Jerarquización Moral De La Locura En Los Popolucas De Soteapan, Veracruz”

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Jerarquización Moral De La Locura En Los Popolucas De Soteapan, Veracruz” 1 Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia Antropología Social Tesis de Licenciatura “Jerarquización moral de la locura en los popolucas de Soteapan, Veracruz” Director de tesis: Dr. Raymundo Mier Garza Asesora de tesis: Dra. Paloma Bragdon Cabral Tesista: Sebastián Bobadilla Suárez Matrícula: 200700702 2 Índice INTRODUCCIÓN……4 PRIMERA PARTE……12 Sobre la razón…………………………………………………………………………………………...13 Razón y lógica………………………………………………………………………………….14 Distintos tipos de saber……………………………………………………………………….16 Cómo se instaura el saber……………………………………………………………………18 La organización de los afectos……………………………………………………………….19 Razón práctica y razón cultural………………………………………………………………20 Reduccionismo y tres concepciones de la razón…………………………………………..21 La concepción psiquiátrica de la locura………………………………………………………………23 La psiquiatría…………………………………………………………………………………...24 Clasificaciones psicopatológicas…………………………………………………………….27 La esquizofrenia o la “locura” por excelencia………………………………………………28 Dos características de la esquizofrenia……………………………………………………..29 Antipsiquiatría……………………………………………………………………………………………32 La construcción efectiva de la locura…………………………………………………………………36 La noción de oposiciones……………………………………………………………………..37 La noción de eficacia simbólica………………………………………………………………38 La noción de esquizogénesis………………………………………………………………...39 La construcción socio-histórica de la locura………………………………………………...............42 Bachelard, Canguilhem y Kuhn………………………………………………………………42 Foucault…………………………………………………………………………………………44 Apuntes sobre la construcción social de la locura…………………………………………45 Aportaciones antropológicas…………………………………………………………………………..49 El debate en torno a la “mente primitiva”……………………………………………………50 La magia como elemento de la “mentalidad primitiva”…………………………………….52 La locura como objeto de la antropología…………………………………………………..54 La aportación de la antropología cognitiva………………………………………………….57 Sobre la ética…………………………………………………………………………………………….59 Definición de la ética y la moral………………………………………………………………60 La filosofía antigua…………………………………………………………………………….63 3 La Edad Media………………………………………………………………………………....65 La filosofía moderna…………………………………………………………………………..66 Axiología y jerarquización de valores………………………………………………………..68 Objetivismo y subjetivismo axiológico……………………………………………………….70 El “mal” como cierto tipo de diferencia………………………………………………………72 Resumen y comentarios………………………………………………………………………………..79 SEGUNDA PARTE……83 Introducción a los popolucas: un poco de estadísticas e historia (etnográfica)………………….85 Llegando a Soteapan…………………………………………………………………………………...91 La locura como discapacidad………………………………………………………………………….93 Un breve recorrido por Soteapan……………………………………………………………………...98 El evangélico anónimo………………………………………………………………………………..101 Curandero Pedro Gutiérrez…………………………………………………………………………..103 Partera Cristina Rodríguez Arizmendi……………………………………………………………….106 Primer Caso: Hermelinda y su hermana, Isabel……………………………………………………108 Don Ricardo y más narraciones……………………………………………………………………...116 Segundo Caso: Alicia Bolaños y familia…………………………………………………………….121 Tercer Caso: Angélica y su abuela Teresa…………………………………………………………137 Peregrinación a Catemaco……………………………………………………………………………140 La boda de Yadira y nuevas narraciones…………………………………………………………...146 Resumen y comentarios………………………………………………………………………………148 CONCLUSIONES……150 La razón en oposición a la locura………………………... …………………………………………150 Elementos psiquiátricos de la locura en Soteapan………………………………………………...154 ¿Antipsiquiatría o imposibilidad de psiquiatría?.......................................................................155 Eficacia simbólica, esquizogénesis y oposiciones en los tres casos de locura………………...156 Terapias y ritualidades de los psicoespecialistas soteapenses…………………………………..160 Protomodelos y modelos culturales………………………………………………………………….163 Jerarquización moral de la locura……………………………………………………………………168 Acotaciones finales.…………………………………………………………………………………...174 ANEXO……177 Encuesta sobre valores……………………………………………………………………………….177 BIBLIOGRAFÍA……188 4 INTRODUCCIÓN La locura es una posible condición para cualquier persona. Aquellos que presentan dicha condición ven su calidad de vida deteriorada. Los criterios para que una persona sea diagnosticada con esta condición dependen tremendamente del sistema cultural de esa persona y de su grupo social. En efecto, cuando un grupo social ha designado a una persona con esta condición, la persona entonces forma parte de un grupo vulnerable. Es este grupo vulnerable y marginado el que se verá beneficiado con los resultados de este tipo de investigación, así como para todos los especialistas que traten con ellos. Antropológicamente se aportan datos sobre las características sociales y culturales de la locura. Esta investigación contribuirá a esclarecer cómo se construye culturalmente la locura, de sus particularidades al interior de un sistema cultural y de sus posibles generalidades. Por otro lado, no solamente se promueve la tolerancia, el respeto y el entendimiento hacia este grupo vulnerable sino también a las prácticas culturales relacionadas con la locura. Se justifica de esta manera la necesidad de realizar una investigación antropológica sobre este tema. En un nivel más teórico, también se contribuye con la resolución de problemas relacionados con la mente, la sociedad, la cultura y la naturaleza humana, ya que la locura es un padecimiento totalmente humano. Este proyecto es innovador en tanto que su enfoque hace hincapié en la relación entre la construcción social de la locura y un sistema ético particular de un grupo cultural específico. Para estudiar este problema se ha escogido como unidad social de análisis a los popolucas de Soteapan, Veracruz. Hay por lo menos tres razones por las que se ha escogido este lugar y a este grupo étnico. El municipio de Soteapan se ha escogido por tener el mayor número de población indígena, de popolucas, en la región (incluida la región de los Tuxtlas). Aparte, este municipio colinda con el municipio de Catemaco, que tiene renombre por sus tradiciones en brujos y brujas. Su cercanía con el municipio de Catemaco y de la región de los Tuxtlas en general, con “Tierra de brujos”, permite especular que existe una gran probabilidad de que los casos de locura en los popolucas 5 se relacionan con las prácticas de la región, como también con las prácticas que sean propias de su grupo étnico. El trabajo de campo se llevó a cabo durante el mes de junio de 2011. El planteamiento del problema es “Jerarquización moral de la locura en los popolucas de Soteapan, Veracruz”. El enfoque de la investigación es sobre cómo se construye la moral en un entorno cultural dado, relacionado con cómo se construyen las concepciones sobre la locura en ese mismo entorno. La hipótesis es que la locura se construye socialmente a través de diferentes interrelaciones de jerarquizaciones morales en los sujetos. Para esto pensamos que cualquier moral se construye a través de jerarquizaciones de valores. Los valores pueden ser de cualquier índole sean estos económicos, ideales, pragmáticos, afectivos, etc. Los procesos diferenciales de jerarquización de valores pueden crear conflictos de muchos tipos entre los sujetos. Este marco puede dar pie a explicaciones generales del fenómeno de la locura. Así, una de las unidades conceptuales mínimas es el de los valores. Los valores son definidos, provisionalmente, como las cualidades de las cosas en tanto que son jerarquizadas y organizadas por los sujetos. Asimismo, se deduce que los valores de un grupo social son aquellos que son relevantes para ese grupo; aquellas cosas a las que les prestan atención. Por tanto, los valores están relacionados con cómo los sujetos jerarquizan y distribuyen el tiempo que le emplean a las cosas, sea a través de pensamientos o acciones. Esta definición de los valores nos permite, a su vez, definir la locura como procesos casi únicos de valorización, o jerarquización de valores, de los sujetos que viven esta designación. El objetivo general de la investigación fue ubicar casos de locura entre los popolucas de la región entre Soteapan y Catemaco, Veracruz, y describir la trayectoria de al menos un caso a profundidad. Para esto, se necesitó reconstruir el pasado del sujeto a través de su historia de vida y a través de conversaciones formales y entrevistas a profundidad con sus familiares y relaciones sociales cercanas. Buscamos profesionales que han tratado la condición o que tengan conocimientos sobre ella. Igualmente, con entrevistas a profundidad y conversaciones formales e informales se buscó conseguir 6 información acerca de las diferentes concepciones que existen acerca de la locura en general y del caso en específico. De la misma manera, también se buscó construir una idea de las jerarquías de valores para cada persona, en tanto que sean valores relevantes para el caso en cuestión. En general, se intentó convivir con los sujetos y sus alrededores el mayor tiempo posible para poder observar tanto la dinámica de los sujetos como de su grupo social circundante. Este trabajo busca redefinir la locura en términos antropológicos. Para esto asumimos que la locura es una construcción social tanto a nivel conceptual como en cuanto a experiencia vivida por las personas. Al concebir los conceptos como una construcción social, nos damos cuenta de que es trivial hacerlo sin proponer la manera en que se construye el concepto. Queremos encontrar la especificidad de la construcción social de la locura. No solamente queremos plantear si es o no es una construcción social sino cómo se construye.
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