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Distribution of Two Formae Speciales of Polymyxa Graminis in the Czech Republic*

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Distribution of Two Formae Speciales of Polymyxa Graminis in the Czech Republic* PLANT SCIENCES DISTRIBUTION OF TWO FORMAE SPECIALES OF POLYMYXA GRAMINIS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC* L. Grimová, L. Winkowska, B. Špuláková, P. Růžičková, P. Ryšánek Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Crop Protection, Prague, Czech Republic It has been shown that two formae speciales of P. graminis, namely f. sp. temperata (ribotype Pg-I) and f. sp. tepida (ribotype Pg-II), are widely distributed throughout temperate areas of Europe. In this study, the presence of both forms of the temper- ate Polymyxa spp. was identified in soil samples from different locations of the Czech Republic during a survey performed in 2012 and 2013. Based on polymerase chain reaction results, of the total 58 tested samples, 67.2% contained at least one monitored forma specialis. Specifically, P. graminis f. sp. temperata was detected in 48.3% of soil samples, while P. graminis f. sp. tepida was detected in 44.8% of samples. Mixed populations were found in 25.9% of the tested areas. This plasmodio- phorid was confirmed not only in crop fields but also in meadows and forests in all explored regions. Our results extend the knowledge on the distribution of both ribotypes of P. graminis and provide the first evidence of f. sp. tepida within the Czech Republic. Plasmodiophoromycetes, temperate ribotypes, monitoring, PCR doi: 10.1515/sab-2017-0011 Received for publication on March 17, 2016 Accepted for publication on November 1, 2016 INTRODUCTION ous species in the Chenopodiaceae and the related plant families Amaranthaceae, Portulacaceae, and The genus Polymyxa represents one of ten genera in the Caryophyllaceae (Barr, Asher, 1992; Legrève family Plasmodiophoracea (order Plasmodiophorales, et al., 2002; R u s h , 2003). However, there are some phylum Cercozoa, and kingdom Rhizaria) (Simpson, reports of P. graminis infection of dicotyledonous R o g e r , 2004). Within the genus, two species have species (R a t n a et al., 1991) and of P. betae infection been recognized largely on the basis of host range, of monocotyledonous species. namely P. graminis, first described by L e d i n g h a m L e g r è v e et al. (2002) proposed classifying (1939) as a parasite on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) P. graminis into five different formae special- roots in Canada, and P. betae (K e s k i n , 1964), de- es, including P. graminis f. sp. temperata (Pg- scribed from roots of sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) I), f. sp. tepida (Pg-II), f. sp. tropicalis (Pg-IIIa in Europe. P. graminis infests only monocotyledonous or IIIb), f. sp. subtropicalis (Pg-IVa or IVb), and species in the Gramineae (Barr, 1979; Kanyuka f. sp. colombiana (Pg-V). These distinct groups et al., 2003), whereas P. betae occupies dicotyledon- (ribotypes) appear to be related in host range, * Supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Project No. QJ1230159. 54 SCIENTIA AGRICULTURAE BOHEMICA, 48, 2017 (2): 54–62 temperature requirements, and geographical origin. spores into swimming zoospores (A d a m s , 2002). Interestingly, one host plant can contain more than At least fifteen different plant viruses classified into one ribotype of Polymyxa in its roots (Wa r d et the genera Bymovirus (including e.g. Barley yellow al., 2005; Va i a n o p o u l o s et al., 2007; S m i t h mosaic virus (BaYMV), Barley mild mosaic virus et al., 2011). Later, C o x et al. (2014) described a (BaMMV), Oat mosaic virus (OMV), Rice necrosis separate group of isolates originating from western mosaic virus (RNMV), Wheat yellow mosaic virus Africa and Australia, which they suggested should (WYMV), and Wheat spindle mosaic virus (WSSMV)), be detached to form the group Pg-VI. Furovirus (including e.g. Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus P. graminis is ubiquitous and has been report- (SBWMV), Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV), ed on a great number of cultivated and wild spe- Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV), Japanese soil- cies (Ledingham, 1939; Britton, Rogers, borne wheat mosaic virus (JSBWMV), Oat golden 1963; Canova, 1964; Dale, Murdock, 1969; stripe virus (OGSV), and Sorghum chlorotic spot Inouye, Fujii, 1977; Barr, 1979; Thouvenel, virus (SCSV)), Benyvirus (Rice stripe necrosis virus Fauquet, 1980; Langenberg, 1984; Bastin et (RSNV)) and Pecluvirus (including Peanut clump al., 1989; Skipp, Christensen, 1989; Ratna virus (PCV) and Indian peanut clump virus (IPCV) et al., 1991; L e g r è v e et al., 2002) from different (K a n y u k a et al., 2003; International Committee origins. P. graminis has been detected in many areas on Taxonomy of Viruses – http://www.ictvonline. of the world. Nevertheless, information about the org/virusTaxonomy.asp.), have been confirmed to distribution of particular ribotypes of P. graminis, be transmitted by P. graminis. Some of these cause especially the temperate f. sp. tepida and f. sp. tem- serious diseases in cereal crop species and result in perata, is still restricted due to lack of available data. significant yield reductions. For example, the winter While the wide host range of P. graminis is worry- barley disease caused by BaYMV and/or BaMMV ing because of all the crop and wild grass species that has spread in Europe, Japan, and China where it is of have been confirmed as hosts (e.g. Triticum species, great concern to farmers and the agricultural industry. Hordeum species, Secale cereale, Agrypyron repens, Yield losses of > 50% may occur when susceptible Bromus species, Sorghum species, Oryza sativa, Avena barley varieties are grown in severely infested soils sativa, Zea mays, Pennisetum glaucum, Trifolium spe- (P l u m b et al., 1986). cies, Cynodon dactylon, Agrostis stolonifera, Dactylis, Epidemiological studies on an obligate parasite, Festuca, Poa, Phleum species, Cyperus rotundus, such as Polymyxa spp., are comparatively difficult Eleusine coracana, Tridax procumbens and Arachis and time consuming. As mentioned above, there is hypogaea) and that might serve as the reservoirs for only one brief record of P. graminis f. sp. temperata the parasite, the extent to which different isolates can occurring in the Czech Republic (K e t t a et al., 2011). infest all of them is largely unknown (K a n y u k a et In this paper, we report not only the identification of al., 2003). The presence of both f. sp. tepida and f. sp. P. graminis f. sp. temperata but also P. graminis f. sp. temperata has been described only on barley, wheat, tepida in the soil obtained from fields, meadows, and triticale, and rye (L e g r è v e et al., 2002). Wa r d et forests all over the country. Identification was carried al. (2005) confirmed that P. graminis f. sp. tepida pre- out on the basis of PCR amplification and sequencing dominantly infests wheat, whereas P. graminis f. sp. of Polymyxa graminis-specific ribosomal DNA from temperata is more often found on barley. Subsequently, soil samples. these preferences were affirmed by Va i a n o p o u l o s et al. (2007) and C o x et al. (2014). S m i t h et al. (2013) revealed that Poa sp. and pearl millet are specific MATERIAL AND METHODS hosts of P. graminis f. sp. temperata and oat roots of P. graminis f. sp. tepida. P. graminis is an obligate root-infecting organism. Biological material Though the parasite is non-pathogenic (or causes spo- radically minor root necrosis along with other zoosporic To monitor P. graminis, 58 different soil samples root parasites (W i e s e , 1977)), it attracted particular were collected separately from 43 cereal fields (wheat attention when it was shown to be involved in the and barley), 13 meadows, and 2 forests located in transmission of economically important plant viruses 8 regions across the Czech Republic between the years in temperate areas (M a r a i t e , 1991). All stages of 2012 and 2013 (Table 1, Fig. 1). Soil was harvested the life cycle of Polymyxa can carry viruses in vivo using a digging fork from approximately 10 cm depth (R u s h , 2003). Viral pathogens are protected from the and placed in large sealed polyethylene bags (the environment within P. graminis resting spores (cysts) weight of each sample was approximately 3 kg). Each (D r i s k e l et al., 2004) that may remain dormant but sample was composed of 20–30 subsamples taken are viable for decades (likely until a suitable host from different geolocated parts of its area. Neither plant is encountered) (K a n y u k a et al., 2003) and plants nor weeds were present among the soil samples. are released and carried upon germination of resting After sampling, soils were air-dried properly at room SCIENTIA AGRICULTURAE BOHEMICA, 48, 2017 (2): 54–62 55 Table 1. List of localities where the occurrence of both formae speciales of Polymyxa graminis in the Czech Republic was tested P. graminis P. graminis Type of Type of No. Region Locality tempe- No. Region Locality tempe- stand/crop tepida stand/crop tepida rata rata 1 Hořešovice field/wheat + – 30 Březno 2 field/wheat + – Ústecký 2 Polepy 1 field/barley – – 31 Březno 3 field/wheat + – 3 Polepy 2 field/barley – + 32 Březno 4 field/wheat – – field/oilseed 4 Libice 1* field/wheat – + 33 Sobotka + + rape field/oilseed 5 Libice 2 field/wheat – – 34 Holín – – rape field/oilseed 6 Libice 3 field/wheat – – 35 Hradec Králové – – rape field/oilseed 7 Byšice + + 36 Praskačka field/wheat – + rape 8 Mladá Boleslav field/wheat – + 37 Výrava 1 meadow + – 9 Kolín field/corn – – 38 Výrava 2 meadow + + field/oilseed Milovice 10 Starý Kolín – + 39 meadow + – rape Králové- u Hořic 1 hradecký Středo- Milovice 11 Miličín field/wheat + + 40 meadow + + český
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