Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921 Eugene L

Cambridge University Press 0521663121 - Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850-1921 Eugene L. Rogan Index More information

Index

«Abbad tribe 7, 85, 86, 87, 88, 111, 112, «Ajarma tribe 86 170, 181 «Ajlun district see Jabal «Ajlun AbduÈlhamid II (Ottoman sultan, r. Al-Balqa» see Balqa», the 1876±1909) 14, 54, 61, 63, 65, 70±1, Al-Karak see Karak 143, 154, 156, 157, 174 Alexander, Michael Solomon (Anglican «Abdullah bin Husayn, Amir (Hashemite bishop of Jerusalem) 127 ruler of Transjordan, r. 1921±1951) 1, Allenby, General Edmund (Commander of 252, 253±5 the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in Abu Jabir family 89, 110±11, 112, 115, WWI) 20, 232, 234, 239 116±18, 126, 148, 168 Transjordan campaigns 234±8 Abu Jabir house 116±18 Amman (Circassian village) 28, 52, 63, 66, Ibrahim Abu Jabir 89 67, 73, 74±5, 76, 81, 85, 94, 160, Salih Abu Jabir 89, 118, 125, 126 162±3, 176, 241, 242, 253 see also Yaduda, al- cholera in 166 Abu Tayya, «Awda (shaykh of Huwaytat district militias 226, 227 tribe) 218, 228, 229 World War I 226, 227, 235±6, 237, 239, see also Huwaytat tribe 240 Actis, Don Auguste de (Latin missionary) Higher National Committee 243 124±5 Salt government 249, 250 Administrative Councils 48, 182, 194, 196 «Anaza Confederation 35, 45 see also Vilayet Law (1864) Ruwala tribe see Ruwala tribe administrators 55±60 Wuld «Ali tribe 49, 180, 213 building projects 59±60 «Anbar secondary school, Damascus 156, corrupt 57±9 173 advance purchase contracts 104 Anderson, Lisa 17 «Adwan tribe 7, 28, 45, 49, 51, 80, 85±6, «Anjara 134, 144 87, 88, 170, 180, 181, 245, 253 Arab Club 243 agriculture 1, 14, 18 Arab Revolt 20, 218, 224±9 Hijaz Railway and 66, 115 local loyalties labor force 167±70 district militia 226±7, 238±9 land 109 honoraria 227±9, 239 migrant labor 167±9 in Transjordan 232±4 partner farmers 168, 169 Allenby's campaigns 234±8 sharecroppers 168±9 Arabist movement trade 100, 101, 114±16 Karak Revolt and 201, 211, 212±13, pastoral products 113±14 215±17 raisins 115±16 archaeologists wool 113±14 as intelligence agents 218, 219 Ahmed SËe®k Midhat see Midhat Pasha Armenian refugees 231±2, 234, 236, 239 Ahmet Cemal Pasha (CUP leader and Arslan, Amin (district governor in Irbid) 56 governor of Syria in WWI) 220, 226, «Asir Province, South Arabia 11 227, 228, 230 A£iret Mektebi school 14, 156, 174

267

Index268

«Atawna tribes 218 tribe; Huwaytat tribe; Ruwala tribe; Wuld «Ali tribe Balqa», the (Ottoman administrative wool trade 113 district) 27±9 Bellamy, Franklin (Protestant missionary) agricultural products 114±15 129, 132 Arab Revolt 226, 238 Ben Salem (Algerian commander and Bedouin villages 90 district governor in Irbid, 1851) 46±7 Circassian, TuÈrkmen and Chechen Bourazan, Francis (Protestant missionary) colonies 72±6 129, 131±2, 138 Faysali administration 242 bribery see corruption hospitality 39 bride price 167, 176 religious tolerance 38 Brunton, Captain C.D. 246, 249±50 Vilayet Law and 48±52 Buckingham, James Silk 22, 29, 37, 40, wool trade 113±14 41 see also Salt building 59±60 Balqawiyya tribe 76, 85, 86, 87, 88, 108, churches 19, 37, 121, 125±6, 131, 134, 181, 239 141, 142±3, 145 Bandoli, Don Paolo (Latin missionary) government buildings 60±2 147±8 police barracks and guard houses 67 Bani «Atiyya tribe 232 prisons 61 Bani Hamida tribe 40, 51, 52, 80, 88, 158, Burckhardt, John Lewis 22±3, 28, 30, 31, 180, 181, 206, 239 33±4, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42 tax revolt 189±90 Bani Hasan tribe 49, 80, 85, 88, 180, 181, Calcutt, D.H. 238 245, 253 Camp, Major I.N. 246, 249 Bani Kilab tribe 46 census department, Ottoman Bani Sakhr tribe 7, 26, 28, 42, 46, 49, 68, establishment of 13 75, 78, 85, 88, 92, 93, 111, 147, 158, in Transjordan, 1910 192±4 170, 177, 180, 181, 188, 213, 231, Chechen immigrants 1, 18, 73±4, 76, 86, 245, 249, 250, 253 94, 244 alliance with «Adwan 51 Chechen villages 244 alliance with Circassians 76 Rusayfa 73, 76, 226 Arab Revolt 233, 239 Sukhna 73, 76 Faysali administration 244 Suwaylih 73, 76, 226 World War I 223, 237 chiefdoms 8, 9 labor 170 cholera 165±6 land registration 86±7 Christian communities 31, 32, 73, 76±82 Madaba disputes 79±81, 86±7 intermixing of Muslims and Christians Majalis and 31, 32, 54 38 Mehmet Cemal Pasha and 51 in Karak 77±9, 198, 201, 202, 205, 207, tribal plantations 89, 90 229 see also Fayiz, Sattam al- in Madaba 73, 77, 79±82, 86, 87, 146, Bankes, William John 22 244 Batatu, Hanna (Nabulsi merchant) 111 Majali family and 77, 78, 79±80 Bedouin 1, 26, 42, 76, 181, 250 «Uzayzat, the 77±81 in the Balqa» 27 World War I and 219, 229±30 direct rule, effects of 187±90 see also missionaries; religious life hospitality 39 Church Missionary Society 128±30, 134±5 in Jabal «Ajlun 26, 45, 46 medicine 138±40, 145 land registration 85, 86, 87, 88±9, 90 schools 144±6 in Ma«an 35 see also missionaries; religious life money-lending and 108 churches 27, 36, 37, 38, 101, 122, 123, peasants compared 8±9 127, 128, 131, 134, 161 tribes see «Abbad tribe; «Adwan tribe; bells 126, 145 «Anaza Confederation; Bani Hamida building of 19, 37, 121, 125±6, 131, tribe; Bani Hasan tribe; Bani Sakhr 134, 141, 142±3, 145

Index 269

numbers of 37 Fayiz, shaykh Sattam al- 79±81, 85±6, 87, see also religious life 147, 188, see also Bani Sakhr tribe Circassian immigrants 1, 18, 72±6, 86, 94, Faysal b. Husayn (Hashemite commander 226, 227, 244 of Arab Revolt, later king of Syria and Circassian villages 90, 244 Iraq) 232, 238, 241 Amman see Amman Faysali era 242±5, 252 Jarash 62, 73, 75, 76, 85 frontier communities Na«ur 62, 73, 76, 78, 88, 226 commercialization 14 Wadi Sir 73, 75, 76, 81, 85, 86, 237 fostering loyalty to the state 14 Zarqa» 62, 65, 67, 73, 76 modernization and 14±15 clothing see dress frontiers 5±6 coin 166±7 closing 6 demand for 102±3 opening 6, 9±12 see also monetarization Fuhays 77, 91, 134, 141 communications 1, 13, 15, 16, 19, 60, 225, Furayhat family 25, 249, 253 232, 235 railways 67, 224 gendarmes 67±8, 181, 187, 246 see also Hijaz Railway see also jandarma road network 62±3, 82 Gerber, Haim 82 telegraph 15, 66, 67, 201 Gobat, Bishop Samuel (Anglican bishop of Madina telegraph line 63±5 Jerusalem) 127, 128 Conder, C.R. 85 government buildings 60±2, 202, 206 Connor, Frederick (Protestant missionary) Greek Orthodox Church 122, 123, 124, 140, 144, 145, 150±1 132, 133, 135, 141±2, 146, 182 conscription 13, 131, 143, 185±6, 187, see also religious life 193, 195, 243 guesthouses see madafas corruption 57±9 court registers 254 Hajaya tribe 34 Cuinet, Vital 93±4, 116, 156, 164 Hasa district, eastern Arabia 15, 16 Hashemite Transjordan 252±3 Dawud, Haj Mustafa 110, 112, 118 Hasuna, Bahnam (Protestant missionary) demographicchange 127, 128, 129, 130 constraints on natural growth 164±6 Hijaz, the (Ottoman province) 10±11, 12, epidemics and 164±6 245 population of Transjordan 164 Hijaz Railway 115, 160, 163, 201, 218±19, towns 162±3 235, 240 tribes 163 agriculture and 66, 115 divorce 175±7 building of 65±6 see also marriage cholera epidemic 165±6 doctors 138±40, 145, 178±9 effects of 66 dress 33, 173, 174±5 see also railways hospitality culture 36, 38±41 education 173±4 honor and 38 modernization of 5, 13, 154 the Kura 25, 26 see also schools madafas 25, 36, 39, 40 Egyptian Expeditionary Force 219, power and 40±1 224, 231, 234±8, 240, see also Husayn b.«Ali (Sharif of Mecca) 224±5 Allenby Husn 141, 142, 143, 144, 173, 229 elections 12, 246, 247, 251, 253 Protestant missionaries in 134, 135, 178, epidemics 164±6 193 Huwaytat tribe 23, 31, 34, 35, 158, 232, fallah 45, 168, 169 233, 244, 245, 253 see also peasants see also Abu Tayya, «Awda famine in World War I 224 Ibrahim Pasha (Egyptian commander and Faruqi, Sami Pasha 192±4, 201 son of Mehmed Ali Pasha) 31±2

Index270

infrastructure Karak (Ottoman administrative region) building 29±32, 42, 134, 254 government buildings 60±2 advent of direct rule in 52±5 police barracks and guard houses 67 Arab Revolt 227, 233, 238±9 prisons 61 Christians of 77±9, 198, 201, 202, 205, communications see communications 207, 229 generally 60 Faysali administration 242, 243 intermarriage 171±3 government buildings 61, 202, 206 Irbid 26, 51, 56, 57, 59, 69, 84, 134, 165, guesthouses 39, 40 171, 180, 185, 229, 240 merchants 120±1, 204±6, 207, 208, 222 Algerian settlers, 1851 46±7 missionaries in 146±51 buildings 61, 152 religious life 37, 38 district militia 226 World War I 221, 222, 227, 229, 230±1, merchants in 120 233, 234 missionaries in 144 see also Madaba mosques 36±7, 152 Karak Revolt 1910 19±20, 185, 197±201 national government 247, 249 Arabist movement and 201, 211, schools 143, 156 212±13, 215±17 Western Mosque 36±7 compensation and reparations 204±8 Irby, Charles L. 39, 42 imposition of military rule 201±4 Islamiccourts, loans drafted through Jabal Druze 192±7 104±5 prelude to 191±7 punishment of rebels 203, 208±14 Jabal «Ajlun (Ottoman administrative sympathy for rebels 208±14 district) 24±7, 41, 134, 135, 142, 144, see also popular rebellion 166, 242 kaza (Ottoman administrative district) 12 agricultural products 114 Kirkbride, Captain Alan 246, 250, Arab Revolt 226 Kirkbride, Captain Alec246, 251, 252 direct rule in 45±8 Klein, Rev. F.A. (Protestant missionary) Faysali administration 242 125, 128, 130, 162 Higher National Committee 243 KuÈcËuÈk Cemal Pasha see Mehmet Cemal hospitality 39, 40±1 Pasha merchants in 120 Kufrinji 134 national government 245, 246, 247, 249, Kura, the (commune of Jabal «Ajlun) 25±6 254 Kurdistan 9±10 Protestant missionaries 134, 135 registration of land 83±4 Lajjun (TuÈrkmen village) 30, 62, 94, 120 religious life 37, 38 land registration 13, 18, 77, 81, 82±92, Um Qays Treaty 247, 249 186, 254 Vilayet Law and 48±52 «Ajlun district 83±4 wool trade 113±14 Bani Sakhr tribe and 86±7 World War I 222±3 Bedouin and 85, 86, 87, 88±9, 90 Jabal Druze 186, 192±7 by market forces 90±2 Jamal, Khalil (Protestant missionary) Land Law 1858 13, 18, 82±92, 188 129±30, 136, 137±8, 174 peasants 82±3, 84, 186 Jandarma 67±8 registers 91 see also gendarmes Salt district 85±9 Jarash (Circassian village) 62, 73, 75, 76, tribal plantations 89±90 85, 242 Latin missionaries 77±8, 122±3, 124±7, Jaussen, Antonin (Latin missionary and 133±4, 139, 141±3, 147±8 archaeologist) 90, 158, 163, 229, 231, see also missionaries; religious life 244 Lawrence, T.E. 219, 234 intelligence reports 200, 218, 219 Lethaby, Jane (Protestant missionary) 149, Jewish colonies in Transjordan 70, 71 150, 151 Johnson, Dr. Frederick (Protestant Lethaby, William (Protestant missionary) missionary doctor) 157 148±51

Index 271

Libya 12, 17 medicine Littmann, Enno 163 missionaries and 138±40, 145, 178±9 loans see money-lending Mehmed Ali Pasha (governor of Egypt) 2, Lynch, W.F. 23, 37 10 Mehmed Ra£id Pasha (governor of Syria) Ma«an (Ottoman administrative region) 48±9, 51, 59, 180 32±6, 42, 250, 252 Mehmet Cemal Pasha (Ottoman general, advent of direct rule in 52±5 WWI, also know as KuÈcËuÈk Cemal Faysali administration 242 Pasha) 232±3, 239 government buildings 61 merchants 1, 18±19, 95±121 pastoral products 114 accumulation of land 109±12 religious life 37, 38 agricultural products 114±16 Madaba 64, 85, 102, 177, 178, 194, 229, houses of 116±18 233, 239, 242 in Irbid and Karak 120±1 buildings 61 money-lending see money-lending Christians of 73, 77, 86, 87, 146, 244 the notability 116±20 missionaries in 130, 134, 136, 147±8, pastoral products 113±14 150 trade 99±102 road network 62, 63 see also trade Salt government 249 Merrill, Selah 163 settlement 79±82, 86±7, 88 Midhat Pasha (Tanzimat reformer, Grand World War I 221, 222, 223, 229 Vizier and governor of Syria) 15, 52, see also Karak 72, 79, 80±1, 82 madafas 25, 36, 39, 40 migrant labor 167±9 Madina telegraph line 63±5 Mihyar family 96, 101, 118 Mahmud II (Ottoman sultan r. military conscription 13, 131, 143, 185±6, 1808±1839) 4 193, 195, 243 Majali family 29, 54, 90, 121, 190, 195, Mirza Was® (Circassian commander, 196, 215, 219, 253 communal leader in Amman) 67±8, Arab Revolt 238±9 226±7 challenges to authority of 31±2 see also gendarmes; jandarma Christians and 77, 78, 79±80 missionaries 19, 55, 122±59, 219 Karak Revolt 202±4, 206±7, 208, 209, crackdown of 1886 140±6 210, 211 Great Power protection 132±6 Muhammad al-Majali 32, 55, 149 as intelligence agents 219, 229 Qadar al-Majali 194, 195±6, 197, 198, in Karak 146±51 199, 203±4, 206, 207, 209, 217, 228, Latin 77±8, 122±3, 124±7, 133±4, 139, 230±1 141±3, 147±8 relationship with Ottoman state 55, 183, material gain 131±2 196 medicine 138±40, 145, 178±9 Rufayfan al-Majali 194, 211, 230, 239, mission networks 130±40 244±5, 251 Muslim 157±8 Salih al-Majali 54, 55 Ottoman evangelism 151±8 Yusif al-Majali 31 Hana® Muslim missionaries 157±8 Taw®q al-Majali (member of Ottoman mosques 152±4, 155 Parliament for Karak) 211±12, 216, schools 154, 156±7 228, 230, 242 priests 131 the «Uzayzat and 77, 78, 79±80 Protestant see Protestant missionaries Mangles, James 39, 42 schools 131, 136±8, 143±6, 151 Mann, Michael 3 sectarianism and 123 manzil 39 teachers 131 see also madafas World War I and 219, 229±30 marriage 175±8 see also religious life bride price 167, 176 Moab, national government of 250±2, 254 divorce 175±7 modernization 4±5, 12±15 intermarriage 171±3 education 5, 13, 154

Index272

modernization (cont.) peripheral zones elections 12 incorporation of 13, 15±17 loyalty to the state 14 police 67 military 14 see also gendarmes publicof®ce5, 12 popular rebellion monetarization 166±71 roots of 185±91 coin 166±7 Bedouin 187±90 demand for 102±3 peasants 185±7 paper notes 220, 221 town leaders 190±1 wage labor 167±70 tax revolts 184, 185, 190±1 money-lending 102±9, 254 Bani Hamida 189±90 advance purchase contracts 104 see also Karak Revolt 1910 Bedouin and 108 prisons, building of 61 coin, demand for 102±3 Protestant missionaries 127±30, 133±6, interest 105±6 143±6 Islamiccourts and 104±5 in «Ajlun 134, 135 temporary sale of land 107 Church Missionary Society 128±30, MoreÂtain, Don (Latin missionary) 125±7 134±5, 138±40, 144±6 mosques 36±7, 152±4, 155, 203 in Fuhays 77, 134 Murray, General Archibald 224 in Husn 134, 135, 178, 193 Muslim missionaries 157±8 in Karak 146±7, 148±51 Mustafa Kemal AtatuÈrk 240 Madaba Christians and 147±8 in Salt 71, 98, 127±30, 135 Nablus 124±5, 136±7 see also missionaries; religious life Nabulsi family 38, 60, 96, 101, 108, Provincial Reform Law 1864 5, 12, 17, 69, 109±10, 111, 112, 116, 161, 169, 172 182 Nabulsi Quarter, Salt 96, 101, 154 publicof®ce Najd, the (Central Arabian province) introduction of 5, 12 15±16 Nassar, Sulayman (Protestant missionary) Qasim al-Ahmad 31 129 Qasimi, Jamal al-Din al- 102, 103, 160±1 national governments (1920) 245±52 Qatar 15 «Ajlun 245, 246, 247, 249, 254 Qusus, «Awda al- 196, 201, 202, 203, 206, Moab 250±2, 254 208, 210, 229±30, 233 Salt 249±50, 254 Na«ur (Circassian village) 62, 73, 76, 78, railways 65±6, 224 88, 226 see also communications; Hijaz Railway raisins 115±16 Oliphant, Lawrence 70±2, 74 rationing wartime 220, 221 paper money 220, 221 real estate market 109±12 partner farmers 168, 169 rebellion see popular rebellion Peake, Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick 250 refugees peasants 2, 116, 185±7, 207 Armenians 231±2, 234, 236, 239 Bedouin compared 8±9 see also Chechen immigrants; Circassian conscription 185±6, 187 immigrants dispossession 108, 112 registration of land see land registration fallah 45, 168, 169 religious life 36±8 Karak Revolt 19 intermixing of Muslims and Christians 38 land registration 82±3, 84, 186 mosques 36±7, 152±4, 155, 203 rebellion 1852 47 tolerance 36, 38 rural labor 167±70 see also Christian communities; Church World War I 222, 223 Missionary Society; churches; taxation 185, 186 missionaries double taxation 9, 42, 45 requisitions tax boycotts 185 wartime 220, 222±4

Index 273

road network 62±3, 82 MuÈlkiye civil service academy, Istanbul see also communications 14 Roman Catholicmissionaries see Latin state schools 143, 145±6, 154, 156±7 missionaries see also education Rothschild, Baron Edmond de 71 seasonal labor 167±9 Ruman, al- (TuÈrkmen village) 73, 74, 76, sectarianism 123, 182±3 85 security 4, 67±8, 181, 187, 243±4, 246 Rumaymin, al- 77 Sha«lan, Sattam Pasha (shaykh of Ruwala rural labor see peasants tribe) 188 Rusayfa (Chechen village) 73, 76, 226 Sharayri, «Ali Khulqi (Arab nationalist) Rushdan family 25, 26 242, 249 Ruwala tribe 49, 54, 92, 180, 188 sharecroppers 168±9 Sha«lan, Sattam Pasha 188 Shurayda family 25±6, 40±1, 249, 253 Shaykh Kulayb Shurayda 249 Saba, Dr. Elias (Protestant missionary Yusif Shurayda 40±1 doctor) 139±40, 178, 179 Sirhan tribe 46 saints 37±8 slavery 11 salam shar«i contracts see advance purchase Somerset, Major Fitzroy 246, 247, 249 contracts Sukhna (Chechen village) 73, 76 Salayta tribe 34, 244 Sukkar family 118, 119 Salibi, Dr Ibrahim (Protestant medical Suwaylih (Chechen village) 73, 76, 226 missionary) 178 syphilis 179 Salt, al- 27±9, 42, 63, 69, 76, 171, 181, 242, 248 Tall, Salih al- 56, 57, 120, 156, 165, agricultural products 115±16 173±4, 175, 178, 180, 222±3, 226, Arab Club 243 240 conscription 243 Tanzimat state 4±5, 48, 72 Faysali administration 242 kaza, the 12, 48 government buildings 61 land registration see land registration guesthouses 39, 40 Tarawna family 31, 121, 195, 196, 197, infrastructure 60 209, 215, 253 land registration 85±9 Husayn Tarawna 197±8, 207, 222, 228 Latin missionaries 125±7 tattoos 175 money-lending 105 see also dress Nabulsi Quarter 96, 101, 154 tax revolts 184, 185, 190±1 national government 249±50, 254 Bani Hamida 189±90 Protestant missionaries 71, 98, 127±30, taxation 41±2, 45, 246, 249, 254 135 land taxes 13, 18 Protestant schools 173 peasants 185, 186 raisins 115±16 double taxation 9, 42, 45 religious life 37 settlement, consequences of 92±4 Samuel's meeting in 245±6 tribal society 9 urbanization 161 telegraph 15, 66, 67, 201 Vilayet Law and 48±52 Madina telegraph line 63±5 wool trade 114 see also communications see also Balqa», the topography, social order and 26, 27 Samuel, Sir Herbert 245, 246, 247 town leaders 190±1 Sanders, Liman von 235, 236, 240 trade 99±102 Sa«udi-Wahabi confederation 31, 35 agricultural products 100, 101, 114±16 schools 14, 173±4 pastoral products 113±14 «Anbar secondary school, Damascus 156, raisins 115±16 173 wool 113±14 A£iret Mektebi school 14, 156, 174 see also merchants Harbiye military academy, Istanbul 14 tribal society 6±9 missionary schools 131, 136±8, 143±6, in the Balqa» 27, 48±52 151 Christian 31, 32, 77±81

Index274

tribal society (cont.) wage labor 167±70 demographicchange163 wool trade 113±14 Faysali administration 243±4 World War I genealogy 7 Allenby's Transjordan campaigns 234±8 in Jabal «Ajlun 26 Arab Army 224, 232±40 Karakis 29±32, 52±5 Arab Revolt 20, 218, 224±9 Land Law 1858 and 85±6 local loyalties tribal plantations 89±90 district militia 226±7, 238±9 in Ma«an 34, 52±5 honoraria 227±9, 239 population 163 in Transjordan 232±4 social change 14 banknotes, introduction of 220, 221 territories 7 Christian communities and 219, 229±30 Vilayet Law and 48±52 district militias 226±7 World War I and 227±9 Egyptian Expeditionary Force 219, 224, see also «Abbad tribe; «Adwan tribe; 231, 234±8, 240 «Anaza Confederation; Bani Hamida exile 229±31 tribe; Bani Hasan tribe; Bani Sakhr famine 223±4 tribe; Bedouin; Huwaytat tribe; generally 218±20 Ruwala tribe; Wuld «Ali tribe intelligence work 218±19 Tuqan family 95 missionaries and 219, 229±30 Dawud Tuqan 95±6, 97, 101, 104, 108, rationing 220, 221 169±70 refugees 231±2 Tuqan Building 96, 97, 118 Armenian 231±2, 234, 236, 239 TuÈrkmen immigrants 67, 72±3, 74, 76, 86, requisition 220, 222±4 244 Wuld «Ali tribe 49, 180, 213 TuÈrkmen villages 244 al-Ruman 73, 74, 76, 85 Yaduda, al- 89±90, 110, 115, 168, 169 Lajjun 30, 62, 94, 120 see also Abu Jabir family typhus 165 Yemen 11, 12, 16 Young Turks regime 245 Um Qays Treaty (1920) 247, 249 resistance to 184, 191±217 «Uqayl tribe 68 see also Karak Revolt 1910; popular «Uzayzat, the 77±81 rebellion see also Madaba Zarqa» (Circassian village) 62, 65, 67, 73, Vilayet Law (1864) 48±52 76 Administrative Councils 48 Zarqa» river 28, 42, 111, 112, 130 Zeller, John (Protestant missionary) 128±9 Wadi Sir (Circassian village) 73, 75, 76, 81, Zourab, Dr. Ibrahim (Protestant 85, 86, 237 missionary doctor) 138±9, 178, 179