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JOINT - SHOULDER II Thoracic Limb A

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JOINT - SHOULDER II Thoracic Limb A JOINT - SHOULDER II Thoracic Limb a. Scapula Review a b. Glenoid cavity (I) c. Supraglenoid tubercle c d. Acromion (I) a b e. Humerus f. Humeral head (I) 3 d g. Greater tubercle (II) h. Lesser tubercles (I) c E* B. Infraspinous tendon f E. Synovial sheath g 1* I. Infraspinatus bursa h G. Joint F. Transverse capsule humeral lig. e I. Shoulder joint, C. Subscapular tendon lateral view 2 II. Shoulder joint, 1. ^Glenohumeral ligaments (medial and lateral) (I): thickenings of the joint capsule, they strengthen the joint medial view capsule, but are not true collateral ligaments. * E. Biceps brachii tendon e D 2. ^Coracobrachialis m. (II) 3. ^Coracoid process (II) * Defined in text or legend Review, on individual bones and an articulated skeleton, E. Synovial sheath of the biceps brachii tendon/intertuber- the bones and processes making up the shoulder joint cular sheath (II): an extension of the roomy shoulder joint (see box). capsule around the tendon of the biceps brachii m. in the A. Shoulder joint (glenohumeral, scapulohumeral, or hu- intertubercular (bicipital) groove of the humerus. meral#) (I): a ball-and-socket (spheroid/universal) type F. Transverse humeral ligament (II): attaches to the greater synovial joint between the glenoid cavity and the humeral and lesser tubercles to hold the biceps brachii tendon in head. Functionally, a freely movable joint, it is chiefly used the intertubercular (bicipital) groove. as a hinge joint, allowing flexion and extension. Having Transect the tendon of the subscapularis m. at the level of no true collateral ligaments, the muscles (especially the the shoulder joint. Observe: infraspinatus m. laterally and subscapularis m. medially) G. Shoulder joint capsule (II): the dense connective tissue crossing this joint take the place of collateral ligaments enveloping the shoulder joint. and provide enough support so shoulder luxation is rare Inject fluid into the capsule to see that it is very disten- in the dog. sible. Return to the proximal end of the right limb and dissect out Incise the shoulder joint capsule and manipulate the limb to the joints: find the shoulder joint. Twist the humerus to visualize: Reflect the slips of the brachiocephalicus, superficial pectoral, H. Hyaline cartilage (I): the shiny, bluish articular cartilage and deep pectoral mm. laterally. over the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity. Scrape the deep pectoral and supraspinatus mm. off the Optional: Relocate the bursa under the cut tendon of inser- lesser tubercle of the humerus to expose the bicipital tion of the infraspinatus m.: groove, the large tendon in it, and the ligament holding I. Infraspinatus bursa (I): represented by the shiny surface this tendon down. on the greater tubercle under the tendon of insertion of Locate the main replacements for the collateral ligaments the infraspinatus m. the shoulder lacks: CLINICAL: B. Infraspinous tendon (cut) (I) • Osteochondrosis: a failure of C. Subscapular tendon (cut) (II) cartilage maturation (it grows D. Intertubercular (bicipital) groove (II): the sulcus be- thicker than synovial fluid nutri- tween the greater and lesser tubercles holding the biceps tion supply and deep cartilage brachii tendon. cells die). Trauma may cause E. Biceps brachii tendon: arises from the supraglenoid cracking and dissecting a piece of tubercle, it passes through the bicipital groove where it is cartilage ("joint mouse") into the held down by the transverse humeral ligament. synovial space (osteochondrosis dissecans). This is most # Humeral is the preferred name for the shoulder joint by the Nomina Anatomical Veterinaria (NAV), which makes you wonder why the elbow couldn't have the same NAV name. common on the caudal head of the humerus in dogs. 72 2* II Thoracic Limb JOINT - ELBOW f 7 c Acquired SQ a bursa 8 5* 6* A. Lat. collateral lig.* b F. Anconeus m. C. Sesamoid bone * 4 e d A* 3* D. Med. collateral lig.* B. Supinator m. 1* 4* I. Left elbow joint, II. Left elbow joint, cranial view g lateral view a. Humeral condyle (II) 1. Interosseous ligament (II): connects (pivot) articulation, allowing supination the trochlear notch of the ulna and pronation. The distal one is a plane b. Medial epicondyle (I) the radius and ulna in the proximal half of 6. ^Capitulum (I): articulates with the interosseous space type joint. the head of the radius c. Lateral epicondyles (II) 2. Tricipital (olecranon) bursa (II): 4. Annular ligament of the elbow: 7. Biceps brachii m. (I) attaches to the ulna and forms a sleeve d. Head of the radius (II) between the insertions of the tendons of (I) around the head of the radius, allowing 8. Brachialis m. e. Trochlear notch (II) the heads of the triceps and the olecranon tuberosity rotation, thus, supination and pronation f. Olecranon (II) 3. Radioulnar articulation (II): proxi- 5. ^Trochlea (I): articular surface of the humeral condyle crossed by a groove for g. Interosseous space (II) mal and distal, the proximal is a trochoid G. Joint capsule* Elbow joint (cubital or humeroradioulnar articulation): a the elbow). hinge type of synovial joint allowing flexion and extension. Cut into the joint capsule (if your incision through the an- It is also a compound joint formed between the humerus, coneus m. didn't) to explore the inside of the joint. radius, and ulna. G. Joint capsule: the sac enclosing all three articular Review the parts of the bones making up the elbow joint on parts. All these compartments communicate. individual bones and an articulated skeleton (see box): Probe the joint cavity while flexing the elbow to attempt to A, D. Collateral ligaments (lateral and medial [I]): thick- locate: enings of the joint capsule extending from the medial and H. Anconeal process (p35/G): the beak-like proximal end lateral epicondyles of the humerus distally to attach to the of the trochlear notch which fits in the olecranon fossa of radius and ulna. They restrict movement to flexion and the humerus when the elbow is extended. extension. Finding this will be almost impossible on an embalmed speci- A. Lateral collateral ligament: may contain a sesamoid. men therefore, locate it on a skeleton. Also locate: Transect and reflect the insertions of the biceps brachii and I. Medial epicondyle (p34/H): note it is larger than the brachialis mm. Transect the pronator teres m. at the level lateral one holding the anconeal process. of the joint and reflect. Remove the vessels, nerves, and connective tissue in the area to see: CLINICAL: B. Supinator m. (I): arises from the lateral epicondyle. • Ununited anconeal process: p35. Transect and reflect the supinator m. and feel for a bone • Capped elbow/acquired subcutaneous (SQ) in its tendon. bursa (II): acquired due to trauma between the skin C. Sesamoid bone (I): in the tendon of origin of the supinator and the olecranon, common in large animals (horse and m. on the lateral side of the elbow joint. cattle). D. Medial collateral ligament (I) • Fragmented medial coronoid process: Transect the medial collateral ligament to see: improper development (osteochondrosis) E. Medial coronoid process (p35/H): the clinically signifi- leading to arthritis. cant craniomedial, distal end of the trochlear notch. • Anconeus m.: incised to surgically Locate: to open the elbow joint. F. Anconeus m. (II): the muscle covering the elbow joint • Elbow luxation: occurs on the lateral laterally. side due to the smaller lateral epicondyle. To Incise the anconeus m. in a gentle arch and reflect the replace, flex the elbow and force the anconeal muscle to expose the joint (this is a surgical approach to process over the lateral epicondyle. 73 CARPUS R U II Thoracic Limb E. Short med. F. Short lat. A. Antebrachiocarpal joint collateral lig. collateral lig. a k i R Ca Cr Cu U 2* 4* Ca Mc I h E F 1* Cr Cu * Ca B. Middle 4 carpal e I. Palmar c joint carpal lig. G. Interosseous space Mc V b 3* H. Carpal canal g f d Mc 5 II. Right carpus, III. Carpus cross section, schematic palmar view C. Carpometacarpal joint* IV. Carpus, palmar view I. Left carpus, D 1. Intercarpal joints (I): plane joints between the individual a. Extensor retinaculum (III) lateral view carpal bones b. Flexor retinaculum (III) 2. Distal radioulnar joint (I): between the distal radius c. DDF tendon (III) and ulna, it shares a cavity with the antebrachiocarpal joint Review p36 d. Median n. (III) 3. Intermetacarpal joints (I): between the bases (proximal (III) R. Radius ends) of the metacarpal bones e. Ulnar n. U. Ulna 4. Intercarpal, antebrachiocarpal, and carpometa- f. Median a. (III) g. SDF tendon (III) Cr. Radial carpal bone carpal ligaments (II): many small ligaments connecting Cu. Ulnar carpal bone the antebrachial, carpal, and metacarpal bones h. Superficial fascia (III) Ca. Accessory carpal bone Two superimposed sheathes cover the carpus and maintain its i. Common digital extensor tendon (III) integrity. The joint capsule (G) forms the deep sheath. The j. Extensor carpi radialis tendons (III) Mc 1-5. Metacarpals I-V extensor and flexor retinaculae (modified deep carpal fascia) forms the superficial sheath. * Defined in text or legend CARPUS, "wrist": the composite joint between the ante- E, F. Short medial (radial) and lateral (ulnar) collateral brachial, carpal, and metacarpal bones. A modified hinge ligaments (II, III): only cross the antebrachiocarpal joint to (ginglymus) type joint, it allows flexion and extension with stabilize it. Long collateral ligaments are lacking; therefore, some lateral movement. there are no continuous ligaments over all the joints. Review the bones of the carpus on an articulated skeleton G. Interosseous space (II): the void between the metacarpal of the limb (see box and p36). bones. Cut into the joint capsule under the extensor tendons at the Relocate and cut through the flexor retinaculum, if not distal end of the radius to open the most proximal joint: already done.
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