Steinbrecher Undergraduate Summer Research Program

A Word from the Dean In this 15th Annual Symposium of the School of Science, Engineering and Health, our faculty, staff and students continue the strong tradition of showcasing student and faculty innovation, creativity, and productivity in academic departments from the fields of science, engineering and health. Basic and applied research in science and health fields stem from curiosity, acquired skill, and a desire to test and improve processes from foundational principles. The outcomes of scientific research expand intellectual understanding and have tremendous impact on quality of life, environmental health and human flourishing. Each of our students comes to Messiah College as an amateur in his or her field(s) and graduates as a young professional, competent in his or her discipline and understanding what it means to worship and serve the Lord through vocation. We are pleased to celebrate their accomplishments today.

Dr. Angela C. Hare Dean of the School of Science, Engineering and Health

Special Thanks

Thank you to Holly Myers, Administrative Assistant to the Dean of the School of Science, Engineering and Health, for coordinating room reservations, catering, and setup of the Symposium venues. Special thanks also to D. Scott Weaver, Chair of the Department of Computer and Information Science, for development and maintenance of the Symposium Project Registration and Management system (SymPRM) used to collect and organize the information contained in this booklet.

John Harms & Tim Van Dyke Symposium Coordinators

elcome to the 15th Annual Symposium of the School of Science, Engineering and Health! This event continues a strong tradition showcasing student and faculty innovation, creativity and productivity in academic departments largely from within the School of ScienW ce, Engineering and Health. Table of Contents

Messiah College Campus & Parking ...... 2 Using This Booklet ...... 3 Schedule at a Glance: Oral Presentations ...... 4 Schedule at a Glance: Poster Presentations ...... 6 Building Maps ...... 8 Oral Presentations (Morning) ...... 10 Engineering I (Alexander Auditorium ‐ Frey 110; 8:15 – 11:30) ...... 10 Computer & Information Science (Frey 150; 8:35 – 12:00) ...... 11 Physics (Frey 343; 9:00 – 10:00) ...... 11 Mathematics (Frey 349; 9:00 – 12:00) ...... 12 Oral Presentations (Afternoon) ...... 13 Engineering II (Alexander Auditorium ‐ Frey 110; 1:00 – 3:00) ...... 13 Engineering III (Frey 150; 1:00 – 3:00) ...... 13 Natural Sciences I (Kline 120; 1:00 – 3:00) ...... 14 Natural Sciences II (Hollinger Lounge; 1:00 – 3:00) ...... 15 Natural Sciences III (Jordan 159; 1:00 – 3:00) ...... 15 Natural Sciences IV (Jordan 161; 1:00 – 3:00) ...... 16 Engineering IV (Alexander Auditorium ‐ Frey 110; 4:00 – 5:30) ...... 17 Engineering V (Frey 150; 4:00 – 5:30) ...... 17 Natural Sciences V (Kline 120; 4:00 – 5:20) ...... 18 Natural Sciences VI (Hollinger Lounge; 4:00 – 5:20) ...... 18 Natural Sciences VII (Jordan 159; 4:00 – 5:00) ...... 19 Natural Sciences VIII (Jordan 161; 4:00 – 5:00) ...... 19 Poster Sessions ...... 20 Engineering (Frey 070; 11:30 – 12:00, 3:00 – 4:00) ...... 20 Evidence‐Based Nursing Care (Kline 108 & Kline 113; 3:00 – 4:00) ...... 23 Natural Sciences (Hollinger Atrium & Jordan Hallway; 3:00 – 4:00) ...... 24 Acknowledgments ...... 27 The Collaboratory for Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research ...... 27 Steinbrecher Summer Undergraduate Research Program ...... 28 Mentors: Collaboratory Educators, Collaborators and Partners ...... 29 Mentors: Messiah College Health & Science Faculty ...... 32 Mentors: Nursing Professionals and External Research Mentors ...... 33 Financial & Material Support ...... 34 Abstracts ...... 36 Index of Authors ...... 76

Messiah College

Welcome to Messiah College! Visitor Parking: Parking is provided in the main Visitor Parking lot (VV) accessed from College Avenue, between Old Main and the Eisenhower Campus Center. Parking tags are not required during the Symposium. While designated handicapped parking is distributed throughout campus, spots closest to Symposium venues are available in the employee parking lots behind the Jordan Science Center (WW) and in the circle at the heart of campus (YY). Dining facilities: The Lottie Nelson Dining Hall (upper level) and The Falcon (lower level; soup, paninis, salads) are located in the Eisenhower Campus Center. The Union Café (pizza, grill, wraps, salads) is located in the Larsen Student Union.

2 Using this Booklet

This Program and Abstract booklet provides times, locations and titles for all presentations in the Authorship Legend: Symposium. A consolidated “Schedule at a Glance” bold Presenting author (page 4) summarizes the schedule of all Oral † Research or project mentor Presentations and Poster Presentations (page 6). ‡ Off‐campus contributor Presentation Number: Each presentation has been assigned a unique Presentation Number based on its Discipline Categories: order in the schedule. To allow for cross‐referencing, Adventure Education this number is used throughout the booklet to identify the presentation and will be displayed with Biopsychology each poster to aid your navigation during the Poster Cellular & Molecular Biology Sessions. Chemistry & Biochemistry Authorship: All contributing co‐authors and mentors are listed in the Program (page 10) and Computer & Information Science Abstract section (page 36). Bold font indicates the names of presenting authors. An Index at the end of Engineering the booklet (page 76) lists the names of all authors Exercise Science alphabetically with the number(s) of each presentation on which each is included. Mathematics Program & Symbols: Presentations in Engineering, Nursing Computer & Information Science, Mathematics, and Nutrition & Dietetics Physics are organized in discipline‐specific sessions. Presentations in the Biological Sciences, Chemistry & Organismal & Ecological Biology Biochemistry, Exercise Science, Nutrition & Dietetics, Physics Adventure Education, and Biopsychology are

organized in integrated sessions to encourage cross‐ disciplinary exposure with the Natural Sciences. Additional Symbols: Posters in Evidence‐Based Nursing Care will be highlighted in a dedicated poster venue (page 23). This oral presentation is accompanied by a poster Throughout the Program and “Schedule at a Glance,” unique symbols designate the various disciplines. This poster is accompanied by an Oral Presentation Abstracts: Abstracts for each oral and poster This project was supported by the presentation in the Symposium are arranged by Steinbrecher Undergraduate Presentation Number. Summer Research Program Acknowledgments: All faculty mentors, external This project was supported by the mentors and collaborators, and nursing professionals Collaboratory for Strategic are recognized. Sources of financial and material Partnerships and Applied Research support are also listed (page 34) with corresponding Extended presentation ( 30 min) presentation numbers. ~

Alexander Auditorium Frey 150 Frey 343 Frey 349 (Frey 110) Engineering Computer & Information Physics Mathematics I Science 8:15 Welcome and instructions by Session Chairs Davenport, Frawley, 8:20 1 Kunkle Musselman, Bock, Houck, Istre, 8:40 2 Peterson, Thomas 10 VanScoyoc Fernandez, Hopkins, 9:00 3 Dyrli, Vogan, Yeisley 11 Spencer 19 Miller, Sredenschek 22 Bigelow Braunworth, Rogers, 9:20 4 Sisson 12 Pinkham 20 Grove 23 Price Janney, Morrone, 9:40 5 Shirk 21 Mohler 24 LaGrand Eshleman, MacBride, Park, Lee, Sun, 10:00 6 McCullum 13 Ciccotello 25 Mackenzie Nichols, Snozzi 10:20 7 Solther 14 Nguyen, Pinkham 26 Nguyen McHenry, Cable, Ly, 10:40 8 Film, Kratz 15 Burkhead 27 Luo Gallagher, Moyer, 11:00 9 O'Connell, Ortiz, 16 Nguyen 28 Skula Ramirez Wood, Baumer, Burkhead, 11:20 17 Leong, Mwankenja 29 Tamm Chan, Butler, 11:40 Engineering 18 30 Sredenschek Poster Session McClelland, Hoffman 11:30‐12:00 Frey 070

Engineering Engineering

II III

Gittens, Hardman, Kline, Moretz, 1:00 31 Tan 37 Patterson 1:20 32 Patawaran 38 Nguyen, Rice 1:40 33 Eshelman, Fleurant 39 Doll, Kuhn, Ladeau Ma, Sindabizera Barber, Ritenour, 2:00 34 Ntwari 40 Siepelinga Reyer, Trimble, 2:20 35 Brenneman, Kelley 41 Yeoman Engle, Good, 2:40 36 Reimer, Roper 42 McCormick Engineering Poster Session 3:00‐4:00 Frey 070 ` Engineering Engineering IV V

Kobzowicz, Lim Comeaux, Simpkins 4:00 66 70 Ho, Redcay, Stoltzfus Breisch, Issis, Stevens 4:20 67 71 Burch, Hah, Kuhns Aukamp, Barley 4:40 68 72 Conrady, Gray, Dunmire, Hannon, 5:00 69 Nicolais, Ressler 73 Mavros, Mishler, Shirk 5:20 4

Hollinger Kline 120 Lounge Jordan 159 Jordan 161 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

I II III IV

43 Jones 49 McPheeters 54 Ayala 60 Klinger, Conley, 1:00 Peachey, Rempel 44 Hing 50 Isaga 55 Bleacher 61 Beach, Phillippy, 1:20 Smith

1:40 45 Gonzalez 51 Lohr 56 Zia 62 Tritt 46 Nevin 52 Dhana Raja 57 Striker 63 Hepler, Kauffman, 2:00 Lau, Ziegler 47 Nisly 53 Stambaugh, Clemente 58 Sargent 64 Carr, Siewert, 2:20 Tanquist

2:40 48 Rodgers 59 Sommerville 65 Kuniholm Poster Session Natural Sciences: Hollinger Atrium & Hallway 3:00‐4:00 Evidence‐Based Nursing Care: K108 & K113 Natural Sciences Natural Sciences Natural Sciences Natural Sciences

V VI VII VIII

4:00 74 Leib 78 Haas, Lauria 82 Heath, Stief 85 Duhé

4:20 75 Weddle 79 Darok 83 McFeaters 86 Maccallini 76 Goldbach 80 Nguyen 84 Eckenrode, 87 Conner, Reichard, 4:40 Fogelsanger, Julian, Franke VanFossen 5:00 77 Ohlhausen 81 Delp

Engineering Frey 070 Project Space; 11:30 – 12:00, 3:00 – 4:00

88 Sidell 97 Morral, Reedy 106 Luu, Martin, Wambach Gittens, Hardman, Platteel, 89 Sobek 98 Henry, Hiduk 107 Brewster, Mewha, Weaver

90 Blackhurst, Khamis 99 Barber, Ritenour, Siepelinga 108 Moore, Witters

91 Franken 100 Denlinger, Smith, Underhill 109 Pond, Rider

92 Dyche, Noble, Schott 101 Bane, Harris, Jr. 110 Cressman, Yoder Eshleman, MacBride, Forshey, Gillisse, Kerlen, 93 Bender, DeFrance 102 McCullum 111 Prelog Boettger, Chambers, Curry, 94 Mantsevich, Wiley 103 Dietrich, Sum, Zwart 112 Kelsey

95 D'Amico 104 Carter, Shifflett 113 Bornman, Chan, Gaudreau

96 Charney, Rose 105 Carpenter, Laven, Witmer 114 Decker

Evidence‐Based Nursing Care Kline 108 & Kline 113; 3:00 – 4:00

Brokenshire, O'Donnell, Jones, Hess, Swartz Nelson, Card, O'Neil, Rousey 115 St Onge 119 123 Class, Kramer, Berringer, Corriveau, Klapper, Toburen, 116 Munoz, Stark, Madder 120 Doron 124 Xenos Dove, Kanagy, Patton, 117 Conley, McClelland, Zellers 121 Chestnut 125 Hornbarger, Sawyer, Yunez

118 Mattingly, Hoffman, Heffner 122 Brubaker, Ransil, Herr, Frey 126 Alderfer, Tranchell, Hepler

Natural Sciences Hollinger Atrium & Jordan Hallway; 3:00 – 4:00

Jones Hepler, Kauffman, Lau, Walter 43 63 Ziegler 128

Hing Kuniholm Sargent 44 65 129

Nevin Goldbach Sneddon, Fairbanks, 46 76 130 Thompson, Watkins

Rodgers Darok Groff, Patterson, Kelsey, 48 79 131 Hartman, Kriebel

McPheeters Delp Conrady, Hancock, Tillman 49 81 132

Isaga Heath, Stief Sponsler 50 82 133

Dhana Raja McFeaters Kreiger 52 83 134

Stambaugh, Clemente Eckenrode, Fogelsanger, O'Boyle 53 84 Julian, VanFossen 135

Zia Duhé Cole 56 85 136

Striker Maccallini Carroll 57 86 137

Klinger, Conley, Peachey, Steckbeck Franken, Schell, Templeton, 60 Rempel 127 138 Wilson

Tritt 62

Engineering I Alexander Auditorium (Frey 110); 8:15 – 11:30

1 8:20 Bringing Sustainable Mobility to Persons Living with Disability in Rural West Africa 94 Jakob Davenport, Kristen Frawley, Joshua Kunkle, Alexander Mantsevich, Helen Wiley, John Meyer†, David Vader†

2 8:40 WERCware Test Bench Mark Musselman, Derrick Peterson, Josh Thomas, Thomas Shifflett, Harold Underwood†

3 9:00 Safety and Design of 3D Printed Prostheses and Orthotics at CURE Kenya 109 Erik Dyrli, Emma Vogan, Daniel Yeisley, Thomas Pond, Jared Rider, Emily Farrar†

4 9:20 Pico‐Hydro Electric Power Generation for the Developing World Shane Braunworth, Jonathan Rogers, Caleb Sisson, Ben Morral, 97 Andrew Reedy, Andy Breighner‡†, Dan Elliott‡†, Wil Kirchner‡†, David Vader†

5 9:40 Block Press Adam Janney, Addison Morrone, Brandon Shirk, Joshua Charney, 96 Kathryn Rose, Thomas Soerens†

6 10:00 Making Clean Water in Developing Countries Sustainable Matthew Eshleman, Robert MacBride, Owen McCullum, Randall 102 Fish†

7 10:20 Remote Monitoring of Water Pump Health in Developing Countries Kelsey Nichols, Sandra Snozzi Solther, Cory Brubaker, Roque Dietrich, 103 Nicholas Sum, Paul Zwart, Randall Fish†

8 10:40 Fire Protection for Developing Communities Jacob Film, Austin Kratz, Noah Armistead, Lake Bender, Michael 93 Davie, Victor DeFrance, Don Waardenburg‡†

9 11:00 Wheels for the World Wheelchair Project Daniel Gallagher, Ryan Moyer, Joseph O'Connell, Antonio Ortiz, 95 Wesley Ramirez, Emily D'Amico, Timothy Van Dyke†

Computer & Information Science Frey 150; 8:35 – 12:00

10 8:40 Boy Scouts Merit Badge Registration Von Bock , Samuel Houck, Nathanael Istre, Michael VanScoyoc

11 9:00 Digital Harrisburg Kira Fernandez, Kelly Hopkins, Jonathan Spencer

12 9:20 Use of Chatbots in Mental Health Treatment Elizabeth Pinkham, D. Scott Weaver†, Charles Jantzi†

13 10:00 Gestur Chanbin Park, Jason Lee, TK Sun, Lauren Ciccotello

14 10:20 CIS Collaboration Application Hoang Nguyen, Elizabeth Pinkham, D. Scott Weaver†, Brian Nejmeh†

15 10:40 Messiah Rec Sports Employee Scheduler Bret McHenry, Noah Cable, Joshua Ly, Matthew Burkhead

16 11:00 Cross‐Lingual Genre Classification using Linguistic Groupings Hoang Nguyen, Gene Rohrbaugh†, Samuel Wilcock†

17 11:20 Burkina's Promise Thomas Wood, Brandon Baumer, Matthew Burkhead, Kai Yuen Leong, Eliezer Mwankenja

18 10:40 Intelligent Water Project Revisited Nathan Chan, Jared Butler, Rebekah McClelland, Andrew Hoffman

Physics Frey 343; 9:00 – 10:00

19 9:00 ZnSe Film Growth via Magnetron Rf Sputtering Hallie Miller, Alexander Sredenschek, Niklas Hellgren†

20 9:20 Portable Cosmic Ray Muon Detector for Education Andrew Grove, Abaz Kryemadhi†

21 9:40 Fractional Calculus Jacob Mohler, Douglas Phillippy†

Mathematics Frey 349; 9:00 – 12:00

22 9:00 What Math is Really True? Laura Bigelow

23 9:20 Diophantine Equations Jason Price

24 9:40 The History of the Fourier Series Jacob LaGrand

25 10:00 PageRank Algorithm: a Glimpse of Understanding Google Hannah Mackenzie

26 10:20 Dota 2 eSport Tournament Prediction Thien Nguyen

27 10:40 Series solutions of linear equations Ming Luo

28 11:00 An Examination of the History, Structure, and Applications behind Quaternions Joshua Skula

29 11:20 Spherical Geometry and its Applications Olivia Tamm

30 11:40 Fourier Series Alexander Sredenschek

Engineering II Alexander Auditorium (Frey 110); 1:00 – 3:00

31 1:00 Gravity Fed Water System for Vanuatu Jamar Gittens, Nathan Hardman, Shung Yen Tan, Kurtis Platteel, Ella 89 Sobek, Thomas Soerens†

32 1:20 Sawyer Filter Test System David Patawaran, Joseph Franken, Thomas Soerens† 91

33 1:40 Sustainable Water Treatment System Daria Eshelman, Erwens Fleurant, Sarah Aldrich, Daniel Sidell, 88 Tesfayohanes Yacob†

34 2:00 Village Water Ozonation Syste Daniel Ma, Ted Sindabizera Ntwari, Brandon Blackhurst, John 90 Khamis, Michelle Lockwood†

35 2:20 Aeroponics Matthew Brenneman, Erin Kelley, Michelle Lockwood† 101

36 2:40 Capture of HIV‐1 envelope protein gp120 using immobilized heparin Danielle Reimer, Brianne Roper, Alicia Decker, Matthew Farrar† 121

Engineering III Frey 150; 1:00 – 3:00

37 1:00 Design of a Solar PV Power System for the Living Love Ministries Children's Home in Ol Kalou, Kenya 105 Jessica Kline, David Moretz, Joshua Patterson, Steven Carpenter, Matt Laven, Trey Witmer, David Vader†

38 1:20 Flight Tracking and Messaging Systems (FTMS) Development Hoang Nguyen, Samuel Rice, Jonathan Carter, Thomas Shifflett, 104 Harold Underwood†

39 1:40 Biofuels: Straight Vegetable Oil Research Kyle Doll, Ryan Kuhn, Aaron Ladeau, Andy Erikson†

40 2:00 Landmine Neutralization Justin Barber, Michael Ritenour, Rachel Siepelinga, Donald Pratt† 99

41 2:20 Panama Cargo Lift Conner Reyer, Calvin Trimble, Nathaniel Yeoman, Brian Swartz†, Russell Woleslagle‡†, Tim Zimmerman‡†

42 2:40 Paxton Ministries ‐ Site Drainage Zachary Engle, Brenden Good, Sean McCormick, J Scott Heisey†

Natural Sciences I Kline 120; 1:00 – 3:00

43 1:00 Preliminary steps toward quantification of gastrin receptor splice variants in pancreatic cancer patients Rebekah Jones, John Harms†

44 1:20 Method Development for the Determination of Cyanide Concentration in Chaya. Abigail Wei Jing Hing, Richard Schaeffer†

45 1:40 Analyzing Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) Invasion in the Yellow Breeches Watershed Jen Gonzalez

46 2:00 Novel Tumorigenesis Pathways in Pancreatic Cancer: The Centrality of the Cholecystokinin‐2 Receptor Andrew Nevin, John Harms†

47 2:20 Modifying Graphite Electrodes for the Reduction of Oxygen to Water Josiah Nisly, Richard Schaeffer†, Niklas Hellgren

48 2:40 The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion and the CYP1A2 Polymorphism on Vertical Jump and Wingate Testing H. Scott Kieffer†, Julia Rodgers, Caleb Smith

Natural Sciences II Hollinger Lounge; 1:00 – 3:00

49 1:00 Differentiation of Individual Harlequin Frogs (Atelopus) using HotSpotter Recognition Software Devyn McPheeters, Edgardo Griffith‡†, Roberto Ibáñez‡†, Erik Lindquist†

50 1:20 Does a robust CD8+ killer T cell response alter the type(s) of cytokines secreted by CD4+ helper T cells responding to the same tumor antigen? Emily Isaga, Lawrence Mylin†

51 1:40 Myofascial Treatment Techniques Jackson Lohr

52 2:00 Detecting Sexual Dimorphism via Skin Melanin Patterns in Panamanian Golden Frogs (Atelopus zeteki) Kavin Dhana Raja

53 2:20 Cryopreservation of Human Erythrocytes for Laboratory Culture of Plasmodium falciparum Samuel Stambaugh, Nicole Clemente, Lawrence Mylin†

Natural Sciences III Jordan 159; 1:00 – 3:00

54 1:00 Optimizing expression of an engineered protein with stacked hemes Karina Ayala, Jesse Kleingardner†

55 1:20 Aquaponic Banana and Cocoa Production Megan Bleacher, David Foster†

56 1:40 The Effect of Cadmium, Nickel and Zinc on the RACK1 Mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana Sima Zia, Michael Shin†

57 2:00 Met‐enkephalin: A Pharmaceutical Treatment for Symptoms of PTSD Kelly Striker, Nicholas Balten, Jacinta Davis, Elias Harkins, Kayla Jacunski, Roseann Sachs†, Jennifer Thomson†

58 2:20 Recovery of an Endangered Species ‐ Kirtland's Warbler Use of Red Pine Stands Alyssa Sargent, Michael Hindy‡, Fred Van Dyke‡†

59 2:40 Expression and Structural Characterization of a Protein with Stacked c‐type hemes Chelsea Sommerville, Jesse Kleingardner†

Natural Sciences IV Jordan 161; 1:00 – 3:00

60 1:00 Distraction by texting while eating a standardized lunch did not increase subsequent cookie consumption in undergraduate college students. Haley Klinger, Jessica Conley, Zachary Peachey, Amanda Rempel

61 1:20 Enter the Flow ‐ Wilderness Spring Break Experience Lizzy Beach, Matthew Phillippy, Paul Smith

62 1:40 Ecocatalysts in Organic Synthesis Jarred Tritt

63 2:00 Cyanide Concentration as Measured by Cyantesmo Paper Color Change Indicates One Serving of C. chayamansa is Safe for Consumption at Boil Times of 5, 6.5, 7, 8.5, and 10 minutes Danielle Hepler, Sharon Kauffman, Tjia Ern Lau, Mallory Ziegler, Kay Witt†, Richard Schaeffer†, Roseann Sachs†

64 2:20 Adulting 101 ‐ Wilderness Spring Break Experience Jordan Carr, Derek Siewert, Kristoffer Tanquist

65 2:40 The Efficacy of Third‐Party Certifications and Memberships: An Exploration Involving the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program Mia Kuniholm, Brandon Hoover†

Engineering IV Alexander Auditorium (Frey 110); 4:00 – 5:30

66 4:00 Muscle‐Activated Prosthetic Hand for a Pediatric Client Alaric Kobzowicz, Keith Wei Luen Lim, Erin Cressman, Ryan Yoder, 110 Emily Farrar†

67 4:20 Cunningham Clubfoot Brace Vy Ho, Luke Redcay, Paul Stoltzfus, Rebekah Forshey, Dylan Gillisse, 111 Faith Kerlen, Katherine Prelog, Emily Farrar†, Tim Howell†

68 4:40 Prosthetic Knee for Burkina Faso Kaleb Burch, Ashley Hah, Marissa Kuhns, Bryson Boettger, Vaughn 112 Chambers, Shane Curry, Jenna Kelsey, Jamie Williams†

69 5:00 Energy Monitoring and Management System: Promoting Energy Availability in Developing Countries 106 Joshua Conrady, Michael Gray, David Nicolais, Nathan Ressler, Trieu Luu, Justin Martin, Joseph Wambach, Thomas Austin‡†

Engineering V Frey 150; 4:00 – 5:30

70 4:00 Nicaragua Bridge Caleb Comeaux, Mark Simpkins, Justin Blest, Seth Brewster, Alissa 107 Haley, Jacob Holderman, Daniel Mewha, Jonathan Robinson, Eric Weaver, Doug Stumpp‡†, Brian Swartz†

71 4:20 Oakwood Hills Pedestrian Access Kevin Breisch, Alex Issis, Caleb Stevens, Treavor Moore, Justin 108 Witters, L. Bryan Hoover‡†

72 4:40 Affordable Sanitation Rachel Aukamp, Adam Barley, Eric Denlinger, Leah Hagenbuch, 100 Cheylee Smith, Isaac Underhill, Gavin Stobie‡†, Tesfayohanes Yacob†

73 5:00 Mechanized Percussion Well Drilling Andrew Dunmire, John Hannon, Althea Mavros, Aaron Mishler, 98 Greg Shirk, Nathan Henry, Cole Hiduk, J Scott Heisey†

Natural Sciences V Kline 120; 4:00 – 5:20

74 4:00 Insertion of a target for immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer into an oncoprotein to produce a tumor cell‐based vaccine Ashlee Leib, Lawrence Mylin†

75 4:20 Weight Cycling and Disordered Eating in High School and Collegiate Wrestlers Michelle Weddle

76 4:40 Characterization of T cell responses to a synthetic peptide representing a potential target for the immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer Krysta Goldbach, John Harms†, Lawrence Mylin†

77 5:00 Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes in Ionic Liquids Micah Ohlhausen, Roseann Sachs†

Natural Sciences VI Hollinger Lounge; 4:00 – 5:20

78 4:00 Creation of a Fluorescent Fusion Protein for HIV‐1 Viral Load Measurements Daniel Haas, Mark Lauria, Jordan Sponsler, Matthew Farrar†, Jesse Kleingardner†

79 4:20 The role of gastrin in the activation of collagen production in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment Matthew Darok, John Harms†

80 4:40 Applied Machine Learning in Heme‐c Classification Hoang Nguyen, Jesse Kleingardner†

81 5:00 Evaluating the Effect of Peptide Immunization Targeting CCK2i4sv Receptor on Pancreatic Tumor Growth in Mice Through Histological Techniques Danielle Delp, Lawrence Mylin†, John Harms†

Natural Sciences VII Jordan 159; 4:00 – 5:00

82 4:00 Handgrip strength positively correlates with percent fat free mass in students at Messiah College Britta Heath, Cassandra Stief, Sarah Summerson, Michal Shelton

83 4:20 Aquaponics Testing of a System of Rice Intensification to Maximize Rice Yield. Tyler McFeaters, David Foster†

84 4:40 Menu Offerings of a Nonprofit Personal Care Facility in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania do not Provide Adequate Nutrition for its Residents Miranda Eckenrode, Ashley Fogelsanger, Danny Julian, Hannah VanFossen

Natural Sciences VIII Jordan 161; 4:00 – 5:00

85 4:00 Using HotSpotter Animal Individual Recognition Software in the Detection of Ontogenetic Pattern Changes in Panamanian Golden Frogs (Atelopus zeteki) Samantha Duhé, Erik Lindquist†

86 4:20 Developing a Vernier GC Laboratory Project for Chemical Analysis I Alexander Maccallini, Richard Schaeffer†

87 4:40 Seeking Sabbath ‐ Wilderness Spring Break Experience Jenna Conner, Hunter Reichard, JJ Franke

Engineering Frey 070 Project Space; 11:30 – 12:00, 3:00 – 4:00

88 Sustainable Water Treatment System Daniel Sidell, Sarah Aldrich, Daria Eshelman, Erwens Fleurant, Tesfayohanes 33 Yacob†

89 Gravity Fed Water System for Vanuatu Jamar Gittens, Nathan Hardman, Kurtis Platteel, Ella Sobek, Shung Yen Tan, 31 Thomas Soerens†

90 Village Water Ozonation System Brandon Blackhurst, John Khamis, Daniel Ma, Ted Sindabizera Ntwari, 34 Michelle Lockwood†

91 Sawyer Filter Test System Joseph Franken, David Patawaran, Thomas Soerens† 32

92 Sight and Sound Latch Brandin Dyche, George Noble, Ben Schott, Alexander Vollert, Timothy Van Dyke†

93 Fire Protection for Developing Communities Lake Bender, Victor DeFrance, Noah Armistead, Michael Davie, Jacob Film, 8 Austin Kratz, Don Waardenburg‡†

94 Bringing Sustainable Mobility to Persons Living with Disability in Rural West Africa 1 Alexander Mantsevich, Helen Wiley, Jakob Davenport, Kristen Frawley, Joshua Kunkle, John Meyer†, David Vader†

95 Wheels for the World Wheelchair Project Emily D'Amico, Daniel Gallagher, Ryan Moyer, Joseph O'Connell, Antonio 9 Ortiz, Wesley Ramirez, Timothy Van Dyke†

96 Block Press Joshua Charney, Kathryn Rose, Adam Janney, Addison Morrone, Brandon 5 Shirk, Thomas Soerens†

97 Pico‐Hydro Electric Power Generation for the Developing World Ben Morral, Andrew Reedy, Shane Braunworth, Jonathan Rogers, Caleb 4 Sisson, Andy Breighner‡†, Dan Elliott‡†, Wil Kirchner‡†, David Vader†

98 Mechanized Percussion Well Drilling Nathan Henry, Cole Hiduk, Andrew Dunmire, John Hannon, Althea Mavros, 73 Aaron Mishler, Greg Shirk, J Scott Heisey†

99 Landmine Neutralization Justin Barber, Michael Ritenour, Rachel Siepelinga, Donald Pratt† 40

100 Affordable Sanitation Eric Denlinger, Cheylee Smith, Isaac Underhill, Rachel Aukamp, Adam Barley, 72 Leah Hagenbuch, Gavin Stobie‡†, Tesfayohanes Yacob†

101 Aeroponics Lexi Bane, Troy Harris, Jr., Matthew Brenneman, Erin Kelley, David Foster†, 35 Michelle Lockwood†

102 Making Clean Water in Developing Countries Sustainable Matthew Eshleman, Robert MacBride, Owen McCullum, Randall Fish† 6

103 Remote Monitoring of Water Pump Health in Developing Countries Roque Dietrich, Nicholas Sum, Paul Zwart, Cory Brubaker, Kelsey Nichols, 7 Sandra Snozzi Solther, Randall Fish†

104 Flight Tracking and Messaging Systems (FTMS): Developments and Future Direction 38 Jonathan Carter, Thomas Shifflett, Hoang Nguyen, Samuel Rice, Harold Underwood†

105 Design of a Solar PV Power Plant for the Living Love Ministries Children's Home in Ol Kalou, Kenya 37 Steven Carpenter, Matt Laven, Trey Witmer, Jessica Kline, David Moretz, Joshua Patterson, David Vader†

106 Energy Monitoring and Management System: Promoting Energy Availability in Developing Countries 69 Trieu Luu, Justin Martin, Joseph Wambach, Matthew Diers, David Nicolais, Nathan Ressler, Thomas Austin‡†

107 Nicaragua Bridge Seth Brewster, Daniel Mewha, Eric Weaver, Justin Blest, Caleb Comeaux, 70 Alissa Haley, Jacob Holderman, Jonathan Robinson, Mark Simpkins, Doug Stumpp‡†, Brian Swartz†

108 Oakwood Hills Pedestrian Access Treavor Moore, Justin Witters, Kevin Breisch, Alex Issis, Caleb Stevens, L. 71 Bryan Hoover‡†

109 Implementing a system for 3D printing prosthetics and orthotics Thomas Pond, Jared Rider, Erik Dyrli, Emma Vogan, Daniel Yeisley, Emily 3 Farrar†

110 Integrating Detection and Activation in a Myoelectric Hand Prosthesis Erin Cressman, Ryan Yoder, Alaric Kobzowicz, Keith Wei Luen Lim, Emily 66 Farrar†

111 Cunningham Clubfoot Brace Rebekah Forshey, Dylan Gillisse, Faith Kerlen, Katherine Prelog, Vy Ho, Luke 67 Redcay, Paul Stoltzfus, Emily Farrar†, Tim Howell†

112 Prosthetic Knee for Burkina Faso Bryson Boettger, Vaughn Chambers, Shane Curry, Jenna Kelsey, Kaleb 68 Burch, Ashley Hah, Marissa Kuhns, Jamie Williams†

113 Development of a Low‐Cost Photon Correlation System for Measuring HIV‐1 Viral Load Caleb Bornman, Nathan Chan, Lily Gaudreau, Matthew Farrar†

114 Capture of HIV‐1 envelope protein gp120 using immobilized heparin Alicia Decker, Danielle Reimer, Brianne Roper, Matthew Farrar† 36

Evidence‐Based Nursing Care Kline 108 & Kline 113; 3:00 – 4:00

115 To T or not to T? Elizabeth Brokenshire, Hannah O'Donnell, Carrie St Onge

116 Addressing Nurse Safety: Using Risk Assessment Tools to Identify Aggressive Patients Hannah Munoz, Mary Stark, Olivia Madder, Stefanie Miller‡†, Shelley Heinbaugh‡†, Tamara Jelks‡†, Johannah Williams‡†, Olivia Flynn‡†, Michelle Brincat‡†

117 Family Involvement in the Prevention of ICU Delerium Tatiana Conley, Grace McClelland, Emily Zellers

118 How Does the Morse Fall Risk Scale Compare to Other Scales Trisha Mattingly, Marissa Hoffman, Mary Heffner

119 The Effects of Continuous Labor Support on Childbirth Outcomes and Continuous Labor Support Victoria Jones, Emily Hess, AnneMarie Swartz

120 Evidence‐Based Debriefing Sessions Following Critical Incidents Melissa Class, Janelle Kramer, Sierra Berringer, Emily Doron

121 The Rothman Index: A Predictive Tool for Patient Readmission Carly Dove, Cullen Kanagy, Dean Patton, Kelsey Chestnut

122 Evidence‐Based Benefits of Animal‐Assisted Therapy on Depressive Behavior Emily Brubaker, Emily Ransil, Alyssa Herr, Nicole Frey

123 Evidence‐Based Support for Family Presence During Resuscitation Efforts Autumn Nelson, Hannah Card, Kaitlyn O'Neil, Stephanie Rousey

124 Evidence‐Based Research on Interprofessional Rounds to Decrease Medication Errors Aubrey Corriveau, Sarah Klapper, Chelsea Toburen, Christina Xenos

125 Effective Interventions to Improve Anti‐platelet Medication Adherence in Cardiac Patients Kylie Hornbarger, Libby Sawyer, Sara Yunez

126 Increasing Patient Satisfaction in Adult Ventilated Patients: Use of a Visual Communication Tool Brielle Alderfer, Ashley Tranchell, Emily Hepler

Natural Sciences Hollinger Atrium & Jordan Hallway; 3:00 – 4:00

43 Preliminary steps toward quantification of gastrin receptor splice variants in pancreatic cancer patients Rebekah Jones, John Harms†

44 Method Development for the Determination of Cyanide Concentration in Chaya. Abigail Wei Jing Hing, Richard Schaeffer†

46 Novel Tumorigenesis Pathways in Pancreatic Cancer: The Centrality of the Cholecystokinin‐2 Receptor Andrew Nevin, John Harms†

48 The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion and the CYP1A2 Polymorphism on Vertical Jump and Wingate Testing H. Scott Kieffer†, Julia Rodgers, Caleb Smith

49 Differentiation of Individual Harlequin Frogs (Atelopus) using HotSpotter Recognition Software Devyn McPheeters, Edgardo Griffith‡†, Roberto Ibáñez‡†, Erik Lindquist†

50 Does a robust CD8+ killer T cell response alter the type(s) of cytokines secreted by CD4+ helper T cells responding to the same tumor antigen? Emily Isaga, Lawrence Mylin†

52 Detecting Sexual Dimorphism via Skin Melanin Patterns in Panamanian Golden Frogs (Atelopus zeteki) Kavin Dhana Raja

53 Cryopreservation of Human Erythrocytes for Laboratory Culture of Plasmodium falciparum Samuel Stambaugh, Nicole Clemente, Lawrence Mylin†

56 The Effect of Cadmium, Nickel and Zinc on the RACK1 Mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana Sima Zia, Michael Shin†

57 Met‐enkephalin: A Pharmaceutical Treatment for Symptoms of PTSD Kelly Striker, Nicholas Balten, Jacinta Davis, Elias Harkins, Kayla Jacunski, Roseann Sachs†, Jennifer Thomson†

60 Distraction by texting while eating a standardized lunch did not increase subsequent cookie consumption in undergraduate college students. Haley Klinger, Jessica Conley, Zachary Peachey, Amanda Rempel

62 Ecocatalysts in Organic Synthesis Jarred Tritt

63 Cyanide Concentration as Measured by Cyantesmo Paper Color Change Indicates One Serving of C. chayamansa is Safe for Consumption at Boil Times of 5, 6.5, 7, 8.5, and 10 minutes Danielle Hepler, Sharon Kauffman, Tjia Ern Lau, Mallory Ziegler, Kay Witt†, Richard Schaeffer†, Roseann Sachs†

76 Characterization of T cell responses to a synthetic peptide representing a potential target for the immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer Krysta Goldbach, John Harms†, Lawrence Mylin†

79 The role of gastrin in the activation of collagen production in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment Matthew Darok, John Harms†

81 Evaluating the Effect of Peptide Immunization Targeting CCK2i4sv Receptor on Pancreatic Tumor Growth in Mice Through Histological Techniques Danielle Delp, John Harms†, Lawrence Mylin†

82 Handgrip strength positively correlates with percent fat free mass in students at Messiah College Britta Heath, Cassandra Stief, Sarah Summerson, Michal Shelton

83 Aquaponics Testing of a System of Rice Intensification to Maximize Rice Yield. Tyler McFeaters, David Foster†

84 Menu Offerings of a Nonprofit Personal Care Facility in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania do not Provide Adequate Nutrition for its Residents Miranda Eckenrode, Ashley Fogelsanger, Danny Julian, Hannah VanFossen

85 Using HotSpotter Animal Individual Recognition Software in the Detection of Ontogenetic Pattern Changes in Panamanian Golden Frogs (Atelopus zeteki) Samantha Duhé, Erik Lindquist†

86 Developing a Vernier GC Laboratory Project for Chemical Analysis I Alexander Maccallini, Richard Schaeffer†

127 The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion and the CYP1A2 Polymorphism on Long Anaerobic Performance Rachel Steckbeck, Madison Wright, Brian Shenk, Kristen Hasse, H. Scott Kieffer†

128 The Correlation Between and Test‐retest Reliability of Two Different Standing Isometric Abdominal/Back Strength Assessment Protocols.

Emily Walter, Joshua Beiler, Rachel Caldwell, Jackson Lohr, Nate Romberger, Micaiah Sidell

129 Survey of the Oakwood Hills Avian Community

Alyssa Sargent, David Foster†

130 The Validity and Reliability of an Accelerometer to Measure Muscular Power during Weight Lifting Exercises

Kyle Bjorkman, Eben Sneddon, Jennifer Fairbanks, Malachi Thompson, Bryce Watkins

131 The Cardiorespiratory Response of Qigong (Tai Chi) Activity during Two Different Stances

Sarah Zigarelli, Megan Groff, Danielle Patterson, Jenna Kelsey, Sarah Roise Hartman, Rachel Kriebel

132 College Students Overestimated Food Portion Sizes for All Five Food Groups

Holly Conrady, Brian Hancock, Brandi Tillman

133 Creation of a Fluorescent Fusion Protein for HIV‐1 Viral Load Measurements Daniel Haas, Mark Lauria, Jordan Sponsler, Matthew Farrar†, Jesse Kleingardner†

134 The Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching on Muscular Power

Dani Kreiger, Seth Williams, Haley Maraday, Kayla Starr, JP Marrero‐Rivera

135 Characterization of alkanethiolate self‐assembled monolayers on zinc selenide thin films Sarah O'Boyle, Alison Noble†, Niklas Hellgren†

136 Effects of Graft Type and Length of Rehabilitation on ACL Re‐Injury in a Collegiate Field Hockey Player DJ Cole, Brenda White†

137 The Validity of Biometric Feedback from Different Activity Monitors Ashley Carroll, Abby Monko, Matt Knab, Nicole Carney, Nicole Hoober, Amanda Banzhoff

138 Messiah College Dining Hall Meal Records Suggest No Statistical Significance in Non‐starchy Vegetable Consumption During Finals Weeks Compared to

Regular Weeks Katie Franken, Mikaela Schell, Kelly Templeton, Caroline Wilson

This icon indicates a project supported by, or conducted in association with…

The Collaboratory for Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research

Service today… servant‐leaders tomorrow. The Collaboratory is a center for applied research and project‐based learning in the School of Science, Engineering and Health at Messiah College. We add value to classroom learning by enabling participants to apply academic knowledge and live out their Christian faith through imaginative, hands‐on problem solving that meets needs brought to us by Christian mission, relief and development organizations and businesses. The two‐fold mission of the Collaboratory is:  To foster justice, empower the poor, promote peace, and care for the earth through applications of our academic and professional disciplines.  To increase the academic and professional abilities of participants, their vocational vision for lifelong servant‐leadership, and their courage to act on convictions. Areas of engagement include science, engineering, health, information technology, business, and education. Our projects enable students to engage classroom fundamentals in an authentic client‐provider environment. Student leaders run the Collaboratory organization in partnership with the educators who mentor them. As God enables us to serve others today, we seek to grow as disciples of Jesus, to serve as God's stewards over the resources of our academic and professional disciplines, and to bear witness to the good news of the Kingdom of God. To learn more about the Messiah College Collaboratory for Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research please visit our web site at www.messiah.edu/collaboratory.

This icon indicates a project supported by the…

Steinbrecher Undergraduate Summer Research Program

The Steinbrecher Endowment for Research in the Health and Life Sciences was established at Messiah College in 2003 by Dr. Leroy and Mrs. Eunice Steinbrecher to support collaborative experimental research between students and faculty. Dr. Steinbrecher (Class of 1955) was a physician and longtime supporter of Messiah College. Eunice (Class of 1958) has served on the Board of Trustees at Messiah College continuously since 1987 and as chairperson of the board for 10 years (2000 – 2010).

The Steinbrecher Undergraduate Summer Research Program provides “heads‐on, hands‐ on” research experiences essential to our School’s efforts to offer premier undergraduate health and science programs. The research must be experimental and collaborative in nature. Awarded on a competitive basis, the Steinbrecher fellowships provide housing, meals and a stipend supporting full‐time research employment – forty hours per week – for between five and ten weeks of the summer.

We graciously acknowledge the oversight and training provided by Messiah College faculty and external collaborators!

Collaboratory Educators, Collaborators & Partners

Project Partners Project Managers

Access Development / Water4 Tom Austin Cary Cupka Andrew Breighner Centre for the Advancement of the Handicapped Andy Erikson CURE International Emily Farrar Dr. Nancy Patrick Matthew Farrar Engineering Ministries International (EMI) Randy Fish Eric Shoemaker / Ability Prosthetics and Orthotics Scott Heisey Forward Edge / Trigo y Miel Bryan Hoover Friends in Action Tim Howell HALO Trust Michelle Lockwood Institute of Affordable Transportation Donald Pratt Living Love Ministries: Children’s Home Thomas Soerens Macha Research Centre of Zambia Brian Swartz Messiah College Operations / Kathie Shafer Harold Underwood New Tribes Mission David Vader Open Door Development / SIM Tim Van Dyke Paxton Ministries Don Waardenburg Rider Musser Development Jamie Williams Sawyer Products Tesfa Yacob Sight and Sound Water Mission Wheels for the World / Joni and Friends World Vision Youth With a Mission Ships / Rio Missions

Project Consultants

Chris Bauer Casey Bechard Project Review Panelists

Mark Brill Duane Anthony Andy Erikson Nathan Charles Tom Austin Jocilyn Erikson Bob Clancy Katie Barrett Murray Fisher Dan Elliot Chris Bauer Doug Flemmens David Foster David Bedillion Jeremy Fox Robert Hentz David Beveridge Chad Frey Bruce Hulshizer Ross Billings Damaris Gehman Wil Kirchner Jim Boyer Michaela Gehman Jesse Kleingardner Mark Brill Kerry Goforth Ray Knepper Alex Brubaker Peter Govey John Meyer Bruce Brubaker Kenton Grossnickle Tyler Miller Chad Brubaker Junior Guimaraes Jared Momose Edward Campbell Tom Gurley Paul Myers Nathan Chaney Bob Hentz Lawrence Mylin Nathan Charles Phil Hess Darlene Perez‐Brown Gene Chase Ben Holderman Doug Phillippy Wayne Chen Bryan Hoover Scott Reichenbach Adam Chilcote James Horton Jonathan Schlabach Bob Clancy Richard Houck Kathie Shafer Gabby Clapper Tim Howell Eric Shoemaker Chad Clemens Bruce Hulshizer Gavin Stobie Stephen Crooks Randy Jackson Doug Stumpp Jerald Cunningham Tim Johnston Nicholas Torbet Don Dagen Andrew Jones Randy Watts Avery deGruchy Andrew Joy Erik Weenink Steven Deller Josh Joyce Josh Weidler Liz Downey Jesse Kleingardner Russell Woleslagle Brendon Earl Robert Kramer Tim Zimmerman Dan Elliot Mike Kuhns Jean Zipagan Nevin Engle Jenna Landis

Project Review Panelists, continued

Dentin Lehr Andrew Orlovsky Bethany Shumaker Matt Lewis Stephen Osborne Zach Sorrell Bruce Lindsey David Owen Justin Stevenson Joseph Longenecker Nancy Patrick Gavin Stobie Joel Love Darlene Perez‐Brown Joseph Strauch Amanda Luger Nicole Pertillar Greg Talamo Steve Marquiss Doug Phillippy Philip Tan Philip Martiznez Dereck Plante Christine Tiday Brian Mast Amy Poff Leif Uptegrove Scott McConnell Ronald Powell Randy Watts John Meyer Don Pratt Austin Weaver Seth Miller Ian Preston Scott Weaver Stephen Miller Scott Raboci Erik Weenink Tyler Miller Mark Raup Josh Weidler Jared Momose Brendon Reali Duane Weiss Katie Moyer Scott Reichenbach Jamie Williams Don Murk Ben Reinert Russ Woleslagle Paul Myers Carl Satterberg Velma Yoder Larry Mylin Jonathan Schlabach Jacqui Young Jon Naugle Brian Seip Tim Zimmerman Ray Norman Jonathan Shenk Jean Zipagan Nick Noss Eric Shoemaker

We graciously acknowledge oversight and training provided by full time and adjunct Messiah College faculty of…

The School of Science, Engineering and Health and The School of Business, Education and Social Sciences‡

Health, Nutrition Biological Sciences & Exercise Science

Jeff Erikson, M.S., MEPC H. Scott Kieffer, Ed.D., FACSM David Foster, Ph.D. Matthew Lewis, Ph.D., LAT, ATC, CSCS John Harms, Ph.D. Amy Porto, Ph.D., RD Erik Lindquist, Ph.D. Dave Tanis, D. Ed. Lawrence Mylin, Ph.D. Brenda White, M.Ed, M.A., LAT, ATC Michael Shin, Ph.D. Kay Witt, Ph.D.

Chemistry & Biochemistry Mathematics, Physics & Statistics Jesse Kleingardner, Ph.D. Matthew Farrar, Ph.D. Alison Noble, Ph.D. Niklas Hellgren, Ph.D. Roseann Sachs, Ph.D. Abaz Kryemadhi, Ph.D. Richard Schaeffer, Ph.D. Douglas Phillippy, Ph.D. Lamarr Widmer, Ph.D. Samuel Wilcock, Ph.D.

Computer & Information Science Nursing Brian Nejmeh, M.S. Tara Jankouskas, BSN, MSN, Ph.D., RNC Gene Rohrbaugh, Ph.D. D. Scott Weaver, D.P.S.

‡ Sustainability Psychology Brandon Hoover, M.A. Charles Jantzi, Psy.D. Jennifer Thomson, Ph.D.

We gratefully acknowledge the oversight and training provided by the following Nursing Professionals

Geisinger Holy Spirit Hospital

Ann Bower, BSN, RN‐BC Mercy Odoom, BSN, RN Lacy Corl, RN Sarah Troutman, ADN, RN Michelle Kissinger, ADN, RN, ACCN Sharon Truitt, BSN, RN, CCRN Kristen Mariani, ADN, RN

UPMC Pinnacle Health System

Aubrey Bair, BSN, RN Bekah Hudson, BSN, RNC‐OB Kiersha Bechtel, BSN, RN Tamara Jelks, MSN, RN, CMSRN Trish Bennett, MSN, RN, CCRN Tiffany Laughman, BSN, RN, CCRN Ashley Bertossi, MSN, RN, CCRN Amy Lesher, BSN, RN, CCRN Teresa Biagio, BSN, RN, MBA Patricia Logan, BSN, RN CPN Jessica Biegler, MS, BSN, RN Courtney Lykins, BSN, RN, CMSRN Briana Blackburn, BSN, CCRN Maryalyce McCormick, MSN, RN, ACNS‐BC, Michelle Brincat, BSN, RN ONC, CNRN Stacey Cluck, BSN, RN Casey Meier, BSN, RN Stephanie Flagle, BSN, RN Stefanie Miller, MSN, RN, CEN Olivia Flynn, BSN, RN Annmarie Moore, BSN, RN‐OB Kaitlyn Freitas, BSN, RN Christina Morgan, BSN, RNC‐OB Robin George, BSN, RN, CHFN Amy Popp, BSN, RN Karen Good, BSN, RN, CCRN Deb Schafer, MSN, AGCNS‐BC, RN‐OB Barb Hammar, MSN, RN, CCRN, CSC Hannah Schilthuis, BSN, RN Megan Harbert, BSN, RN Kristin Zinsmeister Shaub, BSN, RN, CCRN Shelley Heinbaugh, MSN, RN, CEN Kate Taylor, BSN, RN Deb Heisey, BSN, RN, CNOR Kate Taylor, BSN, RN Hannah Hess, BSN, RN‐MNN Karen Wagner, MSN, RN, CCRN Dawn Hippensteel, MS, BSN, GCNS‐BC Kelsey Wesco, BSN, RN Colleen Hoachlander , BSN, RN‐BC Johannah Williams, BSN, RN Tyler Hollingsworth, BSN, RN, CC‐CSC

We gratefully acknowledge the following Financial and Material Support

Presentation

ABCD Susquehanna Chapter 70, 107 Access Development 6 All Kids Count Fund * American Endowment Foundation * Anonymous donor 8, 93 Au Sable Institute 58 Camille Enkeboll 66, 110 CDM Smith * Century Engineering Inc. * CS Davidson Inc * Cunningham Prosthetic Care 67, 111 CURE International 67, 111 David Miller Associates Inc * Dillsburg Brethren in Christ Church * E&E Metal Fabrication, Willie Erb 5, 96 Ed Graham 38 Engineering Ministries International 4, 97 Eric Shoemaker, CPO, Ability Prosthetics & Orthotics 66, 110 Fermi National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory 20 Fox Built * Friends In Action International 70, 107 Gannett Fleming Inc. * Geisinger Holy Spirit Hospital 122, 123, 124 Glenview Alliance Biker Ministry 1, 94 Glenview Alliance Church * Harrisburg Chapter of PA Society of Professional Engineers * Highmark Blue Shield * IBM Corporation *

* General financial and material support provided to The Collaboratory for Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research

We gratefully acknowledge the following Financial and Material Support

Presentation

Intel Corporation 19 Jacob L. Hitz Machine Shop 5, 96 Lebo & Reed Real Estate Partnership * Living Love Ministries 105 Macromolecular Core Facility at Penn State Hershey 81 McMahon Associates Inc. 70, 107 Messiah College Outdoors Club 61, 64, 87 MH EBY * Michigan Department of Natural Resources 58 Mulberry Foundation * Presbyterian Church in America Foundation * Ray Deiner Fund 34, 90 Rider Musser Development Corp. 129 Rio Missions 41 Sawyer International 32, 91 Sight and Sound Theatres * SIM Burkina Faso 1, 94 Steinbrecher Undergraduate Summer Research Program 49, 50 The Collaboratory for Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research 1–9, 31–42, 66–73, 78, 88–114 The Halo Trust 40, 99 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 58 United Way of Capital Region * UPMC Pinnacle, Harrisburg 118 Water4 6, 102 World Vision Inc. 72, 100

* General financial and material support provided to The Collaboratory for Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research

Abstracts Ordered by Presentation Number.

1 Bringing Sustainable Mobility to Persons Living with goal, WERCware has been designing a research‐ Disability in Rural West Africa oriented testbench (WERCBench) including a Jakob Davenport, Kristen Frawley, Joshua Kunkle, convenient Graphic User Interface, and an Artificial Alexander Mantsevich, Helen Wiley, John Meyer†, Neural Network (ANN) previously developed for David Vader† voice analysis. The ANN determines whether voice The Sustainable Mobility Project empowers people data of a human subject is stressed by analyzing living with a disability in the developing world to fully recorded experimental data, after having been participate in family and community life and makes trained on sample data from the same subject. possible the pursuit of educational and work Running as an app on a laptop, WERCBench uses an opportunities. The Collaboratory 3‐wheeled off‐road attached microphone to record audio, processes the wheelchair design is well‐regarded among mobility audio, and provide time‐stamped indicators for the practitioners. Our design has already transformed user. Thus, WERCBench serves as a research tool to the lives of dozens of clients through partnership help broadly verify the viability of audio stress with the Center for the Advancement of the detection, which will work toward the development Handicapped (CAH) in rural Burkina Faso, West of an overall assistive system to provide more Africa. Now to reach more people in new locations efficient and cost effective remote social coaching for with more partners, the Sustainable Mobility team is those who need it. reducing manufacturing time and cost, developing supply chains to bring parts and materials to build 3 Safety and Design of 3D Printed Prostheses and sites, and developing a turn‐key business model that Orthotics at CURE Kenya puts local fabricators to work building tricycles Erik Dyrli, Emma Vogan, Daniel Yeisley, Thomas † wherever they are needed. With our client, SIM Pond, Jared Rider, Emily Farrar Burkina Faso, we are establishing a mobility The Rapid Orthotics for CURE Kenya (ROCK) team has manufacturing center in Fada, Burkina Faso. We are been working in conjunction with CURE International working towards the formation of a new and their hospital in Kijabe, Kenya to implement a independent entity to manage supply chains and to system to 3D print prosthetic devices. In the summer facilitate the formation of additional small businesses of 2017, our team successfully delivered a 3D printing that will produce our design in the developing world. system to Kenya and a conducted a two week In the past year, the Sustainable Mobility team has training for hospital staff. This year, we had two made significant progress towards preparing major follow up endeavors: to expand the professional‐quality documentation for the capabilities of the system to include 3D printing of fabrication and assembly of our electric tricycle, orthotic devices and to quantify the safety of the 3D which will allow us to pursue the formation of a printed prosthetic devices. Our team successfully business model and supply chains. assessed the safety and viability of the current prosthetic design by conducting mechanical tests on 2 WERCware Test Bench the sockets and 3D printed PLA. ASTM D368 and Mark Musselman, Derrick Peterson, Josh Thomas, modified ISO 10328 were used to conduct tensile and Thomas Shifflett, Harold Underwood† compressive tests on our devices. Test results The Wireless Enabled Remote Co‐presence indicate that the 3D printed prosthetics are safe up (WERCware) team has focused most recently on the to a load of 1200 pounds, far exceeding how a goal of broadly verifying the viability of voice analysis prosthetic would be loaded when in use by a patient. for human stress detection, since stress can indicate We have also used the material properties derived the need for social intervention or remediation in from the test results to create an empirically people with high functioning autism. To facilitate this validated finite element model that will be used for further testing and design.

4 Pico‐Hydro Electric Power Generation for the attempt to address this need by installing wells and Developing World pumps to provide access to clean water. The problem Shane Braunworth, Jonathan Rogers, Caleb Sisson, our project addresses is the sustainability of the Ben Morral, Andrew Reedy, Andy Breighner‡†, Dan water access points provided by our partner NGO Elliott‡†, Wil Kirchner‡†, David Vader† Water4 in the smallest and poorest communities it The goal of the Pico‐hydro project is to provide serves in Ghana. Water4’s approach is to hire Engineering Ministries International (EMI) with an in‐ community members for the construction and stream, tested hydroelectric generator capable of upkeep of wells and pumps. By charging fees for generating between 300‐800W of electric power. The water usage, Water4 hope to lay the foundation for driving motivation for the project is to help meet the sustained access to clean water for the community existing electrical need of people in developing and provide economic growth for those responsible communities around the world. In the academic year for the wells. This will provide not only the clean 2016‐2017, testing was conducted on three water needed by each community, but also a prototypes provided by EMI in order to determine dependable source of work for community members. their feasibilities. These prototypes were deemed The goal of our project, PumpMinder, is to enable insufficient to produce the required power output at Water4 to meter hand pump use in order to collect low stream velocities. As a result, the team is no maintenance fees used to maintain pump equipment longer considering them, and in the summer of 2017, and ensure the long‐term presence of water assets. the pico‐hydro team decided to pursue an undershot Water4 does all the on‐the‐ground social work and water wheel design that is being designed, installation in rural communities in Ghana. Our team manufactured, and tested during the academic year has designed the tool necessary to monitor the fees 2017‐2018. Currently, the team is working on charged by the local community member employed manufacturing a testing rig and waterwheel to be by Water4. This year we have focused on delivery of tested in the spring of 2018. In addition, the team units for a pilot program in south west Ghana and on has chosen a generator to use and is currently refining the functionality and ease of use of the designing a housing system. system.

5 Block Press 7 Remote Monitoring of Water Pump Health in Adam Janney, Addison Morrone, Brandon Shirk, Developing Countries Joshua Charney, Kathryn Rose, Thomas Soerens† Kelsey Nichols, Sandra Snozzi Solther, Cory Brubaker, Roque Dietrich, Nicholas Sum, Paul Zwart, The Block Press project is developing a manual block Randall Fish† press to produce compressed earth blocks used for building residential housing off the east coast of Millions of communities in developing countries rely Nicaragua. The Block Press group has collaborated on hand pumps installed by various non‐ with Tim Johnston of Friends in Action to design a governmental organizations (NGOs). Studies have simple manual press requiring 1‐2 people to operate. shown that these pumps are often broken with A SolidWorks moel was designed, analyzed and used significant delays before maintenance people arrive. to fabricate a block press that was tested in The Intelligent Water Project (IWP) has developed an Nicaragua in June, 2017. The prototype was brought automated sensor to report failure of one of these back to Messiah College and modifications were hand pumps and provide data necessary for made. A new Block Press will be permanently taken implementation of a proactive maintenance policy. down to Nicaragua before May, 2018. Currently, there are 13 IWP systems installed in Ghana, Africa, the most recent installed by a site 6 Making Clean Water in Developing Countries team in Summer 2017. Team efforts this past year Sustainable have been in response to results obtained from the Matthew Eshleman, Robert MacBride, Owen field. Testing and design changes to the battery and McCullum, Randall Fish† the accelerometer will extend system life. In an effort to gather information from fielded systems for In 2010, the United Nations General Assembly remote diagnostics, system firmware has been explicitly recognized the human right to water and modified and a new diagnostic board has been sanitation and acknowledged that clean drinking fabricated to collect and store performance data. water and sanitation are essential to the realization of all human rights. NGO’s throughout the world

8 Fire Protection for Developing Communities constructed a prototype which is being used to make Jacob Film, Austin Kratz, Noah Armistead, Lake final modifications to the design. A manufacturing Bender, Michael Davie, Victor DeFrance, Don manual and assembly manual, which are to be Waardenburg‡† provided with the design, have been completed. The The Institute for Affordable Transportation (IAT) is a next step in the process is that the Wheels for the not‐for‐profit public charity “devoted to improving World organization will begin constructing additional the lives of the world's poor by providing simple, low‐ prototypes in their facilities and determine additional cost vehicles in order to facilitate community adjustments to improve manufacturability to be transformation.” The centerpiece of their work is the incorporated into the final design. Basic Utility Vehicle or “BUV.“ Recognizing that the communities they serve seldom have access to 10 Boy Scouts Merit Badge Registration proper firefighting resources, IAT has partnered with Von Bock, Samuel Houck, Nathanael Istre, Michael Messiah College, through the Collaboratory, on VanScoyoc developing a way to enable the BUV with firefighting The Merit Badge Registration is a new web capability. The proposed solution is a “firefighting application for Camp Karoondinha hosted by insert” which can be easily placed into the bed of the Susquehanna Council of the Boy Scouts of America BUV. This insert is a relatively simple design which (BSA). This new web application satisfies the abilities minimizes maintenance requirements and initial cost of a current system the camp uses and adds more while being easy to use and store. The current abilities and improved User Interface (UI) and User design utilizes a wooden frame (called the skid) Experience (UX). The improvements the new web which supports water storage tanks, houses the application makes on the current system are in necessary plumbing, and holds a small pump, engine, features, aesthetics, and hosting. and hoses. The initial design is now complete as is acquisition of all major components. Once 11 Digital Harrisburg assembled, testing will be conducted which will, in Kira Fernandez, Kelly Hopkins, Jonathan Spencer turn, inform future refinement of the design. History is all around us. Everywhere we turn, we can find places, objects, movements, and stories that are 9 Wheels for the World Wheelchair Project the result of events being set into motion centuries Daniel Gallagher, Ryan Moyer, Joseph O'Connell, ago. The Digital Harrisburg Initiative is a collection of Antonio Ortiz, Wesley Ramirez, Emily D'Amico, digital projects housed under Messiah College's † Timothy Van Dyke Center for Public Humanities, and seeks to further The Wheels for the World Team strives to create a connect the community of the Greater Harrisburg practical mobility option for individuals in developing area with its historical roots and culture. Over the nations who are unable to move on their own. The years, students, faculty, and community members device will allow the same mobility as a wheelchair have collaborated to compile a vast archive of while remaining affordable and practical. This project documents, photos, and other forms of media from is working with Wheels for the World (an outreach of both past and present in order to provide a public Joni and Friends) to create a design which will be resource for people to learn about the city of capable of being mass‐produced in the United States, Harrisburg and the surrounding area. In order to shipped anywhere in the world in a box, and then assist these efforts, the CIS 412 Digital Harrisburg assembled in the country of use. A major team has created an online exhibit that showcases requirement for the design is that it be fully some of the most compelling stories and events adjustable to fit different users and be fully curated by the Digital Harrisburg Initiative that we collapsible for easy storage and transportation. hope will captivate the public with a visually The team has developed a design for this device appealing digital experience. After exploring the which is similar to a tricycle; however, in this design online exhibit, users can dive deeper into the the third wheel is in the back. This design uses plates archives to uncover even more great content about and bolts to hold together telescoping square tubing, Pennsylvania's Capitol city. which acts as the backbone of the design with the seat, wheels, and a footrest attached to this tubing. A shock absorber system was also included to reduce impacts from road variations. The team has

12 Use of Chatbots in Mental Health Treatment classes, and more. Most importantly, the application Elizabeth Pinkham, D. Scott Weaver†, Charles Jantzi† supports messaging functionality within the CIS With continual developments in technology and the Department. We build and design the application on use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), there is increasing React Native environment with the goal of deploying potential for its use and value in a variety of fields. the application onto both Android and iOS mobile One of those fields is mental health treatment. devices. This app can be further extended to support Mental health treatment is not only something with a other departments, schools, and communities. high level of need, but it also uses resources that are limited: well trained and experienced professionals 15 Messiah Rec Sports Employee Scheduler and time. AI can help provide additional resources to Bret McHenry, Noah Cable, Joshua Ly, Matthew compliment the professionals working in the field. Burkhead This project explores how AI, specifically in the form Our team is providing an indirect service to the of chatbots, are currently being used in mental Messiah College Rec Sports program who desperately health treatment. It also looks at what aspects make needs a better, more efficient system for scheduling a chatbot trustworthy, and thus a good option for and assigning supervisors/referees to work all of the mental health treatment. Additionally, the project rec sports games throughout the year. Our web‐ includes a study looking at how comfortable people based application will allow the Rec Sports program are talking with chatbots, and the results of the study to create a better scheduling system for their will be discussed. employees and will also provide a way to ensure the referees are showing up to games and performing 13 Gestur their jobs. This in turn affects the mission of the Rec Chanbin Park, Jason Lee, TK Sun, Lauren Ciccotello Sports program as more referees are held Recent advancement in machine learning and image accountable and showing up to games, the student recognition that were made publicly available population enjoys a greater experience during their allowed the possibility to translate sign language. rec games. Using an iPhone, an everyday device that is widely available, Gestur is a proof‐of‐concept that near real 16 Cross‐Lingual Genre Classification using Linguistic time sign language to English text translation using Groupings † † an iPhone is possible. Hoang Nguyen, Gene Rohrbaugh , Samuel Wilcock With the rapid growth of Web services and increased 14 CIS Collaboration Application availability of documents in different languages, it Hoang Nguyen, Elizabeth Pinkham, D. Scott becomes more difficult for readers to accumulate Weaver†, Brian Nejmeh† appropriate information based on the given queries The mission of Messiah College’s Department of efficiently. This leads to a rising need for cross‐lingual Computer and Information Science (CIS) is mentoring genre classification models by which text documents students and preparing them professionally, could be grouped in terms of both topic relevance personally, and spiritually for impact and community, and style conformity. Cross‐lingual genre a growth mindset, and a strong foundation in the classification could tremendously facilitate the processes and applied practices of CIS. With that in Information Retrieval tasks, part‐of‐speech tagging mind, our CIS Collaboration project aims at bridging and statistical machine translation. Our research the gaps between students and professors and focuses on building a stable cross‐lingual genre supporting students’ connections and collaborations classification model for the least commonly known beyond classroom settings. Through group messaging languages (LCKL). Particularly, we explore the effects and individual messaging capabilities, the app of linguistic grouping on the cross‐lingual genre provides a social platform stimulating connections classification models across 15 different European and collaborations between students with similar languages, each of which is classified into one of the technical interests, as well as faculty‐student and three principal linguistic groups (Slavic, Germanic, student‐student mentorship. Our current work and Romantic). One of the languages within each involves providing authentication and login capability group is chosen as the LCKL based on the number of for both students and faculty. Additionally, it total available number of text documents within the includes proper design and modifying capability of corpora. The two target genres are legal text the users’ profiles in terms of majors, interests, documents (JRC‐Acquis Corpus) and parliament

documents (Europarl Corpus). In this research, we 19 ZnSe Film Growth via Magnetron Rf Sputtering seek to determine whether prior grouping knowledge Hallie Miller, Alexander Sredenschek, Niklas of the LCKL could benefit the overall genre Hellgren† classification in terms of accuracy, precision, recall ZnSe is a II‐IV semiconductor that is known for its and F‐1 measure. In addition, we also aim at wide bandgap. In the growing world of advanced identifying the optimal number of languages needed electronics ZnSe thin films are useful to study in to build a stable cross‐lingual genre classification order to widen our understanding of semiconductor model for the LCKL. physics and to enable us to create and develop higher preforming electronics. We are specifically 17 Burkina's Promise seeking to understand how the ratio of Zinc to Se and Thomas Wood, Brandon Baumer, Matthew the temperature the films are grown in affects the Burkhead, Kai Yuen Leong, Eliezer Mwankenja bandgap and crystalline structure. The ZnSe films The nonprofit organization Burkina's Promise were grown using magnetron Rf Sputtering provides funding to children in Burkina Faso that techniques. Eight different ratios of Zn to Se were otherwise would not have the means to attend grown with each ratio being grown in room school. They currently have very little technical temperature and high temperature conditions infrastructure to support their mission so the website respectively. Each film was grown roughly 300 nm in that we are building has the purpose of being an thickness. The band gap was determined using administrative management platform for them. This Ultraviolet Visible spectroscopy (UV‐Vis) and the site will give Burkina’s Promise the ability to easily crystalline structure was determined using X‐Ray and efficiently record and edit their data, namely diffraction (XRD). The bandgap was not affected by keeping track of the children that need to be or are the change in temperature, but it was affected by the currently sponsored as well as the people that are ratio of Zinc to Se. sponsoring them. Along with creating an efficient storage space for their data, this site will enable 20 Portable Cosmic Ray Muon Detector for Education quick and efficient communication between the Andrew Grove, Abaz Kryemadhi† administrators of the organization and the agents Cosmic rays constantly interact with the upper working on the ground in Burkina Faso. As a team, atmosphere constantly, creating a shower of such we built this application’s front‐end, back‐end, and particles as muons. Muons have been observed to database from the ground up. The overall goal of this have a limited lifetime, such that many muons decay application is to create more efficient and capable around sea level. This project details the administrative platform to further the potential and development of a portable cosmic ray muon detector outreach of the Burkina’s Promise organization. for educational purposes. This will not only help students learn about particle physics but it will also 18 Intelligent Water Project Revisited demonstrate the reality of Einstein's theory of Nathan Chan, Jared Butler, Rebekah McClelland, relativity, where time is dependent on the observer. Andrew Hoffman The Intelligent Water Project allows the diagnosis of 21 Fractional Calculus the condition of a pump through monitors equipped Jacob Mohler, Douglas Phillippy† with multiple sensors installed on them. In order to Fractional calculus as a field arose from a question facilitate the collection and analysis of the telemetry asked from the advent of calculus: can you extend data, a graphical user interface was implemented the derivative and integral of integer order to ones of using PHP supported by a MYSQL database and other arbitrary(fractional, irrational, complex) order? web‐based technologies. Through this system, it is Leibniz had given thought to this, along with many possible to both monitor the incoming data, as well big names in math since him, but it took until Abel as manage each of the existing pumps and the access and Liouville for real, generalized answers to emerge. granted to each user for this purpose. Since then much work has been done to expand the field and to look for applications. Several applications exist within physics, which take advantage of the unique nature of fractional calculus. This presentation explores the basics of fractional

calculus, what makes it useful, and how we can apply adjacency matrices to order the websites in a result it to problems within physics from a search. The power method takes a vector and reformats it into a sequence of values. Adjacency 22 What Math is Really True? matrices are square matrices with values of 0 and 1 Laura Bigelow typically these can be represented by graphs. Both Math is constantly growing and new truths are being the power method and adjacency matrices aid to discovered and proved. Many “truths” that were understanding the PageRank algorithm. once commonly held are now obsolete or have been debunked ‐ for example, at different points in time, 26 Dota 2 eSport Tournament Prediction people believed that the Earth was flat, that it was Thien Nguyen the center of the universe, that the planets orbited Dota 2 is a strategic video game where 2 teams of 5 the sun in perfect circles, or that Euclidian geometry players compete against each other. There are many was the only type of geometry. My suggestion, made Dota 2 tournaments for professional teams through showing examples like these along with throughout the year. The biggest one, named "The analyzing different proofs and types of logic, is that International", will be held for the 8th consecutive some aspects of math that we have today may not year this August with a prize pool up to $24 million. really be true. This research uses different statistical methods to predict which professional team will win 1st place at 23 Diophantine Equations "The International 8" based on their performance Jason Price data collected from smaller preceding tournaments. This talk will attempt to analyze various Diophantine equations and present insights into solutions or 27 Series solutions of linear equations behaviors of solutions. A brief history of a few classic Ming Luo Diophantine equations will be covered which leads This presentation is going to introduce series into the equations of question. The research looks solutions of linear equations. At the beginning of the into the form of solutions to the equation or may presentation, some background knowledge about identify a pattern which a solution may not have. power series and the way how to obtain a power The equations included are expanded from the series solution of a linear first‐order differential classic Diophantine equations of Pythagoras and Pell. equation will be announced. Then find ordinary Insights from the classic equations are useful in an points of linear second‐order equations in the form analysis of the new Diophantine equations since of power series. Later find singular points of linear many of the general analysis is useful, and the second‐order equations in the form of power series. method is employed through the research. At the end of this presentation, special functions, like Bessel’s equation of order and Legendre’s equation 24 The History of the Fourier Series of order will be introduced. Jacob LaGrand This presentation will explain the setting behind the 28 An Examination of the History, Structure, and historical development of Fourier series. Particular Applications behind Quaternions consideration will be given to the contributions of Joshua Skula Joseph D’Alembert, Leonhard Euler, and Joseph Suppose you wish to rotate an arbitrary three‐ Fourier to modern Fourier analysis. Finally, an dimensional object, how can this be expressed analysis of musical sound waves will be offered, in mathematically? Quaternions are four‐dimensional order to illustrate an application of Fourier series. vectors consisting of a scalar component and three imaginary components with properties that make 25 PageRank Algorithm: a Glimpse of Understanding rotations in the three‐dimensional field simpler than Google traditional methods. With their unique properties Hannah Mackenzie established by William Rowan Hamilton, The PageRank algorithm was created by Larry Page mathematicians are able to incorporate quaternions and Sergey Brin. They used it to construct an internet to our modern world to optimize 3‐D computer search engine, Google, and it is now one of multiple modeling processes, UAV/Drone positioning control, algorithms embedded into the Google search system. and other rotation‐based machines and programs. The PageRank algorithm uses the power method and

29 Spherical Geometry and its Applications is the team's hope that the implementation of the Olivia Tamm system will also aid in improving the health and When most people hear "Geometry," their livelihood of the villagers while providing the understanding is limited to the realm of Euclidean opportunity for them to grow and achieve social and Geometry‐‐a system of mathematics based upon five economic stability. foundational axioms. Though Euclidean Geometry is what we face most often, there exist many other 32 Sawyer Filter Test System † geometries that do not follow the fundamental David Patawaran, Joseph Franken, Thomas Soerens axioms of Euclid. Spherical Geometry is one of these. The Sawyer PointOne(TM) household water filters Though this field of mathematics unhinges much of have been proven effective in removing what we believe to be true about angles, lines, and microorganisms from drinking water and have been shapes, it is a vital part of much of what we do today. shown to reduce waterborne diseases in This talk explores the basics of Spherical Geometry communities where the filters are implemented. This and how it can be applied to the very ground we live project is examining the long‐term performance of on. these filters in a laboratory setting. Twenty‐four filters are being run in parallel with continuous flow 30 Fourier Series and periodic back‐flushing. The flow and pressure Alexander Sredenschek though the filters is measured over time and the Fourier series are widely used in mathematics and filters have been tested periodically for bacteria the physical sciences. First formulated by Jean‐ breakthrough. All filters have shown that they Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768‐1830), these continue to remove 100% of bacteria after 60,000 mathematical objects have been studied by gallons each and meet EPA removal standards. mathematicians for over a century. One branch of mathematics in which they regularly arise is partial 33 Sustainable Water Treatment System differential equations (PDEs). PDEs are abundant in Daria Eshelman, Erwens Fleurant, Sarah Aldrich, † physics and chemistry, yet they are notoriously Daniel Sidell, Tesfayohanes Yacob difficult to solve. Fourier series provide elegant Some communities all over the world, including solutions to specific PDEs. In this talk, we will discuss regions of Latin America, Africa, and Asia, do not Fourier series, their history, and their application to have sufficient access to clean and sanitary water for PDEs. Two methods of solution—separation of daily use. They may not have any form of effective variables and variation of parameters—will be water treatment systems, or they may have systems discussed. that are effective, but do not have a sufficient output to reliably provide for the whole community. The 31 Gravity Fed Water System for Vanuatu mission of the Sustainable Water Treatment System Jamar Gittens, Nathan Hardman, Shung Yen Tan, project is to provide a cost‐efficient water treatment Kurtis Platteel, Ella Sobek, Thomas Soerens† system that can handle higher outputs of water. The Approximately 30 villages in Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu SWTS team is partnering with the Christian have been identified to lack direct access to safe and engineering nonprofit organization, Water Mission, potable water. This deficiency can have significant to create a design for a water treatment system that effects on the physical health and livelihood of the can be adapted for various locations and communities in Vanuatu while severely limiting their implemented in a rural community in the Intibuca ability to grow socially and economically. Therefore, region of Honduras. Successfully developing and Friends in Action International has partnered with a implementing a system with these standards would local church in one of the villages to produce a benefit many communities, found in countries such suitable solution, specifically a gravity‐fed water as Honduras, Peru, and Tanzania to have sufficient distribution system. The system‐‐which has a zero‐ access to clean and potable water for daily use. A key energy footprint‐‐aims to transport safe, potable requirement of the project design is to develop water to all the villages from a water source located processes that can utilize locally available materials at a higher altitude relative to these villages. The and minimize electricity use. The project’s Gravity‐Fed Water team has been working with Tim deliverable is a complete design for a water Johnston, the executive director of Friends in Action treatment plant that Water Mission (NGO) can take International, to design this system for the villages. It and easily convert to a physical plant.

34 Village Water Ozonation System 36 Capture of HIV‐1 envelope protein gp120 using Daniel Ma, Ted Sindabizera Ntwari, Brandon immobilized heparin Blackhurst, John Khamis, Michelle Lockwood† Danielle Reimer, Brianne Roper, Alicia Decker, † In 2015, the United Nations established the goal to Matthew Farrar achieve universal and equitable access to safe and The HIV virus is endemic in sub‐Saharan Africa with affordable drinking water for all by 2030. Since 2008, recent WHO reports estimating that over 88% of the the Village Water Ozonation Systems team has aimed world’s HIV‐positive children reside in the area. to provide communities with the cleanest water they While viral load monitoring is essential for successful can sustainably afford by designing and installing treatment, industry‐standard nucleic acid assays are water treatment systems to meet local needs as part often costly or inaccessible to many regions. An of the global effort to increase access to safe and important first step in our viral load testing is affordable drinking water. Many people contract isolation and concentration of viruses from whole illnesses from consuming contaminated water. In blood. We have opted to explore a viral isolation response to this pressing health issue, increasing method using immobilized heparin‐agarose access to a point‐of‐use water treatment system microspheres to capture the virus and remove it from capable of providing a clean drinking water source the blood sample. We are currently optimizing the becomes paramount to enhancing the physical well‐ protocol to achieve capture of HIV‐1 envelope being of a community. VWOS develops affordable, protein gp120 on immobilized heparin using an clean drinking water solutions by first recognizing immunofluorescent staining protocol. To do this, we that infrastructure and engagement are key aspects are testing heparin‐agarose capture of isolated gp120 to transforming any community’s drinking water and its insect variant using gp120 specific primary scene. In previous years, VWOS successfully installed antibodies followed by a fluorescent secondary ozonation systems in multiple locations in Latin antibody. We are using different primary antibodies America. The team has the exciting the opportunity to target the gp120 in its natural state along with its to continue work this year with the Trigo Community bound state to maximize our ability to tag a gp120‐ in Oaxaca, Mexico, where a VWOS unit was installed heparin complex. in 2016. In addition to working with ozonation systems, VWOS also evaluates and adapts other 37 Design of a Solar PV Power System for the Living water treatment methods such as UV disinfection Love Ministries Children's Home in Ol Kalou, Kenya and biosand filtration to meet the needs of potential Jessica Kline, David Moretz, Joshua Patterson, clients. The team considers past designs and Steven Carpenter, Matt Laven, Trey Witmer, David investigates new water purifying technologies to Vader† formulate holistic solutions for each community A lack of reliable electricity can prove a significant based on local water quality and individual client hindrance to any organization. Living Love Ministries needs. (LLM), in Ol Kalou, Kenya, has experienced just that. While trying to minister to the needs of thirty 35 Aeroponics orphans living at their Children’s Home, and with a Matthew Brenneman, Erin Kelley, Michelle hope to expand the number of children taken care of † Lockwood in the next few years, LLM has been impeded by the The Aeroponics team believes that all people deserve unreliable Kenyan electric grid, which can go off access to proper nutrition and that sustainable unexpectedly for days to weeks at a time. Without a agriculture is the best way to improve food access consistent source of refrigeration for their food world‐wide. This belief has led the team to research supply, light in the evenings for the children to and develop a cost effective Aeroponics system complete their homework, or the power necessary specifically for a single family in rural Burkina Faso for the staff to use their essential laptops and where soil conditions are poor and access to water computers, LLM has been looking for a new solution. especially in the dry season is difficult. Aeroponics As part of that solution, the Solar PV team of the uniquely situates the roots of the plants vertically Collaboratory has designed a 3.8 kW, off‐grid solar and then delivers nutrients to these roots without panel system, and plans to install this during a three the use of soil. The benefit of such a system is that it week site team trip at the end of May. The details of conserves both water and space, and it can be used this design and site team plan will be presented in when traditional farming is not viable. this presentation.

38 Flight Tracking and Messaging Systems (FTMS) straight cottonseed oil were tested as possible fuel Development options. Testing methods for measuring engine Hoang Nguyen, Samuel Rice, Jonathan Carter, power, engine wear, and fuel consumption were Thomas Shifflett, Harold Underwood† written. Multiple engine components, ranging from Outside radar range, small planes flying in remote heat exchangers to fuel systems were fabricated and locations must be tracked by other means. tested to verify the functionality of the components. Emergency relief, humanitarian development and The team is now working to finalize and compile the missionary organizations need to follow such flights, necessary documentation for our final for safety and management. The Automatic Flight recommendation to the client. Following System (AFFS) owned by JAARS has been safety tested and used extensively for this purpose, 40 Landmine Neutralization but has been replaced in many cases by new options. Justin Barber, Michael Ritenour, Rachel Siepelinga, † Thus, the Flight Tracking and Messaging Systems Donald Pratt (FTMS) team has been working with stakeholder Cary This talk will be about the Landmine Neutralization Cupka on redesigning AFFS for more advanced Project within the Messiah College Collaboratory. technology modes to increase its value in the field. The project’s goal is to create a safer way to destroy This includes replacing the existing Single Board landmines, IEDs, and other unexploded ordnance Computer (SBC) in AFFS 1.0 with the UDOO QUAD (UXO). To accomplish this, the project team is board for prototyping. The team also created a working with the Halo Trust, the world’s largest redesigned pilot display board prototype and fully demining NGO. The most common method of verified its functionality. To facilitate testing, the destroying UXO is to use a small explosive charge to FTMS team bypassed the HF modem of AFFS 1.0 via detonate the mines in place. However, this method is an RS‐232 serial communication link, successfully dangerous and explosives are expensive and highly transmitting GPS and flight critical information from regulated in many areas where Halo is working. the pilot module to a ground‐based monitor running Instead of the use of secondary explosives, the team AFFSWin (AFFS software for Windows). Through believes that with the right characteristics, mines can research and testing, the team also determined be burned and rendered inert without detonation. To necessary power requirements of the future Aircraft serve as the source of flame, the team is using a Control Unit (ACU) power supply. hybrid‐thermal lance (HTL) which is based upon a hybrid rocket motor. Over Easter break, Dr. Don 39 Biofuels: Straight Vegetable Oil Research Pratt, the team’s project manager, travelled to Kyle Doll, Ryan Kuhn, Aaron Ladeau, Andy Erikson† Afghanistan to test the team's initial prototype. With The Collaboratory’s Biofuels: Straight Vegetable Oil the successful test results, proof of concept and field Research team has been working with Open Door testing have been established. Moving forward, the Development (ODD) over the past two years team hopes to make modifications to the HTL in researching potential ways of helping a small order to better serve Halo’s needs. missions village in Mahadaga, Burkina Faso. The team hopes to reduce their dependence on imported fossil 41 Panama Cargo Lift fuels used to run their agricultural diesel engines as a Conner Reyer, Calvin Trimble, Nathaniel Yeoman, † ‡† way to support and empower their local economy. Brian Swartz , Russell Woleslagle , Tim ‡† Although focused on ODD, there is potential to Zimmerman produce a modular fuel system that can be used The Panama Cargo Lift Project partners with YWAM across the world in order to ease the dependence on Ships base, Outpost Panama. Outpost is located on imported diesel fuel in the developing world, making the island of Bastimento off the Northern coast of energy more accessible to people everywhere. The Bocas Del Toro, Panama. At Outpost Panama, Tom team has researched potential vegetable oils and and Holly Schmidt focus on training youth to be the found that cottonseed oil was the best option for the next generation of missionaries and outreaching to client and research team. To limit the possible their surrounding indigenous communities. The base damage and wear on engine components, the is isolated at the top of a hill on their island which vegetable oil’s viscosity needed to be lowered to the creates various challenges since everything they use ASTM specification for biodiesel. A 70% diesel to 30% and consume must be brought in by boat from the cottonseed oil by volume blend and preheating main island and carried up to the base. The Panama

Cargo Lift Project aims to design and install a system cancer and the friable nature of RNA, we undertook to transport materials and supplies up to the base the following study to optimize the isolation of RNA from the bottom of the hill. This system will and genomic DNA. Tissue (7‐19 mg) was ground via empower their ministry and allow Tom and Holly to mortar and pestle and processed via RNeasy Mini kit focus more on their missional goals and extend the (Qiagen) paired with QIAshredder for time they can stay in the mission field. homogenization. Yields were typically low (<100 ng/mg tissue). However, addition of both needle 42 Paxton Ministries ‐ Site Drainage homogenization and guanidinium thiocyanate‐ Zachary Engle, Brenden Good, Sean McCormick, J phenol‐chloroform extraction prior to the kit column Scott Heisey† purification achieved a 25‐fold average increase in Paxton Ministries is a non‐profit organization that yield (1757 ng/mg tissue). These modifications also provides affordable housing and support services for permit parallel isolation of genomic DNA from the adults of all ages, many of whom are challenged with same tissue sample, and successful SNP genotyping poverty, mental illness, and intellectual disabilities. has been demonstrated using a custom rhAMP Paxton Ministries operates a residential facility in genotyping assay. Initial analysis of RNA samples by Harrisburg, PA, and their site location currently Real Time RT‐PCR has demonstrated successful experiences excess runoff coming from a stormwater quantification of CCK2R expression in both tumor pipe that discharges onto their property. This creates and normal tissue samples as well as very low levels frequent flooding at the site and restricts usable of CCK2i4svR transcript. Expanded histological space and access to the tennis court area. The site is grading, genotyping and gene expression analysis are also located in karst topography, a geologic condition ongoing. that is prone to sinkhole development. The ponded water associated with the flooding appears to 44 Method Development for the Determination of exacerbate existing sinkholes as well as contribute to Cyanide Concentration in Chaya. † formation of new sinkholes. Abigail Wei Jing Hing, Richard Schaeffer The goal of the Paxton Ministries Site Drainage Team Many edible plant materials including Chaya contain is to research and develop potential solutions to this cyanogenic glucosides that can cause cyanide problem using Best Management Practices (BMPs) poisoning in an individual. The goal of this that meet applicable stormwater management experiment was to validate and develop a regulations. The design feasibility of various quantitative method to determine the total alternatives was evaluated with consideration to on‐ concentration of cyanide in Chaya. Cyanide has a site detention, off‐site discharge, costs, and site high affinity for metals such as silver, gold, copper, limitations. The team has worked with Paxton nickel, iron, and cobalt. Hexacyanoferrate(III), also 4− Ministries to summarize options and costs in order to known as ferrocyanide [Fe(CN)6] , is a metal cyanide facilitate an optimal and economical solution for the anion that is less toxic and tend not to release free site. cyanide. Therefore, it is possible to isolate the cyanide content in Chaya and form metal cyanides 43 Preliminary steps toward quantification of gastrin for measurements. Standards of aqueous potassium receptor splice variants in pancreatic cancer hexacyanofferate (III) K4[Fe(CN)6]∙3H2O, were patients prepared, and tested with ion chromatography (IC) Rebekah Jones, John Harms† and high liquid chromatography (HPLC) to validate Pancreatic cancer has a dismally low five‐year the methods. Both IC and HPLC test were survival rate of 2%. Our lab has focused on the inconclusive due to the different systems that were etiology of CCK2i4svR, a hyperactive splice variant of used in published papers. UV‐Vis spectroscopy was the gastrin receptor (CCK2R), which has been also used in this experiment as potassium associated with increased pancreatic tumor hexacyanofferate(III) gives a yellow color. However, it aggressiveness. To determine if a correlation exists is hypothesized that it would not be as useful for between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in lower concentration of hexacyanofferate(III). Further the receptor, and expression of the variant RNA in experiments need to be done to identify a mobile patients, we aim to genotype human pancreatic phase that would work with the HPLC system tumor samples and quantify CCK2R and CCK2i4svR available. mRNA. Due to the highly fibrotic nature of pancreatic

45 Analyzing Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) Thus, we have sought to interrogate the role Invasion in the Yellow Breeches Watershed gastrin/CCK2R may play in K‐ras mediated Jen Gonzalez tumorigenesis by analyzing H6c7 cells, a near‐normal The rusty crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, is an invasive human pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line freshwater species that has rapidly spread over much engineered to express oncogenic K‐ras (H6c7‐Kr). of the northeastern United States, causing Expression analysis by RT‐qPCR shows high gastrin degradation of aquatic ecosystems. While there has expression in both H6c7 and H6c7‐Kr cells, and a 2.5‐ been much research of crayfish population dynamics fold upregulation of CCK2R in H6c7‐Kr cells. To in the Upper Susquehanna watershed, there is confirm the relevance of this upregulation, we limited knowledge concerning the Lower treated both lines with two CCK2R antagonists Susquehanna region. It was hypothesized that the (proglumide, YM022). When gastrin signaling was success of O. rusticus is largely dependent on stream blocked, both H6c7 and H6c7‐Kr showed a marked geo‐chemistry, allowing for it to only invade certain decrease in growth rate. Furthermore, a decrease in areas of connected aquatic ecosystems. This gastrin RNA in both lines also suggests inhibition of experiment utilized quantitative population sampling an autocrine signaling loop driving the elevated methods, as well as laboratory behavioral analysis to gastrin expression and proliferation. Similarly, 1) investigate how stream geo‐chemistry impacts CCK1R, which preferentially binds cholecystokinin—a crayfish population dynamics in the Lower sister hormone of gastrin implicated in K‐ras Susquehanna region and 2) analyze the levels of activation—was also downregulated upon treatment aggression in crayfish PVC pipe‐territorial disputes with both antagonists. Finally, COX‐2, a key between conspecifics and members of different therapeutic target and inflammatory mediator species. Results indicate that limestone geo‐ downstream of K‐ras, is upregulated in H6c7‐Kr cells chemistry does not impact the success of O. rusticus. and normalized by antagonist treatment. Together However, there is evidence that native species these data demonstrate a novel connection between Cambarus bartonii remains in areas where O. rusticus K‐ras and CCK2R signaling. is not prevalent. The high population densities of C. bartonii in Trout Run correlated to elevated 47 Modifying Graphite Electrodes for the Reduction of aggressive interactions between conspecifics when Oxygen to Water † compared with the interactions between O. rusticus Josiah Nisly, Richard Schaeffer , Niklas Hellgren conspecifics. Increased knowledge of the geo‐ Carbon nitride is a potential substitute for graphene chemistry of streams invaded by O. rusticus, as well and platinum materials in a number of as a clear understanding of the behavioral electrochemical systems. Past work has explored interactions of invasive and native crayfish species synthesizing carbon nitride films by DC magnetron may provide insight into future strategies to control sputtering, but an additional method was developed the spread of O. rusticus. that could address issues observed with the previous method. The new method, involving an applied 46 Novel Tumorigenesis Pathways in Pancreatic potential to the sample electrodes, encountered Cancer: The Centrality of the Cholecystokinin‐2 problems with electrical connectivity, which will be Receptor addressed in future work. Andrew Nevin, John Harms† The tumorigenesis of pancreatic ductal 48 The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion and the CYP1A2 adenocarcinoma hinges on the activation of several Polymorphism on Vertical Jump and Wingate intracellular signaling pathways. The K‐ras oncogene Testing † is activated by mutation in 90% of pancreatic H. Scott Kieffer , Julia Rodgers, Caleb Smith cancers; however, its regulation and downstream The purpose of this study was to examine the effects mechanisms of action require further elucidation. of caffeine on short‐term anaerobic power Pancreatic cancer cells have also been shown to performance with respect to the different genetic inappropriately express the peptide hormone gastrin, polymorphisms of the hepatic enzyme cytochrome driving tumor growth in an autocrine manner. The 450 (CYP450), specifically CYP1A2. We hypothesized gastrin receptor, CCK2R, is a G‐protein coupled that caffeine ingestion would exhibit greater power receptor, part of a family of receptors loosely scores on short‐term performance using the implicated in several pathways associated with K‐ras. measures of vertical jump and 30‐second Wingate

(WAnT30). Each participant completed both squat induced by epitopes within SV40 Tag and alter the jumps and counter‐movement jumps to obtain a proportion that secreted the cytokines IFN‐γ vs. IL‐ maximal vertical jump measurement and a WAnT30 10. Mice were immunized with tumor cells for peak power, anaerobic work and power decline. expressing either the wild type SV40 T ag (B6/K‐0) to Each participant performed the testing session twice, generate a robust CD8+ T cell response, or a mutated once with a placebo control (maltrodextrin) and the SV40 T ag (B6/K‐1,4,5) which lacked other after ingestion of caffeine (5 mg/kg body immunodominant CD8+ epitopes. Both T ags weight). The results and conclusions of the study will contained three CD4+ epitopes (381, 529, 581) be discussed at the symposium. against which T cell responses were monitored. MHC class I tetramer staining and flow cytometry were 49 Differentiation of Individual Harlequin Frogs used to measure the magnitude of CD8+ T cell (Atelopus) using HotSpotter Recognition Software responses. As expected, B6/K‐0 immunizations Devyn McPheeters, Edgardo Griffith‡†, Roberto induced robust CD8+ T cell responses while B6/K‐ Ibáñez‡†, Erik Lindquist† 1,4,5 immunizations did not. Single color, parallel Most amphibian identification methods used in ELISPOT assays measured the frequencies of IFN‐γ‐ mark‐recapture studies are invasive and sometimes vs. IL‐10‐expressing T cells that specifically + raise ethical questions that prove difficult to answer. recognized each of the three CD4 epitopes. The As efforts to protect declining amphibian species ELISPOT results indicated that IFN‐γ‐secreting T cells increase, a need has arisen for noninvasive marking outnumbered IL‐10‐secreting T cells following procedures that require minimal handling time. immunization with B6/K‐0 cells or B6/K‐1,4,5 cells. Photographic identification methods fulfill this need, These results failed to support the hypothesis yet vary by species in effectiveness. HotSpotter, an wherein the ratio of IL‐10 vs. IFN‐γ secreting T cells + animal recognition software, was tested to would be influenced by large numbers of CD8 T cells determine its ability to recognize and match Atelopus concomitantly induced by epitopes within the same zeteki individuals using photographs from field work antigen. conducted while these frogs, now believed extinct in the wild, could still be found in their native habitat. 51 Myofascial Treatment Techniques Sorá, El Copé, and Farallón wild populations were Jackson Lohr analyzed. In addition, a captive‐bred study was This literature review discusses the current evidence conducted by photographing live frogs from the Sorá on the structure and functions of fascia as well as the and Mata Ahogado populations kept at the Maryland techniques designed to target fascial tissues within Zoo to supplement results. HotSpotter software the body and their clinical applications. Fascial yielded a high success rate for both captive bred and treatment techniques have been employed for wild populations. Although visual matching is still centuries, possibly even millennia, dating back to the considered more reliable, computer assisted use of stone acupuncture needles in the Neolithic identification methods are more time efficient for period. Since then, a wide range of techniques have large populations while still yielding high accuracy been developed and are performed by clinicians results. daily. These techniques include instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM), Rolfing, fascial 50 Does a robust CD8+ killer T cell response alter the abrasion technique, foam rolling, fascial muscular type(s) of cytokines secreted by CD4+ helper T cells lengthening technique, acupuncture, use of Kinesio responding to the same tumor antigen? tape and many more. Fascia is a collagen‐rich, elastic, Emily Isaga, Lawrence Mylin† contractile structure that extends from the head to Understanding regulatory interactions between the toes, surrounding nearly every structure of the tumor antigen‐specific CD8+ T killer and CD4+ T helper body. The network of sensory structures throughout cells will be important in training cell mediated the fascia helps facilitate changes in tissue immunity to combat cancer by vaccination. The lubrication, cellular mediator flow to affected Simian Virus 40 Large T antigen (SV40 Tag) regions, and hormone production within the body. oncoprotein contains multiple CD8+ and CD4+ T cell Due to the unique role of fascia in surrounding epitopes of varying immunological potencies. This muscle sheaths and its capacity for limiting flexibility, study sought to determine if a robust CD8+ T cell it is important to understand how it works and the response would influence the number of CD4+ T cells ways one can treat it when dysfunction occurs. This

presentation aims to educate readers on the best Province of Zambia. Laboratory cultivation of practices and potential treatment methods involving Plasmodium falciparum requires fresh human blood. fascia. It is difficult to assure a constant supply of fresh, uninfected human blood needed to sustain culture 52 Detecting Sexual Dimorphism via Skin Melanin experiments because blood from local residents Patterns in Panamanian Golden Frogs (Atelopus cannot be used, and because many visiting scientists zeteki) and physicians routinely take a prophylactic anti‐ Kavin Dhana Raja malarial drug that makes their erythrocytes unable to The Panamanian Golden Frog (Atelopus zeteki) is a support propagation of Plasmodium in culture. species of frog native to Panama and is technically Cryopreservation of red blood cells obtained from extinct in the wild. This was primarily due to the uninfected individuals in the US with subsequent introduction and propagation of the chytridmycosis shipment to Zambia is an option we are investigating. infection among the Panamanian Golden frog Our goal is to learn to freeze fresh, leukocyte‐ populations. Hence, to protect this species, many depleted erythrocyte suspensions using minimal were collected ahead of the extinction and are now aqueous volumes of a macromolecular starch‐based maintained in captivity. Males and females appear to cryo‐protectant. Hydroxy ethyl starch (HES) and only differ in size as adults, giving conservation polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) have shown promise as ice biologists difficulty in distinguishing the sex of recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) which prevent ice individuals when they are young. Some species of crystal formation during the thawing process. This Atelopus exhibit skin coloration and patterning which presentation will describe our attempts to: can be sexually dimorphic in nature. We set out to determine appropriate concentrations for use of determine whether or not sexually dimorphic these IRIs; identify appropriate freezing, thawing and melanin patterning exists on this species. To answer storage conditions; and characterize the ability of this, we primarily conducted observational analyses cryopreserved RBCs to support asexual propagation of the melanin patterns of Atelopus zeteki images and/or gametocyte formation for the Plasmodium which were obtained from a population near Sorá, falciparum laboratory strain NF54. Panama. These patterns were obtained from 20 different morphological regions from the dorsum of 54 Optimizing expression of an engineered protein with the frog and 10 different sections on the venter side stacked hemes † of the frog. The physical markings were not only Karina Ayala, Jesse Kleingardner noted but were also categorized as present or Metalloproteins are engineered by the modification absent. Percentages of the presence of markings on of an existing metalloprotein, introduction of a metal male and female frogs were obtained for the study of binding site into a protein without a metal, or by de the population and differences indicating a sex‐ novo design. These engineered proteins have the correlation were noted. Lastly, the reliability of the ability to perform difficult catalytic reactions in statistical data was then tested by performing a blind nature such as bond cleavage and formation, experiment on a captive population from the electron transfer, radical chemistry, DNA synthesis, Maryland Zoo in Baltimore. and cellular energy production. This semester, various CHIP_heme primers have been tested for 53 Cryopreservation of Human Erythrocytes for DNA expression and purification. DNA expression Laboratory Culture of Plasmodium falciparum results showed a lack of expression for the Samuel Stambaugh, Nicole Clemente, Lawrence CHIP_heme cells but slight expression for the control Mylin† group Twitch 2B. Therefore, there is an issue with the Malaria is caused by five species of Plasmodium and cells themselves. The CHIP_heme cells, SLiCE 1, 2, primarily affects people living in third‐world and 4 were sequenced and the results confirmed that countries who often do not have effective means or K202H mutation occurred and CXXCH motif was funds to control the parasite. The most lethal form, introduced into the sequence. SLiCE 2 lined up well Plasmodium falciparum is most prevalent in Zambia. with the expected sequence, but has not been Our current work is intended to support ongoing confirmed with the most recent sequencing data. malaria research at the Macha Research Trust (MRT) Due to poor signaling, there was probably not [also known as the Malaria Institute at Macha enough DNA within SLiCE 2. SLiCE 1 contained (MIAM)], which is located in Macha in the Southern discrepancies while SLiCE 4 contained a random

mutation within the sequence. Therefore, SLiCE 2 could potentially lead to poisoning and severe was used because it was the only sequence that illnesses. Thus, it is necessary to remove such toxic expressed the proper Arginine to Leucine mutation elements from the environment. One approach is to and the CXXCH motif. Gel electrophoresis results attempt to remove the heavy metals from the soil. showed a dark band around 21 kDa, confirming that Plants absorb their nutrients through their roots the protein was expressed. However, the heme was within the soil. Therefore, regulation of the soil is not attaching to the protein, which was the main important. Phytoremediation is a method that objective in order to create the desired utilizes certain types of plants, like those in the metalloprotein. mustard family, to absorb the toxic ions and be able to transfer or sequester them into a non‐toxic form. 55 Aquaponic Banana and Cocoa Production These plants are unique and differ from other plants Megan Bleacher, David Foster† because they can take in more metals than other Aquaponics is the combination of a recirculating plants and still survive. These are known as aquaculture system and a hydroponics component, hyperaccumulators. A common plant from the which raises fish and plants, respectively. With this mustard family, Arabidopsis thaliana, is studied as a method, the fish waste can be processed by bacteria potential model for its phytoremediation and and red wiggler worms (Eisenia fetida) to provide accumulation properties. In our study, we analyzed nutrients to the plants, thus cleansing the water for its ability to uptake metal ions. Arabidopsis thaliana the fish. A circulating aquaponics system that Rack1a‐1 mutant was compared to the wildtype on involves a tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) tank, a their tolerance to the metal ions nickel, cadmium, clarifier, and two gravel beds was used to raise Musa and zinc. It is predicted that the mutant will be have acuminata, the super dwarf Cavendish banana, a greater tolerance to higher concentrations of the providing an alternate to soil cultivation of bananas. metal ions than the wildtype. Cavendish bananas account for the majority of the world’s bananas and are currently being destroyed 57 Met‐enkephalin: A Pharmaceutical Treatment for by the soil borne fungal pathogen Fusarium Symptoms of PTSD oxysporum. Bananas are considered the fourth most Kelly Striker, Nicholas Balten, Jacinta Davis, Elias † important crop in the world’s less‐developed nations, Harkins, Kayla Jacunski, Roseann Sachs , Jennifer † like those in Africa, Asia, and Tropical America, Thomson following wheat, rice, and corn. Through the use of Traumatic events or instances with potential harm an aquaponics system donated to the college by may cause the development of a stress‐response Intag Systems, we explored the hypothesis for this disorder known as post‐traumatic stress disorder project: if a plant has not been infected by Fusarium (PTSD). Notable symptoms of PTSD include intrusive oxysporum f. sp. cubense, then the plant can thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares, negative changes successfully be grown in an aquaponics system while in mood and cognition and hyperarousal. Because decreasing time to flowering and fruit production as these symptoms promote unhealthy coping compared to soil grown bananas. We have mechanisms, research to treat or prevent the successfully decreased time to flowering by 20‐40% development of PTSD symptoms would greatly (8 months in our aquaponics system compared to 10‐ advance mental healthcare. Met‐enkephalin, more 15 months in a natural system). In the past four commonly termed opioid growth factor, is a small months, we have harvested from and cut down the neuropeptide that binds to opioid receptors. four experimental plants with the intention of Interfering with memory formation, effective analyzing the fruit’s nutrient content treatment with met‐enkephalin may potentially treat symptoms of PTSD in trauma survivors. In this 56 The Effect of Cadmium, Nickel and Zinc on the experiment, 20 male rats underwent stress‐enhanced RACK1 Mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana fear learning, an animal model that mimics traumas Sima Zia, Michael Shin† and triggers experienced by humans. The rats were Human industrialization has led to an increase in placed in two different environments: a traumatic or metal toxicity in the environment. Metal toxicity is triggering environment. Ten rats received 15 shocks due to an abundance of heavy metals. Because the in the traumatic environment, while ten did not. All heavy metals can travel though producers, such as rats received met‐enkephalin or saline injections plants, to consumers such as animals and humans, it immediately, 24 and 48 hours after being placed in

the traumatic environment. All rats received shocks positive potentials, yet this stacked metalloporphyrin in the triggering environment. It is hypothesized that structure is rare in naturally occurring proteins. immediate and prolonged use of met‐enkephalin Using protein structure analysis and modeling, heme may lessen or prevent freezing time, the fear c insertion into the protein CHIP is hypothesized to responses of rats. Percent freezing time and other generate such a dimer with a stacked heme c statistical models were used for data analysis. The structure. The expression of a heme‐containing ability of met‐enkephalin can be compared to the variant of CHIP must be optimized, which is being capability of morphine and buprenorphine to accomplished by generating multiple expression produce similar experimental results vectors. The first vector involved the transfer of CHIP_heme from pucIDT‐AMP, a commercial vector, 58 Recovery of an Endangered Species ‐ Kirtland's into an expression vector, pRSETB. A reaction using a Warbler Use of Red Pine Stands Seamless ligation cloning extract was used to insert Alyssa Sargent, Michael Hindy‡, Fred Van Dyke‡† the amplified gene into the linearized vector The Kirtland's Warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii) has backbone and was subsequently sequenced. Due to traditionally been described as an extreme habitat challenges with protein expression in the pRSETB specialist of young (5‐15 yr.), dense (>2,000 stems ha‐ vector, a second expression vector is being 1) jack pine (Pinus banksiana). However, recent constructed by the transfer of the CHIP_heme into a studies as well as older historical records have pET151 expression vector. In addition, a control indicated that Kirtland’s Warblers will also use red vector is being generated that expresses the wild‐ pine (Pinus resinosa) as breeding habitat. In an type CHIP protein in a pRSETB vector. Expression of ongoing study, we compared Kirtland’s Warbler protein using each expression vector will be tested in density, clutch size, and fledging rate in stands of BL21 E. coli cells, followed by protein purification, isolated jack pine (n=7) and red pine (n=7) stands, as analysis of proper protein dimerization, and the well as in juxtaposed stands in which jack pine (n=1) presence of stacked hemes in the heme variant of and red pine (n=2) shared a common border within CHIP. the warbler’s historic breeding range in northern lower Michigan. Kirtland’s Warblers did not occupy 60 Distraction by texting while eating a standardized isolated red pine stands, but were found to occupy lunch did not increase subsequent cookie 86% of isolated jack pine stands and 100% of consumption in undergraduate college students. juxtaposed stands, regardless of species. Densities, Haley Klinger, Jessica Conley, Zachary Peachey, clutch sizes, and number of young fledged per nest Amanda Rempel did not differ between occupied jack pine and red Due to increasing obesity rates, factors influencing pine stands. Such preliminary results suggest that red food consumption have become an area of interest in pine, when planted in juxtaposition with jack pine, nutrition research. Past research has found that could provide additional breeding habitat for the various forms of technology‐related distraction while Kirtland’s Warbler during its current phase of eating can increase food intake. One distraction population growth. method that has not been previously explored was smartphone use, a common distraction today. The 59 Expression and Structural Characterization of a purpose of this study was to examine whether Protein with Stacked c‐type hemes distraction via texting on smartphones increases food Chelsea Sommerville, Jesse Kleingardner† consumption in undergraduate college students. Metalloprotein engineering is utilized to customize Using a cross‐over randomized controlled trial, protein scaffolds or the metal‐binding sites of subjects (n=24) attended two lunch sessions in which proteins to improve or expand the properties of a they were distracted through texting in one session metal‐containing protein. Both synthetic and protein and not distracted in the other session. After the catalysts with metal clusters are known to catalyze standardized lunch, all participants were given a multi‐electron redox reactions such as the four‐ plate of cookies, which was weighed in order to electron oxidation of water to O2 or the reversed determine if the distracted condition increased reduction of O2. In particular, stacked cobalt cookie consumption. Data was analyzed using two porphyrins have been shown to catalyze the O2 one‐sample t‐tests and a two‐sample t‐test. No reduction reaction, a crucial reaction to most fuel statistical difference in the amount of cookies cells, almost exclusively to water and at remarkable consumed between the experimental and control

sessions was found (p= 0.126). However, subjects concentrating significantly larger quantities of metals consumed significantly more cookies in the second than other plants without reaching a toxicity trial regardless of whether or not they were threshold. Specifically, Duckweed native to the Trout distracted (p= 0.009). According to these results, Run Creek in Grantham, Pennsylvania was analyzed distraction via smartphones does not influence food for metals using X‐ray diffraction and atomic consumption. Since no significant difference was absorption spectroscopy to confirm the presence of found using a cross‐over randomized controlled sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium study, future research should investigate whether a chlorides, nickel and zinc respectively. Zinc and nickel second exposure to an eating environment increases constitute effective Lewis acid catalytic systems for food consumption. In conclusion, distraction by the synthesis of xanthine dye compounds including texting did not result in an increased food intake in fluorescein which is the focus of this research. undergraduate college students. 63 Cyanide Concentration as Measured by Cyantesmo 61 Enter the Flow ‐ Wilderness Spring Break Experience Paper Color Change Indicates One Serving of C. Lizzy Beach, Matthew Phillippy, Paul Smith chayamansa is Safe for Consumption at Boil Times The college years tend to be oriented towards the of 5, 6.5, 7, 8.5, and 10 minutes future making it difficult for students to live in the Danielle Hepler, Sharon Kauffman, Tjia Ern Lau, † † moment and be fully present. The concept of Flow Mallory Ziegler, Kay Witt , Richard Schaeffer , † developed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi identifies the Roseann Sachs characteristics that foster optimal experience: a state The purpose of this research was to determine when individuals are so involved in an activity that cooking time needed to decrease cyanide (CN) nothing else seems to matter‐ a state of utter focus content of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius ssp. aconitifolius and engagement. A secondary goal of fostering 'Chayamansa' (chaya) to a safe amount for community was incorporated into the trip to consumption. It was hypothesized that CN in chaya counterbalance the individualistic nature of Flow would reach a safe level after 10 minutes of boiling. theory. Three Adventure Education students worked Experimental design was utilized. First, a color scale together to design, develop, and implement was created by documenting color change of curriculum for a week‐long wilderness spring break Cyantesmo paper in response to CN standards of trip titled “Enter the Flow.” Over the course of this known concentrations. Ten‐gram samples of week, ten Messiah College students were given chopped chaya were tested raw and at cook times of opportunities to experience Flow and community 5, 6.5, 7, 8.5, and 10 minutes. Color change was through activities, such as hiking the Foothills Trail, observed at 24 hours and compared to the color canoeing the Chattooga River, rock climbing, tarp scale to estimate concentration of remaining CN. camping, cooking in small groups, and group sharing Dose of CN per cook time was determined for a 1 cup opportunities. A formal, summative evaluation was raw or ½ cup cooked serving of chaya (20 g). The safe conducted to assess the effectiveness of the trip level for consumption was determined via design to accomplish the defined goals and comparison to research by the Joint Food and objectives. Qualitative data was collected through Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization instructor observations, journal reflections, and post‐ Expert Committee on Food Additives, which trip surveys. This data revealed that students value determined the acute reference dose of CN both the pursuit and experience of Flow as well as equivalents to be 0.09 mg/kg body weight. The the learning of backcountry skills. Moreover, it was highest concentration observed for each cook time discovered that the wilderness proved to be a was used for analysis. It was found that chaya leaves powerful catalyst for creating connections among are safe for consumption per serving size at cook students in a group. time of 5 minutes (≤0.005 mg CN); at 6.5, 7, and 8.5 minutes (≤0.002 mg CN); and at 10 minutes (0 mg CN 62 Ecocatalysts in Organic Synthesis or below detectable limits). Since maximum color Jarred Tritt change was observed for raw samples, specific A new branch of Green chemistry has given rise to concentration could not be determined, although the use of supported heterogeneous Lewis acid data suggests it was ≥0.02 mg CN. catalysts derived from metal hyperaccumulating plants. Metal hyperaccumulators are capable of

64 Adulting 101 ‐ Wilderness Spring Break Experience participating in the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Jordan Carr, Derek Siewert, Kristoffer Tanquist Program. We completed Step 1: Site Assessment and Adulting: one of today’s buzzwords that haunts the Environmental Plan, and are currently working on millennial generation. By technical standards, college Step 2: Implementation and Step 3: Certification students are adults, yet they consistently face Request Form simultaneously. We hope this judgment from older generations concerning their certification will reduce our campus’s ecological lack of adult‐like qualities. Millennials are struggling footprint, preserve and enhance biodiversity on to make the transition from dependence to campus, and deter Messiah College’s administration independence. Three Adventure Education students from excessive development of natural areas on designed and implemented a spring break wilderness campus. trip that sought to explore the skills and character traits needed for students to transition well to life 66 Muscle‐Activated Prosthetic Hand for a Pediatric after college. The trip leaders decided to focus on Client the following four main areas of adulthood in their Alaric Kobzowicz, Keith Wei Luen Lim, Erin † trip design: Cooking/Hospitality, Self‐Care, Cressman, Ryan Yoder, Emily Farrar Responsibility, and Intentional Community. Nine Due to the rapid growth of children, and the students participated on the five‐day backpacking complexity of myoelectric technology, children are experience and day of canoeing located on the not given the same opportunities to use myoelectric Foothills Trail and Chattooga River of South Carolina. prosthetics as adults. This report focuses on the Design elements such as, small cook groups, progress of the Muscle Activated Prosthesis (MAP) designated leadership roles, and time for reflection, team in creating an affordable trans‐radial helped students to begin processing ways they could myoelectric prosthesis for a nine‐year‐old girl. The model Adult behaviors in their daily lives. Time was basic mechanism by which this device operates is as used after the experience to conduct a formal, follows: a muscle contraction emits an electrical summative evaluation which focused on the signal that will be detected and used to control the established goals and objectives. The qualitative data hand in various set patterns of grip. Comprised in this collected from participant field journals, exit device will be an EMG sensor, electrodes, a interviews, and debrief recordings indicated that development board, motors and tendons to emulate students felt the reflective process of engaging with finger motion, feedback, and a battery. We have the field journals had the greatest impact on their created a prototype "bionic hand" prosthesis that will ability to develop strategies for transitioning to be tested by our client in summer 2018. adulthood. 67 Cunningham Clubfoot Brace 65 The Efficacy of Third‐Party Certifications and Vy Ho, Luke Redcay, Paul Stoltzfus, Rebekah Memberships: An Exploration Involving the Forshey, Dylan Gillisse, Faith Kerlen, Katherine Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program Prelog, Emily Farrar†, Tim Howell† † Mia Kuniholm, Brandon Hoover Clubfoot is a congenital musculoskeletal disorder that This study researches the effects of third‐party describes several foot abnormalities characterized by certifications and memberships on institutional an inward‐rotated foot. The current method for decision‐making pertaining to environmental correction involves several rounds of casting and a practices. It includes a combination of survey boots‐and‐bar maintenance brace. This method research and an account of the Audubon Cooperative requires 5 years of bracing and has issues with Sanctuary Program certification process at Messiah compliance, comfort, and social stigma. The College. We sent a 22 question survey to all colleges Cunningham brace reduces treatment time to 2‐3 and universities that are part of the American years. It can be concealed, reducing the social stigma, Association for Sustainability in Higher Education and improves the child’s mobility and its dynamic STARS program. The questions centered around the design encourages muscle development throughout six main areas explored in the associated literature treatment. The Collaboratory Cunningham Clubfoot review—motivators, intra‐institutional processes, Brace project seeks to increase accessibility to the benefits, public perception, best practices, and brace. Currently, the brace can only be made by the accountability. Further, we sought to gain first‐hand designer Mr. Jerald Cunningham and those he has experience with a rigorous third‐party certification by trained. The process involves molding the material

into the correct shape, cutting, polishing, and allocates a configurable daily energy limit per facility, assembling various components. This method has and a display that provides practical information to several issues with reproducibility as well as cost. To the user including reporting how much energy they improve accessibility, lower costs, and tighten have used and how much they have left before their production tolerances, we are exploring new molding power is automatically cut off until the next day. The techniques, fasteners, and 3‐D printing using current version of the system has successfully been materials that are flexible yet stiff enough to allow installed in multiple facilities in Burkina Faso and correction. To validate the modified designs, we are Zimbabwe. Currently, the team is working towards measuring the forces created and applied by the completing a redesign of the system's power sense brace. Previously, there was no quantitative way to module to increase performance to meet client determine the brace characteristics. However, our specifications. We are also working towards finalizing newly developed force‐testing apparatus can be used an official testing procedure to ensure that the meter to validate various designs. More research is being design and construction are properly evaluated conducted on effectively measuring the before they are installed for long‐term operation. biomechanical aspects of the brace. Finally, we are in the process of creating a data logging system for our meter, which will expedite our 68 Prosthetic Knee for Burkina Faso ability to gather and analyze test results. This Kaleb Burch, Ashley Hah, Marissa Kuhns, Bryson presentation will detail the steps made to improve Boettger, Vaughn Chambers, Shane Curry, Jenna the power sense module as well as explain the Kelsey, Jamie Williams† testing procedures and data logging process. In Mahadaga, Burkina Faso, the Centre for the Advancement of the Handicapped was once able to 70 Nicaragua Bridge create full prosthetic legs. The Centre accepted Caleb Comeaux, Mark Simpkins, Justin Blest, Seth prosthetic knees from a donor and made the rest of Brewster, Alissa Haley, Jacob Holderman, Daniel the leg with their own resources; however, they have Mewha, Jonathan Robinson, Eric Weaver, Doug ‡† † exhausted the supply of donated knees and are no Stumpp , Brian Swartz longer able to assist leg amputees. Our group aims to The Nicaragua Bridge Project is partnering with design a simpler prosthetic knee that can be Friends in Action to aid in the development of a new, manufactured in Mahadaga, and is compatible with mainland Nicaragua community for the Rama Cay the rest of the leg that the Centre has been using. people. A channel on the new property is being This presentation will recap the testing that we did in cleared to create an inlet for the community November with a volunteer amputee using our shrimping canoes. This project has designed a new design prototype. From this test we were able to bridge to cross this channel that will unify the collect large amounts of data that have been community by creating ease of access between the analyzed in a few different ways. We were able to church, health clinic, and boat dock on one side and collect and analyze acceleration from 8 different the baseball field and housing on the other side. accelerometers placed on the volunteer as well as collect and analyze slow motion video of our subject 71 Oakwood Hills Pedestrian Access walking. This presentation will also touch on the new Kevin Breisch, Alex Issis, Caleb Stevens, Treavor "pyramidal attachment" that we have been designing Moore, Justin Witters, L. Bryan Hoover‡† and how that process is coming along. The Oakwood Hills Pedestrian Access project seeks to provide an efficient and safe way for pedestrians to 69 Energy Monitoring and Management System: travel between Messiah College and the future Promoting Energy Availability in Developing Oakwood Hills development. This project serves the Countries commercial developer, Rider Musser Development, Joshua Conrady, Michael Gray, David Nicolais, LLC, and the Messiah College Office of Operations. Nathan Ressler, Trieu Luu, Justin Martin, Joseph This project allows students to design and construct ‡† Wambach, Thomas Austin solutions to this issue that will affect Messiah College The Energy Monitoring and Management System and the surrounding community. facilitates access to electric power in regions with limited energy by increasing energy conservation and education. The solution consists of a meter which

72 Affordable Sanitation year project to research and test various components Rachel Aukamp, Adam Barley, Eric Denlinger, Leah of the proposed MPWD system. Following a trip to Hagenbuch, Cheylee Smith, Isaac Underhill, Gavin Burkina Faso in summer 2017, the team has focused Stobie‡†, Tesfayohanes Yacob† on manufacturing and testing components of the The Affordable Sanitation Project is working in project that will be sent to Burkina Faso with our partnership with World Vision to design pit latrine client to further advance the project development in liners for the Upper East Region of Ghana. Pit latrines country. We prioritized producing refined tools and consist of holes dug in the ground covered by a processes for belling casing as well as prototyping a protective slab and superstructure. Many families in wooden capstan substitute for the system’s current the Upper East Region do not have access to aluminum capstan. Field testing was also performed affordable sanitation technologies like the pit latrine, to develop and document better drilling practices and those who do have access are deterred from when in advancing through submerged soil layers. using them because latrines in this region are prone to collapse during the rainy season when the ground 74 Insertion of a target for immunotherapy of becomes completely saturated and the stability of pancreatic cancer into an oncoprotein to produce a the pit walls is jeopardized. Because of the lack of tumor cell‐based vaccine † facilities and the collapse of existing latrines, people Ashlee Leib, Lawrence Mylin in Ghana resort to open defecation which can lead to Pancreatic cancer is aggressive and difficult to detect the spread of diseases. World Vision has tasked the within its early stages. As a result, only 6% of Affordable Sanitation project with designing a latrine individuals diagnosed survive beyond 5 years. liner that will stabilize the walls of the pit while being Previous research has associated an altered form of affordable to communities in Ghana. Over the past the cholecystokinin receptor, CCK2i4svR which year, the team has finalized two designs for liners – contains 69 amino acids encoded by the non‐spliced the ferrocement and rebar‐reinforced liners – and intron IV, with aggressive pancreatic cancers. Our travelled to Ghana to implement these liner designs. goal is to induce T cell‐mediated immunity directed Through the trip, the team has learned of many against the intron‐encoded sequences by strengths and weaknesses of each liner and is now vaccination. The SV40 large tumor antigen is a highly modifying and finalizing the designs implemented in immunogenic viral oncoprotein that has been used in Ghana. The team is also developing a survey to the past as a carrier for heterologous T cell epitopes. monitor the implemented liners with the hopes that Our approach is to insert a 20 codon sequence they will provide a lasting, affordable solution to the corresponding to the intron‐encoded portion of issue of pit latrine collapse and open defecation in CCK2i4svR at one of two locations within the SV40 T the Upper East Region of Ghana. ag by site‐directed mutagenesis. Synthetic oligonucleotides were designed to insert 20 codons 73 Mechanized Percussion Well Drilling corresponding to residues 281‐300 of CCK2i4svR: 1) Andrew Dunmire, John Hannon, Althea Mavros, replacing SV40 T ag CD8+ epitope I (10 codons) and Aaron Mishler, Greg Shirk, Nathan Henry, Cole 10 amino‐terminal flanking codons; 2) between SV40 Hiduk, J Scott Heisey† T ag amino acid codons 350 and 351. The altered Open Door Development (ODD), a subsidiary ministry SV40 T ag genes will be used to generate immortal of SIM, seeks to make water accessible to all in C57BL/6 kidney cell lines which will be used to Burkina Faso. This will be accomplished by a business immunize C57BL/6 mice to assess the immunological model built upon a network of locally owned and potency of the inserted epitopes by ELISPOT. The operated well drilling businesses with varying syngeneic cell vaccine(s) will ultimately be used in capabilities to accomplish any water project. The tumor control studies utilizing murine pancreatic Collaboratory and the Mechanized Percussion Well cancer cell lines engineered to express the human Drilling (MPWD) team have partnered with ODD to CCK2i4svR. If, as expected, tumor cell‐based assist in the advancement of a part of their overall immunization induces T cells of higher avidity than vision, through the creation of a mechanized immunization with synthetic peptides, this may percussion well drilling system. This system will be represent an effective strategy for cell‐based used to enhance the drilling capabilities of the local immunization against pancreatic cancer. people compared to equipment more readily available and familiar to them. This has been a multi‐

75 Weight Cycling and Disordered Eating in High School target for immunotherapy. In this study, we and Collegiate Wrestlers investigated whether immunization with a synthetic Michelle Weddle peptide corresponding to 20 amino acids located Weight cycling and disordered eating have become within the variant receptor intron‐encoded sequence normalized in the world of wrestling. Despite the would stimulate the induction of T cells in C57Bl/6 regulations that have been placed on weight cycling mice. T cell responses were analyzed by using parallel by the NCAA, it is still common for wrestlers to ELISPOT and Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) manipulate the system, allowing for drastic assays to: 1) measure frequencies of peptide‐specific fluctuations in weight. Since three deaths in 1997, IFN‐γ‐secreting cell numbers; and to 2) determine more attention and preventative measures have whether the responding T cells were of the CD4+ or been put in place to help combat this issue. Despite CD8+ subset. The ELISPOT results confirmed that a these precautions, weight cycling and disordered synthetic CCKCR peptide (CR281) induced a robust T eating methods are still used by high school and cell response in two trials. Due to the low frequency collegiate wrestlers. The effects can be detrimental of peptide‐specific T cells, the ICS results were to wrestlers, causing physical, cognitive, emotional unclear, but may point to the induction of peptide‐ and performance issues. The objective of this review specific CD4+ T cells. Further efforts will utilize is to examine the possible effects of weight altering improved methods of immunization to generate habits in order to discover their impact on wrestler’s higher frequencies of CR281‐specific T cells. performance. The available literature remains inconclusive; however, many studies have found that 77 Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes in Ionic Liquids † there is a negative impact on mood, cognition and Micah Ohlhausen, Roseann Sachs hydration. There has also been data presented Ionic liquids are increasingly popular green solvents connecting weight cycling to more long‐term side for organic synthesis and are ideal in many ways as effects, such as, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and they are non‐toxic, non‐flammable, non‐volatile, and obesity. From the studies performed on wrestlers, recyclable. These compounds have unique solvent the necessity for more research on the amount of characteristics in that they contain an organic disordered eating and weight cycling occurring in component, yet are charged species. As has been today’s wrestlers is clear. In order to prevent weight documented in the use of ionic liquids for cycling and the accompanying negative effects, the substitution reactions, this project explores the use NCAA and other wrestling affiliated organizations of ionic liquids as both solvent and the source of the must work to find new ways to prevent unhealthy nucleophile, but in electrophilic additions to alkenes. habits in wrestlers. Reactions have been carried out in 1‐butyl‐3‐ methylimidazolium to determine reaction conditions 76 Characterization of T cell responses to a synthetic that work best to successfully complete the addition peptide representing a potential target for the of hydrogen bromide to a variety of substrates. immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer Aspects of both regiochemistry and stereochemistry Krysta Goldbach, John Harms†, Lawrence Mylin† have been explored via the addition of hydrogen Pancreatic cancer is becoming more common and is bromide additional asymmetrical alkenes. Products one of the most lethal forms of cancer with a first‐ and yields were compared to similar reactions using a year survival rate of just 7%. Recent studies have two‐phase system in the presence of found that a mis‐spliced variant of the hexadecyltributylphosphonium bromide. Reaction cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor is associated with products were monitored with gas chromatography‐ aggressive pancreatic cancers. While normal CCK mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance receptors are responsible for binding of gastrin and spectroscopy. Following the reactions, the ionic liquid signaling for enzymes to aid in digestion, the was recycled using sodium bromide or hydrobromic CCK2i4svR variant that contains an intron IV‐encoded acid and the reaction products were analyzed using segment has been linked with increased cell nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. proliferation, and autocrine stimulation that may enhance the outgrowth of aggressive pancreatic tumors. Because the variant form of the receptor only appears to be expressed by cancerous cells, the intron‐encoded segment represents a potential

78 Creation of a Fluorescent Fusion Protein for HIV‐1 Our research has focused on the interactions Viral Load Measurements between cancer cells and pancreatic stellate cells Daniel Haas, Mark Lauria, Jordan Sponsler, Matthew (PSC’s)—the stromal cells responsible for production Farrar†, Jesse Kleingardner† of fibrotic tissue in the tumor microenvironment. In developing countries, access to proper HIV‐1 viral Gastrin, a gastrointestinal hormone, has been shown load testing is lacking as current nucleic‐acid based to be produced by pancreatic cancer cells and methods are expensive relative to household income contribute to their proliferation, and preliminary and unsustainable in non‐sterile environments. evidence suggests a role in this increased fibrosis. In Considering these facts, our research group is order to test the hypothesis that gastrin signaling partnered with the Macha Mission Hospital in rural increases fibrosis in vivo, mice were injected southern Zambia to produce a cheaper, more orthotopically with Panc02 pancreatic cancer cells sustainable testing method capable of detecting viral and randomized to treatment with proglumide (a load counts above a treatment threshold of 1000 gastrin antagonist; n=7) or control (n=6). After 4 virions/mL. Thus, we are interested in the weeks of growth, fibrotic volume in the tumor development of a fluorescent recombinant protein microenvironment was significantly decreased with that binds specifically to HIV‐1 as a probe for viral proglumide treatment. To further interrogate the load determination. The probe consists of a Green mechanism of gastrin’s effect on tumor collagen Fluorescent Protein (GFP) tag fused to an optimized production in the tumor microenvironment, we sCD4 binding domain (mD1.22) which is known to utilized an in vitro model wherein human PSC’s were bind to the HIV‐1 envelope protein GP120. An initial cultured and treated with a TGF‐β inhibitor to elicit version of the recombinant protein has been an inactivated state prior to treatment with gastrin. produced and isolated. The plasmid encoding for the Gene expression analysis has confirmed a 98% protein was created by fusing the mD1.22 gene into a decrease in collagen mRNA expression consistent GFP‐containing vector via a Gibson Assembly with inactivation. Studies to test PSC activation or reaction. Bacterial cells were then transformed and proliferation with gastrin treatment are ongoing. the recombinant protein was expressed and purified. Upon SDS‐PAGE analysis, the protein product was 80 Applied Machine Learning in Heme‐c Classification † found to contain a 30kDa impurity. The impurity was Hoang Nguyen, Jesse Kleingardner removed using a two‐step purification procedure Proteins are a crucial building block for cellular with nickel affinity and anion exchange systems that enable life. Metalloproteins with metal‐ chromatography with an HPLC. Moving forward, the binding coordination bonds serve essential living purified protein will be tested for GP120 binding functions in photosynthesis, respiration, water affinity and characterized with fluorescence oxidation, and more. Particularly, heme (iron‐ correlation spectroscopy (FCS). We will also express protoporphyrin IX) prosthetic protein groups perform variants of the recombinant protein, such as a C‐ a wide range of important functions, including Terminal GFP, as well as a dimerized probe with electron transfer, oxygen transport and storage, differing GFP attachment points (N vs. C terminal) to catalysis, among others. One class of heme proteins eliminate impurity production. (Heme‐c) contains a heme covalently linked to the protein via a CXXCH peptide; however, the complex 79 The role of gastrin in the activation of collagen relationships between the peptide structure and the production in the pancreatic tumor properties of the heme has not been explored in the microenvironment current literature. Our research utilizes machine Matthew Darok, John Harms† learning to leverage understanding of the Pancreatic cancer is an incredibly lethal disease, as it interconnections between structural design and is currently the fourth most common cause of functionalities of heme‐c proteins. The goal of the cancer‐related death in the United States. This research is not only to provide deeper knowledge of lethality is due, in part, to the fact that traditional structure‐function relationships in heme proteins, treatment options are predominantly unsuccessful. It but also to inform efforts to design heme‐c proteins has been suspected that the ineffectiveness of from a protein template using known protein chemotherapy is due to the highly fibrotic nature of structures. Our research aims at classifying the the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, which structures of peptides containing a heme‐c against reduces blood flow and drug delivery to the tumor. non‐heme‐c peptide structures based on 243 protein

structural parameters accumulated from the Protein infiltrating T lymphocytes and macrophages within Data Bank. We implement and evaluate three heme‐ the tumor tissue using antibodies to specific cell c classification models: Support Vector Machine, K‐ markers. Nearest Neighbors, and Random Forest based on the training time, testing time and accuracy of each 82 Handgrip strength positively correlates with percent model. In addition, we utilize Principal Component fat free mass in students at Messiah College Analysis and K‐Means clustering algorithms to Britta Heath, Cassandra Stief, Sarah Summerson, identify the number of subgroups of the current Michal Shelton heme‐c proteins. This could significantly improve the Anthropometric measures are important in accuracy of the heme‐c classification model. The understanding components of health in individuals. research not only advances the current knowledge of Handgrip dynamometry is used to measure handgrip heme‐c proteins but also contributes a robust model strength as an indicator of overall body strength. Fat to predict locations in a non‐heme protein where a free mass provides a more accurate assessment of stable heme‐c could be introduced without affecting body composition than other measurements, such as the backbone structure of the template proteins body mass index. Calculating fat free mass and using structural parameters. handgrip strength may provide markers for potential issues related to malnourishment and sarcopenia. 81 Evaluating the Effect of Peptide Immunization Determining if there is a positive correlation between Targeting CCK2i4sv Receptor on Pancreatic Tumor handgrip strength and fat free mass may enhance the Growth in Mice Through Histological Techniques ability of handgrip strength to be an indicator for † † Danielle Delp, John Harms , Lawrence Mylin those conditions. An observational study of 45 Pancreatic cancer, an aggressive disease, is the 4th Messiah College students (M=17, F=28) was leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in the United conducted to determine the relationship between fat States. There are no effective treatments for free mass and handgrip strength. Percent fat free pancreatic cancer patients beyond surgical resection, mass was measured using the Seca medical body which is often unsuccessful. Immunotherapy uses the composition analyzer 514. Handgrip strength was immune system to fight diseases, such as cancer. In measured (in pounds) by a Jamar Plus Digital Smart pancreatic cancer, a variant of the CCK2 receptor Handgrip Dynamometer. The average of three trials (CCK2i4svR) is generated when intron 4 is retained was recorded for each hand, and the two values during splicing of the primary CCK2R mRNA were averaged together. A moderate, positive transcript, resulting in the addition of a 69‐amino correlation between percent fat free mass and acid sequence in the 3rd intracellular loop of the handgrip strength was found (r=0.47). Further CCK2i4svR. Because the additional amino acids are in research testing a larger group of subjects in this an intracellular domain, the use of T lymphocytes is population may provide evidence for a stronger the only method of identifying and targeting the positive correlation between handgrip strength and receptor. The CR281 peptide sequence, part of the percent fat free mass. 69‐amino acid insertion, has previously been shown to trigger an immune response in mice. The goal of 83 Aquaponics Testing of a System of Rice this study was to determine whether mice Intensification to Maximize Rice Yield. immunized with the CR281 peptide also generate an Tyler McFeaters, David Foster† anti‐tumor response. Mice were immunized with Rice (Oryza sativa) is the main food source for over CR281 peptide weekly for 3 weeks prior to the one billion people and is especially vital to the Asian subcutaneous injection of PANC02 murine tumor economy. However, Asian rice paddy growing cells expressing the human CCK2i4svR. No significant techniques are susceptible to devastating droughts, difference in mean tumor diameter was noted pests, and are inefficient. The aim of the study is to between the test and control groups. Tumors were optimize the conditions for growing rice in an paraffin embedded and analyzed for immune cell aquaponics system. Aquaponics combines the infiltration using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) production of fish and plants, which use fish waste as staining methods. No difference in immune cell nutrients. It recirculates water through a closed‐loop infiltration was noted between test and control system, which includes media‐filled beds with plants groups. Optimization of immunohistochemistry connected to a Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) techniques is ongoing to stain for and identify rearing tank. The first experiment attempted to

determine the appropriate depth at which the rice is demographics. Therefore, Paxton Ministries could planted in the media beds in relation to the water benefit from foods of higher nutrient density. level. Techniques from a System of Rice Intensification (SRI) were implemented, which 85 Using HotSpotter Animal Individual Recognition included planting seeds further apart to allow for Software in the Detection of Ontogenetic Pattern moist, aerobic conditions throughout vegetative Changes in Panamanian Golden Frogs (Atelopus growth period. However, no rice grown in the zeteki) aquaponics system matured to flowering or heading Samantha Duhé, Erik Lindquist† in the first experiment, so no rice grain was Panamanian golden frogs (Atelopus zeteki) are a produced. The rice plants were infested with green species of Bufonid toad native to Panama that are peach aphids (Myzus persicae), which affected the suspected to be extinct in the wild due to infection plants' growth. The second experiment was done to from an invasive foreign fungus. Adult frogs are determine if rice could be germinated in the gravel bright yellow in color, with numerous individually media beds. Results will be reported when they unique black markings that tend to disappear over become available. time. In this study, a captive population of 44 Panamanian golden frogs were photographed once 84 Menu Offerings of a Nonprofit Personal Care Facility per month over a period of several months to track in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania do not Provide the changes in black patterning. These images were Adequate Nutrition for its Residents compared visually and through the program Miranda Eckenrode, Ashley Fogelsanger, Danny HotSpotter to develop a method by which HotSpotter Julian, Hannah VanFossen may be used to consistently identify individual frogs Nonprofit personal care facilities often struggle to over time, despite the changes in patterning. By provide adequate nutrition for their residents largely querying against each other in HotSpotter all photos due to limited funding. These facilities house of a given individual frog over time, it was vulnerable populations for which proper nutrition is determined that instructing HotSpotter to look at crucial. In an observational study, one four‐week only the back region of the frogs, excluding head and menu cycle was obtained from Paxton Ministries and legs, returned the most accurate matches. Once this analyzed for nutrient content. Paxton Ministries is a method of matching photos (one at a time, using nonprofit personal care facility for adults who may be only the back regions of the frogs) was established as challenged with poverty, mental illness, or the most accurate, it was used to test how well intellectual disability, located in Harrisburg, HotSpotter could match photos over time as the Pennsylvania. The spring menu cycle was analyzed frogs’ patterning changed. The preliminary using Food Processor version 10.15.0 (database conclusion was that HotSpotter is less able to match structure version 9.8.3). The Dietary Reference photos of younger frogs whose patterning often Intakes (DRIs) for four different resident changed appreciably in the time between demographics were compared to the average photographs. Further testing is needed to confirm or nutrients provided by the spring menu. These refute this conclusion. demographics were: female 19‐50 years of age, male 19‐50 years of age, female 51 years of age and older, 86 Developing a Vernier GC Laboratory Project for and males 51 years of age and older. The nutrients Chemical Analysis I analyzed were protein, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, Alexander Maccallini, Richard Schaeffer† total fat and saturated fat, along with ten minerals The capabilities of the Vernier Mini GC Plus and twelve vitamins. The percentage of calories from instrument were tested in order to develop a total carbohydrate, total fat, and total protein were laboratory procedure for Chemical Analysis I and within the recommended ranges. The percentage of General Chemistry. Initially a mixture of alcohols was calories from saturated fat was found to be higher investigated with the expectation that a reasonable than the recommendation and fiber was lower than separation would be observed due to differing the recommendation. Iron met the DRI for all molecular weights and boiling points. This hypothesis demographics except for female 19 ‐ 50 years of age. was incorrect so a mixture of compounds with Vitamin B12 met the DRI for all demographics. The different functional groups was evaluated based on a DRI for all demographics was exceeded for sodium. literature method[1] for propyl acetate, butyl acetate, All other micronutrients fell below the DRIs for all methanol, ethanol, 2‐butanone, and 4‐methyl‐2‐

pentanone. After measuring the retention times of 88 Sustainable Water Treatment System these compounds, a 1:1:1 mixture of methanol, 4‐ Daniel Sidell, Sarah Aldrich, Daria Eshelman, Erwens methyl‐2‐pentanone, and propyl acetate was Fleurant, Tesfayohanes Yacob† analyzed, which showed baseline separation. Three Some communities all over the world, including equal‐volume mixtures containing different regions of Latin America, Africa, and Asia, do not concentrations of each compound were prepared have sufficient access to clean and sanitary water for and analyzed to show how the area of each peak daily use. They may not have any form of effective correlated with the concentration of each water treatment systems, or they may have systems compound. that are effective, but do not have a sufficient output [1] http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/gc2‐mini#section4 to reliably provide for the whole community. The

mission of the Sustainable Water Treatment System 87 Seeking Sabbath ‐ Wilderness Spring Break project is to provide a cost‐efficient water treatment Experience system that can handle higher outputs of water. The Jenna Conner, Hunter Reichard, JJ Franke SWTS team is partnering with the Christian Seeking Sabbath was a thematic wilderness spring engineering nonprofit organization, Water Mission, break trip lead by three upper‐class Adventure to create a design for a water treatment system that Education students as part of the Trip can be adapted for various locations and Implementation and Evaluation class. This week long implemented in a rural community in the Intibuca trip was designed for Messiah College students to region of Honduras. Successfully developing and experience and gain a deeper understanding of implementing a system with these standards would Sabbath by considering perspectives and principles benefit many communities, found in countries such on how Sabbath keeping can be a daily practical as Honduras, Peru, and Tanzania to have sufficient pursuit and mindset to improve well‐being. The focus access to clean and potable water for daily use. A key of the trip was placed on the themes of simplicity, requirement of the project design is to develop stillness, and celebration in relation to Sabbath. The processes that can utilize locally available materials leadership team designed an experience to include and minimize electricity use. The project’s elements highlighting these themes, such as daily deliverable is a complete design for a water quiet times (Selahs), times of extended solitude treatment plant that Water Mission (NGO) can take (solo), living simply (minimal packing list, no mobile and easily convert to a physical plant. devices), celebrating Sunday with an in‐camp day of rest, and feasting with extended meal times and 89 Gravity Fed Water System for Vanuatu desserts. Eleven Messiah College students Jamar Gittens, Nathan Hardman, Kurtis Platteel, Ella participated in this backpacking experience, which Sobek, Shung Yen Tan, Thomas Soerens† included hiking on the Bartram Trail, canoeing the Approximately 30 villages in Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu Chattooga River, and summiting Rabun Bald in the have been identified to lack direct access to safe and Chattahoochee National Forest in Georgia. A formal, potable water. This deficiency can have significant summative evaluation was conducted to assess effects on the physical health and livelihood of the progress towards the established goals and communities in Vanuatu while severely limiting their objectives about Sabbath. Qualitative data was ability to grow socially and economically. Therefore, collected using participant journals, instructor field Friends in Action International has partnered with a notes on group discussions, and post‐trip interviews. local church in one of the villages to produce a The data indicated that participants appreciated suitable solution, specifically a gravity‐fed water opportunities to engage in Sabbath practices on the distribution system. The system‐‐which has a zero‐ trip, particularly the practices of stillness. Participants energy footprint‐‐aims to transport safe, potable grew in their understanding of Sabbath as a daily water to all the villages from a water source located experience and identified specific strategies for at a higher altitude relative to these villages. The transferring these practices into their everyday lives. Gravity‐Fed Water team has been working with Tim

Johnston, the executive director of Friends in Action International, to design this system for the villages. It is the team's hope that the implementation of the system will also aid in improving the health and livelihood of the villagers while providing the

opportunity for them to grow and achieve social and filters have shown that they continue to remove economic stability. 100% of bacteria after 60,000 gallons each and meet EPA removal standards. 90 Village Water Ozonation System Brandon Blackhurst, John Khamis, Daniel Ma, Ted 92 Sight and Sound Latch Sindabizera Ntwari, Michelle Lockwood† Brandin Dyche, George Noble, Ben Schott, Alexander † In 2015, the United Nations established the goal to Vollert, Timothy Van Dyke achieve universal and equitable access to safe and The Sight and Sound Latch team is partnering with affordable drinking water for all by 2030. Since 2008, Sight and Sound Theater in Lancaster, Pennsylvania the Village Water Ozonation Systems team has aimed to develop a remote‐operated latching system for to provide communities with the cleanest water they the theater to use in its shows. Sight and Sound can sustainably afford by designing and installing Theatre, a theater company which produces Biblical‐ water treatment systems to meet local needs as part based musical performances, uses massive set pieces of the global effort to increase access to safe and for visual displays and stages for actors to perform affordable drinking water. Many people contract on. Sometimes these need to be connected together illnesses from consuming contaminated water. In to complete the display. Currently, Sight and Sound response to this pressing health issue, increasing uses hand‐operated latches to do so. Occasionally access to a point‐of‐use water treatment system these latches are in hard‐to‐reach places or need to capable of providing a clean drinking water source be operated at inopportune times. The goal of our becomes paramount to enhancing the physical well‐ team is to develop a latching mechanism which will being of a community. VWOS develops affordable, eliminate the need for these hand‐operated latches. clean drinking water solutions by first recognizing Our team began by looking at various latching that infrastructure and engagement are key aspects mechanisms and ultimately decided to base our to transforming any community’s drinking water design on a common cabinet latch. The basic design scene. In previous years, VWOS successfully installed involves having a pneumatic cylinder on one set ozonation systems in multiple locations in Latin piece which extends a rod with a sphere on the end America. The team has the exciting the opportunity towards a latching mechanism on the other set piece, to continue work this year with the Trigo Community which, holding onto the sphere, allows the in Oaxaca, Mexico, where a VWOS unit was installed pneumatic cylinder to pull the two set pieces in 2016. In addition to working with ozonation together. For this use, we had to scale up this design systems, VWOS also evaluates and adapts other of the latch mechanism from a common cabinet latch water treatment methods such as UV disinfection and modify the design significantly. Using a computer and biosand filtration to meet the needs of potential modelling program, we were able to model the clients. The team considers past designs and mechanism parts and, using 3D printers, we were investigates new water purifying technologies to able to produce plastic prototypes of our latching formulate holistic solutions for each community mechanism. The plastic prototypes have allowed us based on local water quality and individual client to refine our design and detect problems that were needs. unforeseeable in the computer model. Having optimized our design in plastic, we have begun to 91 Sawyer Filter Test System create a steel prototype of the latching mechanism. Joseph Franken, David Patawaran, Thomas Soerens† Additionally, we have been working on the design of The Sawyer PointOne(TM) household water filters the pneumatic circuits and getting the necessary have been proven effective in removing components for that system. microorganisms from drinking water and have been shown to reduce waterborne diseases in 93 Fire Protection for Developing Communities communities where the filters are implemented. This Lake Bender, Victor DeFrance, Noah Armistead, project is examining the long‐term performance of Michael Davie, Jacob Film, Austin Kratz, Don ‡† the filters in a laboratory setting. Twenty‐four filters Waardenburg are being run in parallel with continuous flow and The Institute for Affordable Transportation (IAT) is a periodic back‐flushing. The flow and pressure though not‐for‐profit public charity “devoted to improving the filters is measured and the filters have been the lives of the world's poor by providing simple, low‐ tested periodically for bacteria breakthrough and all cost vehicles in order to facilitate community

transformation.” The centerpiece of their work is the which will allow us to pursue the formation of a Basic Utility Vehicle or “BUV.“ Recognizing that the business model and supply chains. communities they serve seldom have access to proper firefighting resources, IAT has partnered with 95 Wheels for the World Wheelchair Project Messiah College, through the Collaboratory, on Emily D'Amico, Daniel Gallagher, Ryan Moyer, Joseph developing a way to enable the BUV with firefighting O'Connell, Antonio Ortiz, Wesley Ramirez, Timothy capability. The proposed solution is a “firefighting Van Dyke† insert” which can be easily placed into the bed of the The Wheels for the World Team strives to create a BUV. This insert is a relatively simple design which practical mobility option for individuals in developing minimizes maintenance requirements and initial cost nations who are unable to move on their own. The while being easy to use and store. The current device will allow the same mobility as a wheelchair design utilizes a wooden frame (called the skid) while remaining affordable and practical. This project which supports water storage tanks, houses the is working with Wheels for the World (an outreach of necessary plumbing, and holds a small pump, engine, Joni and Friends) to create a design which will be and hoses. The initial design is now complete as is capable of being mass‐produced in the United States, acquisition of all major components. Once shipped anywhere in the world in a box, and then assembled, testing will be conducted which will, in assembled in the country of use. A major turn, inform future refinement of the design. requirement for the design is that it be fully adjustable to fit different users and be fully 94 Bringing Sustainable Mobility to Persons Living with collapsible for easy storage and transportation. The Disability in Rural West Africa team has developed a design for this device which is Alexander Mantsevich, Helen Wiley, Jakob similar to a tricycle; however, in this design the third Davenport, Kristen Frawley, Joshua Kunkle, John wheel is in the back. This design uses plates and bolts † † Meyer , David Vader to hold together telescoping square tubing, which The Sustainable Mobility Project empowers people acts as the backbone of the design with the seat, living with a disability in the developing world to fully wheels, and a footrest attached to this tubing. A participate in family and community life and makes shock absorber system was also included to reduce possible the pursuit of educational and work impacts from road variations. The team has opportunities. The Collaboratory 3‐wheeled off‐road constructed a prototype which is being used to make wheelchair design is well‐regarded among mobility final modifications to the design. A manufacturing practitioners. Our design has already transformed manual and assembly manual, which are to be the lives of dozens of clients through partnership provided with the design, have been completed. The with the Center for the Advancement of the next step in the process that the Wheels for the Handicapped (CAH) in rural Burkina Faso, West World organization will begin constructing additional Africa. Now to reach more people in new locations prototypes in their facilities. They will then with more partners, the Sustainable Mobility team is determine additional adjustments to improve reducing manufacturing time and cost, developing manufacturability to be incorporated into the final supply chains to bring parts and materials to build design. sites, and developing a turn‐key business model that puts local fabricators to work building tricycles 96 Block Press wherever they are needed. With our client, SIM Joshua Charney, Kathryn Rose, Adam Janney, Burkina Faso, we are establishing a mobility Addison Morrone, Brandon Shirk, Thomas Soerens† manufacturing center in Fada, Burkina Faso. We are The Block Press project is developing a manual block working towards the formation of a new press to produce compressed earth blocks used for independent entity to manage supply chains and to building residential housing off the east coast of facilitate the formation of additional small businesses Nicaragua. The project will design a simple manual that will produce our design in the developing world. press requiring 1‐2 people to operate. A SolidWorks In the past year, the Sustainable Mobility team has model was designed, analyzed and used to fabricate made significant progress towards preparing a block press that was tested in Nicaragua in June, professional‐quality documentation for the 2017. The prototype was brought back to Messiah fabrication and assembly of our electric tricycle, College and modifications were made. A new Block

Press will be permanently taken down to Nicaragua safety improvements to the system, conducted a cost before May, 2018. analysis of the drilling process, and continued general testing of the drilling rig. The existing casing die was 97 Pico‐Hydro Electric Power Generation for the redesigned and tested in the spring to improve the Developing World casing belling process. Ben Morral, Andrew Reedy, Shane Braunworth, Jonathan Rogers, Caleb Sisson, Andy Breighner‡†, Dan 99 Landmine Neutralization Elliott‡†, Wil Kirchner‡†, David Vader† Justin Barber, Michael Ritenour, Rachel Siepelinga, † The goal of the Pico‐hydro project is to provide Donald Pratt Engineering Ministries International (EMI) with an in‐ This poster will be about the Landmine Neutralization stream, tested hydroelectric generator capable of Project within the Messiah College Collaboratory. generating between 300‐800W of electric power. The The project’s goal is to create a safer way to destroy driving motivation for the project is to help meet the landmines, IEDs, and other unexploded ordnance existing electrical need of people in developing (UXO). To accomplish this, the project team is communities around the world. In the academic year working with the Halo Trust, the world’s largest 2016‐2017, testing was conducted on three demining NGO. The most common method of prototypes provided by EMI in order to determine destroying UXO is to use a small explosive charge to their feasibilities. These prototypes were deemed detonate the mines in place. However, this method is insufficient to produce the required power output at dangerous and explosives are expensive and highly low stream velocities. As a result, the team is no regulated in many areas where Halo is working. longer considering them and, in the summer of 2017, Instead of the use of secondary explosives, the team the pico‐hydro team decided to pursue an undershot believes that with the right characteristics, mines can water wheel design that is being designed, be burned and rendered inert without detonation. To manufactured, and tested during the academic year serve as the source of flame, the team is using a 2017‐2018. Currently, the team is working on hybrid‐thermal lance (HTL) which is based upon a manufacturing a testing rig and waterwheel to be hybrid rocket motor. Over Easter break, Dr. Don tested in the spring of 2018. In addition, the team Pratt, the team’s project manager, travelled to has chosen a generator to use and is currently Afghanistan to test the team's initial prototype. With designing a housing system. the successful test results, proof of concept and field testing have been established. Moving forward, the 98 Mechanized Percussion Well Drilling team hopes to make modifications to the HTL in Nathan Henry, Cole Hiduk, Andrew Dunmire, John order to better serve Halo’s needs. Hannon, Althea Mavros, Aaron Mishler, Greg Shirk, J Scott Heisey† 100 Affordable Sanitation The Mechanized Percussion Well Drilling Project Eric Denlinger, Cheylee Smith, Isaac Underhill, seeks to design a simple mechanized well drilling Rachel Aukamp, Adam Barley, Leah Hagenbuch, ‡† † system to be used by our client for drilling shallow Gavin Stobie , Tesfayohanes Yacob water wells in Burkina Faso, Africa. The goal of this The Affordable Sanitation Project is working in project is to enhance the drilling capabilities of the partnership with World Vision to design pit latrine local people by providing drilling equipment superior liners for the Upper East Region of Ghana. Pit latrines to the technology currently available and familiar to consist of holes dug in the ground covered by a them. This system will provide the people with the protective slab and superstructure. Many families in ability to drill wells in places where their current the Upper East Region do not have access to technology is insufficient. Our mechanized affordable sanitation technologies like the pit latrine, percussion system will be able to efficiently drill and those who do have access are deterred from through hard soil layers which are currently using them because latrines in this region are prone preventing wells from being drilled where they are to collapse during the rainy season when the ground needed. One of the areas the project has focused on becomes completely saturated and the stability of throughout this year was increasing the life of the the pit walls is jeopardized. Because of the lack of capstan, a critical piece of the drilling rig which facilities and the collapse of existing latrines, people became severely worn during in‐country testing in in Ghana resort to open defecation which can lead to the summer of 2017. The team also made various the spread of diseases. World Vision has tasked the

Affordable Sanitation project with designing a latrine dependable source of work for community members. liner that will stabilize the walls of the pit while being The goal of our project, PumpMinder, is to enable affordable to communities in Ghana. Over the past Water4 to meter hand pump use in order to collect year, the team has finalized two designs for liners – maintenance fees used to maintain pump equipment the ferrocement and rebar‐reinforced liners – and and ensure the long‐term presence of water assets. travelled to Ghana to implement these liner designs. Water4 does all the on‐the‐ground social work and Through the trip, the team has learned of many installation in rural communities in Ghana. Our team strengths and weaknesses of each liner and is now has designed the tool necessary to monitor the fees modifying and finalizing the designs implemented in charged by the local community member employed Ghana. The team is also developing a survey to by Water4. This year we have focused on delivery of monitor the implemented liners with the hopes that units for a pilot program in south west Ghana and on they will provide a lasting, affordable solution to the refining the functionality and ease of use of the issue of pit latrine collapse and open defecation in system. the Upper East Region of Ghana. 103 Remote Monitoring of Water Pump Health in 101 Aeroponics Developing Countries Lexi Bane, Troy Harris, Jr., Matthew Brenneman, Erin Roque Dietrich, Nicholas Sum, Paul Zwart, Cory Kelley, David Foster†, Michelle Lockwood† Brubaker, Kelsey Nichols, Sandra Snozzi Solther, † All people should have affordable access to proper Randall Fish nutrition. The Aeroponics team is currently working Millions of communities in developing countries rely with two missionary groups: Open Door on hand pumps installed by various non‐ Development (ODD) and Sheltering Wings (SW). For governmental organizations (NGOs). Studies have ODD, the team is dedicated to developing a shown that these pumps are often broken with sustainable and cost efficient agriculture system that significant delays before maintenance people arrive. allows the community to grow tomatoes in the dry The Intelligent Water Project (IWP) has developed an season. The goal for SW is to troubleshoot and automated sensor to report failure of one of these redesign the currently installed aquaponics system. hand pumps and provide data necessary for As a result, the team hopes to assist SW in producing implementation of a proactive maintenance policy. a successful harvest. Currently, there are 13 IWP systems installed in Ghana, Africa, the most recent installed by a site 102 Making Clean Water in Developing Countries team in Summer 2017. Team efforts this past year Sustainable have been in response to results obtained from the Matthew Eshleman, Robert MacBride, Owen field. Testing and design changes to the battery and McCullum, Randall Fish† the accelerometer will extend system life. In an effort In 2010, the United Nations General Assembly to gather information from fielded systems for explicitly recognized the human right to water and remote diagnostics, system firmware has been sanitation and acknowledged that clean drinking modified and a new diagnostic board has been water and sanitation are essential to the realization fabricated to collect and store performance data. of all human rights. NGO’s throughout the world attempt to address this need by installing wells and 104 Flight Tracking and Messaging Systems (FTMS): pumps to provide access to clean water. The problem Developments and Future Direction our project addresses is the sustainability of the Jonathan Carter, Thomas Shifflett, Hoang Nguyen, † water access points provided by our partner NGO Samuel Rice, Harold Underwood Water4 in the smallest and poorest communities it Outside radar range, small planes flying in remote serves in Ghana. Water4’s approach is to hire locations must be tracked by other means. community members for the construction and Emergency relief, humanitarian development and upkeep of wells and pumps. By charging fees for missionary organizations need to follow such flights, water usage, Water4 hope to lay the foundation for for safety and management. The Automatic Flight sustained access to clean water for the community Following System (AFFS) owned by JAARS has been and provide economic growth for those responsible safety tested and used extensively for this purpose, for the wells. This will provide not only the clean but has been replaced in many cases by new options. water needed by each community, but also a Thus, the Flight Tracking and Messaging Systems

(FTMS) team has been working with stakeholder Cary limited energy by increasing energy conservation and Cupka on redesigning AFFS for more advanced education. The solution consists of a meter which technology modes to increase its value in the field. allocates a configurable daily energy limit per facility, This includes replacing the existing Single Board and a display that provides practical information to Computer (SBC) in AFFS 1.0 with the UDOO QUAD the user including reporting how much energy they board for prototyping, chosen to facilitate a smooth have used and how much they have left before their transition ultimately to the Qseven 928 industrial power is automatically cut off until the next day. grade module. The team also created a redesigned The current version of the system has successfully space‐saving pilot display board prototype and fully been installed in multiple facilities in Burkina Faso verified its functionality. To facilitate testing, the and Zimbabwe. Currently, the team is working FTMS team bypassed the HF modem of AFFS 1.0 via towards completing a redesign of the system's power an RS‐232 serial communication link, successfully sense module to increase performance to meet client transmitting GPS and flight critical information from specifications. Also, we are working to refine the the pilot module to a ground‐based monitor running manufacturing process for the User Interface Box by AFFSWin (AFFS software for Windows). By research using a CNC machine to increase consistency of and testing, the team determined necessary power product and lower manufacturing time. requirements for an Aircraft Control Unit (ACU) power supply. 107 Nicaragua Bridge Seth Brewster, Daniel Mewha, Eric Weaver, Justin 105 Design of a Solar PV Power Plant for the Living Love Blest, Caleb Comeaux, Alissa Haley, Jacob Ministries Children's Home in Ol Kalou, Kenya Holderman, Jonathan Robinson, Mark Simpkins, Steven Carpenter, Matt Laven, Trey Witmer, Jessica Doug Stumpp‡†, Brian Swartz† † Kline, David Moretz, Joshua Patterson, David Vader The Nicaragua Bridge Project is partnering with A lack of reliable electricity can prove a significant Friends in Action to aid in the development of a new, hindrance to any organization. Living Love Ministries mainland Nicaragua community for the Rama Cay (LLM), in Ol Kalou, Kenya, has experienced just that. people. A channel on the new property is being While trying to minister to the needs of thirty cleared to create an inlet for the community orphans living at their Children’s Home, and with a shrimping canoes. This project has designed a new hope to expand the number of children taken care of bridge to cross this channel that will unify the in the next few years, LLM has been impeded by the community by creating ease of access between the unreliable Kenyan electric grid, which can go off church, health clinic, and boat dock on one side and unexpectedly for days to weeks at a time. Without a the baseball field and housing on the other side. consistent source of refrigeration for their food supply, light in the evenings for the children to 108 Oakwood Hills Pedestrian Access complete their homework, or the power necessary Treavor Moore, Justin Witters, Kevin Breisch, Alex for the staff to use their essential laptops and Issis, Caleb Stevens, L. Bryan Hoover‡† computers, LLM has been looking for a new solution. The Oakwood Hills Pedestrian Access project seeks to As part of that solution, the Solar PV team of the provide an efficient and safe way for pedestrians to Collaboratory has designed a 3.8 kW, off‐grid solar travel between Messiah College and the future panel system, and plans to install this during a three Oakwood Hills Development. This project serves the week site team trip at the end of May. The details of commercial developer, Rider Musser Development, this design and site team plan will be presented in LLC, and the Messiah College Office of Operations. this presentation. This project allows students to design and construct solutions to the issue that will affect Messiah College 106 Energy Monitoring and Management System: and the surrounding community. Promoting Energy Availability in Developing Countries 109 Implementing a system for 3D printing prosthetics Trieu Luu, Justin Martin, Joseph Wambach, Matthew and orthotics Diers, David Nicolais, Nathan Ressler, Thomas Thomas Pond, Jared Rider, Erik Dyrli, Emma Vogan, ‡† Austin Daniel Yeisley, Emily Farrar† The Energy Monitoring and Management System The Rapid Orthotics for CURE Kenya (ROCK) team has facilitates access to electric power in regions with been working in conjunction with CURE International

and their hospital in Kijabe, Kenya to implement a 111 Cunningham Clubfoot Brace system to 3D print prosthetic devices. In the summer Rebekah Forshey, Dylan Gillisse, Faith Kerlen, of 2017, our team successfully delivered a 3D printing Katherine Prelog, Vy Ho, Luke Redcay, Paul Stoltzfus, system to Kenya and a conducted a two week Emily Farrar†, Tim Howell† training for hospital staff. This year, we needed to Clubfoot is a congenital disorder that describes make the software associated with the system more several foot abnormalities characterized by a twisted robust. We have therefore shifted the software used foot. The current method for correction involves in the system from a $10,000 program (Omega several casts and a boots‐and‐bar brace. This method WillowWood) to two free programs (Blender and nominally takes 5 years and has issues with MeshMixer) in order to reduce cost and provide compliance, comfort, and social stigma. The better technical support. Prosthetic sockets and two‐ Cunningham brace reduces treatment time to 2‐3 piece AFOs can now be printed just using Blender years. It can be concealed, reducing the social stigma, and Meshmixer. In addition, we have created a and improves the child’s mobility while encouraging computational model of the 3D printed prostheses, muscle growth and development throughout so that loading consequences of design changes can treatment. The Collaboratory Cunningham Clubfoot be modeled prior to manufacturing. The new Brace project seeks to increase accessibility to the software and computational model have made our brace. Currently, the brace can only be made by the system much more efficient in both costs and time. designer Mr. Jerald Cunningham and those with training. They are taught to mold the material into 110 Integrating Detection and Activation in a the correct shape and finish it for comfort. This Myoelectric Hand Prosthesis method has several issues with reproducibility as well Erin Cressman, Ryan Yoder, Alaric Kobzowicz, Keith as cost. To improve accessibility, lower costs and † Wei Luen Lim, Emily Farrar tighter production tolerances, we are exploring new Children are among the primary patients needing a molding techniques, fasteners and 3‐D printing using prosthetic device as over 2,250 children per year are materials that are flexible yet stiff enough to allow born with a residual limb. However, many children do correction. To validate the brace, we are measuring not have access to the health insurance benefits that the forces created and applied by the brace. Mr. would allow them to afford an appropriate device Cunningham knows what the tolerances are based on before the age of 14, as a realistic‐looking, feel and experience. Quantifying this "feeling" will functioning myoelectric prosthetic costs more than allow validation of the printing and the biomechanics $20,000. Our local partner, Eric Shoemaker of Ability with empirical data. We created an apparatus that Prosthetics and Orthotics, has a 9 year old patient measures the acting forces as the brace is who would particularly benefit from a myoelectric manipulated to validate the printed and molded prosthetic device, an externally powered artificial designs. More research is being conducted on limb that is controlled by the electrical signals effectively measuring the biomechanical aspects of generated by one’s own muscles to give the user the brace. more freedom and movement than a mechanical prosthesis. Our team will use biomedical, electrical, 112 Prosthetic Knee for Burkina Faso and mechanical engineering principles to design a Bryson Boettger, Vaughn Chambers, Shane Curry, low‐cost (estimated $1000) muscle‐activated Jenna Kelsey, Kaleb Burch, Ashley Hah, Marissa prosthetic utilizing 3‐D printing technology to print Kuhns, Jamie Williams† the hand, forearm and socket customized for the In Mahadaga, Burkina Faso, the Centre for the anatomy of our patient. After reading electrical Advancement of the Handicapped was once able to signals from the muscles, sensors relay vary patterns create full prosthetic legs. The Centre accepted and intensities of muscle contractions to a prosthetic knees from a donor and made the rest of microprocessor that then converts the data into the leg with their own resources; however, they have commands for electric motors to move finger joints exhausted the supply of donated knees and are no to set grip patterns and orientations, mimicking the longer able to assist leg amputees. Our group aims to anatomy and motion of the human hand. We hope design a simpler prosthetic knee that can be through this project to make the best possible manufactured in Mahadaga, and is compatible with treatment available to our client and other patients the rest of the leg that the Centre has been using. in need of a prosthetic device.

This poster will recap the testing that we did in 114 Capture of HIV‐1 envelope protein gp120 using November with a volunteer amputee using our immobilized heparin design prototype. From this test we were able to Alicia Decker, Danielle Reimer, Brianne Roper, collect large amounts of data that have been Matthew Farrar† analyzed in a few different ways. We were able to The HIV virus is endemic in sub‐Saharan Africa with collect and analyze acceleration from 8 different recent WHO reports estimating that over 88% of the accelerometers placed on the volunteer as well as world’s HIV‐positive children reside in the area. collect and analyze slow motion video of our subject While viral load monitoring is essential for successful walking. This poster will also touch on the new treatment, industry‐standard nucleic acid assays are "pyramidal attachment" that we have been designing often costly or inaccessible to many regions. An and how that process is coming along. important first step in our viral load testing is isolation and concentration of viruses from whole 113 Development of a Low‐Cost Photon Correlation blood. We have opted to explore a viral isolation System for Measuring HIV‐1 Viral Load method using immobilized heparin‐agarose Caleb Bornman, Nathan Chan, Lily Gaudreau, microspheres to capture the virus and remove it from † Matthew Farrar the blood sample. We are currently optimizing the Access to HIV diagnostics and viral load monitoring in protocol to achieve capture of HIV‐1 envelope developing nations with endemic HIV‐1 infections, protein gp120 on immobilized heparin using an such as many sub‐Saharan African countries is immunofluorescent staining protocol. To do this, we limited. Because treatment must be adjusted are testing heparin‐agarose capture of isolated gp120 depending on viral load, a low‐cost diagnostic that and its insect variant using gp120 specific primary can quantitatively identify how many viral copies a antibodies followed by a fluorescent secondary patient carries would improve treatment outcome. antibody. We are using different primary antibodies Partnered with the Macha Research Center in to target the gp120 in its natural state along with its Zambia, Diagnostics for Viral Diseases aims to design bound state to maximize our ability to tag a gp120‐ such a diagnostic device by combining recombinant heparin complex. protein engineering with an optics‐based particle‐ sizing technique, dynamic light scattering (DLS). We 115 To T or not to T? have developed a custom‐built DLS system using Elizabeth Brokenshire, Hannah O'Donnell, Carrie St commercially available hardware, which has been Onge characterized using polystyrene microspheres. Background: Trendelenburg Position, a head‐down Essential to reducing the cost of the device is the tilt position of at least 45 degrees, has been used development of low‐cost, single‐photon‐sensitive since the late 1800s to improve surgical exposure of detectors. The fiber optic output from the DLS the pelvic organs. The Trendelenburg position is used system is fed through the detector circuitry to by health‐care providers to treat hypotension today produce a digital signal able to be read by an FPGA, based on the assumption that intravascular volume which stores the data and transmits it to a computer. will divert from the lower extremities into the central The signal from these detectors must be processed circulation and brain, temporarily increasing cardiac by an application written for the Java Virtual stroke volume and increasing perfusion. Aims: To Environment running on a computer. This software is evaluate the use of the Trendelenburg position in outfitted with a custom driver to enable the treating patients with hypotension. Methods: extremely high serial baud rate used by the FPGA, Pertinent literature was collected by searching and computes an autocorrelation function, a key CINAHL, EBSCOHOST, MedLine, PubMed using the element in deducing viral load using this technique. keywords: Trendelenburg, Passive Leg Raise, Head‐ This system could potentially enable DVD to size down Tilt, Position, Hypotension, Cardiac Surgery, probe‐virus complexes and thus determine viral load. Critical Care, and Hemodynamics. Results: Overall equipping clinicians with the information they Trendelenburg position may increase venous return need, in a timely and inexpensive manner, to make but has little to no sustained effect on cardiac output informed treatment decisions for patients with HIV. or blood pressure. Trendelenburg position effects are especially detrimental on lung mechanics and oxygenation in obese patients. Trendelenburg position is not an effective position for hypotensive

patients and passive leg raising may provide greater patient aggression towards nurses. These three tools benefit as an initial intervention. Therefore, a have been implemented in either psychiatric or practice change is indicated to not use medical‐surgical settings. Use of a risk assessment Trendelenburg position as a treatment for tool is indicated in the hospital setting to predict hypotension. Conclusions: Limitations include lack of patient aggression. Conclusions: Further research is research conducted within the past five years. The needed on implementation of these tools. They research studies available did not include consistency should be tested in multiple hospital settings, in measuring hemodynamic parameters or including medical‐surgical, emergency, and similarities in the inclusion criteria. There is a need to psychiatric units, to ensure generalizability. The share findings with the interdisciplinary team and limitations of this project include: outdated research, conduct research to find better treatment options to non‐generalizable results, and that few relevant replace the use of Trendelenburg position in treating articles were found. hypotension. Educational material should be developed to inform health care professionals of 117 Family Involvement in the Prevention of ICU findings. Delerium Tatiana Conley, Grace McClelland, Emily Zellers 116 Addressing Nurse Safety: Using Risk Assessment Background: Delirium is a prevalent complication Tools to Identify Aggressive Patients affecting patients in the ICU, leading to memory and Hannah Munoz, Mary Stark, Olivia Madder, Stefanie cognitive impairments, prolonged hospitalization, a ‡† ‡† ‡† Miller , Shelley Heinbaugh , Tamara Jelks , reduction in quality of life, and associated with ‡† ‡† ‡† Johannah Williams , Olivia Flynn , Michelle Brincat increased mortality. While there has been research Background: In the hospital, nurses are frequently on how best to detect and treat delirium, few studies exposed to patient aggression. Physical and verbal have focused on prevention. Some evidence suggests abuse have become so widespread that many view that taking a non‐ pharmacologic, multi‐component nurse‐directed violence as part of the job. These approach (patient reorientation, familiar behaviors threaten nurse safety. Patient aggression environment, family involvement) for prevention of may be prevented by using an aggression risk delirium, may decrease its incidence. Aims: Aimed to assessment tool and de‐escalation interventions. investigate the effect of family involvement in the Researchers have addressed the implementation of prevention and incidence of delirium in ICU patients. violence risk assessment tools on psychiatric units, Methods: Literature was collected via PubMed and but less research concerns tools tailored for the Medline databases using the following key search emergency care setting. Aims: The purpose of this terms: delirium, ICU, prevention, family. Following evidence‐based practice project is to determine the the critique of 11 articles, four were chosen for effectiveness of various aggression risk assessment further evaluation. Quantitative designs tools in predicting violent patient behaviors in acute (experimental, quasi‐experimental) were adult care settings. The goal is to identify a tool that incorporated into the final analyses. Results: Family is practical for emergency department nurses’ use to involvement with care and reorientation, thorough allow intervention before violence erupts. Methods: education on delirium, and extended visitation were PubMed, CINAHL, and Clearinghouse databases were associated with reduced incidence of ICU delirium. searched. The following keywords were used: This is an ideal practice change for its ease of emergency department, emergency nurses, patients, implementation and cost‐effectiveness. It also violence, medical‐surgical units, patient violence, risk promotes patient‐centered care, family engagement, assessment tool, and aggression. Nineteen research and reduces patient anxiety. Conclusions: The studies were critiqued using the Johns Hopkins evidence points to the benefits of a family‐centered Nursing research evidence tool. Four were selected intervention in preventing ICU delirium. However, for this project: a literature synthesis, quasi‐ further studies need to have a more consistent and experimental study, prospective cohort study, and structured family intervention. In addition, future retrospective descriptive study. The articles were large‐scale experimental studies should be found to be of B quality and evidence levels II and III. conducted in the United States, as most of the Results: The Aggressive Behavior Risk Assessment available research has originated from other Tool, Risk of Harm to Others Scale, and Phipps countries. While the ICU’s in these foreign studies Aggression Screening Tool effectively predicted were comparable, it would be beneficial to

implement this intervention within health care intervention merits increased awareness and systems in the United States. utilization. Definition: For this project, continuous labor support was defined as trained, non‐related 118 How Does the Morse Fall Risk Scale Compare to individuals who provide continuous, one‐on‐one Other Scales emotional, physical, and informational support to the Trisha Mattingly, Marissa Hoffman, Mary Heffner laboring woman. Purpose: The purpose of this Morse Fall Risk Scale Compared to Other Scales evidence‐based practice project was to determine if Background: Falls are a serious problem in acute care women who have continuous labor support have hospitals, and are the leading cause of injury among better delivery outcomes and therefore decreased those 65 years and older. Inpatient falls lead to delivery costs. Methods: Pertinent literature was longer stays and increased hospital costs. It is collected via PubMed, CINAHL, MedLine, and estimated that by 2020, the annual cost of fall COCHRANE databases using the following key search related injuries in the United States will reach $54.9 terms: Continuous labor support, doula, doula billion. Problem: It is the expectation of health care support, cesarean rates, labor, delivery cost. A total professionals to provide efficient, safe patient care. of 21 articles were found, nine were critiqued, and Currently, most hospitals use one consistent fall risk four were used including a randomized control trial, assessment tool, and hospital protocols vary qualitative single research study, Cochrane regarding frequency of fall risk assessments. systematic review, and non‐research financial Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of the Morse evaluation. Results: A review of literature found that Falls Scale comparatively to other scales for the having continuous labor support reduced medical inpatient adult population in the acute care setting. interventions while improving delivery outcomes. Methods: Relevant Level II, III, and V Quality B Having continuous labor support decreased cesarean literature were obtained from CINAHL, PubMed, section rates and therefore decreased delivery costs Cochrane Database, and EBSCO using the following by approximately $10,000 for each birth. Evidence is key words: Morse, falls scale, acute care, falls risk, compelling enough to suggest a practice change. A risk, adult. Results: Fall risk scores vary for each tool pilot study is recommended to institute a hospital‐ depending on the clinical setting, population, nurse based doula service and an educational program for performing the assessment, and the expertise of the L&D staff on the utility of continuous labor support. nurse. Prediction of falls is enhanced by the Conclusions: Although current evidence illustrates frequency of fall risk assessments. Implications for the benefits of continuous labor support, more Practice: There is a need for ongoing testing of the evidence is needed. A limitation of this project was fall tool on each unit, continuous education for the lack of recent studies. Future research should nurses conducting fall risk assessments, nurses consider the effects of continuous labor support on should use both nursing judgment and expertise with high‐risk deliveries and individuals of diverse cultural the tool, and not one fall risk assessment tool will and socioeconomic backgrounds. work for each unit at a hospital. Areas for Future Research: Future research should consider 120 Evidence‐Based Debriefing Sessions Following assessment of tools on individual units to determine Critical Incidents if the tool is appropriate for the setting, and how Melissa Class, Janelle Kramer, Sierra Berringer, nursing experience (expert versus novice) impacts Emily Doron the ability to correctly identify those at risk for Background: Nurses who experience and participate falling. in repeated critical incidents often experience adverse effects such as increased stress, secondary 119 The Effects of Continuous Labor Support on traumatic stress, emotional exhaustion, and Childbirth Outcomes and Continuous Labor Support compassion fatigue. These effects often contribute to Victoria Jones, Emily Hess, AnneMarie Swartz increased staff turnover and nurse burnout. Among Background: Continuous labor support contributes to registered nurses in the hospital setting, what are the positive delivery outcomes, but is often effects of debriefing after critical incidents? underutilized. In 2011‐2012, only 6% of laboring U.S. Methods: CINAHL, PubMed, and MedLine databases women utilized doula support. Given the increased were searched from 2012‐2017. A total of 573 cost and risk for negative outcomes associated with articles were found, nine related to the research cesarean births, doula support as a risk‐free, effective question. Findings: Nurses who participate in

debriefing report positive outcomes: feelings of Using the RI as a tool to identify at risk patients, the increased focus (71%), support from peers (100%), RI can guide nursing and medical interventions to and support from leadership (94%) (Copeland, 2016). diminish readmission rates. This may reduce Following debriefing, 57% of participants recognize significant financial losses for individuals, hospitals, that they would like more debriefing (Colville, 2017). and insurance companies. There is limited Staff noticed reduced stress and expressed the belief generalizability to these findings due to the study of that debriefings could reduce staff turnover and individual hospitals. It is recommended that more burnout by 50% (Colville, 2017). Additional positive broad research, including multi‐site studies, be outcomes include decreased patient care errors and conducted to confirm these findings. decreased alcohol consumption in nurses by 18.6% (Tuckey & Scott, 2014). Improved mood, cognitive 122 Evidence‐Based Benefits of Animal‐Assisted Therapy function, team performance, decreased compassion on Depressive Behavior fatigue, decreased secondary traumatic stress Emily Brubaker, Emily Ransil, Alyssa Herr, Nicole disorder, and decreased adverse psychological Frey effects are noted following debriefing. However, a Background: The use of Animal‐Assisted Therapy negative effect of debriefing is nurses feeling (AAT) to combat depressive behavior is an emerging pressure to complete timely patient care after taking therapeutic intervention that has shown to be time to debrief (Copeland, 2016). beneficial; however, it is not currently being widely Recommendations: Evidence consistently supports received and utilized. In patients experiencing implementation of a debriefing protocol promptly depressive behavior, does the use of Animal‐Assisted after critical incidents. Further research is Therapy decrease depressive symptomology? recommended to determine key elements of an Methods: A review of the literature was conducted evidence‐based debriefing standard that would most using CINAHL, PubMed, and Cochrane databases. effectively lower adverse effects among nurses who Fourteen articles from 2012‐2017 were reviewed and experience critical incidents. seven were deemed relevant to the PICO question. The seven relevant articles were further examined 121 The Rothman Index: A Predictive Tool for Patient and information was obtained from their results. Readmission Findings: After reviewing the literature, multiple Carly Dove, Cullen Kanagy, Dean Patton, Kelsey articles found AAT had a statistically significant Chestnut impact on patients’ depression symptoms and Background: Readmission within 30 days of screening scores (p <0.05) (Balluerka, Muela, Amiano, hospitalization is recognized as a national issue that & Caldentey, 2015; Dietz, Davis, & Pennings, 2012; financially impacts individuals, hospitals and Kamioka et al., 2014; Muela, Balluerka, Amiano, insurance companies. Tools to assist clinicians in Caldentey, & Aliri, 2017). Patients who were treated predicting patient status and probability of with AAT exhibited a decrease in depression readmission may be instrumental in decreasing the symptoms, an increase in positive mood, and an frequency of these occurrences in hospitals. Will the improvement in social engagement. use of the Rothman Index Scale in hospitalized Recommendations: Based on the literature review, it patients change the rate of readmission? Methods is recommended that AAT can be implemented as an of Literature Search: PubMed and CINAHL databases effective intervention for patients experiencing were searched from 2013‐2017. A total of 37 articles depression or depressive behavior. While canines were identified, six of which were relevant to the seemed to be utilized the most, other animals, such question. Findings from EBP project: The Rothman as birds, horses, and dolphins, showed to also be Index (RI) was shown to be highly predictive of beneficial (Kamioka, 2014; Wilson, 2017). patient conditions (Finlay, 2013), using information in the patient’s electronic health record. Patients with a 123 Evidence‐Based Support for Family Presence During higher RI score, (indicating a more stable status), had Resuscitation Efforts fewer readmissions (Piper, 2014) than those with Autumn Nelson, Hannah Card, Kaitlyn O'Neil, lower scores. Numerous authors saw statically Stephanie Rousey significant readmission correlation with the RI. Background: The option of family presence during Bradley, (2013); Piper, (2014); Banhoff, (2016); and CPR (FPDR) is often not performed due to health Yakusheva, (2017). Recommendations for practice: professionals viewing family presence as a stressor or

an obstacle to care of the patient. Family being given of 353 articles were identified; eight addressed the the option of presence may allow them to be more at research question. Findings from EBP project: ease with the care and may increase family Evidence suggests that medication timeouts during satisfaction. During resuscitation efforts, does having daily rounds on patients with the use of a family at the bedside, compared to separating the interprofessional team resulted in 82% medication family during resuscitation increase family changes per encounter (Tainter, 2017). Medication satisfaction? Methods: PubMed, MedLine, CINAHL, errors were also reduced from 0.43 to 0.05 per 1,000 the Cochrane Database and National Guideline doses administered (p < 0.001) with a team including Clearinghouse were searched from 2012‐2017. A physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and respiratory total of 524 articles were identified; seven were therapists (Keiffer, 2015). An additional finding relevant to the research question. Findings: included the use of a standardized checklist to guide Depression and post‐traumatic stress disorder the interprofessional team during rounds (Tarrago, decreased in the intervention group (p<0.001) for 2014). Recommendations for practice: Evidence each outcome (Jabre 2014). Complicated grief also supports that medication timeouts with an decreased in the intervention group (p<0.01, Jabre interprofessional team decreased the amount of 2014). Healthcare professionals who were educated medication errors. However, because this is new significantly increased the percentage of literature, there is a lack of randomized, controlled implementation of FPDR in practice (p<0.05, Powers, study on the use of medication timeouts, therefore, 2017). Family who was not present had regret and further research is needed. would choose to be present if another event happened (82% O’Connell, 2017). Those who were 125 Effective Interventions to Improve Anti‐platelet present felt it was important for them to be present Medication Adherence in Cardiac Patients (100%) and that being present reduced their anxiety Kylie Hornbarger, Libby Sawyer, Sara Yunez (90%, O’Connell, 2017). Recommendations: Based Background: There are barriers to antiplatelet on the consistency of findings from the evidence on medication adherence in cardiac patients and FPDR, a change in practice is supported. patients with drug eluding stents (DES). Barriers Recommendations include: the option of FPDR be include access to medication, cost, and lack of provided; an FPDR policy to guide care providers be education. This lack of medication adherence can implemented; care providers be educated on FPDR lead to cardiovascular events, stent re‐occlusion, and evidence; and a knowledgeable staff member stay death. Among adult cardiac patients, what are with the family to support them regardless of their effective interventions to improve adherence to choice. antiplatelet medications? Methods: CINAHL, PubMed, and the American Heart Association 124 Evidence‐Based Research on Interprofessional Rounds website were searched from 2012‐2017. A total of to Decrease Medication Errors 560 articles were found, eight were relevant to the Aubrey Corriveau, Sarah Klapper, Chelsea Toburen, research question. Findings from EBP: Evidence Christina Xenos supports different uses of telephone follow‐up, Background: During an inpatient hospital stay, including phone calls and text message reminders, medication errors arise and increase the risk of harm which improve antiplatelet medication adherence to the patients. A major issue occurs when the and patient outcomes. Follow up phone calls were medication list is only reviewed on admission and shown to significantly improve adherence in studies possibly at discharge, with no review throughout the by Rinfret (2013) and Palacio (2015), p<0.0001 and length of stay. Lack of medication reconciliation p<0.01 respectively. Text messages also provided a throughout hospitalization can lead to potential reminder for cardiac patients to take their patient harm. For adult patients aged 18 and over medication and provided education (p=0.02) as seen receiving care in an inpatient hospital setting, does in both Quilici (2013) and Park (2014) studies. Two medication timeout during interprofessional rounds bedside tools were also found to be effective: Million decrease medication errors and enhance patient hearts program, which is used to predict disparities safety? Methods of Literature Search: PubMed, that affect adherence and the RESPECT tool, which CINAHL, Medline Complete, Health Source, and a gives health care providers a specific pneumonic to personal journal subscription of American Journal of address barriers and improve adherence to Critical Care were searched from 2012‐2017. A total antiplatelet medications (Kressin, 2016).

Recommendations for Practice: Based on the 127 The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion and the CYP1A2 evidence, a change in practice is recommended. Polymorphism on Long Anaerobic Performance Phone calls from nurses and text message reminders Rachel Steckbeck, Madison Wright, Brian Shenk, during the first year of starting antiplatelet Kristen Hasse, H. Scott Kieffer† medications after a cardiac event can improve The CYP1A2 gene encodes an enzyme of the patient outcomes. cytochrome P450 family that breaks down caffeine into paraxanthine and other metabolites. It contains 126 Increasing Patient Satisfaction in Adult Ventilated two alleles; the recessive A allele allows homozygous Patients: Use of a Visual Communication Tool recessive individuals to metabolize caffeine faster, Brielle Alderfer, Ashley Tranchell, Emily Hepler and because paraxanthine is more effective in Background: Communicating needs can be extremely antagonizing adenosine receptors than caffeine itself, frustrating for mechanically ventilated patients. causes caffeine to have a greater effect in the body. There are a variety of tools that can be used to The dominant C allele expresses a slower rate of communicate with these patients, some better than caffeine metabolism, thus the adenosine receptor is others. While a lot of research has been done to less inhibited in these individuals. In this study, we explore other communication techniques, little has hypothesized that the AA genotype would result in focused on the use of a communication board. more improved power output when caffeine was Purpose: The purpose of this project was to explore taken than the AC or CC genotypes. To test this how the use of a communication board with hypothesis, we isolated DNA from participants’ cheek mechanically ventilated patients affected their cells. Using restriction digestion analysis, we found psycho‐emotional distress and satisfaction related to which alleles each participant carries. The 90 second communication. Results: Communication difficulty Wingate Anaerobic exercise test was used to during intubation is correlated with higher levels of measure the effect of genotype on performance. Our patient fear, psycho‐emotional distress, and results on the relationship between the exercise test frustration. Communication boards, and other low‐ and genotype will be discussed in the poster. Since technology communication techniques, can reduce the CYP1A2 enzyme metabolizes over 90% of drugs, communication difficulty and increase patient using caffeine as a primer drug allows researchers to satisfaction. Communication boards increase better understand drug metabolism. efficiency and speed of communication, facilitate meeting of needs, and act as a vehicle to obtain 128 The Correlation Between and Test‐retest Reliability recognition of patients’ individuality, offering the of Two Different Standing Isometric patient power. Since communication boards work Abdominal/Back Strength Assessment Protocols. best with oriented patients with high visual and Emily Walter, Joshua Beiler, Rachel Caldwell, Jackson linguistic acuity, it is important to consider multiple Lohr, Nate Romberger, Micaiah Sidell communication methods for each patient. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to Recommendations: Communication boards should determine the test‐retest reliability of the Biodex be used in order to relieve perceived levels of Isokinetic Dynamometer and analog force gauge frustration and anger in communication during when measuring voluntary peak torque of isometric intubation. Patient‐preferred communication trunk flexion and extension. In addition, to determine methods and needs should be identified by the nurse the extent to which the Biodex Isokinetic and written into the care plan, including patients’ Dynamometer and the analog force gauge measure visual acuity, concentration changes, optimal force production of the trunk. METHODS: Fifteen positioning, and other difficulties during the use of healthy college students were recruited to communication boards. Further research is needed participate in the study. Prior to the study, the to decide which communication interventions are subjects completed an informed consent and the best and most effective. Oswesterey Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire. Subjects participated in a familiarization session to eliminate a learning effect in evaluation of test‐retest reliability. The session consisted of three maximal contractions of the core (five seconds each), for both flexion and extension on each device, with 30 seconds of rest allowed in between contractions.

Subjects were asked to return for two subsequent power clean, squat and bench press (this order was testing days to complete the same protocol. The days maintained throughout the study for all lifting were separated by at least 24 hours to allow for sessions). Each lift was performed with an explosive recovery between testing sessions. Any effort to maximize bar velocity to generate power. measurement in which the subject exceeded 10 During testing, a Pasco 3‐axis accelerometer was degrees of hip motion was discarded and re‐tested. placed on the end of the barbell in a foam sleeve Data analysis consisted of intra‐class correlation connected to a computer. Two iPads were placed 15 coefficients to determine day‐to‐day reliability. feet away (one on a tripod and the other was hand‐ Pearson correlations were used to compare the held) from the subject and recorded the bar path results of the Biodex measurements and the force during the lifting sessions. The Iron Path Pro analyzed gauge data. Two separate T‐tests were used to the bar path for velocity. A Tendo power meter was determine day‐to‐day reliability of the Biodex and placed on the floor directly below the bar and a cable the Force gauge, individually. RESULTS AND was attached to the bar to measure velocity and CONCLUSION: Will be presented at the symposium. power during each lift. The data was analyzed using a one‐way ANOVA with repeated measures to 129 Survey of the Oakwood Hills Avian Community determine the difference between means. RESULTS Alyssa Sargent, David Foster† AND CONCLUSION: Results will be presented and This study, a collaborative research project with discussed at the symposium. Rider‐Musser Development and Messiah College, provides a preliminary overview of the bird 131 The Cardiorespiratory Response of Qigong (Tai Chi) community on the Oakwood Hills property, according Activity during Two Different Stances to presence stratified via habitat type. As Sarah Zigarelli, Megan Groff, Danielle Patterson, development of this property is set to begin in the Jenna Kelsey, Sarah Roise Hartman, Rachel Kriebel spring of 2018, this analysis will aid in management PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare and conservation of avian communities. the oxygen consumption and heart rate of Conservation management plans often center around participants performing an elementary Qigong intensive care for one species, but a more routine to a more advanced Qigong movement set comprehensive focus on biodiversity may be more with more complex movements. In addition, the ecologically and economically sustainable, and more metabolic equivalent level movement level was useful land managers. Thus far, 51 bird species have determined. METHODS: Ten college‐aged subjects been recorded, of which the European Starling volunteered for the study and participated in a (Sturnus vulgaris), Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus familiarization session. During the familiarization, the bicolor), and Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) participants signed an informed consent and the were most abundant overall. demographic data (height (cm), weight (kg.), and age) were obtained. In addition, each participant was 130 The Validity and Reliability of an Accelerometer to fitted with a mask to collect expired air and were Measure Muscular Power during Weight Lifting familiarized with a traditional Qigong movement Exercises routine (the 8 Pieces of Brocade) at an easy and more Kyle Bjorkman, Eben Sneddon, Jennifer Fairbanks, complex level. During the testing sessions, the Malachi Thompson, Bryce Watkins subject performed an 8‐minute easy routine, sat PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare quietly for 5 minutes and then completed an 8‐ the validity and reliability of the Iron Path Pro, Pasco minute hard routine. During each 8‐minute testing 3‐axis accelerometer and the Tendo power meter in periods, expired air was collected and analyzed with measuring peak power, average power, velocity, a MedGraphics oxygen analyzer and VO2and RER force and acceleration during compound barbell were recorded each minute. A Polar heart rate movements. METHODS: Nine (8 males, 1 female) monitor was used to collect the heart rate subjects participated in this study. Subjects throughout the exercise session. The data was participated in an information and familiarization analyzed using paired t‐tests with significance set at session before completing 5RM testing for the power p<0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Will be clean, squat and bench press to calculate 1RM. discussed at the Symposium. Subjects attended 2 testing sessions in which 3 sets of 2 reps were completed at 70% of 1RM for the

132 College Students Overestimated Food Portion Sizes load determination. The probe consists of a Green for All Five Food Groups Fluorescent Protein (GFP) tag fused to an optimized Holly Conrady, Brian Hancock, Brandi Tillman sCD4 binding domain (mD1.22) which is known to The prevalence of obesity and overweight is bind to the HIV‐1 envelope protein GP120. An initial continuing to increase worldwide. Overweight and version of the recombinant protein has been obesity are associated with dangerous health risks. produced and isolated. The plasmid encoding for the People inaccurately estimating food portion sizes protein was created by fusing the mD1.22 gene into a may be one cause of overweight and obesity. This GFP‐containing vector via a Gibson Assembly study sought to determine college students’ abilities reaction. Bacterial cells were then transformed and to correctly estimate food portion sizes and to the recombinant protein was expressed and purified. evaluate the relationship between estimation Upon SDS‐PAGE analysis, the protein product was accuracy and food group. The hypothesis was that found to contain a 30kDa impurity. The impurity was college students perceive food portion sizes to be removed using a two‐step purification procedure smaller than they actually are. An observational, with nickel affinity and anion exchange cross‐sectional study was conducted with 103 chromatography with an HPLC. Moving forward, the undergraduate students (n=53 men, n=50 women) purified protein will be tested for GP120 binding from Messiah College in Mechanicsburg, affinity and characterized with fluorescence Pennsylvania between the ages of 18 and 24 years correlation spectroscopy (FCS). We will also express old. Researchers measured the amount of ten foods, variants of the recombinant protein, such as a C‐ including two foods from each food group (chicken, Terminal GFP, as well as a dimerized probe with lunch meat, cereal, rice, mixed fruit, banana, carrots, differing GFP attachment points (N vs. C terminal) to salad mix, milk, and cheese). Participants filled out a eliminate impurity production. questionnaire in which they estimated food portion sizes. Of the participants, 63% overestimated protein 134 The Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching on foods, 50% grains, 50% vegetables, 48% dairy, and Muscular Power 45% fruits. Percentages of those who correctly Dani Kreiger, Seth Williams, Haley Maraday, Kayla estimated were 45% for vegetables, 44% for grain, Starr, JP Marrero‐Rivera 27% for fruit, 21% for dairy, and 12% for protein. The PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to percentage of those who underestimated were 30% investigate the effects of a dynamic (DS) and static for dairy, 22% for fruits, 18% for protein, 7% for stretching (SS) warm‐up on postural sway, hip power grains, and 5% for vegetables. Results showed that and ROM, and vertical jump height performance. It college students generally overestimated portion also sought to further clarify how or if performance sizes for all food groups. Future nutrition was affected by a bias towards stretching. METHODS: interventions should aim to educate people on Participants completed an online survey to proper food portion sizes. determine existing biases towards stretching. In this crossover study, participants attended 1 133 Creation of a Fluorescent Fusion Protein for HIV‐1 familiarization session, and 3 testing sessions Viral Load Measurements separated by at least 48 hours. At each session Daniel Haas, Mark Lauria, Jordan Sponsler, Matthew participants cycled for 5 minutes at a resistance of Farrar†, Jesse Kleingardner† 0.5kp, followed along by a 7‐minute stretching video In developing countries, access to proper HIV‐1 viral with either SS or DS. The control group was asked to load testing is lacking as current nucleic‐acid based sit for 7 minutes prior to testing. Researchers were methods are expensive relative to household income blinded to the stretching protocol that participants and unsustainable in non‐sterile environments. completed to eliminate treatment bias. After the Considering these facts, our research group is stretching interventions and no stretch control, the partnered with the Macha Mission Hospital in rural subjects’ ROM was measured using active hip flexion, southern Zambia to produce a cheaper, more extension, abduction, and adduction with a sustainable testing method capable of detecting viral goniometer. Balance was determined using path load counts above a treatment threshold of 1000 length collected from a force plate and motion virions/mL. Thus, we are interested in the analysis software. Finally, power was measured using development of a fluorescent recombinant protein a countermovement vertical jump height conducted that binds specifically to HIV‐1 as a probe for viral on a force plate and peak torque, average power,

and total work of the hip was collected using an test, positive Pivot‐Shift test, and a negative Lever isokinetic dynamometry. Paired t‐tests were used to test. Differential Diagnosis: The initial differential determine the difference between means and diagnosis is that she reinjured her ACL and possibly significance was set at the p<0.05 level. RESULTS & tore the meniscus. Time to Return to Play: This DISCUSSION: To be presented at symposium. athlete returned to play 6 months after surgery. Graft Choice: The graft harvested for this athlete was 135 Characterization of alkanethiolate self‐assembled 8mm; therefore, the physician supplemented the monolayers on zinc selenide thin films graft with an allograft. Sensitivity & Specificity: This Sarah O'Boyle, Alison Noble†, Niklas Hellgren† athlete had a negative Thessaly test, a positive Pivot Alkanethiolate self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) Shift test, a positive Lachman’s test, and a negative have been formed on zinc selenide through both Lever test. Conclusions: This athlete had a adsorption from solution as well as micro‐contact combination of an autograft and allograft used to printing. Zinc selenide as a SAM‐supporting substrate reconstruct her ACL because the initial autograft was is of particular interest due to its transparency in the too small. Research supports the use of a combined infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum graft when the autograft is smaller than 8‐8.5mm. enabling interfacial interactions at the substrate This athlete returned to play after 6 months; surface to be studied through transmission IR however, research demonstrates that the graft is not spectroscopy. While SAM formation on the completely healed for up to 2 years and that return mechanically polished, optical quality surface has to play should occur between 9 months and a year. been demonstrated, these monolayers are less uniform than those adsorbed onto highly ordered 137 The Validity of Biometric Feedback from Different metal substrates due to the comparatively Activity Monitors inhomogeneous morphology of ZnSe, which has an Ashley Carroll, Abby Monko, Matt Knab, Nicole rms roughness in the range of 38.03 ± 8.30 nm. To Carney, Nicole Hoober, Amanda Banzhoff address this challenge, a significantly smoother ZnSe Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare surface has be produced through physical vapor the step count and heart rate of four different deposition (PVD). The PVD‐generated zinc selenide activity monitors. In addition, step count and heart exhibits the same IR transparency as the rate were compared during different exercise mechanically polished substrate, but with an rms intensities (walking, jogging and running). Methods: roughness in the range of 2.730 ± 0.943 nm, which is Twenty participants (10 male, 10 female) were fitted an order of magnitude improvement in surface with three different activity monitors. The FitBit was roughness. These deposited substrates support the placed proximal to the radial/ulnar styloid processes formation of denser and more highly‐ordered SAMs, (non‐dominant hand), the iPhone was held in the as demonstrated through characterization of the non‐dominant hand and a standard piezoelectric step substrate and monolayer by Fourier Transform counter was placed at the iliac crest of the right hip. Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, contact angle In addition, a hand‐held step counter was used to goniometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and x‐ count each foot‐strike as a criterion reference. The ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). heart rate was recorded at the beginning and at the end of each exercise session via telemetry with a 136 Effects of Graft Type and Length of Rehabilitation polar monitor. Each participant walked (2.5mph), on ACL Re‐Injury in a Collegiate Field Hockey Player jogged (4.5mph) and ran (6.5mph) on a treadmill for DJ Cole, Brenda White† 5 minutes and the step counts and heart rates were This case report involves an 18‐year old female recorded from each device. The rating of perceived Division III field hockey athlete. She underwent exertion was recorded at each intensity. Data was surgery in 1/2017 for an anterior cruciate ligament entered into SPSS and analyzed using a one‐way (ACL) reconstruction. She received medical clearance ANOVA with repeated measures for step count and a and returned to play in 7/2017. She reinjured her paired t‐test was conducted for the heart rate. knee in 9/2017 while playing field hockey. The Results and Conclusion: The results and the mechanism of injury was planting on her foot and conclusion will be discussed at the symposium. cutting. Symptoms included feeling the knee shift, immediate pain, & edema. The athlete was evaluated and had a negative Thessaly test, positive Lachman’s

138 Messiah College Dining Hall Meal Records Suggest how many servings were consumed at each meal. No Statistical Significance in Non‐starchy Vegetable Non‐starchy vegetables were defined as any Consumption During Finals Weeks Compared to vegetable other than potatoes, peas, and corn. Regular Weeks Servings of non‐starchy vegetables from each Katie Franken, Mikaela Schell, Kelly Templeton, semester were calculated into percentages to Caroline Wilson account for discrepancies in serving sizes. Using a The consumption of high fat and high calorie food multiple factor ANOVA test, the mean amount of has been shown to increase during times of elevated non‐starchy vegetables consumed during a regular academic stress. An observational study of Messiah week was 37.67% (SD ± 25.45) compared to finals College student’s non‐starchy vegetable week was 33.46% (SD ± 19.25). No statistical consumption was conducted to determine whether significance between the amount of non‐starchy or not the stress of final exams would decrease the vegetables consumed during a regular week versus amount of non‐starchy vegetables consumed by finals week was found (P=0.407). Further research is students. Records were collected from Messiah necessary to account for the variability within the College Dining Services from four consecutive data set. In conclusion, periods of high stress do not semesters (Spring 2016, Fall 2016, Spring 2017, and impact the amount of non‐starchy vegetable Fall 2017) which included how many people attended consumption at Messiah College. the meal, how many servings were provided, and

Alphabetical listing of authors Index of Authors and corresponding presentation number(s).

Author Presentation No. Author Presentation No.

Alderfer, Brielle 126 Card, Hannah 123 Aldrich, Sarah 33, 88 Carney, Nicole 137 Armistead, Noah 8, 93 Carpenter, Steven 37, 105 Aukamp, Rachel 72, 100 Carr, Jordan 64 Austin, Thomas 69, 106 Carroll, Ashley 137 Ayala, Karina 54 Carter, Jonathan 38, 104 Balten, Nicholas 57 Chambers, Vaughn 68, 112 Bane, Lexi 101 Chan, Nathan 18, 113 Banzhoff, Amanda 137 Charney, Joshua 5, 96 Barber, Justin 40, 99 Chestnut, Kelsey 121 Barley, Adam 72, 100 Ciccotello, Lauren 13 Baumer, Brandon 17 Class, Melissa 120 Beach, Lizzy 61 Clemente, Nicole 53 Beiler, Joshua 128 Cole, DJ 136 Bender, Lake 8, 93 Comeaux, Caleb 70, 107 Berringer, Sierra 120 Conley, Jessica 60 Bigelow, Laura 22 Conley, Tatiana 117 Bjorkman, Kyle 130 Conner, Jenna 87 Blackhurst, Brandon 34, 90 Conrady, Holly 132 Bleacher, Megan 55 Conrady, Joshua 69 Blest, Justin 70, 107 Corriveau, Aubrey 124 Bock, Von 10 Cressman, Erin 66, 110 Boettger, Bryson 68, 112 Curry, Shane 68, 112 Bornman, Caleb 113 D'Amico, Emily 9, 95 Braunworth, Shane 4, 97 Darok, Matthew 79 Breighner, Andy 4, 97 Davenport, Jakob 1, 94 Breisch, Kevin 71, 108 Davie, Michael 8, 93 Brenneman, Matthew 35, 101 Davis, Jacinta 57 Brewster, Seth 70, 107 Decker, Alicia 36, 114 Brincat, Michelle 116 DeFrance, Victor 8, 93 Brokenshire, Elizabeth 115 Delp, Danielle 81 Brubaker, Cory 7, 103 Denlinger, Eric 72, 100 Brubaker, Emily 122 Dhana Raja, Kavin 52 Burch, Kaleb 68, 112 Diers, Matthew 106 Burkhead, Matthew 15, 17 Dietrich, Roque 7, 103 Butler, Jared 18 Doll, Kyle 39 Cable, Noah 15 Doron, Emily 120 Caldwell, Rachel 128 Dove, Carly 121

Author Presentation No. Author Presentation No.

Duhé, Samantha 85 Hancock, Brian 132 Dunmire, Andrew 73, 98 Hannon, John 73, 98 Dyche, Brandin 92 Hardman, Nathan 31, 89 Dyrli, Erik 3, 109 Harkins, Elias 57 Eckenrode, Miranda 84 Harms, John 43, 46, 76, 79, 81 Elliott, Dan 4, 97 Harris, Jr., Troy 101 Engle, Zachary 42 Hartman, Sarah Roise 131 Erikson, Andy 39 Hasse, Kristen 127 Eshelman, Daria 33, 88 Heath, Britta 82 Eshleman, Matthew 6, 102 Heffner, Mary 118 Fairbanks, Jennifer 130 Heinbaugh, Shelley 116 Farrar, Emily 3, 66, 67, 109, 110, Heisey, J Scott 42, 73, 98 111 Hellgren, Niklas 19, 47, 135 Farrar, Matthew 36, 78, 113, 114, 133 Henry, Nathan 73, 98 Fernandez, Kira 11 Hepler, Danielle 63 Film, Jacob 8, 93 Hepler, Emily 126 Fish, Randall 6, 7, 102, 103 Herr, Alyssa 122 Fleurant, Erwens 33, 88 Hess, Emily 119 Flynn, Olivia 116 Hiduk, Cole 73, 98 Fogelsanger, Ashley 84 Hindy, Michael 58 Forshey, Rebekah 67, 111 Hing, Abigail Wei Jing 44 Foster, David 55, 83, 101, 129 Ho, Vy 67, 111 Franke, JJ 87 Hoffman, Andrew 18 Franken, Joseph 32, 91 Hoffman, Marissa 118 Franken, Katie 138 Holderman, Jacob 70, 107 Frawley, Kristen 1, 94 Hoober, Nicole 137 Frey, Nicole 122 Hoover, Brandon 65 Gallagher, Daniel 9, 95 Hoover, L. Bryan 71, 108 Gaudreau, Lily 113 Hopkins, Kelly 11 Gillisse, Dylan 67, 111 Hornbarger, Kylie 125 Gittens, Jamar 31, 89 Houck, Samuel 10 Goldbach, Krysta 76 Howell, Tim 67, 111 Gonzalez, Jen 45 Ibáñez, Roberto 49 Good, Brenden 42 Isaga, Emily 50 Gray, Michael 69 Issis, Alex 71, 108 Griffith, Edgardo 49 Istre, Nathanael 10 Groff, Megan 131 Jacunski, Kayla 57 Grove, Andrew 20 Janney, Adam 5, 96 Haas, Daniel 78, 133 Jantzi, Charles 12 Hagenbuch, Leah 72, 100 Jelks, Tamara 116 Hah, Ashley 68, 112 Jones, Rebekah 43 Haley, Alissa 70, 107 Jones, Victoria 119

Author Presentation No. Author Presentation No.

Julian, Danny 84 Mackenzie, Hannah 25 Kanagy, Cullen 121 Madder, Olivia 116 Kauffman, Sharon 63 Mantsevich, Alexander 1, 94 Kelley, Erin 35, 101 Maraday, Haley 134 Kelsey, Jenna 68, 112, 131 Marrero‐Rivera, JP 134 Kerlen, Faith 67, 111 Martin, Justin 69, 106 Khamis, John 34, 90 Mattingly, Trisha 118 Kieffer, H. Scott 48, 127 Mavros, Althea 73, 98 Kirchner, Wil 4, 97 McClelland, Grace 117 Klapper, Sarah 124 McClelland, Rebekah 18 Kleingardner, Jesse 54, 59, 78, 80, 133 McCormick, Sean 42 Kline, Jessica 37, 105 McCullum, Owen 6, 102 Klinger, Haley 60 McFeaters, Tyler 83 Knab, Matt 137 McHenry, Bret 15 Kobzowicz, Alaric 66, 110 McPheeters, Devyn 49 Kramer, Janelle 120 Mewha, Daniel 70, 107 Kratz, Austin 8, 93 Meyer, John 1, 94 Kreiger, Dani 134 Miller, Hallie 19 Kriebel, Rachel 131 Miller, Stefanie 116 Kryemadhi, Abaz 20 Mishler, Aaron 73, 98 Kuhn, Ryan 39 Mohler, Jacob 21 Kuhns, Marissa 68, 112 Monko, Abby 137 Kuniholm, Mia 65 Moore, Treavor 71, 108 Kunkle, Joshua 1, 94 Moretz, David 37, 105 Ladeau, Aaron 39 Morral, Ben 4, 97 LaGrand, Jacob 24 Morrone, Addison 5, 96 Lau, Tjia Ern 63 Moyer, Ryan 9, 95 Lauria, Mark 78, 133 Munoz, Hannah 116 Laven, Matt 37, 105 Musselman, Mark 2 Lee, Jason 13 Mwankenja, Eliezer 17 Leib, Ashlee 74 Mylin, Lawrence 50, 53, 74, 76, 81 Leong, Kai Yuen 17 Nejmeh, Brian 14 Lim, Keith Wei Luen 66, 110 Nelson, Autumn 123 Lindquist, Erik 49, 85 Nevin, Andrew 46 Lockwood, Michelle 34, 35, 90, 101 Nguyen, Hoang 14, 16, 38, 80, 104 Lohr, Jackson 51, 128 Nguyen, Thien 26 Luo, Ming 27 Nichols, Kelsey 7, 103 Luu, Trieu 69, 106 Nicolais, David 69, 106 Ly, Joshua 15 Nisly, Josiah 47 Ma, Daniel 34, 90 Noble, Alison 135 MacBride, Robert 6, 102 Noble, George 92 Maccallini, Alexander 86 O'Boyle, Sarah 135

Author Presentation No. Author Presentation No.

O'Connell, Joseph 9, 95 Sawyer, Libby 125 O'Donnell, Hannah 115 Schaeffer, Richard 44, 47, 63, 86 O'Neil, Kaitlyn 123 Schell, Mikaela 138 Ohlhausen, Micah 77 Schott, Ben 92 Ortiz, Antonio 9, 95 Shelton, Michal 82 Park, Chanbin 13 Shenk, Brian 127 Patawaran, David 32, 91 Shifflett, Thomas 2, 38, 104 Patterson, Danielle 131 Shin, Michael 56 Patterson, Joshua 37, 105 Shirk, Brandon 5, 96 Patton, Dean 121 Shirk, Greg 73, 98 Peachey, Zachary 60 Sidell, Daniel 33, 88 Peterson, Derrick 2 Sidell, Micaiah 128 Phillippy, Douglas 21 Siepelinga, Rachel 40, 99 Phillippy, Matthew 61 Siewert, Derek 64 Pinkham, Elizabeth 12, 14 Simpkins, Mark 70, 107 Platteel, Kurtis 31, 89 Sindabizera Ntwari, Ted 34, 90 Pond, Thomas 3, 109 Sisson, Caleb 4, 97 Pratt, Donald 40, 99 Skula, Joshua 28 Prelog, Katherine 67, 111 Smith, Caleb 48 Price, Jason 23 Smith, Cheylee 72, 100 Ramirez, Wesley 9, 95 Smith, Paul 61 Ransil, Emily 122 Sneddon, Eben 130 Redcay, Luke 67, 111 Snozzi Solther, Sandra 7, 103 Reedy, Andrew 4, 97 Sobek, Ella 31, 89 Reichard, Hunter 87 Soerens, Thomas 5, 31, 32, 89, 91, 96 Reimer, Danielle 36, 114 Sommerville, Chelsea 59 Rempel, Amanda 60 Spencer, Jonathan 11 Ressler, Nathan 69, 106 Sponsler, Jordan 78, 133 Reyer, Conner 41 Sredenschek, Alexander 19, 30 Rice, Samuel 38, 104 St Onge, Carrie 115 Rider, Jared 3, 109 Stambaugh, Samuel 53 Ritenour, Michael 40, 99 Stark, Mary 116 Robinson, Jonathan 70, 107 Starr, Kayla 134 Rodgers, Julia 48 Steckbeck, Rachel 127 Rogers, Jonathan 4, 97 Stevens, Caleb 71, 108 Rohrbaugh, Gene 16 Stief, Cassandra 82 Romberger, Nate 128 Stobie, Gavin 72, 100 Roper, Brianne 36, 114 Stoltzfus, Paul 67, 111 Rose, Kathryn 5, 96 Striker, Kelly 57 Rousey, Stephanie 123 Stumpp, Doug 70, 107 Sachs, Roseann 57, 63, 77 Sum, Nicholas 7, 103 Sargent, Alyssa 58, 129 Summerson, Sarah 82

Author Presentation No. Author Presentation No.

Sun, TK 13 Weaver, D. Scott 12, 14 Swartz, AnneMarie 119 Weaver, Eric 70, 107 Swartz, Brian 41, 70, 107 Weddle, Michelle 75 Tamm, Olivia 29 White, Brenda 136 Tan, Shung Yen 31, 89 Wilcock, Samuel 16 Tanquist, Kristoffer 64 Wiley, Helen 1, 94 Templeton, Kelly 138 Williams, Jamie 68, 112 Thomas, Josh 2 Williams, Johannah 116 Thompson, Malachi 130 Williams, Seth 134 Thomson, Jennifer 57 Wilson, Caroline 138 Tillman, Brandi 132 Witmer, Trey 37, 105 Toburen, Chelsea 124 Witt, Kay 63 Tranchell, Ashley 126 Witters, Justin 71, 108 Trimble, Calvin 41 Woleslagle, Russell 41 Tritt, Jarred 62 Wood, Thomas 17 Underhill, Isaac 72, 100 Wright, Madison 127 Underwood, Harold 2, 38, 104 Xenos, Christina 124 Vader, David 1, 4, 37, 94, 97, 105 Yacob, Tesfayohanes 33, 72, 88, 100 Van Dyke, Fred 58 Yeisley, Daniel 3, 109 Van Dyke, Timothy 9, 92, 95 Yeoman, Nathaniel 41 VanFossen, Hannah 84 Yoder, Ryan 66, 110 VanScoyoc, Michael 10 Yunez, Sara 125 Vogan, Emma 3, 109 Zellers, Emily 117 Vollert, Alexander 92 Zia, Sima 56 Waardenburg, Don 8, 93 Ziegler, Mallory 63 Walter, Emily 128 Zigarelli, Sarah 131 Wambach, Joseph 69, 106 Zimmerman, Tim 41 Watkins, Bryce 130 Zwart, Paul 7, 103

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