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Sustainable Urban Transport Approaches for Brazilian Megacities – the Examples of Rio De Janeiro and Curitiba

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Sustainable Urban Transport Approaches for Brazilian Megacities – the Examples of Rio De Janeiro and Curitiba Technische Universität Dresden Fakultät für Verkehrswissenschaften „Friedrich List” Institut für Verkehrsplanung und Straßenverkehr Lehrstuhl für Verkehrsökologie DIPLOMARBEIT Sustainable urban transport approaches for Brazilian megacities – the examples of Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba eingereicht von Matthias Kiepsch geb. am: 25.04.1983 in Königs Wusterhausen Betreuer: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Udo Becker Dipl.-Ing. M.Sc. Thilo Becker Dresden, den 13.06. 2012 …....................................... Unterschrift des Studenten BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCE Kiepsch, Matthias “Sustainable urban transport approaches for Brazilian megacities – the examples of Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba” Diplomarbeit, Dresden 2012 89 Pages | 28 Figures Technische Universität Dresden Fakultät Verkehrswissenschaften „Friedrich List” Institut für Verkehrsplanung und Straßenverkehr Lehrstuhl für Verkehrsökologie EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In Brazil, the use of private motorized vehicles has dramatically increased in recent decades, while public transportation is marked by a weak performance, and pedestri­ ans and cyclists cope with a poor infrastructure design. Thus, suitable approaches are required to tackle current transport problems of Brazilian megacities. In view of the World Cup 2014 and the Olympic Games 2016, the megacity Rio de Janeiro is undergoing significant changes which offers a unique opportunity to ease the current situation and achieve an integrated sustainable urban transport concept. Therefore, this Diploma thesis creates an overview on the current transport situation in large Brazilian cities, in particular for Rio de Janeiro; provides integrated and sus­ tainable approaches to tackle transport problems of Rio de Janeiro; analyzes the transferability of infrastructure measures between Curitiba and Rio de Janeiro; and examines the impact of the upcoming sports events. First, a literature review focuses on the transport situation in Brazil and Rio de Janei­ ro and explains Curitiba's unique approaches. Second, an audio-based qualitative content analysis of seven expert interviews with stakeholders in urban- and transpor­ tation planning gives a concise insight into the current transport situation. Third, a synthesis of both the literature review and the output of the expert interviews provide recommendations for decision makers, researchers and international organizations. In order to initiate a sustainable development of the megacity Rio de Janeiro, ur­ ban- and transportation planning must be interconnected with each other, a transport association has to be created to design and manage a metropolitan public transport network, and it is imperative to reorganize the local bus system. Furthermore, non-motorized transportation modes should be promoted by designing streets based on sidewalk policies and building a bicycle network in regard to the local demands. In addition, Curitiba's most important lesson for Rio de Janeiro is the interconnection of high density areas with mobility corridors. However, the megacity will not be able to achieve an integrated sustainable urban transport concept by the sports events. In conclusion, future transport measures have to focus on the middle class, while en­ suring a needs-oriented mobility for all social classes. Decision makers should con­ centrate on the three "I's“ – Information, Integration and Inclusion – to enable real transport mode choices, facilitate sound and seamless travel, and attract more peo­ ple towards ecomobile transportation modes. Eventually, a paradigm shift towards ecomobility is needed in order to enable a sustainable urban transportation concept for today's and future generations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to take the opportunity to thank all involved persons without whom this work would not have been possible. First of all, many thanks to all the experts who shared their time with me and provi­ ded such an excellent input. It sure was a great experience to be able to learn and understand about the uniqueness of the Brazilian urban transportation system, espe­ cially in regard to Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba. Most of all, I would like to thank Alberto Paranhos, Eva Vider and Jonas Hagen for exchanging their contacts and recommending further specialists. Likewise, I would not have been able to accomplish the research period in Brazil wi­ thout the assistance of the following people:Christian Schlosser, Frederic Saliez, and Alain Grimard. Moreover, I thank Natália Martins, Wolfgang Aichinger, Johannes Gerlach, Carlos Pardo, and Klaus Köhnlein for their support by means of literature, thoughts and con­ tacts. In particular, I would like to thank Thilo Becker for his time, energy and advice on the proceeding. It was not always easy to be lost within the Brazilian urban transportation “chaos”, but you provided the ideal basis for structuring my brain. My special thanks got to all my friends for their ideas, discussions, and information, especially: Sebastian Ebert, Kersten Oegel, Phillip Knorr, Janine Kahmann and Ch­ ristoph Bochmann as well as Sarah Fobbe and Julia Wieland for checking the spel­ ling. Specifically, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents for their patience and support throughout my studies. Without you, I would not be at this point! Finally, I would like to thank Christine for your love and understanding. You are my peace of mind! Thank you so much! TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................VII LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................IX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.....................................................................X 1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................3 2.1 BRAZIL.............................................................................................................3 2.1.1 GENERAL STRUCTURE.................................................................................3 2.1.2 INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES................................................................................6 2.1.3 SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT............................................................7 2.1.4 TRANSPORT STRUCTURE..........................................................................10 2.1.5 TRANSPORT PROBLEMS OF BRAZILIAN CITIES......................................15 2.2 RIO DE JANEIRO...........................................................................................21 2.2.1 GENERAL STRUCTURE...............................................................................21 2.2.2 TRANSPORT STRUCTURE..........................................................................24 2.2.3 FUTURE MOBILITY ISSUES.........................................................................32 2.3 THE BUS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM OF CURITIBA....................................40 2.4 SUMMARY.....................................................................................................44 3 EXPERT INTERVIEWS...............................................................46 3.1 METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................46 3.1.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERVIEWS..................................................46 3.1.2 AUDIO-BASED QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS..................................49 3.2 OUTPUT.........................................................................................................53 3.2.1 TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS..................................................................53 3.2.2 TACKLING TRANSPORT PROBLEMS..........................................................58 3.2.3 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION........................................................................64 3.3 SUMMARY.....................................................................................................68 V 4 RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................69 4.1 TACKLING TRANSPORT PROBLEMS..........................................................69 4.1.1 BACKGROUND..............................................................................................69 4.1.2 ADAPT URBAN PLANNING PROCESSES...................................................70 4.1.3 RATIONALIZE CAR USAGE..........................................................................71 4.1.4 REFORM THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM...........................................72 4.1.5 PROMOTE NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION....................................73 4.2 TRANSFERABLITY OF CURITIBIAN MEASURES.......................................75 4.3 IMPACT OF SPORTS EVENTS IN RIO DE JANEIRO..................................76 5 CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................79 REFERENCES.......................................................................................81 APPENDICES VI LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of Brazil.................................................................................................4 Figure 2: Distribution of the population in 2000...........................................................4 Figure 3: Brazil's GDP growth.....................................................................................5 Figure 4: Cumulative distribution of income to households by deciles.......................5 Figure 5: Usage of transport modes by region..........................................................12
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