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Conti-Tesi-2011.Pdf Facoltà di Economia Corso di laurea in Economia e Direzione delle Imprese STRATEGIE DI INTERNAZIONALIZZAZIONE PER LA CRESCITA DELLE AZIENDE AUTOMOTIVE RELATORE CANDIDATO Prof. Franco Fontana Simone Conti Matr. 616021 CORRELATORE Prof. Dante Del Viscovo ANNO ACCADEMICO 2010-2011 Introduzione Il settore automobilistico è uno dei più importanti settori dell’economia a livello mondiale ed è stato uno dei primi settori a sperimentare le più svariate strategie di crescita e di internazionalizzazione. Se pensiamo alla produzione di veicoli, il settore è caratterizzato da grandi player, che sono però spesso supportati da alcuni grandi fornitori e molti piccoli fornitori, che hanno spesso dovuto affronta problemi legati all’internazionalizzazione dei loro grandi clienti. Queste considerazioni, unite all’interesse personale per la materia e per il settore oggetto di questa tesi, hanno costituito la motivazione personale a sviluppare il presente lavoro di tesi, che trova i suoi presupposti teorici nella letteratura sulle strategie di internazionalizzazione, le motivazioni dhe spingono le imprese verso questo percorso e le modalità (Caroli, 1999, 2004, 2008; Caselli, 1995,Dunning, 1992, Hamer, 1970; Zanni e Zucchella, 2009). In particolare, l’obiettivo che ci si è dati è stato di tipo descrittivo ed esplorativo, consistente nell’individuazione e descrizione delle possibili strategie di iternazionalizzazione delle imprese dell’automotive, con il fine ultimo di individuare eventuali innovazioni di tipo strategico (ovvero particolari e nuove modalità di crescita). In considerazione di questo scopo e della vastità dell’ambito teorico di riferimento, si è pensato che, tra le varie possibilità, la metodologia del case study fosse quella migliore, in particolare considerando un approccio multiplo, cioè mediante l’analisi di più casi. Ciò in quanto si è voluto da un lato andare in profondità, ma si è anche voluto considerare i fenomeni nei loro contesti specifici (è questa infatti una delle caratteristiche della case study research). Sulla base di una primissima analisi della letteratura esistente sul tema, l’obiettivo è stato declinato sotto forma di domanda di ricerca, che può sintetizzarsi nella seguente: «L’internazionalizzazione nell’automotive: il settore, nonostante le crisi che negli ultimi dieci anni, hanno interessato alcune delle imprese più grandi, continua in diversi modi internazionalizzarsi, ma quali sono le spinte, i driver, dell’internazionalizzazioni e come queste stanno avvenendo? I modelli tradizionali di crescita per internazionalizzazione sono sempre validi, oppure l’automotive sta intraprendendo dei percorsi nuovi di internazionalizzazione? Quali sono questi percorsi?» I casi da analizzare in profondità sono stati poi scelti in base alla loro capacità di dare delle risposte concrete alla domanda di ricerca che ci si è posti, ma anche in base alla disponibilità di informazioni e di fonti varie, dato che da un lato si è voluto entrare in profondità, mentre d’altro canto nella ricerca qualitativa è necessario avere conferme da più fonti per poter validare i risultati dell’analisi. Gli strumenti utilizzati per la raccolta delle informazioni sono stati principalmente l’analisi documentale e le interviste. Le informazioni raccolte sono poi state elaborate seguendo la metodologia della case study research e le cautele tipiche della ricerca qualitativa (Yin,. 2009; Richards e Morse 2009), con l’intento di raggiungere dei risultati utili anche alla pratica e non solo a uno sviluppo teorico delle conoscenze sul tema. Prima però di poter entrare nel merito della parte empirica della ricerca, si è ritenuto fondamentale da un lato analizzare la letteratura sull’internazionalizzazione e dall’altro presentare le caratteristiche del settore dell’automotive mediante schemi di analisi strategica consolidati, come quello delle 5 forze di Porter (Porter, 1982; 1985): In considerazione dell’obiettivo e delle considerazioni appena esposte, si è ritenuto di sviluppare questo lavoro di tesi in 3 capitoli. In un primo capitolo si analizzano in dettaglio le strategie di crescita e internazionalizzazione, esaminandol le determinanti della scelta di internazionalizzarsi, le modalità di entrata nei mercati esteri (dalle esportazioni agli investimenti diretti esteri) e i modelli e le implicazioni di tipo organizzativo dell’impresa internazionale. Nel secondo capitolo 2 si procede ad analizzare il settore dell’automotive, mediante il modello delle 5 forze di Porter e identificando le influenze dell’ambiente generale sul settore. Alla fine del capitolo si effettua una breve disamina delle strategie di internazionalizzazione perseguite dai principali player dell’automotive, che aiuta a contestualizzare il tema specifico nel settore scelto per questa tesi. Il terzo capitolo rappresenta invece la parte empirica della tesi, analizzando diversi casi di internazionalizzazione nell’automotive, che sono stati scelti per la loro capacità di rispondere alla domanda che ci si è posti. Questi casi sono: il Gruppo FIAT, in cui si analizzano le implicazioni dell’internazionalizzazione per tutta la fliera e il rapporto con i dealer; L’internazionalizzazione nel segmento dei veicoli elettrici: il caso Tesla Motors; le strategie di internazionalizzazione dell’automotive Cinese; Il caso della produzione sudafricana di veicoli leggeri dal 1995 a oggi. Inoltre, all’interno del capitolo viene presentata una intervista effettuato con degli informatori privilegiati (top manager di Jaguar Land Rover), che ha permesso di validare i risultati della restante analisi. L’analisi dei singoli casi e quella comparata, oltre ad avere un elevato valore descrittivo, utile per la pratica, ha permesso di porre in evidenza alcuni risultati e di individuare delle particolari strategie di internazionalizzazione del settore e le loro caratteristiche, in alcuni casi innovative, soprattutto per il settore, che saranno discusse e presentate alla fine del capitolo. Si può quindi affermare che la presente tesi ha fornito delle risposte possibili alla domanda di ricerca che ci si era posti. Sommario Introduzione ............................................................................................................................................ 2 CAPITOLO 1 ‐ STRATEGIE DI CRESCITA E INTERNAZIONALIZZAZIONE ..................................................... 8 1.1 Alcune considerazioni introduttive su strategie di crescita, internazionalizzazione e sviluppo organizzativo dell’impresa .................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Le scelte strategiche e l’internazionalizzazione ................................................................... 12 1.3 Internazionalizzazione e Globalizzazione .............................................................................. 14 1.4 Le determinanti dell’internazionalizzazione ......................................................................... 15 1.5 Le modalità di entrata nei mercati esteri ............................................................................. 18 1.5.1 Le fasi tipiche del processo di internazionalizzazione .................................................. 20 1.6 Processo di internazionalizzazione e vantaggio competitivo ................................................ 27 1.6.1 Globalizzazione, localizzazione e vantaggio competitivo .............................................. 30 1.7 La strategia di entrata nei mercati esteri .............................................................................. 32 1.7.1 Le possibili modalità di entrata in un Paese estero ....................................................... 35 1.7.2 Le modalità di entrata, radicamento nel mercato estero e coinvolgimento strategico e finanziario ...................................................................................................................................... 38 1.7.3 Le determinanti della scelta della modalità di entrata ................................................... 39 1.7.4 Esportazioni dirette e indirette ..................................................................................... 41 1.7.5 Accordi stategici e joint venture .................................................................................... 55 1.7.6 Investimenti diretti esteri .............................................................................................. 69 1.8 I modelli organizzativi delle imprese internazionalizzate ..................................................... 81 1.8.1 L'organizzazione delle attività su scala internazionale .................................................. 82 1.8.2 L'organizzazione delle attività commerciali internazionali ........................................... 85 1.8.3 Le relazioni strategia‐ struttura nei contesti internazionali .......................................... 97 1.8.4 La differenziazione verticale nel contesto internazionale ............................................. 99 1.8.5 La differenziazione orizzontale nel contesto internazionale ....................................... 101 1.8.6 Integrazione e coordinamento delle attivitic l'allineamento strategico delle infrastrutture di Information & Communication Technology ..................................................... 108 2 CAPITOLO 2 ‐ IL SETTORE DELL’AUTOMOTIVE: ANALISI STATICA ED EVOLUTIVA ...................... 115 2.1 Il mercato dell'automobile oggi: paesi e marchi ................................................................. 115 2.1.1 la redditività
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