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16 Et 17 Dec Coree:COREE 16 17 Dec 7/12/06 16:41 Page 1 16 et 17 dec coree:COREE 16 17 dec 7/12/06 16:41 Page 1 SAMEDI 16 DÉCEMBRE – 20H DIMANCHE 17 DÉCEMBRE – 17H Traditions millénaires de Corée Spectacle musical et chorégraphique Institut national coréen de musique et de danse traditionnelles Ensemble de musique de cour Song Inkil, directeur artistique Yun Byongchon, Kim Kwanhee, Cho Sungrae, Yang Kyungsook, Kim Keedong, Kim Byoungoh, Yoon Moonsook, Chung Gyejong, Lee Junah, Shon Bumjoo, Lee Gunhoy, Ko Woosuk, Yoon Hyoungwook, Choi Sungho, Kim Huigon, Yoo Chungyeon, Ko Sooyoung, Kim Inae, Kim Younghun, Lee Jonggil, Kill Seokgeun, musiciens Ensemble de musique traditionnelle Kang Jungsook, Baik Jinsuk, Lee Yongtae, Lee Daewon, Cho Yongbok, Oh Younghwan, musiciens Kim Younghee, chorégraphe Lee Jongho, Park Joonkyu, Park Seongho, Choi Kyungja, Yang Sunhui, Jung Mira, Chang Minha, Kim Heyja, Bae Suna, Choi Hyengsun, Baek Jinhee, Houng Moungjin, Lee Myounghee, Lee Jeeyon, Kim Jinjung, Lee Jungmi, Kim Youngsin, Ryu Jaeyeon, Choi Sunghee, danseurs/danseuses Song Kyunghee, Park Okjin, Yu Hochul, Kim Kuntai, Choi Gyooman, Choi Jeoungmook, Lee Youngsik, Hwang Jooyeun, Seo Sunduk, Park Heejeung, Lee Suckkyu, Hwang Yongbong, staff technique Kim Chulho, directeur général Kim Jinho, directeur exécutif Coproduction Ministère coréen de la Culture et du Tourisme - Centre Culturel Coréen, Salle Pleyel. Dans le cadre du 120e anniversaire des relations diplomatiques entre la France et la Corée. Durée du spectacle : environ 2h. 16 et 17 dec coree:COREE 16 17 dec 7/12/06 16:41 Page 2 16 et 17 dec coree:COREE 16 17 dec 7/12/06 16:41 Page 3 Traditions millénaires de Corée Spectacle musical et chorégraphique Boheoja Musique de cour Durée : environ 11 minutes. Pogurak Danse de cour Durée : environ 10 minutes. Gayageum Sanjo Musique traditionnelle populaire Durée : environ 6 minutes. Yeongsanjae Cérémonie bouddhique comportant plusieurs danses Durée : environ 15 minutes. entracte Sujecheon Musique de cour Durée : environ 10 minutes. Ganggangsuwollae Danse traditionnelle populaire Durée : environ 10 minutes. Salpuri Danse populaire d’inspiration chamanique Durée : environ 6 minutes. Pungmullori Musiques et danses paysannes Durée : environ 15 minutes. 3 16 et 17 dec coree:COREE 16 17 dec 7/12/06 16:41 Page 4 16 et 17 dec coree:COREE 16 17 dec 7/12/06 16:41 Page 5 16 et 17 dec coree:COREE 16 17 dec 7/12/06 16:41 Page 6 Traditions millénaires de Corée La musique coréenne est l’une des plus riches de l’Extrême-Orient et aussi l’une des plus originales, notamment par la complexité de ses formules rythmiques et par la présence fréquente de l’improvisation. Au cours de son histoire qui s’étend sur plusieurs millénaires, elle s’est forgé un style et un son qui la rendent immédiatement reconnaissable. Ce programme est consacré aussi bien aux musiques savantes qu’aux musiques populaires, celles-ci faisant souvent preuve d’une complexité et d’un raffinement qui n’ont rien à envier aux musiques de cour. Les artistes qui présenteront divers aspects du répertoire sont issus de l’Institut national coréen de musique et de danse traditionnelles. Fondé en 1951, il s’attache à conserver les musiques traditionnelles tant savantes que populaires et, depuis 1964, à les faire connaître dans le monde entier où il a présenté plus d’une centaine de spectacles. Il s’agit en fait d’une vénérable institution, puisque l’on peut faire remonter ses origines à la période des Trois royaumes et à l’Eumseongseo fondé au septième siècle durant la dynastie Silla, ainsi qu’au Daeakseo de la dynastie Goryeo (918-1392), au Jangagwon de la dynastie Joseon (1392-1910) et au Iwangjik Aakbu, l’Institut de musique de cour de la période coloniale japonaise (1910-1945). Le Boheoja, « la marche dans le vide », tire ses origines d’une ancienne pièce de musique de la Chine des Song, apparue en Corée vers la fin de la dynastie Goryeo (918-1392). Elle était principalement interprétée en accompagnement du Dangak Jeongjae, la musique d’origine chinoise, au cours des cérémonies rituelles de la Cour. Elle pouvait aussi accompagner la danse de cour Oyangseon (« la danse des cinq fées »). Chantée à l’origine, elle s’est peu à peu transformée en une musique purement instrumentale et s’est intégrée au Hyangak, la forme savante considérée comme proprement coréenne. Le Pogurak, ou danse du lancer de balle, est une ancienne danse de la cour du roi Mun, du royaume de Goryeo, qui serait apparue en 1073. Elle fait également partie du répertoire du Dangak Jeongjae, qui était interprété au cours des banquets ou des cérémonies et célébrait les vertus du souverain, en lui souhaitant une longue vie. C’est un jeu dansé où les danseuses sont réparties en deux groupes. Une porte percée d’un trou les sépare. Elles doivent lancer à travers ce dernier le chaegu, une balle en bois rouge ornée de fils de soie. Celle qui réussit à lancer la balle à travers le trou reçoit des fleurs en récompense, alors que celle qui échoue a un gage qui consiste à recevoir une marque sur son visage. Le Gayageum Sanjo fait partie des musiques populaires. Sanjo signifie littéralement « mélodie éparpillée ». C’est une forme, parfois comparée à la sonate européenne, qui est apparue à la fin du XIXe siècle, inspirée notamment par le Pansori et le Sinawi. On se souvient encore du premier musicien de Gayageum Sanjo, Kim Changjo, né en 1856. Chaque pièce est constituée de plusieurs mouvements exécutés chacun avec un cycle rythmique (jangdan) différent. Le morceau commence lentement pour s’accélérer progressivement. Le nombre de mouvements varie selon les écoles et l’instrument mélodique, accompagné par le tambour en sablier janggu. La pièce peut parfois 6 16 et 17 dec coree:COREE 16 17 dec 7/12/06 16:41 Page 7 SAMEDI 16 ET DIMANCHE 17 DÉCEMBRE commencer par un solo sans rythme fixe. Le Sanjo est ici interprété sur la plus populaire des cithares coréennes, le gayageum, dont les douze cordes de soie sont tendues sur des chevalets mobiles. Il était jadis improvisé mais est maintenant la plupart du temps fixé et tend à se développer sur des durées plus brèves. Chaque section est jouée sur un mode qui lui est propre. Le Yeongsanjae est une cérémonie bouddhique dont les origines remontent au royaume de Silla unifié (668-935) et dans laquelle des offrandes sont présentées au Bouddha, sous forme de fleurs, de jolis parfums, de chants et de danses. Elle est destinée à aider les gens à atteindre le nirvana. Cette pièce, comportant musique et danse, exprime l’angoisse ressentie par l’être humain au cours de sa tentative de parvenir à l’ascèse et au détachement des biens matériels. Elle comprend des rythmes variés (exécutés avec des percussions) et plusieurs danses bouddhiques : • Bara, danse des cymbales, ayant pour fonction d’affirmer la Vérité de Bouddha. • Danse des papillons, destinée à aider les êtres vivants qui n’ont pas réussi leur réincarnation, du fait de leurs mauvaises actions, et à aider leurs âmes à parvenir à la bonté du cœur. • Taju, danse de présentation des offrandes de nourriture au Bouddha. • Danse du beopgo, ou danse du tambour bouddhique, exécutée pour le salut des animaux. La pièce de musique de cour Sujecheon, « une longue vie aussi éternelle que le Ciel », était jouée en diverses occasions, que ce soit au cours d’une procession royale ou pour la danse masquée Cheoyongmu. C’est une des pièces les plus fameuses de la musique de cour. Elle est divisée en quatre sections dont la mélodie principale est jouée par un hautbois cylindrique, le piri. Celui-ci fait une pause à la fin de chaque mouvement, de même que les instruments de percussion, alors que les autres instruments mélodiques continuent à jouer. C’est une musique à caractère répétitif où apparaissent des variations, alors que le tempo s’accélère. C’est la forme de Daepungnyu (musique pour les instruments à vent) où l’orchestre est le plus étoffé, puisque la flûte traversière sogeum, la cithare ajaeng, la vièle haegeum et les cliquettes bak s’ajoutent aux deux hautbois hyangpiri, à la flûte traversière daegeum, au tambour en sablier janggu et au tambour en tonneau jwago. La danse Ganggangsuwollae est une jolie danse populaire où les jeunes femmes dansent en farandole. Selon certains auteurs, ses origines remonteraient aux invasions japonaises de la fin du XVIe siècle. À l’époque, afin de dissuader les marins ennemis de débarquer en leur montrant que l’armée coréenne était nombreuse, et aussi de surveiller le rivage pour parer à une attaque, les femmes des villages côtiers du Jeolla (région au sud de la Corée) montaient, par groupes de plusieurs dizaines, sur les collines du bord de mer et y allumaient de grands feux. Elles chantaient et dansaient autour du feu et cette manœuvre défensive s’est ensuite propagée et muée en une danse extrêmement populaire. La musique qui l’accompagne est un chant à répons où une meneuse lance une phrase 7 16 et 17 dec coree:COREE 16 17 dec 7/12/06 16:41 Page 8 reprise en chœur par les autres danseuses. Le rythme va en s’accélérant et donne lieu à des improvisations au fur et à mesure que la danse se poursuit. Le Salpuri (« chasser les mauvais esprits ») est une danse dérivée des danses chamaniques d’exorcisme. Afin d’apaiser l’esprit du défunt et de guider son âme vers le ciel, elle fait appel à la forme musicale du Sinawi, qui accompagnait la danse du chamane, avant de se séculariser. C’est une forme caractérisée par la présence d’une hétérophonie très marquée qui laisse une large place à la liberté de chaque musicien.
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