Makteliten Originalets Titel: the Power Elite (1956) Sv

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Makteliten Originalets Titel: the Power Elite (1956) Sv C Wright Mills Makteliten Originalets titel: The Power Elite (1956) Sv. övers 1971: Roland Adelberth Denna studie av den amerikanska ”makteliten”, bestående av militär, näringsliv och den federala regeringsapparaten, är en verklig klassiker, vars engelskspråkiga version har kommit ut i många upplagor, den senaste år 2000. Charles Wright Mills (1916-1962) var en marxistiskt inspirerad sociolog. Makteliten är förmodigen hans mest kända bok, men han även skrivit flera andra läsvärda böcker, såsom Den sociologiska visionen (1959, sv. övers.1971). En annan bok som dock inte finns på svenska är The Marxists (1962). Innehåll 1. De högre kretsarna ................................................................................................................. 1 2. Den lokala societeten ........................................................................................................... 19 3. De 400 familjerna ................................................................................................................. 30 4. Celebriteterna ....................................................................................................................... 45 5. De superrika ......................................................................................................................... 61 6. Chefstjänstemännen ............................................................................................................. 81 7. De bolagsrika ...................................................................................................................... 102 8. Krigsherrarna ...................................................................................................................... 117 9. Den militära framryckningen ............................................................................................. 135 10. Det politiska direktoratet .................................................................................................. 154 11. Balansteorin ...................................................................................................................... 167 12. Makteliten ......................................................................................................................... 185 13. Massamhället .................................................................................................................... 203 14. Den konservativa andan ................................................................................................... 220 15. Den högre omoralen ......................................................................................................... 232 Författarens tack ..................................................................................................................... 245 1 1. De högre kretsarna De vanliga människornas makt är kringskuren av den vardagsvärld de lever i, men till och med i de kretsar som bildas av arbetet, familjen och grannskapet tycks de ofta påverkas och styras av krafter som de varken kan förstå eller behärska. 'Stora förändringar' ligger utanför deras kontroll, men påverkar inte desto mindre deras beteende och syn på saker och ting. Själva det moderna samhället såsom sådant inskränker dem till verksamheter som de inte själva har initierat, och från alla håll trycker nu sådana förändringar på mot massamhällets män och kvinnor, som därmed också får en känsla av att de lever utan mål och avsikt i en epok där de saknar all makt. Men alla människor är inte 'vanliga'. Allt eftersom informations- och maktmedlen mer och mer centraliseras, kommer vissa individer att inta sådana ställningar i det amerikanska samhället att de så att säga kan blicka ner på och genom sina beslut i hög grad påverka de vanliga människornas vardagsvärld. Dessa individer formas inte av sina arbeten; de skapar och raderar ut arbetstillfällen för tusentals andra människor; de är inte bundna av enkla familjeplikter; de kan komma undan. De bor kanske i många olika hotell och hus, men de är inte bundna vid ett enda samhälle. De måste inte inrikta sig på att bara 'möta och bemästra stundens krav'; till en viss grad är det i stället de som skapar dessa krav, och tvingar andra att möta dem. Vare sig de själva erkänner sin maktställning eller inte, överträffar deras tekniska och politiska erfarenhet av makten i hög grad erfarenheterna hos befolkningen i stort. De flesta amerikaner skulle nog gärna applicera på sin elit det som Jacob Burckhardt säger om 'stora män' i sin Force and Freedom: 'De är allt som vi inte är.' Makteliten är sammansatt av personer vilkas ställning gör det möjligt för dem att höja sig över den vanliga miljö som omger de vanliga människorna; deras ställningar gör det möjligt för dem att fatta beslut som får mycket omfattande verkningar. Frågan om huruvida de verkligen fattar sådana beslut eller inte är mindre betydelsefull än det faktum att de reellt intar sådana nyckelpositioner: om de underlåter att handla, underlåter att fatta beslut, blir detta i sig en handling som ofta får än allvarligare konsekvenser än de beslut de verkligen fattar. För de leder och behärskar de stora hierarkierna och organisationerna i vårt moderna samhälle. De behärskar de stora företagen. De leder statsmaskineriet och gör anspråk på de prerogativ detta skänker. De dirigerar det militära Establishment. De sitter på de strategiska stabsplatserna i samhället, de punkter dit man har koncentrerat alla de effektiva medlen och metoderna för makten och rikedomen och den ryktbarhet som kommer dessa människor till del. Makteliten är inga envåldshärskare. Rådgivare och konsulter, talesmän och opinionsbildare, står ofta som de verkliga upphovsmännen till elitens viktigare tankar och beslut. Omedelbart under eliten finner man yrkespolitikerna på maktens mellannivåer, i kongressen och i påtryck- ningsgrupperna och bland den nya och gamla överklassen i städer och samhällen. Och med dem blandar sig, på allehanda underliga sätt som vi så småningom skall utforska närmare, dessa professionella celebriteter, dessa 'kändisar', som lever på att ständigt visa upp sig, men så länge de fortsätter att uppträda i ryktbarhetens rampljus aldrig kan visa upp sig nog mycket. Även om dessa kändisar aldrig ingår i själva ledningen för någon dominerande hierarki, har de ofta dock makten och möjligheten att avleda allmänhetens uppmärksamhet eller ge massorna sensationer eller att, mera direkt, vinna de personers uppmärksamhet som verkligen sitter vid maktens hävstänger och få dem att lyssna till sig. Dessa celebriteter och rådgivare, som mer eller mindre fria och oberoende framträder som kritiker av den allmänna moralen och maktens tekniker, som Guds talesmän eller skapare av en speciell sensibilitet, en mottaglighet hos massorna, framträder också de direkt på den scen där dramat om makteliten spelas upp. Men själva detta 2 drama såsom sådant är i första hand koncentrerat till de viktigare institutionella hierarkiernas högkvarter. Sanningen om elitens natur och makt är inte något slags mörk hemlighet som de ledande mycket väl känner till men vägrar att avslöja. Dessa män håller sig med tämligen olikartade teorier om sina egna roller i händelsernas och beslutens utveckling. Ofta nog är de tämligen osäkra på vilka roller de spelar, och ännu oftare låter de sina farhågor och förhoppningar påverka sin bedömning av den egna makten. Hur stor deras verkliga makt än är, brukar de i allmänhet vara mindre klart medvetna om själva sin makt än om andras motstånd mot deras sätt att bruka den. Därtill har de flesta ledande personer i Amerika lärt sig PR-retoriken väl och grundligt, understundom så till den grad att de använder den till och med när de är ensamma, och alltså uppriktigt kommit att tro på den. Dessa skådespelares grad av personlig medvetenhet är bara en av de många källor man måste undersöka för att alls kunna förstå de högre kretsarna och deras sätt att fungera. Ändå bygger många som tror att det inte finns någon elit, i varje fall ingen mera betydelsefull sådan, sin egen argumentering på vad dessa offentlighetens män tror om sig själva, eller i varje fall hävdar offentligt. Det finns emellertid också en annan synvinkel: de som, om ock mer eller mindre vagt, faktiskt anser att dagens Amerika faktiskt har en kompakt och mäktig och mycket betydelsefull elit, baserar ofta den känslan på den historiska trenden i vår tid. De har till exempel uppfattat de militära händelsernas dominans, och drar härav den slutsatsen att generaler och amiraler, och de andra beslutfattare som påverkas av dem, måste vara rent enormt mäktiga. De hör att kongressen återigen har överlåtit åt en liten handfull människor rätten att fatta beslut av största betydelse för frågan om krig eller fred. De vet att atombomben som föll över Japan fälldes i Förenta staternas namn, trots att de själva aldrig konsulterades i denna sak. De har en känsla av att de lever i en tid av stora beslut; och vet att de själva inte fattar några. Följakt- ligen måste de, när de ser nuet som historia, dra den slutsatsen att det inne i dess centrum måste finnas en maktelit som fattar eller underlåter att fatta viktiga beslut. Å ena sidan utgår de som har denna känsla av stora historiska händelser från att det existerar en elit och att dennas makt är stor. Men å andra sidan finner man att de som noga lyssnar till det som rapporteras av män som av allt att döma är involverade i de stora besluten, ofta inte alls tror på existensen av en elit vars makt är av avgörande betydelse. Båda dessa uppfattningar måste tas med i beräkningen, men ingendera
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