La Recherche Du Modèle Dans Les Dialogues Du Fayan De Yang Xiong (53 Av

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La Recherche Du Modèle Dans Les Dialogues Du Fayan De Yang Xiong (53 Av La recherche du modèle dans les dialogues du Fayan de Yang Xiong (53 av. J.-C. – 18 apr. J.-C.) : écriture, éthique et réflexion historique à la fin desHan occidentaux. Béatrice l’Haridon To cite this version: Béatrice l’Haridon. La recherche du modèle dans les dialogues du Fayan de Yang Xiong (53 av. J.- C. – 18 apr. J.-C.) : écriture, éthique et réflexion historique à la fin des Han occidentaux.. Etudes classiques. Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, 2006. Français. tel-02934334 HAL Id: tel-02934334 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02934334 Submitted on 9 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales 2006 La recherche du modèle dans les dialogues du Fayan de Yang Xiong (53 av. J.-C. – 18 apr. J.-C.) : écriture, éthique et réflexion historique à la fin des Han occidentaux. Thèse de doctorat présentée et soutenue publiquement par : Béatrice L’HARIDON le 12 décembre 2006 Sous la direction de Madame le professeur Anne CHENG-WANG JURY : Madame le professeur Anne CHENG-WANG (INALCO) Madame le professeur Michael NYLAN (University of California, Berkeley) Monsieur le professeur Marc KALINOWSKI (Directeur d’études, EPHE) Monsieur le professeur Nicolas ZUFFEREY (Université de Genève) Monsieur le professeur Christian JACOB (Directeur de recherches, CNRS) Remerciements Sur le point d’achever ce travail, mes pensées se tournent d’abord vers trois grandes dames de la sinologie. La regrettée Isabelle Robinet m’a fait bénéficier de sa générosité et sa rigueur en accompagnant mes premiers pas en sinologie. Mon directeur de thèse Anne Cheng m’a soutenue et encouragée sans faiblir pendant plusieurs années. Enfin, le professeur Michael Nylan m’a apporté son expertise et son énergie tout en relisant ma traduction du Fayan. Je voudrais également adresser tous mes remerciements aux professeurs Marc Kalinowski et Nicolas Zufferey qui ont accepté de prendre en charge les pré-rapports pour cette thèse. Parmi mes premiers lecteurs, je remercie tout particulièrement les professeurs Bruno Bernardi (Lycée Thiers de Marseille) et Alonso Tordesillas (Université d’Aix-Marseille), le révérend père Michel Masson, ainsi que ma condisciple Isabelle Sancho. Ce travail a aussi été rendu possible par l’attention et l’affection de ma famille, qu’elle se trouve à Marseille, en Normandie ou à Yilan. Pour mes parents TABLE DES MATIÈRES Introduction 7 I. Étude locale et étude officielle : de Shu à Chang’an 18 A. La région de Shu 22 B. Tradition centrale et tradition régionale 28 1. La tradition philologique à Shu 30 2. L’écriture de fu 賦 (éloge) 33 3. Les maîtres de Yang Xiong 34 C. Le déplacement vers la capitale 44 1. La position des lettrés de la capitale 45 2. Le rapport de l’écriture au pouvoir impérial 50 a. La problématique pré-impériale 60 b. Alternance et valeur éthique des Classiques 62 D. Contexte historique de l’écriture du Fayan 64 1. Le statut controversé de Wang Mang 65 2. Les différentes approches de la critique politique dans le Fayan 69 II. Le Fayan et son modèle 76 A. Les échos de la parole de Confucius 80 1. La parole de Confucius dans les textes des Royaumes Combattants 80 a. Les dialogues détournés du Zhuangzi 81 b. Les dialogues intégrés dans le Mengzi et le Xunzi 93 2. L’imitation : problèmes de définition et enjeux 97 B. Étude des procédés de référence 101 1. Le ton des Entretiens et du Fayan 103 a. L’oralité 103 b. Les fragments d’un enseignement oral : concision et lacune 108 c. L’humour dans les Entretiens et le Fayan 112 2. Composition : les Entretiens et la forme dialoguée dans le Fayan 117 3. Référence et interprétation 122 C. La transmission dans les Entretiens et dans le Fayan 132 1. Rituel et texte 134 2. La « transmission de la Voie » (Daotong) dans le Fayan 144 III. Temps éthique et temps historique 150 A. Le maître et la transformation de soi 155 4 1. La rencontre : distance et proximité 156 a. Confucius et le Duc de Zhou. Yan Hui et Confucius 157 b. Yang Xiong et Confucius 159 2. La transformation de soi 164 a. Métaphore et métamorphose 164 b. Durée et moment opportun 167 c. Transformation de soi et méthode 169 3. La transformation du maître 176 a. Zigong et Mengzi 178 b. L’ « homme saint » (shengren) dans le Fayan 180 B. « Connaître les hommes » : la question de l’histoire dans le Fayan 187 1. L’écriture historique chez Yang Xiong 193 a. Les témoignages de l’activité historienne de Yang Xiong 193 b. Yang Xiong et Sima Qian 199 c. Le rôle de la référence aux Entretiens dans la critique historique 201 d. Clarté et écriture historique 204 2. Etude comparée des principales figures historiques dans le Shiji, le Fayan et le Hanshu 207 3. La question de la loyauté (忠 zhong) dans le Fayan 231 4. Le rôle politique des lettrés (儒 ru) sous les Han 236 5. Les caractéristiques de l’écriture historique de Yang Xiong 241 Conclusion 245 Traduction du Fayan 249 Note introductive à la traduction 250 Chapitre premier « Etudier et pratiquer » 253 Chapitre II « Mon maître » 261 Chapitre III « Parfaire sa vie » 267 Chapitre IV « Questions sur la Voie » 274 Chapitre V « Questions sur le divin » 280 Chapitre VI « Questions sur la clarté » 287 Chapitre VII « Rare rencontre » 294 Chapitre VIII « Cinq cents ans » 301 Chapitre IX « La prescience » 308 Chapitre X « Ministres de la terre et du ciel » 315 Chapitre XI « Yan Hui et Minzi Qian » 332 Chapitre XII « L’homme de bien » 345 Chapitre XIII « Piété filiale, extrême degré » 351 A. Index biographique des personnages apparaissant dans le Fayan 359 B. Chronologie 406 C. Les éditions et les commentaires du Fayan 417 5 D. Texte du Fayan avec indication des variantes 426 Chapitre I 學行卷第一 427 Chapitre II 吾子卷第二 429 Chapitre III 修身卷第三 431 Chapitre IV 問道卷第四 432 Chapitre V 問神卷第五 435 Chapitre VI 問明卷第六 437 Chapitre VII 寡見卷第七 439 Chapitre VIII 五百卷第八 440 Chapitre IX 先知卷第九 443 Chapitre X 重黎卷第十 445 Chapitre XI 淵騫卷第十一 448 Chapitre XII 君子卷第十二 450 Chapitre XIII 孝至卷第十三 452 法言序 (Postface) 454 E. Bibliographie 456 I. Editions de référence 456 II. Bibliographies 457 III. Ouvrages en chinois et en japonais 458 IV. Ouvrages en langues occidentales 472 F. Index des noms propres 486 G. Index des notions 490 6 Introduction L’idée selon laquelle l’imitation1 joue un rôle central dans toutes les manifestations de la culture lettrée chinoise, que ce soit la peinture, l’art de l’écriture ou la littérature, est profondément ancrée et n’a pas peu contribué à développer une vision relativement statique de son histoire. Mais a-t-on suffisamment pris la peine d’étudier les voies diverses prises par l’imitation ? Les procédés et les enjeux de l’imitation n’ont-ils pas été eux-mêmes le lieu des transformations les plus importantes ? En plaçant l’imitation au centre de son oeuvre, Yang Xiong 揚雄 (Ziyun 子雲, 53 av. J.-C. – 18 apr. J.-C.)2 représente un aboutissement dans la réflexion sur les modèles donnés à la pratique et à l’écriture. Sa vie littéraire a connu trois grandes étapes, l’écriture d’éloges (fu) sur le modèle de ceux de Sima Xiangru, puis, après une sorte de rupture, la rédaction du Grand Mystère (Taixuan) sur le modèle du Classique des Mutations (Yijing) et des Maîtres-mots (Fayan)3 sur le modèle des Entretiens (Lunyu)4. Dans cette dernière oeuvre, qui constitue le domaine de notre recherche, sont intrinsèquement associés un modèle humain, Confucius, et un modèle littéraire, les Entretiens5. Un premier paradoxe apparaît lorsque l’on constate que la démarche d’imitation de Yang Xiong pose immédiatement problème et suscite des débats dont les premières traces se retrouvent dans 1 Les problèmes de définition de cette notion sont abordés au chapitre II, A, 2. 2 La question de l’écriture du patronyme de Yang Xiong (par 楊 ou 揚) a fait l’objet d’un long débat. Le principal problème réside dans le fait que les deux caractères étaient souvent employés l’un pour l’autre jusqu’aux Han. Nous avons suivi ici l’écriture par 揚 qui est retenue par la majorité des commentateurs. 3 Abrégé par FY. Nos références au Fayan donnent le numéro du chapitre en chiffres romains suivi du numéro du passage. La numérotation est celle adoptée pour la traduction et l’édition du texte original. 4 Cette description simplifiée ne mentionne qu’une partie de l’oeuvre de Yang Xiong. Elle s’appuie sur la biographie de Yang Xiong dans le Hanshu 漢書 de Ban Gu, dont nous étudierons plus loin les caractéristiques. 5 Dans la suite de ce travail, nous ferons référence aux Entretiens (abrégés par LY) dans l’édition de YANG Bojun 楊伯峻, Lunyu yizhu 論語譯注, Beijing : Zhonghua shuju, 1980. 7 la biographie de Yang Xiong. Cela signifierait-il donc que l’imitation était un procédé nouveau ? Ces controverses sont présentées par Ban Gu 班固 dans la conclusion (贊 zan) du chapitre biographique6. Celui-ci rapporte d’abord les paroles de Huan Tan 桓譚7, selon lesquelles : « Le sens et le style des écrits de maître Yang sont extrêmement profonds, et leur propos ne se détourne pas de l’homme saint.
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