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Carpathian Basin Climate According to Köppen and a Clothing Resistance Scheme

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Carpathian Basin Climate According to Köppen and a Clothing Resistance Scheme Theoretical and Applied Climatology (2020) 141:299–307 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03199-z ORIGINAL PAPER Carpathian Basin climate according to Köppen and a clothing resistance scheme Ferenc Ács1 & Annamária Zsákai2 & Erzsébet Kristóf3,4 & Amanda Imola Szabó1 & Hajnalka Breuer1 Received: 31 October 2019 /Accepted: 26 March 2020 /Published online: 19 April 2020 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract The Carpathian Basin climate in the time period 1971–2000 is analyzed in terms of the results obtained by the Köppen method and a clothing resistance scheme. A clothing resistance scheme is based on human body energy balance considerations taking into account human interperson variations as simply as possible. Interperson variations are considered by estimating human body somatotypes using the Heath-Carter somatotype classification method. Non-sweating, walking humans in outdoor conditions are treated. Environmental and human data are taken from the CarpatClim dataset and a Hungarian human dataset, respectively. Though the biophysical bases of the methods are completely different, the spatial structure of thermal climates expressed in terms of Köppen climate types and the clothing resistance parameter rcl are basically similar. A clothing resistance scheme creates more information than the Köppen method not only in mountain, plateau areas but also in lowlands. It is shown that more human thermal climate categories can refer to one Köppen climate formula irrespective of which Köppen formulae are considered. The magnitude and area heterogeneity of rcl is strongly sensitive to human somatotype changes. A clothing resistance scheme cannot be used in classroom applications; it needs to be drastically simplified while maintaining its sensitivity to somatotype changes in order to be competitive with the Köppen method. 1 Introduction The figure together with the rules used unequivocally shows that vegetation’s thermal climate considerations are The Köppen method (1884, 1900, 1918, 1936) is the most the basis of Köppen method. popular climate classification method, even in modern times Clothing resistance as thermal climate indicator is intro- (Kottek et al. 2006; Rubel and Kottek 2011; Rubel et al. 2017) duced into the science of climate classification somewhat later because of its simplicity. Its rules are biogeographically based (e.g., Auliciems and de Freitas 1976; de Freitas 1979). In these following the thermal zones of the Earth’s biomes. This is analyses, clothing resistance characterizes clothing heat insu- excellently illustrated in Fig. 1 of Köppen’s(1900) work; be- lation obtained from energy balance considerations of the hu- cause of its importance, it is also presented in this study man body—air environment system. In all cases, the “average (Fig. 1). human” is treated as either being in standing (Auliciems and Kalma 1979) or in walking (Błażejczyk et al. 2010, 2013) state in outdoor conditions. So far, the Köppen method is not related to any clothing * Ferenc Ács resistance treatment. Such a comparative treatment is justified [email protected] not only because of the lack of such an analysis but also because both approaches reflect thermal climate aspects. 1 Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd Köppen does this from the point of view of macroscale veg- University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest 1117, Hungary etation types, clothing resistance method from the point of 2 Faculty of Science, Department of Human Anthropology, Eötvös view of humans. The aims of this study are as follows: a) to Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, Hungary describe the Carpathian Basin’s climate by using Köppen’s ’ 3 Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd method, b) to characterize the Carpathian Basin sclimatein University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, Hungary terms of clothing resistance, and c) to compare Köppen’scli- 4 Faculty of Science, Excellence Center, Eötvös Loránd University, mate types with results obtained using a clothing resistance Brunszvik utca 2, Martonvásár, Hungary scheme. Humans are treated in natural outdoor conditions, 300 F. Ács et al. The methods used are briefly presented in Section 2.The region is briefly introduced in Section 3. Basic information regarding the datasets used can be found in Section 4.The results are discussed in Section 5, the main focus being on the comparison of the Köppen climate map and the thermal climates obtained by a clothing resistance scheme. The results referring to this comparison are presented in Section 5.4. Concluding remarks are given in Section 6. 2Methods All the methods considered were formed around the middle of the twentieth century. It should be noted that they were devel- oped completely independently of each other. First, the cli- mate classification method, then the human-related method will be presented. 2.1 The Köppen method The Köppen method (1884, 1900, 1918, 1936), (Geiger 1961) is the result of the development over an extensive period. Here, only those parts of the scheme that are presented are indispensable from the point of view of the treatment. The criteria of climate types (Köppen formulae) that appeared in the region considered are presented in Table 1. Fig. 1 Sketch of the Earth’s thermal zones according to Köppen’s(1900) work 2.2 The clothing resistance scheme where they are walking without sweating. Different human The clothing resistance parameter is an equally environmental somatotypes exist. Somatotypes are characterized by applying and human-specific parameter. It can be derived on the basis the Heath-Carter somatotype classification method (Carter of steady-state human body energy balance considerations. and Heath 1990). The region considered is the Carpathian Using energy balance equations for human skin—clothing Basin, more precisely, the region encompassed by the interface and for clothing—air environment interface it can CarpatClim dataset. be expressed as follows: Table 1 Köppen’s(1936) climate types according to Kottek et al. month, Pswet = precipitation of the wettest summer month, Pwwet =pre- (2006). C = temperate, D = boreal, E = alpine, Thot = temperature of the cipitation of the wettest winter month. Summer/winter is defined as the hottest month, Tcold = temperature of the coldest month, Tmon10 = number warmer/cooler 6-month period of ONDJFM and AMJJAS. Categories of the months with average temperature above 10 °C, Psdry =precipitation signed with bold letters occur in the Carpathian region of the driest summer month, Pwdry = precipitation of the driest winter Letters Criteria 1231 2 3 C a − T T P P Pwwet T ≥ s 3< cold <18and warm >10 sdry <40, sdry < 3 warm 22 b P Pswet T T ≥ w wdry < 10 warm <22, mon10 4 fc neither (s) nor (w) Twarm < 22, 1 ≤ Tmon10 <4 D a ≤− T P P Pwwet T ≥ s Tcold 3and warm >10 sdry <40and sdry < 3 warm 22 b Twarm <22,Tmon10 ≥ 4 c P Pswet T ≥− w wdry < 10 neither (a) nor (b), cold 38 fd neither (s) nor (w) neither (a) nor (b), Tcold < − 38 ET 0<Twarm <10 Carpathian Basin climate according to Köppen and a clothing resistance scheme 301 human body and the outdoor environment. Accordingly, in T S−T a Rni T R rcl ¼ ρ∙cp∙ −rHr∙ þ 1 ; thecaseofheatexcess(high a and ni values), it is negative, M−λEsd −λEr−W M−λEsd−λEr−W and inversely, in the case of heat deficit (low Ta and Rni ð1Þ values), it is positive. When the human body and the environ- ment are in thermal balance, often called thermal neutrality or ρ −3 c where is the air density (kgm ), p is the specific heat at con- comfort, r is zero or close to zero. This interpretation of r is stant pressure (Jkg−1 °C−1), r is the combined resistance for cl cl Hr new. expressing the thermal radiative and convective heat exchanges −1 (sm ), TS is the skin temperature (°C), Ta is the air temperature −2 2.3 Heath-Carter somatotype classification method (°C), Rni is isothermal net radiation flux density (Wm ), M is the −2 metabolic heat flux density (Wm ), λEsd is the latent heat flux −2 The somatotyping method classifies the human morphological density of dry skin (Wm ), λEr is the respiratory latent heat flux density (Wm−2), and W is the mechanical work flux density body shape by using three components, namely, the compo- −2 nent of endomorphy (the component of relative fatness), the (Wm ) corresponding to the activity under consideration. rcl is estimated for a non-sweating human walking in outdoor condi- component of mesomorphy (the component of tions at a speed of 1.1 ms−1 (4 km∙h−1). During walking, skin skeletomuscular robustness), and the component of temperature is 34 °C; the human body is completely covered by ectomorphy (the component of linearity). The strength of all clothing, which sticks closely to the skin. The SI unit of rcl is these components ranges on a scale from 1 (the lowest) to 12 (sm−1) but is usually expressed in (clo). If 1 (clo) = 0.155 (the highest). The continuous scales of the components pro- 2 −1 −3 (m KW ) and if rcl/(ρ∙cp)=1(clo),thenrcl = 1.2 (kgm )∙1004 vide a unique method to quantify morphological body shape (Jkg−1 K−1)∙0.155 (m2KW−1) = 186.74 (sm−1). diversity in a three-dimensional system. The somatotype of The human body is represented as single segment using a one- each human can be represented by the combination of endo- ć node model (Kati et al. 2016). According to Weyand et al. (2010) morphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic components. The M can be expressed as follows: dominance relations of the components determine the type M ¼ M b þ M w; ð2Þ of body shape (e.g., if the mesomorphy component is signif- icantly higher than the other two components, it is a meso- M where b is the basal metabolic rate (W) (sleeping human) morphic somatotype, in which somatotype can be character- M M and w is the metabolic rate for walking.
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