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United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon

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United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon Chair: Valerie Lucas Co-Chair: Wyatt Newsome University of North Carolina Model United Nations Conference November 2 - 4, 2018 University of North Carolina Table of Contents Letter from the Chair 2 Introduction 3 History of Conflict in the Area 4 Positions 30 2 Letter from the Chair Hello Delegates! Welcome to UNCMUNC! I am very excited to meet you all, and hear your perspectives and solutions on the conflict between the states of Lebanon and Israel. We understand that a peacekeeping mission is a little different from most General Assemblies, which tend to mirror actual general assemblies in the United Nations. I have found the discussion on the direction of the UNIFIL and other peacekeeping missions equally rich and important, and offers discussion in which each member state has a stake. A little about me, your chair. I am an Economics and Health Policy & Management double major, and a potential Persian minor. I enjoy international relations in general and Model UN in particular because they demonstrate that dialogue is very useful for both understanding and making progress on the issues that matter most to us. On the side, I am an advocate and member of the Housing Task Force at a local nonprofit, Community Empowerment Fund, and I work as a waitress at a nearby Japanese restaurant. A little about Wyatt, your co-chair. Wyatt is the best—both as a person and as a committee record-keeper. He is a Public Policy and Political Science double major and plays the organ. He enjoys international relations for its complexities of the each actor and conflict resolution. We look forward to discussing UNIFIL and peacekeeping with you! Best, Valerie Lucas, Chair [email protected] 3 Introduction Welcome to the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). The operation is a robust peacekeeping mission that aims to restore peace between Israel and Lebanon. In this committee, you will discuss and create policy on the issues of Demining, Terrorism, and the broader goal for Long-Term Peace in the area. You will need to utilize many skills to succeed, and you are encouraged to research your own delegation’s stance on each issue. 4 History of Conflict in the Area As with many other regions in the Middle East, Lebanon and its surrounding regions have experienced a great deal of turmoil and political conflict. Most of the present-day conflict stems from the assassination of Prime Minister Rafic Hariri on February 14, 2005, for which Hezbollah was found responsible. However, Lebanon, Hezbollah, Israel, and Syria have all been major actors in the area, and the history of conflict dates back to when Lebanon first gained independence in 1943. The original Lebanese system of government was established so Muslims and Christians would have a given number of seats in parliament, thus assuring religious stability and harmony. Additionally, the law stated the President must be a Christian Maronite, the Prime Minister must be a Sunni Muslim, and the Speaker of the Parliament must be a Shia Muslim.1 However, peace in the region lasted only for a short time, as a civil war broke out in Palestine and partially contributed to the Arab-Israeli War in 1948. Lebanon, as a member of the Arab League, fought in this war against Israel. Much of the war took place in southern Lebanon, which is still politically and militarily critical to this day. An influx of Palestinian refugees fled to Lebanon as result of the war.2 1 https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2017/11/lebanon-power-players-171104191728060.html 2 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/arab-israeli-war 5 In 1958, religious and political tensions escalated to the brink of war. After the formation of the United Arab Republic between Egypt and Syria in February, the Lebanese government split over how to react and who to support. Despite pushback from Muslims within the government, Lebanon decided to ally with Western powers. After the overthrow of Iraq’s pro-western government on July 14, Lebanese President Camille Chamoun contacted U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower the next day in a request for assistance. This resulted in the U.S.-led Operation Blue Bat, which aligned with Eisenhower’s agenda to stop the spread of communism. After U.S. military intervention, the dispute was eventually settled by the election of Lebanese President Fuad Chehab.3 Throughout the 1960’s and early 1970’s, tensions in Lebanon increased exponentially. The Lebanese economy was small and grew slowly, which meant the average standard of living remained quite low. However, Christians seemed to be the main beneficiaries of any economic growth, which further contributed to tensions between the two prominent religions. Additionally, other regional conflicts between Christians and Muslims in the Middle East only fueled similar conflict within Lebanon. After the Six Days War fought between Israel and Egypt, Syria, and Jordan in 1967, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) established a base in Lebanon, since the 1969 Cairo Agreement had already given Palestinian forces control of refugee camps in Lebanon. The organization 3 https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/blue_bat.htm 6 remained in Lebanon until June 1982, when Israel would invade southern Lebanon and force the PLO away.4 The tensions eventually boiled to a climax when two major coalitions coalesced within Lebanon. These were the Lebanese Forces, consisting mostly of Maronite Christians, and the mostly-Muslim Lebanese National Movement. The main sect of the Lebanese Forces was the Kateb Party (or Phalange Party), while major subsets of the Lebanese National Movements were the Progressive Socialist Party, the Shia-led Amal militia, the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, the Communist Party, the Arab Ba’th Party, and the Sunni al-Murabitun militia.5 The Lebanese Civil War unofficially began on April 13, 1975, when four people were murdered in East Beirut, two of whom were Christian members of the Phalangist party. Later that day, a group of Phalangists murdered thirty Palestinians. In October, the Battle of the Hotels began, which lasted for five months. This involved the Lebanese National Movement and Lebanese Front battling for control over an area of hotels in Beirut. After four more Phalangists were murdered on December 6, the Lebanese government established roadblocks to check citizens’ identification as they passed through. There are numerous accounts of Muslims and Palestinians being murdered simply for passing through these roadblocks. Phalangists also took Muslims hostage. 4 https://www.britannica.com/event/Six-Day-War 5 https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms- and-concepts/lebanese 7 The conflict escalated in January of 1976, when the Karatina massacre saw the murder of around 1,500 Muslims and the Damour massacre witnessed the murder of up to 600 Christians. Beirut was soon then separated de facto split into the de facto Muslim west and the Christian east, which each became homogenous communities. The informal border between the two came to be known as the “Green Line.” In 1976, Syria intervened to advance their own interests. Specifically, the Syrian government was concerned that if the Palestinian groups gained control, the Sunni-majority government in Syria would eventually dissolve too. Syrian troops entered on June 1 and supported the Maronite Christians in the conflict. The Civil War then ended when Syria came into full occupation of Lebanon. However, tensions remained high and the country remained segregated. Conflict resumed with the Hundred Days War in February 1978, when the Christian Lebanese Front had a brief conflict with Syrian troops. Then, in March, armed members of the Palestinian Liberation Organization invaded Israel and attacked citizens on a highway between Haifa and Tel Aviv, killing 39. Israel responded by invading Lebanon, where they successfully gained control of most of south Lebanon. International attention shifted towards this conflict; the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 425 and Resolution 426 in March 1978, which requested Israel immediately withdraw troops from Lebanon and also established the United Nations Interim Force In Lebanon (UNFIL). In response, Israel ordered a ceasefire. The PLO followed suit about a week later. Israel 8 officially withdrew from Lebanon in April 1978, though several UN peacekeepers experienced violence after their withdrawal. Tensions escalated further as the mainly- Christian South Lebanon Army fired shots at UN headquarters and killed 8 peacekeepers. Furthermore, Maronite Christian gunmen murdered three Irish peacekeepers.6 Israel’s 1978 withdrawal from Lebanon was not complete, as Israel established a security zone along the border. During the ceasefire, the PLO attacked Israeli troops dozens of times and in retaliation, Israel bombed PLO buildings in Beirut. The aforementioned bombing was widely criticized internationally and the United States temporarily halted its aircraft exports to Israel. After a faction of the PLO staged an attempted assassination on Shlomo Argov, the Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom, in June 1982, Israel attacked PLO bases in Beirut. The PLO retaliated by launching rocket and artillery attacks. This escalation prompted the UNSC to adopt Resolution 508, which called for a ceasefire between Israel and the PLO. On the same day as the scheduled ceasefire, Israel invaded Lebanon and advanced 25 miles. The Security Council then adopted Resolution 509, demanding a full Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon.7 Israeli troops made their way to Beirut in 1982. While the United States pushed for PLO withdrawal, the Security Council passed yet another resolution that requested Israeli withdrawal from Beirut, with the eventual goal of complete Israeli withdrawal from 6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_War 7 http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/508 9 Lebanon. The same resolution also requested the PLO withdraw from Beirut and return to their refugee camps.
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