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175-308 Atti Convegno La Ricerca SOCIETÀ BOTANICA ITALIANA GRUPPO DI LAVORO PER LA MICOLOGIA CONVEGNO SU LA RICERCA MICOLOGICA NELLA SOCIETÀ BOTANICA ITALIANA, ANNO 2002. STATO ATTUALE E PROSPETTIVE FUTURE Torino 15-16 novembre 2002 INFORMATORE BOTANICO ITALIANO, 36 (1) 177, 2004 177 Atti Convegno “La ricerca micologica nella S.B.I. Anno 2002” PREMESSA Nei giorni 15-16 novembre 2002 si è svolto a - I funghi come biosensori nella protezione Torino, presso il Dipartimento di Biologia dell’Ambiente e della Salute Vegetale dell’Università, un Convegno di - Caratterizzazione biologica e molecolare di Micologia, dal titolo “ La ricerca micologica macro- e microfunghi nella Società Botanica Italiana, anno 2002. Stato attuale e prospettive future”, organizzato nel- Su invito, hanno introdotto il primo e terzo l’ambito delle attività del Gruppo di Lavoro per Simposio il prof. Walter Gams del CBS la Micologia della S.B.I. In questo numero dell’Informatore Botanico Italiano vengono (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, pubblicati, come lavori in extenso, la maggior Utrecht) e il prof. Georgios I. Zervakis del parte degli interventi, suddivisi nei tre Simposi National Research Foundation, Institute of dai seguenti temi: Kalamata. - La biodiversità fungina: significato, censi- mento e conservazione [a cura di V. FILIPELLO MARCHISIO] INFORMATORE BOTANICO ITALIANO, 36 (1) 179, 2004 179 Atti Convegno “La ricerca micologica nella S.B.I. Anno 2002” 1° Simposio La biodiversità fungina: significato, censimento e conservazione W. G AMS. Fungal diversity - relevance, estimates, needed data, projects G. VENTURELLA. La biodiversità fungina in Sicilia A. SAITTA, A. BERNICCHIA e G. VENTURELLA. Contributo alla conoscenza dei funghi lignicoli della Sicilia C. PERINI, E. SALERNI e A. LAGANÀ. Conservazione della biodiversità fungina nell’area mediterranea: l’espe- rienza senese E. SAVINO, C. BURATTI, E. SALERNI e C. PERINI. Check-list dei basidiomiceti della Regione Lombardia A. VIZZINI, V. FILIPELLO MARCHISIO e C.A.M.P.A.L.La Check-list dei basidiomiceti del Piemonte e della Valle d’Aosta: passato e futuro C. RIPA, L. ZUCCONI e S. ONOFRI. La Banca Dati Micologica Nazionale: strumento base per le strategie di gestione, monitoraggio e conservazione ambientale A. E. VAUGHAN, P. BUZZINI e A. MARTINI. Una federazione di collezioni di colture microbiche per promuove- re l’attività dei centri per risorse microbiologiche italiane G.C. VARESE, S. VOYRON, A. VIZZINI, A. INGARAMO eV. FILIPELLO MARCHISIO. Conservazione ex situ della biodiversità dei basidiomiceti: problemi metodologici 2° Simposio I funghi come biosensori nella protezione dell’Ambiente e della Salute G.C. VARESE, V. PRIGIONE, A. ANASTASI, L. CASIERI, S. VOYRON eV. FILIPELLO MARCHISIO. L’aerosol fungino negli impianti di compostaggio: rischio per la salute e per l’ambiente A.M. PICCO e M. RODOLFI. Aerospore fungine in ambienti ospedalieri V. P RIGIONE, G. LINGUA eV. FILIPELLO MARCHISIO. La citofluorimetria a flusso può risolvere i problemi di misura dell’aerosol fungino? A.M. PICCO, M. BRUSONI, G. DEL FRATE, M. GUGLIELMINETTI, E. SAVINO, S. TOSI e G. CARETTA. Valutazione della componente microfungina secondo un gradiente di biodiversità lichenica 3° Simposio Caratterizzazione biologica e molecolare di macro- e microfunghi G.I. ZERVAKIS. The necessity to exploit multifaceted approaches for resolving the systematics in Basidiomyco- tina: case studies on edible mushrooms O. COMANDINI. Un approccio multisciplinare allo studio della tassonomia del genere Lactarius in Europa L. SELBMANN, S. DE HOOG, A. MAZZAGLIA e S. ONOFRI. Caratterizzazione biologica e molecolare di micro- funghi isolati da comunità criptoendolitiche in Antartide S. FLORIO, F. DE LEO, G. DAMIANI, E. SAVINO e C. URZÌ. Funghi meristematici isolati da monumenti medie- vali M. GIRLANDA, S. GHIGNONE, R. BERGERO, S. PEROTTO e A.M. LUPPI. Caratterizzazione di miceli sterili dema- ziacei e moniliacei associati a piante a diverso status micorrizico in ambiente mediterraneo A. MELLO, A. CANTISANI, A. VIZZINI eP. BONFANTE. Variabilità in Tuber uncinatum: un’analisi molecolare S. TOSI, G. DEL FRATE, G. CARETTA e G. VIDARI. Funghi predatori di nematodi in Antartide Continentale P. B UZZINI, A. E. VAUGHAN, B. TURCHETTI e A. MARTINI. La biodiversità dei lieviti isolati da ambienti tropi- cali: una fonte potenziale di molecole di interesse biotecnologico A. ANASTASI, G.C. VARESE, S. SCANNERINI eV. FILIPELLO MARCHISIO. Caratterizzazione biologica dei funghi del compost e del vermicompost A. MONTEMARTINI CORTE, M. ZOTTI e M. DE FERRARI. Funghi di interni implicati in processi di degradazio- ne M. ZOTTI, G. BARABINO e A. PERSI. Funghi saprotrofi e patologia dermatologica: onicomicosi da Aspergillus INFORMATORE BOTANICO ITALIANO, 36 (1) 181-188, 2004 181 Atti Convegno “La ricerca micologica nella S.B.I. Anno 2002” Fungal diversity - relevance, estimates, needed data, projects W. G AMS ABSTRACT - Fungal diversity usually exceeds that of green plants and many taxa are still to be discovered. A few major publications give a very good survey of the situation, particularly the symposium “Fungal biodiversity: What do we know? What can we predict?” organized by G.M. Mueller & J.P. Schmit at IMC7 in Oslo this summer. Certain macrofungi and lichenized fungi are very good indicators of environmental quality. Among the macrofungi, myc- orrhizal species are more sensitive to adverse effects than are the saprotrophic wood and litter decomposers. Endangered species have been listed in many national red lists. Not only endangered plant species, but also fungi can serve as argu- ments for the protection of a biotope. What are high numbers of species? The completeness and coverage of lists rely very much on the capacities of the observ- er. The inventory of microscopical fungi particularly depends on the method used. The number of species observed in relation to the amount of work done follows a saturation curve, the steepness of which is strongly affected by the method used. Inventories of soil fungi mostly comprise only culturable species, while the endomycorrhizal Glomerales are the most important group of non-culturable soil fungi, and the equally abundant Basidiomycetes are mainly assessed by observing above-ground fruiting-bodies. The completeness and value of species lists are variable. National checklists serve the more limited purpose of nomenclatural standardization. A more or less standardized fungal nomenclature is an important com- ponent of databanks. The CABI-CBS FUNINDEX is a very valuable basis that is accessible on-line and is supposed to cover all published fungal names. Annotated databanks covering all names of particular fungal groups are the most valuable tool in stabilizing fungal nomenclature. The German GLOPP project is an interesting initiative that combines basic scientific organismic research and biodiversity informatics on plant-pathogenic fungi. How many fungi do exist? Numbers of all kinds of fungi occurring in a particular area are always higher than those of the green plant species. But it cannot be extrapolated from this observation that the proportion plants / fungi would hold on a world scale as suggested by Hawksworth, because the distribution of fungal species is much less regionally constrained than that of green plants. Hawksworth´s estimate of some 1,500,000 extant fungal species seems exaggerated. Endophytes in symptomless green plants appeared to be highly diverse and possibly account for numerous still unknown taxa. But also the diversity of this ecological group within the extraordinary diversity of tropical plants is much lower than expected. In no case does the present knowledge seem to encompass less than 25-30% of the extant taxa. An All Taxa Biological Inventory (ATBI) in America is an interesting exercise to show how many fungal species could really be found in a limit- ed area. It seems that the taxa that are most relevant (ecologically, physiologically) have already been described. Progress in taxonomic knowledge is dramatic thanks to molecular phylogenetic methods. A phylogeny-supported classifi- cation is supposed to be robust and to stand the test of time. Numerous cryptic species have been resolved in recent years. The new, NSF-sponsored project AFTOL (Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life) is a fascinating collaborative initiative that will serve to close many gaps in the presently available phylogenetic data, so that an almost ideal classification may soon be reality. Nevertheless, morphological knowledge and understanding of the fungal structures remains crucial and great care must be taken to prevent that taxonomists themselves become an endangered taxon. Key words: biodiversity, checklists Because of environmental concerns about effects of diversity of fungi also is related to the sustainability pollution and global change, everybody now speaks of agriculture (HAWKSWORTH, 1991b). But those of biodiversity (SOLBRIG et al., 1992). The broad who provide the necessary data and observations, the public has become aware of environmental deterio- expert taxonomists and ecologists, are not commen- ration and threats to all living organisms and their surately promoted and see little recognition of their diversity. Biodiversity obviously is of great relevance, disciplines. also politically. In the general discussions, the diver- In a seminal paper, HAWKSWORTH (1991a), estimat- sity of Fungi (and other microorganisms) is usually ed the extant fungi to comprise some 1.5 million not addressed in an adequate proportion, although species, contrasting strongly
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