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Passive Use Or Active Involvement? Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/Masterarbeit ist an der Hauptbibliothek der Technischen Universität Wien aufgestellt (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at). The approved originalMSc version Program of this diploma or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/englweb/Renewable Energy). in Central & Eastern Europe Passive Use or Active Involvement? The Possibilities of D. Swarovski & Co in Photovoltaics A Master Thesis submitted for the degree of “Master of Science” Supervised by DI Dr. Gerd Schauer Dr. Arno Recheis 9118229 Wattens, March 2008 Affidavit I, Dr. Arno Recheis, hereby declare 1. that I am the sole author of the present Master Thesis, “Passive Use or Active Involvement? The Possibilities of D. Swarovski & Co in Photovoltaics” 55 pages, bound, and that I have not used any source or tool other than those referenced or any other illicit aid or tool, and 2. that I have not prior to this date submitted this Master Thesis as an examination paper in any form in Austria or abroad. Wattens, ___11.3.2008__ ___________________________ Date Signature MSc Program Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe Table of contents 1. Abstract 3 2. List of figures and tables 4 3. Introduction 5 3.1. D. Swarovski & Co 5 3.2. Terms of this thesis 6 3.3. World energy situation 6 3.4. Energy situation in Austria 9 3.5. CO2-Trade and the Kyoto-Protocol 11 3.6. EU climate and energy targets for 2020 12 4. Energy situation of D. Swarovski & Co, Wattens 14 4.1. Energy consumption 14 4.2. Energy production 15 4.3. Possible contributions from renewable energies 17 5. Photovoltaic 20 5.1. Basic information of solar cells PV systems 21 5.2. Costs and needed space of PV systems 24 5.3. Energy balance for PV 25 5.4. PV-Electricity generating costs: past – present –future 25 5.5. The Feed-In systems for PV in Austria and selected EU-countries 26 5.6. Overview of the PV market and outlook for PV 27 6. PV-Concentrator Systems (CPV) 30 6.1. Advantages and disadvantages 30 6.2. Concentrating elements 32 6.3. CPV with C < 100x 33 6.4. CPV with C > 100x 34 6.5. Summery and outlook 36 Dr. Arno Recheis 1 MSc Program Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe 7. Chances of D. Swarovski & Co in the PV market 37 7.1. Core Competences of D. Swarovski & Co 37 7.2. SWOT Analysis for D. Swarovski & Co 38 7.3. Possibilities in the PV market for D. Swarovski & Co 40 7.4. Summary and strategy 41 8. PV-power plant for D. Swarovski & Co, Wattens 42 8.1. Location and dimension 42 8.2. Costs 44 8.3. Financial calculations 44 8.4. Summary 48 9. Conclusion 50 10. References 51 Appendix 55 Dr. Arno Recheis 2 MSc Program Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe 1. Abstract Two facts are in the focal point of this thesis: First that the PV industry is one of the most prospering ones worldwide with a growing rate of around 40% every year, second that for reaching the Kyoto- as well as the EU 2020 targets also the industry will be strongly involved. PV-power plants could be one possibility in lowering the CO2 output by producing the needed electricity; supplying optical parts could be the gate to the PV industry for Swarovski as the company is the world leader in producing cut crystal. These optical parts are needed for the concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV), which have a huge market potential as the development of these systems is just at the beginning. At the moment no kind of CPV can be favoured, new developments for whole CPV systems or of optical parts of them are possibilities for Swarovski. Because of the low feed-in tariffs in Austria, the non-supporting of PV in Tirol and the high long- term internal interests of the company itself, it is not possible to run a PV-power plant economically. There are huge differences between fixed or moving systems with advantages to optimal inclined fixed and 1-axis systems, but all of them would have negative financial results. Other reasons like a positive “green” image or being an outrider of new technologies have to be found if a PV-power plant should be erected at the company area. Dr. Arno Recheis 3 MSc Program Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe 2. List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: Swarovski crystal swan and Swarovski crystal earrings and pendant Figure 2: The share of the world energy supplies Figure 3: Worldwide primary energy supply until 2100 - WBGU Figure 4: Worldwide primary energy supply until 2050 – IEA Figure 5: Austrian Primary Energy Consumption in 2005 Figure 6: The share of the production of primary energy with Renewables in Austria in 2005 Figure 7: Energy consumption of D. Swarovski & Co, Wattens from 1996 – 2006 Figure 8: The 4 small hydropower plants of D. Swarovski & Co Figure 9: Energy Flow Chart of D. Swarovski & Co, Wattens for 2006 Figure 10: Map of the Photovoltaic Solar Electricity Potential in European Countries Figure 11: Map of the yearly sum of global irradiation received by optimally inclined PV modules in Austria Figure 12: Market share of new installed PV-Cells in 2006 Figure 13: Losses of PV systems relating to the received solar energy Figure 14: Cost Distribution of different PV systems. Figure 15: Development of utility prices and PV generation costs Figure 16: Principle arrangement of a CPV Figure 17: Development of the efficiencies of multilayer III-V solar cells Figure 18: Thermodynamical limits of solar photovoltaic energy conversion Figure 19: A 2-3x concentration system working with mirrors Figure 20: 6 Examples of high-concentration PV systems Figure 21: Model of a Fresnel HCVP system with secondary optic (SOE) Figure 22: SolFocus double mirror system (www. solfocus.com) Figure 23: Dome shape Fresnel lens with SOE (Daido Steel) Figure 24: SWOT analysis for D. Swarovski & Co regarding to the PV market Figure 25: View on the industrial area of D. Swarovski & Co Wattens Werk 1 Figure 26: Roof of the crystal production building Figure 27: Radiation for Innsbruck (Wagner 2006) & Temperature for Innsbruck Airport (ZAMAG) Figure 28: Development of the market price since 2003 Figure 29: PV-power plant of Fronius International GmbH in Sattledt (Upper Austria) Table 1: Investment and generating costs of different Renewables Table 2: Greenhouse gas emission limits and share of Renewables of EU member states by 2020 Table 3: Efficiency of solar cells Table 4: Separation of the concentration factor of CPV (Goetzberger 2005 and Bett 2007). Table 5-8: Calculations of the PV-power plant Dr. Arno Recheis 4 MSc Program Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe 3. Introduction 3.1. D. Swarovski & Co D. Swarovski & Co is a worldwide operating company with more than 20,000 employees in over 120 countries. 2006 reaches the turnover €2.37 billion. Beside the main brand “Swarovski” the “Swarovski group” unites the brands Tyrolit (sawing-, drilling-, grinding tools), Swareflex (glass reflectors for roads), Signity (natural and synthetic gemstones) and Swarovski Optics (binoculars, scopes). Swarovski itself is the world leader in precision cut crystal. Crystal is the short form for lead crystal, a high brilliant faceted variety of glass. Swarovski has two major divisions: The first is producing precision-cut crystal components, catering to a wide range of design-driven industries in the fashion, lighting and interior business. The second is using these elements to create finished crystal products like jewellery (figure 1, right picture), fashion accessories, and home décor objects, which are sold through the worldwide network of more than 1150 Swarovski stores. The main production plant is situated in Wattens / Tirol with more than 6700 employees by the end of 2007. The main industrial work is done in three shifts, 24 hours and 7 days a week. Figure 1: Swarovski crystal swan and Swarovski crystal earrings and pendant Crystal melting and cutting is a very energy consuming work, using a huge amount of oil, gas and electricity. The melting process for example needs temperatures of ~1400°C and lasts about 24 hours. The energy consumption to produce glass is in average 1.50 kWh/kg or 12-20% of the total production costs (Fröhler 2005, page 1301). Dr. Arno Recheis 5 MSc Program Renewable Energy in Central & Eastern Europe 3.2. Terms of this thesis Although Swarovski has own hydropower plants (chapter 4) producing about 36% of the needed electricity the company is mostly depending on fossil energy sources. Together with the company the energy consumption is growing in average 10% each year increasing this dependence. Of course no company (region or nation) wants this dependence particularly when looking on the Russian gas crisis in 2006 or on the uncertain world oil market. Renewable Energies sound to be the golden key out of this dependence. Beside this important fact they can even be more. The PV industry for example is one of the fastest growing branches (+25-50% every year) worldwide. So there is also the question if a company like Swarovski is able to get into this prospering market. This thesis deals by focusing on Photovoltaic as a possible new business field with two different roles: an active or a passive one. • The concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) uses optical parts (lenses, mirrors) which are often made of glass. This can be a chance for the company in future. Looking on the core- competences and based on a SWOT analysis the possibilities of this active role for D.
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