: e.g. UTAf \976/04/65 UTA - code of the a¡'chlval collection f - fieLd notes t976 - year of writing 04 - code number o'f the archives 65 - page of the note book

UTAf t975/ovr-78 UTAf 1982/rr-L9.1. /1"-59 UTAf !975/o2/L-96 UTAf r9g3/t7-\4 .L. /83-99 UTAf 7975/o3/L-36 UTAf r9ï3/!3-r5.1. /Ft5 UTAf r976/æ/37-76 UTAf t9B3/14-t5-2-/76-49 UTAf r976/0\/t-88 UTAf 7983/27 -29 .t . /Fr4 UTAf t976/o5/1-96 UTAf 7983/1-76.2. /t5-87 UTAf \976/06/L-99 UTAf r976/07 /1-94 UTAf 1976/08/7-97 UTAf L976/09/r-52 * 111.1. The code ' means the date ofl recordl¡g in materiars wþ1cþ had not yet þeen given a code number by the-time of publicatlon. 287

The field notes cover a wlde varjety of topi:cs, the most lmpoltant of whjch are llsted below (tne approxirnate numbe:: of pages 1n br"ackets): circumcísion, clltoridectomy, age-set systæm' age-eet rltuals (2O5); kinshlp and maf'Tjage, death (60); pregnancy and child beaJll¡g (11); medi- ci¡e (86); spirit possession and trance (95); ololboni kitok (25); pray- ers, myths (31); 1ocal politics, moves' waten problems (70); relation between ethnic groupÊ (18); development plans (18); material culture (21); demography (59); pJants (21); ectucatlon (5); misc. ritual-s (16); work (6); cnlme (5).

In addition, ther.e are roughly 240 pages miscell.aneous notes ',vhich do not falt l¡to the abgve categol"ies. FurthermOre, there ar€ occasional notes on polltical meeti¡gs, for.mal educatjon etc. whlch are not included i¡to the systematized archlval materjal.

C. Photos and lllns

In documentirrg various aspects of culture, four types of vjsual materjal was produced: black and white photos, colour prints, colour sli-dest and Supen B mm movie filme. The photographing and filmi¡g was made princlpaaly i¡ the research area, but some comparat'ive photognaphing waa made in 1983 in the Kisongo Maasal area, The amount of this visual material is as foll.ows: 1975-76 a. black and white Photos 2ög 149 b. colour prints 104 96 c. slides l lro 131 d. Supen B mm movie fTLms 36 (i¡ minutes)

A movíe camera was used fon documenting rCtua.t pnccesses' such as i¡1- tlatlon and e¡rlkoto orfkema, as well as cattle dipping and r'ltater prob- 1ems, Thi,s mateJdal has been edlted ínto a sound film of 28 minutes, and copies oû it are stored in the Archives of the Ministry ofl lnformatjon and culture, Daressalaam (Swahlli text), and i¡ the Archives of the Institute of Development Studies' Universlty of Helsinki (Finni6h text) ' In addition, there is unedlted fIlm materjal-(Sminutes) on the medical activities of a Zigua healer. 288

II. LITERATURE

ABRAHAMS, R. G. 7978 Aspects of Labwor age and gener.ation gncuplngs and related systems. B. T. W. Baxter and Ur'l Almagor (eds.), Ag€, generation and tlme: some features of East Aflican Age organisa- tlons. London. ABRUZZI, lrtìl'1iam S. 1r9B2 Ecologlcal theory and ethnlc djfferentiation among human po- pulatlons. Current Anthropology 2J:1. ADAMS, Robert McC. L977 lrrorld plcture: anthropoiloglcal frame. Disblnguished lecture - 1976. American Anthropologlsts T9:2. ACAR, Michael_ H. 1980 The professional str.anger. An i¡for.mal intrrcductlon to ethno- graphy. New York. ANACLETI, A. O. 19Br The Bagamoyo project: the Tanzan'ran per:spective. Jipemoyo: Developnent and culture Research 4. puultcations of the-Fi¡- nish National Commission for. Unesco, No. 18. APPELBAUM, Richard p. 797O Theories of socJ¡t change. Chicago. ARAP MACUT, P. K. 1969 The rise and farl of the Nandl orkolyot c. LB5o-Lg5T. Ngano. Nairobi Hlstorical- Studies I. Nal¡obi. ARDENBR, Edwin t977a Int¡oductony essay: soclal anthropology and 1angu4ge. E. Ardener (ed.), Soclal anthropology añâ tanguage. lbnOon. 797Lb rhe new anthropolog¡r and its cr.itics. Man. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 6:3. L97B some outstanding pr"oblems in the analysis of events. E. Schwimmer (e0. ¡, yea¡book of Symbolic Anthropology f. London. BADCOCK, C. R. 1975 Lévi-Strauss. Structur:tism and sociologjcal theory. Essex. B4gamoyo Distnict Annual _Report. B4gamoyo Dlstr:ict office, Bagamoyo, Tanzania, !p42. B4gamoyo District Annu?1 Report. Bagamoyo District office, Bagamoyo, Tanzania,1945, BAKER, Randall L973 The need for" long ter¡n strategies in a¡:eas of pastoral noma- dfum. D. Dalby and R.J. Har:"ison Church (eOs.), O"orghi in Afþica. Report of the 1973 synposíum. centne ior" Afiican Studies. Universlty o,f London. 289

BARTH, Fnedrik 196Tonthestudyofsocia-lchange.AmericanAnthnopologjst6g. LITBFactorsofproductlon,economiccirculation,andlrrequality in i¡ner-eiaUø. Research i¡ Economic Anthropology' Vol' I BATES, Daniel G. and LEES Susan H' ----lõh tne roþ-of ãxcnange in productive speclaljeation' Amerlcan AnthroPologist 79:4. BAUMANN, Oscar 1891 Usambara und sei¡e Nachbargebiete' Berli¡' BAXTER, P T. !,¡. and generation-selq: gada,. a puzzle or a T97B B"t; age-sets gene- maze? el r. w. eaiÉer and uri Alrnagor (eds'), Age, nation and tj¡e: some features ofl nast African age organisations. London. (eds') BAXTER, P. T. W. and ALMAGOR' Url - - - lllfí Age, gene:ation and úime: some features ofl East Af6can age organisations. London. BAXTER, B. T. W. and ALMAGOR, Uri rntroductton. B. T:-'tI . Baxte¡ and Uri Almagor (eds')' ABe' I97B age orga- !ãneration and ti¡ne: some features of East Afnican nisations. London. BAXTER, P. T. W. and BUTT' A' tg53 The Azande and related peoples' London' BECKIIITH, Carol and OLE SAITOTI, TepiJ.it 1980 Maasai. London. BEIDELMAN, Thomas O. --- 1960 'The Baraguyu. Tanganyika Notes and Records 55' L96ta A note on Baraguyu house-types-and Baraguyu economy' TanganYíka Notes ar¡d Records 56' and catble theft in ukaguru: intertrlbal re- 1g61b Beer d.ri¡king"tunganyika lations :-n--ã chjefdon. AmerCcar¡ Anthropologist 63:3. lg6lcRightandlefthandamongtheKaguru:anoteonsymbo]ic classjfication. AfHca 31:3. tg64hlitchcraftinUkagu::u.J'MiddletonandE'H'wi¡ter(eds')' V{ltchcraft and sol'cery in East Afr"ica' London' 1968 Some hypotheses negarding Nilo-Hamitlc_ sy-fìb_olism and sociål stnuctui.ãi-eãag"Vr- fo1klóre. Anthropological Quarterly 41:2' 1973 Kaguru symbolic classification. R' Needham (ed'), Right & Left. Chicago. BENSON, StanleY IgTi Christian conmunication among the Masai. Afþjca Theological Journal 4. tg74 A study of the religious beuefs and practices of the Ivlaasai tribe ind the lmplicatlons on the work of the Evangelical Lutheran church i¡ Tanzania. M, Th. Thesi.s, North-l'lestern 29o

Luther.an Theologicat Seminary, St. pau1, Minnesota. Mi¡neo. BERCLUND, Axel-fvar L975 Zulu thought-patterns and symbollsm. Uppsala. BERLfN, Br"ent and KAy, paul 1969 Basic color ter"ns: their univer"sality and evolution. Berkeley. BERNARDI, B. 1952 The age-set system of the NiLo-Hamitic peoples. My:rca 22. L955 The age-system of the Masai. Anna'ti Lateranensi 18. BERNTSEN, John L. 7973 Ittasai and n-olkop: ritual experts and thei¡ folfowers. M.A. Thesis. Mi¡neo. t9T6 The l\taasai and thei¡ neighbors: variables of inter.action. Afïican Economic Hjstony 2. r979 Pastoralism, ra1d1ng, and prophets: Maasai'tand in the nj¡e_ teenth century. Ph. D. Thesis, University of ltisconsin_ Madison. Mimeo. BLACK, Ly dia T. r972 Relatlve status of wife glvers and wjfe takers in Gilyak soclety. American Anthropologist T4:5, BLACKHURST, Hector 7978 Conthuity and change jn the Shoa Ca]ta gada system. B. T. Vl. Baxter and Uri Almagor (eds.), Age, generation and time: some features of East Afr"lcan age orgãnisations. London. BLEICHER, Josef 19BO Contemporary her.meneutics. Hermeneutics and method, philo- sophy and critlque. London BLOCH, Maurice r975 Property and the end of aflinity, Maurice Bloch(ed. ), Ma:rxist analyses and social anthropology. London. BoHANNAN, Paul r973 Rethinklng cufture. A pr"oJect for current anthropologists. Currrent Anthrnpology 14 :4. BONTE, Pierre t97B Non-stratified soc:ial for.mations anong pastoral nomads. J. Fr{ednan and M. J. Rowland.s (ecls.), The evol_ution of soci¡l systems. PiEtsburgh. 19BL Ecologlcal and economic factors 1n the determination of pastoral speci¡llsation. Journal of Asian and Afþlcan studles XW: l-2. BoTTE, Roger 1979 Agriculteurs,/éleveurs et dominatjon du groupe pastoral. rn: PastoraJ- pr:oduction and society. proceedings ofl the lnter- national meeting of nonadic pastoratism, par:is I-3 Dec. 7976. Cambrtdge. 29t

BOURDTLLON, M. F. C. 1972 The manlpulation of myth in a Tavara chiefdom. Af'nlr,a 42:2. BOURGUIGNON, Erika and BVASCU' Thomas L. 1977 Alt€red states of consclousness wlthir a general evolutionary perspectlve: a holocultunal ana1ys1s. Behavior Science Research 12. BOVIER, John R. F. 1973 Seronera: excavations at a stone bown site i¡ the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Azania B. BOV{ER, J and NELSON 1980 Early potbery. R. E. Leakey and B. A. Ogot (eds.). Pr"o- ceedings of the Eight Congness of Prehistor"y and fhe Quater- na¡y studies. Najrobi. BRADBY, Barbara 1975 The destruction of natural economy. Economy and eociety 4:2. BRAIN, James L. 19BO Boysr initiation rites among the Luguru of Eastern Tanzania. Anthropos 75:3/4. BRYCESON, Debor"ah 1980 ReseaJlch methodology and the pa::Elcipatory research approach, Jlpemoyo. Development and Culture Research 2, ed. by A. O. Anaclet1. Uppsala. Bulletj¡ Cénéral de 1a Congrégation du St. Esprit et du St. Coeur" de Marie. Tome XTTT, 1BB3-BB. parjs. BURTON, Michael and KIRK, Lorrai¡e 1979 Sex djfferences in Maasal cognition of personality and socl¿-l identity. Anerlcan Anthropologist B1:4. CAMPBELL, Donald T. \969 Ethnocentrisn of discipllnes and the fish-scale model of omnisclence. Irtuzafer Sherif and Carolyn lf . Shenif (eds.), Interdisciplinary relationships in the social sciences. Chicago. CARLSTON, Kenneth S. 1968 Soci¿J- theory and Aflican Fibal organlzation: the development of socio-Legal theory. Urbana, Chlcago and London. CARROLL, John B. (ed.) f956 Language, thought, and real:ity: selected writlngs of Benjamin Lee lrlhorf. New York and London. CASSELL , Joan 1980 Ethical principles for conducting fiel-dwork. Amerdcan Anthnc- pologist 82:1. CHOMSKY, Noam L957 Syntactlc str"uctures. The Hague. 1968 Language and mind. New York. 292

COHEN, Abner 1969 Political anthropology: the analysls of the symboli,sm of power relations. tvlan (N.S.) 4:2. coHEN, D. W. 1974 The Riven-Lake Nj-lotes flom the lifteenth to the ni¡eteenth (1968) century. B. A. Ogot (ed.), Zamaní: a survey of East Afþican history. Najrobi. COHEN, Yehudi A. L964 The establishment d identity in a soclal nexus: the special case of initiation ceremonies and thei¡ relatlon to vaLue and legal. systems. Amerjcan Anthropologist 66:3. L969 Soci¿J- boundary systems. Current Anthropology 10:1. COLLIER, John Jr. 1967 Visual- anthr.opology: photography as a research nethod. Ho1t, Rineharb and hlinston, fnc. Si¡e loco. COLSON, Elisabeth 19BO Indigenous anthropology i¡ non-western countries: a further elabor.ation. Curtent Anthropology 21 :!. COMAROFF, John L. 1980a Bridewealth and the control of ambiguity in a Tswana chiefdom. J. L. Comaroff (ed.), The meani¡g of, marriage payments, London. f980b Intrrcduction. J. L. Comaroff (ed.), The meaning of marri¿ge payments. London. COMAROFF, John L. (ed.) 19Bo The meaning of ma¡ri¿ge payments. London. COMRIE, Bernhard 1981 The formation of relatlve cLauses. Barbara Lloyd and John Gay (eds.), Universals of human thought. Cambr"idge. CONCLIN, Harold C. t973 Color categorization, (review a¡tícle). Amer'lca¡r Anthropolo- gist 75 r 4. cRrcK, Malcolm t976 Explorations in language and meanirg: towards a semantic anthropology. London cuRTrN, Phillp D. T968 Field technlques for collecting and processhg or"a1 data. Journal of Afþican Hisbory 9:3. DAHL, Gudrun 1979 Suffer.lng grass: subsistence and society i¡ Waso Borana. Stockholm. DAHL, Gudrun and HJORT, Anders t976 Having herds: pastoral herd growth and household economy. Stockholm Studles l¡ $6çì¡1 Anthropology 2. Stockholm. 1979 Sorne thoughts on the anthropoì.ogical study of pastoralism. Nordiska etnografmötet i Uppsal-a, t9-2l. October 1979. Mineo. 293

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19TO Zande br"ldewealth. Aû:ica 40:2. 7974 t,r"" ¡slìgion. New Yonk. (1962) F'AHIM, Hussein and HELMBR, Katherine 1980 IndÍgenous anthropolog¡r in non-western count¡ries: a further elaboration. Current Anthropology 21:1. FLETCHBR, Roland 1981 Space and comnunity behaviour: a d.jscusslon of the form and function of spatfâl order in settlements. Barba¡ra Lloyd and John Gay (eds.), Univensals ofl human thought. Cambridge. FORDE, Daryll 1970 Double descent among the Yakö. A. R. Radcüffe-Brown and Daryll Forde (eds.), African systems of kinship and ma¡- riage. London. FORTES, Mayer 7953 The structur:e of unilineal_ descent groups. American Anthro- pologi,st 55. FOSBROOKE, H. A. f94B An admi¡lstnative survey of the Masal social system. Tanga- nyika Notes ar¡d Records 26. 195556 The tife of Justi¡: an Afrlcan autoblograÞhy (tranlated ftrcm $y¿þìli and edited by H.A. Fosbrooke). Tanganyika Notes and Reconds 41-42. FOX, D. Storrs 1930 Furbher notes on the Masai o'f Kenya Colon.y. Jou:rna1 of the Royal Anthropological Inshitute d Grreat Britain an

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INDEX

ABRAHAMS, R. c., 14¿1, 170 Bena, J4, 62 ABRUZä, Vr. S., 34, 35, 244 BENSON, 5., 25) \73, 2L3, 214 ADAMS, R., 37 BERGLUND, A-I., 36 AGAR, M. H., 56 BERLIN, 8,, 218, 236 ACATHARCHIDES, 72 BERNARDI, 8., 25, 128 t67, t7r Aisanga, BJ BERNTSEN, J., 34, 71, 79, r27, LBz, Akie, 83 215 BLACK, ALMAGoR, U., 128, 143 L. T., 126, r7L ANTHONY, A. 168 BLACKHURST, H., 144 APPELBAUM, R. P., 27L, 275 BLETCHER, J., 36 ARDBNER, 8., 22, 33, 43-45, BOHANNAN, P. 32, 33, 36 47, 48, 52, 68, 69 BONTE, P., 49, 50, 275 A:rusha, 9, 27, 23, 34, 54, 55, Boran(a), 23, 143 71, 73, t0z, r2Lt !29, r5L, 153, 154, 168, r7O, 2Og, 2r5, BOTTE, R., 12¿t 2!9, 23O, 236, 242, ?52, 25\, BOURDILLON, M. F. C., 213 259, 264, 272, 273 BOURCUTGNON, E., 275 Arusha Juu, 79 BOVíER, J.,72, 82 Asa, 2l BRADBY, 8. , 104 , 125 Ashantf, 6/ BRATN, J. L., 168 BADCOCK, C. R., 68 BRYCESON, D., 63 Bantu, 67, 73, 89, 113, rzz, L56 !71, t7g, 18tl, 185, rg2, rgSl Bugu, 73 !gg, 2\6, 238, 241, 24?, 26L BURTON, N1,,264 g¿¡,¿p¡ig, 82 Bur"undl, 124 BARTH, Fr., 244, 275 BUTT, 4., 175

BATES, D. C., 268 CAMPBELL, D. T., 37 BAUMANN, O., 83 CARLSTON, K. 5., 272 BAXTER, P. T. lrr., 128, 143, CARR, R., 772, 273, 265 tutl, t70, 775 CARROLL, J. 8., 67 BECKI'¡ITH, C,,25, 149, 150, 168, 170, 231, 232 CASSBLL, J., 70 Chagga, 79, 747, 767, BEIDELMAN, Th. o., 9 ,12,89, 90,107, r2lr 723, 727, 152, Chalinze, 1O3, 2ll7 156) 169-t73,2t5, 216,23O, 235, 275 Chamakweza, 12, 99, 100 Bei-r',213 CHOMSKY, N., 38 coHEN, A., 2@, 262 313 coHEN, D. l{ ., !27 EVASCU, lt¡. L., 275 coHEN, Y., 168, 264 FAHIM, H., 1 COLLETT, D., 82 FEDDERS, A ,25 coLLrER, J., 27, 28 FTRTH, R., 39 coLSoN, E. 1 FLETCHER. R., 39, 277 0OMAROFF, J. L., 106, 114 Fon, 67 COMRIE, B., 38 FORDB, D., 171 coNcLrN, H. C,, 236 FORTES, M., 39, 171 cRrcK, M., 22, 43, 4q, 68 FosBRooKE, H. 4., 20, 2\t 35, 169, 182, 187, 2r5, 2t6 cuRTrN, Ph. D.,69 FOX, D. S., 24, 38, 170, 268 Cushites, Cuah1tic,73, 128, 143 20L FREILICH, I\1. , 54-56 Cushites (Eastern) , 73, 74 FRTEDMAN , J. 22, 48, 69 (souther"n), 73, 185 FUCHS, H., 24 (Tatoga),72, 84 Dadog, 82, Fukayosi, 121 DAHL, G., 29 GALATY, J. G., 105, r9t, 269 202 DALE, r. R., Qa11a., fj 25O, 263 DALTON, C, I t2tl, 2\9, cAY, J., 38, 67 Damat, f6 GEERTZ, C., 3\, 27O Daressalaan, 17, BB, Lot, 25O GELLNER, 8., 272 DEVEREUX, G., 69 GENNEP van, 4., 22, 4I, q2, 68, 168 213 Didinga, crBSoN, G. D., LOB Dodoma, 9, 83, 99, tI9 GILKS, J. L., 24 Ilogon, 6f Gjlyak, 126 172, t73' Dorobo, 23, 72, 73, GLUCKMAN, M., 36 176, 2OO, zOL, 257, 258, 265, 266, 27t1, 275 GLUCKSMAN, Vl., 22, 42, 68 DOUGLAS, M., 32, 75, L97, 2t6, Cogo, 9, 23, 73, 79, t92, 218, 238 2r7, 256, 263 GOODY, J. , 106, 107, 113 45 DURKHETM, 8., 2, 22, 38, corHÓNr, R., 70 DYSON-HUDSON, N.,268 GRAY, R. F., 275 268 DYSON-HUDSON, R., GREENBERG, J. H., 9 82, EHRET, Chr., 9, 7t-75, 79, GREENI'¡AY P. J., 2O2 83, 128, 169, LB5, zot, 275 , GRECERSEN, E. A 38 ETSENSTADT, S. N., 44, 45, 68, ', 128 GREGORY, c. 4., to5, r25 ELLEN, R. F., 263 cuLLrvER, P. H., 23, 25, \OB, I27, 153, 154, 170, 248, 272, 273 Engassmet, 20, 21', 78, 79 GUTTMANN, B,, 83 EVANS_PRITCHARD, E. 8., 39, 1oB, 126, 169, 237, 238, 248 HAAPA, E. toz 31¿l

HALLOI\IELL, A. I', 39 JACOBS, A.t 72) 22, 23, 25, 29, 35, HAMER, J. H., 170 49, 77, 72, 77, 81, 82, 84, 107, 108, 112, 113, 116, L27, 1531 1561 HAMILTON, C., 216,232 1691 r7o' 2o2' 2Og, 248, 2\9, 269, Hamítrc, 2\, 25 27O, 275 JACOBSON-hIIDDINC, 218, Handenl, 9, 60 , 61, 81, 83, LB6, A., 227, 228, 190 236 HARJULA, R., 54, 2O2, 2I3 Ja1e, 168 HARRIS, M.,34 JAMES, L., 248 HASTRUP, K.,22 1 43, t17,52, Jie, 108, 143, 14t{, 146, 17o 68 Kachin, 124 HAUCEN, r., 38, 67 Kaguru, 9, 75I Hebrews, 2J Kahe, 79 Hedai:u, 186 KalenJin, 72, 74, 83, 143, 169 Hehe, 9, 79 KAMAU, L. J., 39, 67, 267, 272 HELMER, K., I Kamba, 73, 767, 2I3 HENRY, F., 6g Kamba1a, 60, 102, !29, 786 Henerro, 107, 108, 114 Kaonde, 211 HERSKOVITS, M., 85, 7O2,248 Karamojong, 143, 146, 769, 268 HERTZ, R., 22, 233, 234, 237 KANTAI o1e, B. K., 35 HTNNANT ,J . , 144, 170 KAY, P., 2lB, 236 HJORT, A., 23, 74 KENYATTA, J., 273 HOHENBERGER, J. 25 Keref€,215 HOLLIS, A. C., 23,, 24, 165, 168 Ker'ìo, 77 , 82 , 83, 184 , 192 r7t, 773, L74 , 176, r7g, 1.82, 183, 193, 2O2, 214-217, 226, Klbaya, 20, 2I) 79 230, 231 , 238, zTtt Klberashi, 1/B HONKO, L,, 32, 39, 40, 68, t7z Kidugala, 54 HUNTINGFORD, c. hr. B. , 7I-73, Kihangalko,24l t6g, 2o2, 2L7, 265, 275 Kikuyu, 2\,73,83, 147,167r IB2- HURSKATNEN, A., 81, BB, 97, I23 lB4, 213, 2t5, 248 126,237 Kilosa, 9, 129, L86 Idoma, 21J KIMAMBO, I. N., 71, 83, 185 Ila, 213 KTMIRET, G.,85,273 rLrFFE, J., 71, 83 Kindul1, 16 Iloikop, 75, 77, 80, BL, 127 KINC, K, J., 248 Irangl, 9 Kinsagu, !1 Irlnga, 9, 12, 83, 152 Kipsigis, 183, 268 ftunga, 141 KIPUSI o1e, M., I73, 21.4, 237 Íya1a, 2u KIRK, L., 264 375 22, KJeanaJeng, Bl LÈvr-srRAuss, C., 2, 3t 7 3\, 37, 4r-47, 68, 69, 75, 104, 125, Kisarawe, 101 126, 213 Klsongo, 2!, 25, 54, 55, 62, 76, LEVrNsoN, D., 275 107, 110, r27, r37 78, 79, ' - 138, 167, 185, 2L6, 23O, 236, LEIIIIS, D 69 254, 259, 273 217 2\2, LEVlrs, r 22, 3t+, 36, 67, 83, 1 Kiteto, 9, 21 , 79 2\B KLUCKHOHN, R., 168 LIEP, J. , 52, 12\ r25 KOCH, K., 168 LI PUMA, 8,, T26 Kondoa ,9 LTNTON, R., 68 248 Korogwe, 9 LIVINGSTONE, I., 34, Kotoko, 67, 267, 272 LLoYD, 8., 67 Loiborsi¡et, 79 KRAPF, J. L., 24, 27\ Loiborsoit, 79 KFESSEL, G. M., 126 Loita, 76, 215 KULEtr ole, H. R.' 25, 274 Lolkisalie' JP KUOK¡(A, r.,241+,2\7 Longido, 20' 2I KUPER, H. i 171 Loonderkes, T9 Kr,'Êlri, L2, 23, 211 , 76 LOTBGELUAKI oJ.e' S , 85, rT9, 214, Kwere, 9, 261, 26? 273 236 144, 145' 170 Labwor, LOI{ , D. A. , 7r, 76, 77, 84, L77 Lajkipla, 76, 79 Lugoba,-66, I2, t6-L9, 35, 54, 55,62, Lake Bar"j¡go, 74 97, BB, 94, 98-101, 122t L5t, r52, 157, ?o2, 20tt, 226 2\ 3 2t+7, Lake Nyasa, 14 25O, 259t 26r, 274 Lake Rudolf | 72, Tq Lumbwa, 12, 76' \83 143 Lake Turkana, MAIR, L., 39 Lar¡go, 213 MArrEr, rB5, !86, 2!5 LANGLEY, Ivl. s., 275 Makombe, 9I. t1z LAUGHLIN, ch. D., 169 Makumi::a, 54, 55 LAI'¡REN, Ii¡. L. , !67, 2tl8 MALINOI'ISKI, 8., 39, 40 42, LEACH, 8., 22, 34, 36, \r, MALONE, yI. J., 275 44, 68, 124, 168, 217, 267, 27r Mandera, B0 LEAKEY, L. s. B.t 24, L7! Maori, 125 LEBEUF, J-P. r 39, 67 | 267, 272 MAGUTRE, R. A. J.,24, 773 LEES, S. H., 268 MAUSS, M., 2, ?2, \5, 68, r24, 125 LEGESSE, A., 144 Mavi ya Ng'onbe, 16, 18 LEMENYE, J., 2\, 35, 2t5 MAZRUT, A., 249 LEMON, N., 38 MBATTAN, 76, t77 316

Mbeya, 9 Mwale, 16, 247 MBTTI, J. S., 213 Nadanya. 17, 18 Mbugu, 83, 183, lB5, z5z, zF,ï Natvasha, 76, 77 Mbugwa, 16, L8 Nakuru, 76, 77 Mbulu, BJ Nand:i, 1BZ, 183, 216, ZTtl McCORMACK, hr. 67 C., Naperer"a, 79, 7O7 METLLASSOUX, C. , 69, 124, 725 Namk, 82 MERKER, M., 23, ?tlt I74,2I3, Na¡:osura, 72 2t5t 237, 260, 274 NAss, A. H., 214 Meru (Kenya), 74, tg7, ZL6 NDACALA, D. K., 71, 94, 101 Meru (Tanzania), ZOZ, 273 Ndenbu, 3L, 227, 236 MTDDLETON, J., 182, 183, 214 NEEDI{^AM, R., 2, Ig2, 276, 236_238, MikongorÐ, t6, 5T 252 Mindu tuneli, 12-18, 3ï-,57, NELSON, 82 79, 81, BB, 90, 91, 102, io3, I87, 2II, ?41, zut, 247, 249, Ngerengere, 101 261 Ngong Hi]]s, 182 Miono, 1û18 7O3, 247 , Nguu, 9, T9 Mkata, 12!. 186 Nilotes, 73, Bz Mombo.184. tB6, 259 Nitotes (Eastern) , 7I, TZ, I2B, I43 Monduli.79. 259. 27\ Nflotes (prrcto-), Z4 MORETO. M.. 55 60, 186, 2t5 Nllotes (Southern), TI-75, 92, 143, 275 MORGAN, L,, 61 ) 77r Moncgoro, 9. 6o 88,129,186 Nflotes (Íüestern), fz Nilotlc Mpwapwa, Ç , 9,, f2, 74 , 7ZB (ntiamus), Mount Killmanjarrr o 77, 18? Njenps 9, 34, 35, T4 Mount Meru, 77, 79, LBz NJombe, !4 MPAAYEI, ole J., 2L3, Zt5 Nuen, 108, Il?, 1,69, zl3 Msata, 12, 54, 57, 62 Nyakyusa, 56, 62, 7Tg, 2I4 Msoga, 18,98, 1O1 Nyaneka, /4 MSOLLA, P., 2q3 Nyaturu, 69 MTANCO, 102, 184. lB5, Igo,275 NYERERE, J., 2\3 MUClrE, 237 o0AYA-LAKIDI, D., 249 MURDOCK, P., 82, 1O2 ODNER, K., 7?, 82 Murei,_ oGBu, 106 23. 108, 109, 112, 114 , J. u., 236 oLrvER, R., 83, 192, 2I5 MUSTAFA, K., 97, gB. gB, 90, OLOMENI, J. (Lemenye), 23, ?4, 35, 99, t0z 165 MvomerÐ, 60, Ioz, 729. 186 OLONANA (Lenana), 83 317 olpa¡atia, 83 SAITOTI o1e, T. | 25, t49l 150, 168, L7O, 231, 232 ol,ssoN, 1,, t72, r77, 2t4 SALAMONE, F. 4., 64 Orromo, l.!13, 145, 146 SALVADORT, c., 25 oRR, J. 8., 24 SALZMAN, P. c., 23, 2\B ORTNER, S. 8., 268 Sangeni, 60, 61, 81, 190 ovESEN , J,, 22t 40, \3, 52 Samata, ?Q, 2t Ovj¡¡bundu, 74 Samburu, 9, 23, 25, 3\, 35 76, 107 Pa¡e, 9, 83, 184, 185 1oB, 110, Lr?, t27, 1 36, 144, 145 PASTNER, s., 125 L67 , 179, 2rt1 , 273 PEACOCK, J. L., 30 Sarne, 186 PELTo, P., 34, 69 SANDBERG, Â., 63 PELTOLA, M,, 273 SANDFORD, G. R., 24 PENTIKAINEN, J., 3\, 69, L72 Sangu, 9 138, PERTSTIANY, J. c., 268 SANKAN o1e, S. S., 35 83, 135, 140, 146, 153, t69, L7O, 193, 225, PrKE, K., 34 237, 239, 255, 265, PltÍ, 213 Sanya, t92 Pokot, 22 SAPIR, E., 38, 67 Pondo, 16, 18 SARMELA, M., 68 Pongwe Msungula, 24/ SAUSSURE de, F., 22, 44 Purko, 76 SCHAPERA, I., 39 R. 40, RADCLTFFE-BRoWN, A. SCHNETDER, D., 160, 171 41, 68, 165, r7t, 268' SCHNETDER. H.,22,34, 68, 85, 102' RAPPAPORT, R. 4., 36 1.13, !2\, 248, 25O RAVENHTLL, P. L. , 268, 274 scHllrMMER, 8., 221 43, 68 RTCCIARDI, M., 25 Senjllc, 25 RTCHARDS, 4., 39 Sencnena, 72 RrGBY , P,, 22, 23) 26, 54, 7I, Shanbaa (Shambala) , J,, 79, 83, 85 BB; 107, 116, 127, t49, 156, 159, t7o, rg2, 2L6, 2tB, 235, Shoa Ga1Ja, 144 ?38, 252 Sidamo, 170 ROBERTSHAW, P., 82 s[Rri{rNEN, A., 82 ROSMAN, A., 105, :.?q, r25 Slmanii¡o, 168 ROSST, 1., 22, 68, 69, r25 srMoNrs, Y., 69 RUBEL, P., 105, t24, 125 srMoNSON, J. D.t 25 Ruvu Remit' 79 srTARr, T. ! 12, 102 236 SAHLTNS, M. r 124 , ?27, SMEDJEBACKA, H., 83 2\31 265 SAIBULL oLe, S. , L72, So, 169 318

Somalf, 22, 72, 248 uzorcwE, G. N., 249 souTHALL, A,., 229, 249 IÀIALLER, R., 84 SPENCEB, P., 23 25, tQ7, 110, Wan, 214 716, t27, 135 136, 139 143, VANSTNA, 65 144,170, L79 2L4r 273 J., IIERNER, SPERBER, D., 37, 67, z7z ,q. , 233 SPIRO, M. E., 725 I{HITEHOUSE, L. 8., 24. 769 WHITTNG, 168 STEI{ART, J., 33, 39, 128, 27L, J., 273 t{HoRF, B., 38, 67 SUBET (Supeet), 76, tTT, 184 I{TESCHOFF, H. A. , 233, 237 Sudanlc (Bastern), 9 I{ILDEN, A. , 69 Suk,211 Ì¡ILE, I. S., 233 suTToN, Í., g, 72, 83 wILsON, M., U1, 214 slfANTZ, M-L, 31, 63, 69, 218, ütrNczA, A,,176, IBgr ?LSt ?74 2?7, 249 l{uRM, s. A., 67 swrFT, tr., 268 Yoruba, 67, 267, z7z TALBoT, M. 25, 2L7 L. | Zande, lJtl TAMBTAH, S. 125 J.. ?æano, 22J Tanga, 88, 236, Zlgua, 9, 79 Tduru, 69 Taveta, 79, 147 THoMSON, J., 24, 76, ',lgì 80 B3t 176, L?g, tTg, 214, 216 TTGNOR, R. L., 84, 167 TrLrAN, 18q, 185, 215 Tiv, 211 Tshlûi, 106 TUCKER, A. N., 215 Turkana, 23, 1O8, 144, 146 TURNE_R, V. hr., 22, 3l , 46, 67, L68, 227, ?36 TURTON, D., 23, 107-109, 113, 236 Turu, 22 TUUPAINEN, M., 171 Uasin Gishu, 76, 79, 1BZ, 183 UCHENDU, V. C., 249 Usambana, 83, 185, 259 Usangu, 9, 83