Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De México

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Universidad Autónoma Del Estado De México UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA Y DISEÑO DOCTORADO EN DISEÑO Estudio de tecnología de modelado 3D para su aplicación en escultura sustentable. TESIS DE DOCTORADO QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE DOCTORA EN DISEÑO PRESENTA: M. en A.V. GUADALUPE NAYELLI GARCÍA RAMÍREZ Director: Dr. Silverio Hernández Moreno Tutor adjunto externo: Dr. Álvaro Villalobos Herrera Tutores adjuntos internos: Dr. Ignacio Mendiola German Dr. Ricardo Victoria Uribe Dr. Arturo Santamaría Ortega Toluca, Estado de México, Febrero 2017 Contenido CONTENIDO ......................................................................................................................................5 INTRODUCCIÓN ...............................................................................................................................9 1. ANTECEDENTES Y PROBLEMÁTICA ...................................................................................13 1.1. INTRODUCCIÓN DE CAPÍTULO ...............................................................................................14 1.2. ANTECEDENTES DEL TEMA ...................................................................................................14 1.2.1. Planteamiento del problema ....................................................................................17 1.2.2. Justificación ..............................................................................................................19 1.2.3. Hipótesis ...................................................................................................................23 1.2.4. Objetivo general ........................................................................................................24 1.2.5. Objetivos particulares ...............................................................................................24 1.2.6. Metodología ..............................................................................................................25 1.3. CONCLUSIONES DE PLANTEAMIENTO ....................................................................................28 2. TECNOLOGÍA DE MODELADO 3D Y SU APLICACIÓN EN LA ESCULTURA .....................30 2.1. INTRODUCCIÓN DE CAPÍTULO ...............................................................................................31 2.2. CONCEPTO DE CAD ............................................................................................................32 2.2.1. Modelado de sólidos .................................................................................................34 2.2.2. Renderizado .............................................................................................................44 2.3. ¿QUÉ ES RP? ....................................................................................................................46 2.3.1. Tecnología RP para modelado 3D ............................................................................48 2.3.2. Breve historia de tecnologías RP ..............................................................................50 2.3.3. Procesos básicos ......................................................................................................53 2.3.4. Aplicaciones..............................................................................................................55 2.3.5. Tecnologías más difundidas .....................................................................................56 2.3.6. Materiales poliméricos ..............................................................................................63 2.4. CONCEPTO DE CNC ...........................................................................................................65 2.4.1. Corte chorro de agua ................................................................................................67 2.4.2. Corte láser ................................................................................................................68 2.4.3. Corte de plasma .......................................................................................................72 2.5. ESCÁNER 3D ......................................................................................................................73 2.6. IMPRESIÓN 3D ....................................................................................................................77 2.7. ESCULTURA DISEÑADA CON NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS ..............................................................82 2.7.1. Concepto de escultura ..............................................................................................83 2.7.2. Casos de obra que utiliza tecnología de modelado tridimensional ..........................85 2.7.2.1. Software para modelado tridimensional ........................................................................... 86 2.7.2.2. Obra con impresión 3D .................................................................................................... 92 2.7.2.3. Obra intervenida con máquina CNC ................................................................................ 98 2.7.2.4. Obra intervenida con pantógrafos motorizados .............................................................. 102 2.7.2.5. Obra intervenida con corte con chorro de agua .............................................................. 102 2.7.2.6. Obra intervenida con corte láser .................................................................................... 109 2.7.2.7. Obra intervenida con corte de plasma............................................................................ 109 2.7.2.8. Obra con intervención de escaner 3D ............................................................................ 111 2.8. CONCLUSIONES DE TECNOLOGÍA DE MODELADO 3D Y SU APLICACIÓN EN LA ESCULTURA ........ 120 3. CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS DE SUSTENTABILIDAD ............................................................... 123 3.1. INTRODUCCIÓN DE CAPÍTULO ............................................................................................. 124 3.2. CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS DE SUSTENTABILIDAD ....................................................................... 124 3.2.1. Desarrollo sustentable o Sustentabilidad ................................................................ 124 3.2.2. Eco-Diseño ............................................................................................................. 126 3.2.3. Eco-Rediseño ......................................................................................................... 131 3.2.4. Diseño Sustentable ................................................................................................. 132 3.3. CONCEPTO DE ANÁLISIS DE CICLO DE VIDA ........................................................................ 134 3.3.1. Aplicaciones del ACV ............................................................................................. 136 3.3.2. Etapas del ACV ...................................................................................................... 138 3.3.3. Objetivo de estudio del Análisis de Ciclo de Vida y alcance ................................... 139 3.3.4. Análisis de inventario de Ciclo de Vida ................................................................... 141 3.3.5. Evaluación de Impacto de Ciclo de Vida. Cálculo de Indicadores .......................... 144 3.3.6. Metodologías básicas para evaluar impacto ambiental .......................................... 147 3.4. CONCLUSIONES DE CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS DE SUSTENTABILIDAD ........................................... 153 4. LCA EN IMPRESIÓN 3D ....................................................................................................... 156 4.1. INTRODUCCIÓN DE CAPÍTULO ............................................................................................. 157 4.2. ACV EN IMPRESIÓN 3D ..................................................................................................... 157 4.3. ¿QUÉ ES ÁCIDO POLILÁCTICO (PLA)? ................................................................................ 165 4.3.1. PLA para impresión 3D ........................................................................................... 169 4.3.2. ACV de PLA............................................................................................................ 171 4.4. CONCLUSIONES DE ACV EN IMPRESIÓN 3D ........................................................................ 174 5. CASO DE ESTUDIO: ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE DOS FORMAS DE FABRICACIÓN DE UNA BANDA DE MOEBIUS, CON ENFOQUE SUSTENTABLE .................................................. 176 5.1. INTRODUCCIÓN DE CAPÍTULO ............................................................................................. 177 5.2. CASO: BANDA DE MOEBIUS ............................................................................................... 178 5.2.1. La escultura Banda de Moebius ............................................................................. 178 5.2.2. Fabricación en FV ................................................................................................... 185 5.2.3. Fabricación impresa en 3D con PLA ...................................................................... 187 5.3. COMPARACIÓN DE COSTOS ENTRE FABRICACIÓN DE FV E IMPRESIÓN 3D-PLA...................... 190 5.4. FUNDAMENTOS DEL ANÁLISIS DE CICLO DE VIDA .................................................................. 193 5.4.1. Metodología ...........................................................................................................
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