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Aspect and the Biblical Hebrew Niphal and Hitpael

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ASPECT AND THE BIBLICAL HEBREW NIPHAL AND HITPAEL by Richard Charles Benton, Jr. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Hebrew and Semitic Studies) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON 2009 © 2009 Richard Charles Benton, Jr. ASPECT AND THE BIBLICAL HEBREW NIPHAL AND HITPAEL by Richard Charles Benton, Jr. is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. i ASPECT AND THE BIBLICAL HEBREW NIPHAL AND HITPAEL Richard Charles Benton, Jr. Under the supervision of Professor Cynthia Miller At the University of Wisconsin-Madison This dissertation offers a new analysis of two derived Biblical Hebrew verbal forms, the Niphal and the Hitpael. Present scholarship on Biblical Hebrew does not agree on the definition of these two stems or the relationship of the stems to one another. As linguistic knowledge expands in the area of passive and middle voice and their interaction with situation aspect (i.e., the contrast between states and activities) new opportunities arise to analyze these verb forms. In Chapter 1 I outline the issues arising from the Niphal and Hitpael as parts of the Biblical Hebrew verbal system. The two major problems that exist are 1) providing unified definitions for each of the two stems, and 2) explaining the considerable overlap in meaning between the two. An analysis of the state of Hebrew scholarship on the Niphal and Hitpael comprises Chapter 2. I begin with the Niphal and the variation of its meanings, and then critique various methods by which these meanings have been systematized. Ultimately, I arrive at the stative/resultative meaning as definitive for the Niphal. I similarly analyze the Hitpael, looking at the various meanings offered for verbs in the Hitpael and critiquing models offered to unite these meanings. All the various meanings of the Hitpael share an activity sense in common. With these definitions in place, I examine explanations for the widely observed overlap between the meanings of the two stems. In Chapter 3, I develop a model for the interaction between grammatical voice and situation aspect. I approach the passive voice with a functional model in order to explain some of the phenomena that arise in the Biblical Hebrew Niphal and Hitpael, namely, the existence of ii more than one potential passive voice cross-linguistically and in Biblical Hebrew. Any passive construction demotes the primary argument, whether syntactically (position in the sentence) or topically (importance in the sentence). In this light, one can also classify the formal middle voice in many languages as fulfilling a passive function. While these formally distinct verb forms share this function, they each fulfill a distinct function within the passive voice, namely, the formal passive expresses a resulting state-oriented situation aspect, and the middle, an activity-oriented situation aspect. Chapter 4 demonstrates that the model of a passive voice bifurcated according to situation aspect as developed in Chapter 3 helps explain the Biblical Hebrew data. After I examine all the Niphal, Hitpael, Hitpolel, Hitpalpel, and Nitpael forms in the Hebrew Bible, I include examples in this chapter that contrast the two verb forms and that differ as little as possible in other details such as context and verb inflection. I also look at contrastive Pual forms to narrow down the areas in which the Niphal and Hitpael function. The examples are categorized in order to observe the effect of the number of participants and semantic class of the verb stem. Thus I am able to demonstrate that the Niphal and Hitpael both function as passives, whether they demote the primary argument syntactically or topically. This voice function explains the overlap between the stems. The Niphal operates as a state-oriented passive as is distinct from the Hitpael, which functions as an activity-oriented passive. This situation aspect function demonstrates the distinct semantic area that each stem covers. In Chapter 5 I compare the use of the Niphal and Hitpael from a diachronic perspective, from the earliest stages of Biblical Hebrew through Ben Sira. The Niphal reliably expresses a resulting state. The Hitpael appears to expand into more areas, as the number of Hitpael neologisms increases. Nevertheless, the Hitpael consistently expresses activity orientation. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am pleased to acknowledge those who made this present work possible. I would like to thank my teachers and professors at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Drs. Cynthia L. Miller, Michael V. Fox, Ronald L. Troxel, and John A. Cook. Their tireless labors as scholars and teachers allowed me the knowledge necessary to undertake this work. I especially thank Dr. Cynthia L. Miller for advising me on this project. Her combined work and talents as linguist and Hebraist made her indispensable to me. I only hope that this research will be able to add to her knowledge and reputation in these fields. Moreover, her uncomplaining hours of labor over drafts of my dissertation helped me in countless ways. I also would like to thank Fr. Paul Tarazi of St. Vladimir’s Seminary for all of his support. His enthusiasm for Hebrew Bible and Semitic languages infected me early and formed the seed of my further graduate studies. Throughout the time of my dissertation his encouragement has not flagged. The words of his teaching never left my head. The support of my wife, Hollie, has been invaluable during the process of completing my thesis. This work could not have been finished without her loving care. She patiently took good care of me and my family during my busiest times and kept me grounded in reality. I would also like to acknowledge my children, Nellie and Kali. They are now discovering a father they never knew: one finished with his dissertation. Finally, I would like to acknowledge my father, Richard Charles Benton, who did not live to see the end of this work. His love for me and my family and the support he offered us present a model I can only aspire to for my own children. May his memory be eternal. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iii Table of contents............................................................................................................. iv Table of figures ............................................................................................................... xi List of tables .................................................................................................................... xi Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 1.1. THE PROBLEM OF THE NIPHAL AND HITPAEL ......................................................... 1 1.1.1. The binyanim system .............................................................................................. 1 1.1.1.1. Definition of the binyanim ............................................................................. 1 1.1.1.2. Instantiations of binyanim .............................................................................. 3 1.1.1.3. Disentangling the binyanim ........................................................................... 9 1.1.2. The form and function of the Niphal and Hitpael................................................. 12 1.1.3. The meaning of the passive and middle voices .................................................... 16 1.1.4. Niphal and Hitpael as passive and middle ............................................................ 17 1.2. HEBREW DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................... 19 1.3. HEBREW : BIBLE , BEN SIRA , AND INSCRIPTIONS .................................................. 21 1.4. BASIC DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 2. NIPHAL AND HITPAEL IN HEBREW SCHOLARSHIP................... 25 2.1. PROBLEMS : NIPHAL AND HITPAEL ...................................................................... 25 2.2. DEFINITION OF NIPHAL ....................................................................................... 26 2.2.1. Problem of the Niphal........................................................................................... 26 2.2.2. Species of Niphal .................................................................................................. 28 2.2.2.1. Passive.......................................................................................................... 28 2.2.2.2. Resultative-adjectival................................................................................... 31 v 2.2.2.3. Reflexive...................................................................................................... 34 2.2.2.4. Middle.......................................................................................................... 37 2.2.2.5. Reciprocal .................................................................................................... 42 2.2.2.6. Denominative..............................................................................................
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