Makalah Seni Musik Korea

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Makalah Seni Musik Korea MAKALAH SENI MUSIK KOREA Disusun Oleh : •• Emi Cahyaningtyas R. •• Fitri Nur P. •• Nia Puji A. •• Wahyuningsih SMA Negeri 1 Girimarto Tahum Pelajaran 2014/2015 KATA PENGANTAR Dengan mengucapkan puji syukur atas kehadirat Tuhan YME, atas segala kebesaran dan limpah nikmat yang diberikan-Nya, sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan Makalah Tentang Seni Musik Korea. Adapun penulisan makalah ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai musik Korea. Dalam penulisan makalah ini, berbagai hambatan telah kami alami. Oleh karena itu, terselesaikannya makalah ini tentu saja bukan karena kemampuan kami semata-mata. Namun karena adanya dukungan dan bantuan dari pihak-pihak yang terkait. Dan ucapan terima kasih patut dipersembahkan kepada semua pihak yang tidak dapat kami sebutkan satu persatu, yang telah membantu menyelesaikan makalah ini. Dalam penyusunan makalah ini, kami menyadari pengetahuan dan pengalaman kami masih sangat terbatas. Oleh karena itu, kami sangat mengharapkan adanya kritik dan saran dari berbagai pihak agar makalah ini lebih baik dan bermanfaaat. Akhir kata kami ucapkan semoga Tuhan YME selalu membalas budi baik anda semua. Girimarto, Oktober 2014 Page 2 2 MAKALAH SENI MUSIK KOREA sma negeri i girimarto DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................... 2 BAB I PENDAHULUAN Pengertian Musik Korea.......................................................................... 4 Sejarah Musik Korea ............................................................................... 4 BAB II PEMBAHASAN Perkembangan Musik Korea ................................................................... 4 Jenis – Jenis Alat Musik Korea Dengan Gambar ................................... 7 Penyanyi – Penyanyi Legendaris Korea ................................................. 10 Lirik Lagu Korea Dengan Artinya .......................................................... 11 BAB III PENUTUP Kesimpulan ............................................................................................. 12 Saran ........................................................................................................ 12 Daftar Pustaka ......................................................................................... 13 Page 3 3 MAKALAH SENI MUSIK KOREA sma negeri i girimarto BAB I PENDAHULUAN Pengertian Musik Korea Musik tradisional Korea merupakan jenis musik yang dimainkan oleh rakyat Korea dengan menggunakan alat-alat musik Korea, baik di Korea Utara maupun Korea Selatan. Di Korea Selatan istilahnya adalah han-guk jeontong eum-ak atau guk-ak sementara di Korea Utara dinamakan minjok eum-a Sejarah Musik Korea Musik awal rakyat Korea diketahui dimainkan sebagai bagian dari upacara dan penyembahan kepada dewa-dewa. Umumnya, bukti-bukti tersebut berasal dari sumber-sumber tertulis Cina kuno. Karena Semenanjung Korea menjorok dari benua Asia bagian timur laut, rakyat Korea telah melakukan pertukaran yang aktif sejak lama dengan bangsa Cina, Mongol, Jepang, Siberia dan Asia Tengah yang ikut memengaruhi kesenian mereka. BAB II PEMBAHASAN Perkembangan Musik Korea Tiga Kerajaan (57 SM-668 M) Rakyat Korea dikenal pandai menyanyi dan menari sejak zaman kuno. Catatan pertama yang merekam tentang kegemaran rakyat Korea bermusik adalah kitab sejarah Cina abad ke-3, San Guo Zhi. Bangsa Cina kuno menyebut nenek moyang orang Korea dalam artikel tulisan yang berjudul "Barbarian dari Timur" atau Dong-yi. Dalam catatan tersebut tertulis: “ Setelah musim tanam selesai pada bulan ke-5, mereka selalu melakukan ritual menyembah dewa-dewa dengan membentuk kelompok, menari dan minum sampai malam tanpa istirahat. Alat musik yang mereka gunakan adalah lonceng yang dipukul seperti yang digunakan di Cina untuk menari. Pada bulan Oktober, setelah selesai panen, mereka akan mengulangi ritual yang sama. Setiap desa memberikan persembahan kepada dewa-dewa dengan petunjuk seorang pemimpin yang dinamakan cheonggun, yang dipilih oleh warga desa sendiri. ” Goguryeo (37 SM-668 M) Rakyat kerajaan Goguryeo, yang tinggal di sebelah utara Semenanjung Korea dan Manchuria, dikenal pada zaman Cina kuno akan kemahiran menyanyi dan menarinya. Bangsawan Dinasti Sui dan Tang menyukai orkes musik dan tarian Goguryeo. Alat musik yang dimainkan di Page 4 4 MAKALAH SENI MUSIK KOREA sma negeri i girimarto Goguryeo antara lain suling yang dinamakan piri dan mandolin bersenar 5 yang dinamakan pipa yang diperkenalkan dari Asia Tengah.[3] Seorang perdana menteri bernama Wang San-ak menulis ratusan buah lagu berdasarkan permainan alat musik Cina dan menemukan kecapi petik yang dinamakan geomungo. Silla (57 SM-668 M) Di kerajaan Silla, alat musik petik bersenar 12 yang dinamakan gayageum dari Kerajaan Gaya menjadi terkenal. Masyarakat Silla menikmati lagu-lagu religius bertema agama Buddha maupun sekuler. Musik asli mereka dinamakan hyang-ak dan mendapat pengaruh musik Asia Tengah. Seorang musisi terkenal bernama Baek Gyeol menciptakan karya lagu Banga Taryeong yang sampai sekarang masih dinyanyikan. Baekje (16 SM-660 M) Musik dari kerajaan Baekje, negeri di sebelah barat daya Semenanjung Korea, kurang begitu dipahami. Namun diperkirakan, musiknya dipengaruhi oleh musik Cina. Berdasarkan catatan kuno, salah satu nomor musik istana yang masih dimainkan sampai saat ini, sujecheon (harfiah:"hidup abadi bagai surga") didasarkan dari musik kuno Baekje yang berjudul jeong- eup-sa atau kota Jeong-eup. Gaya Kerajaan Gaya paling dikenal akan kontribusinya terhadap penemuan alat musik petik bersenar 12. Alat musik ini menyebar ke berbagai kerajaan lain di sekitarnya dan dikenal dengan nama kecapi gaya atau gayageum. Silla Bersatu (668-935) Rakyat Silla Bersatu menikmati seni suara yang dinamakan hyangga atau musik asli. Hyangga ditulis berdasarkan lirik yang bernuansa Buddhisme yang berisi doa dan puji-pujian kepada Buddha. Tema lainnya adalah tentang sekuler dan kehidupan sehari-hari. Hyangga mencerminkan kesenian religius dan sentimen rakyat Silla Bersatu. Dinasti Goryeo (935-1392) Pada masa Dinasti Goryeo, musik Cina (dang-ak ) dan musik upacara (Aak) berkembang pesat bersamaan dengan musik asli (hyang-ak ).[4] Musik ritual ditampilkan dalam upacara keagamaan Konfusius bersama tari-tarian.[4] Berbagai jenis alat musik baru diciptakan atau diperkenalkan dari Cina. Jenis alat musik yang populer adalah gayageum, geomungo dan janggo. Dinasti Joseon (1392-1910) Page 5 5 MAKALAH SENI MUSIK KOREA sma negeri i girimarto Lukisan "anak penari", karya Kim Hong-do, Dinasti Joseon. Musik pada masa Dinasti Joseon dibagi menjadi 2 jenis, yakni musik istana (jeong-ak) dan musik rakyat (minsok-ak ). Rakyat kelas atas dan istana mendengarkan musik istana, yang terdiri dari musik Cina (dang-ak), musik asli Korea (hyang-ak) dan musik ritual Konfusianisme (a-ak). Periode terpenting bagi bidang musik pada masa Dinasti Joseon adalah masa pemerintahan Raja Sejong yang Agung (1418-1450). Kontribusi Raja Sejong terhadap perkembangan musik Korea dianggap monumental seperti prestasinya dalam bidang politik dan ilmu pengetahuan.[6] Ia mengembangkan sebuah pipa bambu yang dinamakan yulgwan untuk menandai pola titinada musik Korea, mendesain ulang alat musik, menciptakan musik baru dan menciptakan jeongganbo, sistem notasi musik pertama di Asia Timur. Pada akhir periode Dinasti Joseon, popularitas musik istana semakin menurun, sementara itu musik rakyat dan drama tradisional seperti pansori dan changgeuk, berkembang pesat.[3][4] Musik rakyat mulai diwariskan dari generasi ke generasi. Seni suara yang didasarkan dari lirik penyair terkenal seperti Kim Cheon-taek dan Kim Su-jang mulai populer di antara kaum bangsawan terpelajar. Musik religius seperti musik agama Buddha dan Shamanisme juga semakin memengaruhi genre musik rakyat Korea pada masa ini. Musik agama Buddha mengalami kebangkitan, antara lain dengan populernya permainan nomor musik yeongsan hoesang , musik religius yang terinspirasi dari peristiwa khotbah Buddha di gunung Gridhrakuta di India. Bentuk syair yang berasal dari zaman Dinasti Goryeo, sijo, semakin digemari. Sijo adalah syair pendek yang dilantunkan bersama permainan alat musik. Korea Utara dan Korea Selatan Karena Korea telah terbagi lebih dari setengah abad, musik tradisional yang diwariskan antara kedua negara telah menjadi cukup berbeda. Musisi Korea Selatan meyakini musik harus melampaui batas politik dan mencapai kemurnian yang tidak menyampaikan pesan propaganda. Musisi Korea Utara pun berpendapat bahwa musik harus melampaui politik namun untuk tujuan yang berbeda. Walaupun memiliki pandangan yang hampir sama mengenai musik, tujuan dan metode yang mereka kembangkan tidak sama. Di Korea Utara, tidak ada istilah guk-ak (musik tradisional) dan jeon-tong eum-ak juga tak pernah digunakan. Jenis-jenis musik tradisional yang dikenal di Korea Selatan seperti jeong-ak (musik istana), pansori (opera tradisional), musik rakyat dan sanjo (permainan musik solo) tidak dikenal di Korea Utara. Jenis musik tradisional yang dipentaskan di Korea Utara hanya minyo atau nyanyian rakyat. Namun, minyo di Korea Utara tidak dinyanyikan dengan gaya tradisional, melainkan dengan gaya modifikasi yang diiringi aransemen permainan alat musik tradisional yang direvisi dan musik barat. Semua alat musik tradisional kecuali alat musik perkusi telah mengalami rekonstruksi. Kim Il- sung dalam "Karya-karya pilihan Kim Il-sung, Volume 4, Halaman 154" menuliskan: ”Dalam upaya untuk memodernisasikan musik kita, kita harus mempertimbangkan untuk memodifikasi alat musik yang tersedia. Tidaklah mungkin untuk
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